CHAPTER XXI.. General Summary and Conclusion.

GENERAL SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION.

Main conclusion that man is descended from some lower form—Manner of development—Genealogy of man—Intellectual and moral faculties—Sexual selection—Concluding remarks.

A brief summary will here be sufficient to recall to the reader’s mind the more salient points in this work. Many of the views which have been advanced are highly speculative, and some no doubt will prove erroneous; but I have in every case given the reasons which have led me to one view rather than to another. It seemed worth while to try how far the principle of evolution would throw light on some of the more complex problems in the natural history of man. False facts are highly injurious to the progress of science, for they often long endure; but false views, if supported by some evidence, do little harm, as every one takes a salutary pleasure in proving their falseness; and when this is done, one path towards error is closed and the road to truth is often at the same time opened.

The main conclusion arrived at in this work, and now held by many naturalists who are well competent to form a sound judgment, is that man is descended from some less highly organised form. The grounds upon which this conclusion rests will never be shaken, for the close similarity between man and the lower animals in embryonic development, as well as in innumerable points of structure and constitution, both of high and of the most trifling importance,—the rudiments which he retains, and the abnormal reversions to which he is occasionally liable,—are facts which cannot be disputed. They have long been known, but until recently they told us nothing with respect to the origin of man. Now when viewed by the light of our knowledge of the whole organic world, their meaning is unmistakeable. The great principle of evolution stands up clear and firm, when these groups of facts are considered in connection with others, such as the mutual affinities of the members of the same group, their geographical distribution in past and present times, and their geological succession. It is incredible that all these facts should speak falsely. He who is not content to look, like a savage, at the phenomena of nature as disconnected, cannot any longer believe that man is the work of a separate act of creation. He will be forced to admit that the close resemblance of the embryo of man to that, for instance, of a dog—the construction of his skull, limbs, and whole frame, independently of the uses to which the parts may be put, on the same plan with that of other mammals—the occasional reappearance of various structures, for instance of several distinct muscles, which man does not normally possess, but which are common to the Quadrumana—and a crowd of analogous facts—all point in the plainest manner to the conclusion that man is the co-descendant with other mammals of a common progenitor.

We have seen that man incessantly presents individual differences in all parts of his body and in his mental faculties. These differences or variations seem to be induced by the same general causes, and to obey the same laws as with the lower animals. In both cases similar laws of inheritance prevail. Man tends to increase at a greater rate than his means of subsistence; consequently he is occasionally subjected to a severe struggle for existence, and natural selection will have effected whatever lies within its scope. A succession of strongly-marked variations of a similar nature are by no means requisite; slight fluctuating differences in the individual suffice for the work of natural selection. We may feel assured that the inherited effects of the long-continued use or disuse of parts will have done much in the same direction with natural selection. Modifications formerly of importance, though no longer of any special use, will be long inherited. When one part is modified, other parts will change through the principle of correlation, of which we have instances in many curious cases of correlated monstrosities. Something may be attributed to the direct and definite action of the surrounding conditions of life, such as abundant food, heat, or moisture; and lastly, many characters of slight physiological importance, some indeed of considerable importance, have been gained through sexual selection.

No doubt man, as well as every other animal, presents structures, which as far as we can judge with our little knowledge, are not now of any service to him, nor have been so during any former period of his existence, either in relation to his general conditions of life, or of one sex to the other. Such structures cannot be accounted for by any form of selection, or by the inherited effects of the use and disuse of parts. We know, however, that many strange and strongly-marked peculiarities of structure occasionally appear in our domesticated productions, and if the unknown causes which produce them were to act more uniformly, they would probably become common to all the individuals of the species. We may hope hereafter to understand something about the causes of such occasional modifications, especially through the study of monstrosities: hence the labours of experimentalists, such as those of M. Camille Dareste, are full of promise for the future. In the greater number of cases we can only say that the cause of each slight variation and of each monstrosity lies much more in the nature or constitution of the organism, than in the nature of the surrounding conditions; though new and changed conditions certainly play an important part in exciting organic changes of all kinds.

Through the means just specified, aided perhaps by others as yet undiscovered, man has been raised to his present state. But since he attained to the rank of manhood, he has diverged into distinct races, or as they may be more appropriately called sub-species. Some of these, for instance the Negro and European, are so distinct that, if specimens had been brought to a naturalist without any further information, they would undoubtedly have been considered by him as good and true species. Nevertheless all the races agree in so many unimportant details of structure and in so many mental peculiarities, that these can be accounted for only through inheritance from a common progenitor; and a progenitor thus characterised would probably have deserved to rank as man.

It must not be supposed that the divergence of each race from the other races, and of all the races from a common stock, can be traced back to any one pair of progenitors. On the contrary, at every stage in the process of modification, all the individuals which were in any way best fitted for their conditions of life, though in different degrees, would have survived in greater numbers than the less well fitted. The process would have been like that followed by man, when he does not intentionally select particular individuals, but breeds from all the superior and neglects all the inferior individuals. He thus slowly but surely modifies his stock, and unconsciously forms a new strain. So with respect to modifications, acquired independently of selection, and due to variations arising from the nature of the organism and the action of the surrounding conditions, or from changed habits of life, no single pair will have been modified in a much greater degree than the other pairs which inhabit the same country, for all will have been continually blended through free intercrossing.

By considering the embryological structure of man,—the homologies which he presents with the lower animals,—the rudiments which he retains,—and the reversions to which he is liable, we can partly recall in imagination the former condition of our early progenitors; and can approximately place them in their proper position in the zoological series. We thus learn that man is descended from a hairy quadruped, furnished with a tail and pointed ears, probably arboreal in its habits, and an inhabitant of the Old World. This creature, if its whole structure had been examined by a naturalist, would have been classed amongst the Quadrumana, as surely as would the common and still more ancient progenitor of the Old and New World monkeys. The Quadrumana and all the higher mammals are probably derived from an ancient marsupial animal, and this through a long line of diversified forms, either from some reptile-like or some amphibian-like creature, and this again from some fish-like animal. In the dim obscurity of the past we can see that the early progenitor of all the Vertebrata must have been an aquatic animal, provided with branchiæ, with the two sexes united in the same individual, and with the most important organs of the body (such as the brain and heart) imperfectly developed. This animal seems to have been more like the larvæ of our existing marine Ascidians than any other known form.

The greatest difficulty which presents itself, when we are driven to the above conclusion on the origin of man, is the high standard of intellectual power and of moral disposition which he has attained. But every one who admits the general principle of evolution, must see that the mental powers of the higher animals, which are the same in kind with those of mankind, though so different in degree, are capable of advancement. Thus the interval between the mental powers of one of the higher apes and of a fish, or between those of an ant and scale-insect, is immense. The development of these powers in animals does not offer any special difficulty; for with our domesticated animals, the mental faculties are certainly variable, and the variations are inherited. No one doubts that these faculties are of the utmost importance to animals in a state of nature. Therefore the conditions are favourable for their development through natural selection. The same conclusion may be extended to man; the intellect must have been all-important to him, even at a very remote period, enabling him to use language, to invent and make weapons, tools, traps, &c.; by which means, in combination with his social habits, he long ago became the most dominant of all living creatures.

A great stride in the development of the intellect will have followed, as soon as, through a previous considerable advance, the half-art and half-instinct of language came into use; for the continued use of language will have reacted on the brain, and produced an inherited effect; and this again will have reacted on the improvement of language. The large size of the brain in man, in comparison with that of the lower animals, relatively to the size of their bodies, may be attributed in chief part, as Mr. Chauncey Wright has well remarked, to the early use of some simple form of language,—that wonderful engine which affixes signs to all sorts of objects and qualities, and excites trains of thought which would never arise from the mere impression of the senses, and if they did arise could not be followed out. The higher intellectual powers of man, such as those of ratiocination, abstraction, self-consciousness, &c., will have followed from the continued improvement of other mental faculties; but without considerable culture of the mind, both in the race and in the individual, it is doubtful whether these high powers would be exercised, and thus fully attained.

The development of the moral qualities is a more interesting and difficult problem. Their foundation lies in the social instincts, including in this term the family ties. These instincts are of a highly complex nature, and in the case of the lower animals give special tendencies towards certain definite actions; but the more important elements for us are love, and the distinct emotion of sympathy. Animals endowed with the social instincts take pleasure in each other’s company, warn each other of danger, defend and aid each other in many ways. These instincts are not extended to all the individuals of the species, but only to those of the same community. As they are highly beneficial to the species, they have in all probability been acquired through natural selection.

A moral being is one who is capable of comparing his past and future actions and motives,—of approving of some and disapproving of others; and the fact that man is the one being who with certainty can be thus designated makes the greatest of all distinctions between him and the lower animals. But in our third chapter I have endeavoured to shew that the moral sense follows, firstly, from the enduring and always present nature of the social instincts, in which respect man agrees with the lower animals; and secondly, from his mental faculties being highly active and his impressions of past events extremely vivid, in which respects he differs from the lower animals. Owing to this condition of mind, man cannot avoid looking backwards and comparing the impressions of past events and actions. He also continually looks forward. Hence after some temporary desire or passion has mastered his social instincts, he will reflect and compare the now weakened impression of such past impulses, with the ever present social instinct; and he will then feel that sense of dissatisfaction which all unsatisfied instincts leave behind them. Consequently he resolves to act differently for the future—and this is conscience. Any instinct which is permanently stronger or more enduring than another, gives rise to a feeling which we express by saying that it ought to be obeyed. A pointer dog, if able to reflect on his past conduct, would say to himself, I ought (as indeed we say of him) to have pointed at that hare and not have yielded to the passing temptation of hunting it.

Social animals are partly impelled by a wish to aid the members of the same community in a general manner, but more commonly to perform certain definite actions. Man is impelled by the same general wish to aid his fellows, but has few or no special instincts. He differs also from the lower animals in being able to express his desires by words, which thus become the guide to the aid required and bestowed. The motive to give aid is likewise somewhat modified in man: it no longer consists solely of a blind instinctive impulse, but is largely influenced by the praise or blame of his fellow men. Both the appreciation and the bestowal of praise and blame rest on sympathy; and this emotion, as we have seen, is one of the most important elements of the social instincts. Sympathy, though gained as an instinct, is also much strengthened by exercise or habit. As all men desire their own happiness, praise or blame is bestowed on actions and motives, according as they lead to this end; and as happiness is an essential part of the general good, the greatest-happiness principle indirectly serves as a nearly safe standard of right and wrong. As the reasoning powers advance and experience is gained, the more remote effects of certain lines of conduct on the character of the individual, and on the general good, are perceived; and then the self-regarding virtues, from coming within the scope of public opinion, receive praise, and their opposites receive blame. But with the less civilised nations reason often errs, and many bad customs and base superstitions come within the same scope, and consequently are esteemed as high virtues, and their breach as heavy crimes.

The moral faculties are generally esteemed, and with justice, as of higher value than the intellectual powers. But we should always bear in mind that the activity of the mind in vividly recalling past impressions is one of the fundamental though secondary bases of conscience. This fact affords the strongest argument for educating and stimulating in all possible ways the intellectual faculties of every human being. No doubt a man with a torpid mind, if his social affections and sympathies are well developed, will be led to good actions, and may have a fairly sensitive conscience. But whatever renders the imagination of men more vivid and strengthens the habit of recalling and comparing past impressions, will make the conscience more sensitive, and may even compensate to a certain extent for weak social affections and sympathies.

The moral nature of man has reached the highest standard as yet attained, partly through the advancement of the reasoning powers and consequently of a just public opinion, but especially through the sympathies being rendered more tender and widely diffused through the effects of habit, example, instruction, and reflection. It is not improbable that virtuous tendencies may through long practice be inherited. With the more civilised races, the conviction of the existence of an all-seeing Deity has had a potent influence on the advancement of morality. Ultimately man no longer accepts the praise or blame of his fellows as his chief guide, though few escape this influence, but his habitual convictions controlled by reason afford him the safest rule. His conscience then becomes his supreme judge and monitor. Nevertheless the first foundation or origin of the moral sense lies in the social instincts, including sympathy; and these instincts no doubt were primarily gained, as in the case of the lower animals, through natural selection.

The belief in God has often been advanced as not only the greatest, but the most complete of all the distinctions between man and the lower animals. It is however impossible, as we have seen, to maintain that this belief is innate or instinctive in man. On the other hand a belief in all-pervading spiritual agencies seems to be universal; and apparently follows from a considerable advance in the reasoning powers of man, and from a still greater advance in his faculties of imagination, curiosity and wonder. I am aware that the assumed instinctive belief in God has been used by many persons as an argument for His existence. But this is a rash argument, as we should thus be compelled to believe in the existence of many cruel and malignant spirits, possessing only a little more power than man; for the belief in them is far more general than of a beneficent Deity. The idea of a universal and beneficent Creator of the universe does not seem to arise in the mind of man, until he has been elevated by long-continued culture.

He who believes in the advancement of man from some lowly-organised form, will naturally ask how does this bear on the belief in the immortality of the soul. The barbarous races of man, as Sir J. Lubbock has shewn, possess no clear belief of this kind; but arguments derived from the primeval beliefs of savages are, as we have just seen, of little or no avail. Few persons feel any anxiety from the impossibility of determining at what precise period in the development of the individual, from the first trace of the minute germinal vesicle to the child either before or after birth, man becomes an immortal being; and there is no greater cause for anxiety because the period in the gradually ascending organic scale cannot possibly be determined.

I am aware that the conclusions arrived at in this work will be denounced by some as highly irreligious; but he who thus denounces them is bound to shew why it is more irreligious to explain the origin of man as a distinct species by descent from some lower form, through the laws of variation and natural selection, than to explain the birth of the individual through the laws of ordinary reproduction. The birth both of the species and of the individual are equally parts of that grand sequence of events, which our minds refuse to accept as the result of blind chance. The understanding revolts at such a conclusion, whether or not we are able to believe that every slight variation of structure,—the union of each pair in marriage,—the dissemination of each seed,—and other such events, have all been ordained for some special purpose.

Sexual selection has been treated at great length in these volumes; for, as I have attempted to shew, it has played an important part in the history of the organic world. As summaries have been given to each chapter, it would be superfluous here to add a detailed summary. I am aware that much remains doubtful, but I have endeavoured to give a fair view of the whole case. In the lower divisions of the animal kingdom, sexual selection seems to have done nothing: such animals are often affixed for life to the same spot, or have the two sexes combined in the same individual, or what is still more important, their perceptive and intellectual faculties are not sufficiently advanced to allow of the feelings of love and jealousy, or of the exertion of choice. When, however, we come to the Arthropoda and Vertebrata, even to the lowest classes in these two great Sub-Kingdoms, sexual selection has effected much; and it deserves notice that we here find the intellectual faculties developed, but in two very distinct lines, to the highest standard, namely in the Hymenoptera (ants, bees, &c.) amongst the Arthropoda, and in the Mammalia, including man, amongst the Vertebrata.

In the most distinct classes of the animal kingdom, with mammals, birds, reptiles, fishes, insects, and even crustaceans, the differences between the sexes follow almost exactly the same rules. The males are almost always the wooers; and they alone are armed with special weapons for fighting with their rivals. They are generally stronger and larger than the females, and are endowed with the requisite qualities of courage and pugnacity. They are provided, either exclusively or in a much higher degree than the females, with organs for producing vocal or instrumental music, and with odoriferous glands. They are ornamented with infinitely diversified appendages, and with the most brilliant or conspicuous colours, often arranged in elegant patterns, whilst the females are left unadorned. When the sexes differ in more important structures, it is the male which is provided with special sense-organs for discovering the female, with locomotive organs for reaching her, and often with prehensile organs for holding her. These various structures for securing or charming the female are often developed in the male during only part of the year, namely the breeding season. They have in many cases been transferred in a greater or less degree to the females; and in the latter case they appear in her as mere rudiments. They are lost by the males after emasculation. Generally they are not developed in the male during early youth, but appear a short time before the age for reproduction. Hence in most cases the young of both sexes resemble each other; and the female resembles her young offspring throughout life. In almost every great class a few anomalous cases occur in which there has been an almost complete transposition of the characters proper to the two sexes; the females assuming characters which properly belong to the males. This surprising uniformity in the laws regulating the differences between the sexes in so many and such widely separated classes, is intelligible if we admit the action throughout all the higher divisions of the animal kingdom of one common cause, namely sexual selection.

Sexual selection depends on the success of certain individuals over others of the same sex in relation to the propagation of the species; whilst natural selection depends on the success of both sexes, at all ages, in relation to the general conditions of life. The sexual struggle is of two kinds; in the one it is between the individuals of the same sex, generally the male sex, in order to drive away or kill their rivals, the females remaining passive; whilst in the other, the struggle is likewise between the individuals of the same sex, in order to excite or charm those of the opposite sex, generally the females, which no longer remain passive, but select the more agreeable partners. This latter kind of selection is closely analogous to that which man unintentionally, yet effectually, brings to bear on his domesticated productions, when he continues for a long time choosing the most pleasing or useful individuals, without any wish to modify the breed.

The laws of inheritance determine whether characters gained through sexual selection by either sex shall be transmitted to the same sex, or to both sexes; as well as the age at which they shall be developed. It appears that variations which arise late in life are commonly transmitted to one and the same sex. Variability is the necessary basis for the action of selection, and is wholly independent of it. It follows from this, that variations of the same general nature have often been taken advantage of and accumulated through sexual selection in relation to the propagation of the species, and through natural selection in relation to the general purposes of life. Hence secondary sexual characters, when equally transmitted to both sexes can be distinguished from ordinary specific characters only by the light of analogy. The modifications acquired through sexual selection are often so strongly pronounced that the two sexes have frequently been ranked as distinct species, or even as distinct genera. Such strongly-marked differences must be in some manner highly important; and we know that they have been acquired in some instances at the cost not only of inconvenience, but of exposure to actual danger.

The belief in the power of sexual selection rests chiefly on the following considerations. The characters which we have the best reason for supposing to have been thus acquired are confined to one sex; and this alone renders it probable that they are in some way connected with the act of reproduction. These characters in innumerable instances are fully developed only at maturity; and often during only a part of the year, which is always the breeding-season. The males (passing over a few exceptional cases) are the most active in courtship; they are the best armed, and are rendered the most attractive in various ways. It is to be especially observed that the males display their attractions with elaborate care in the presence of the females; and that they rarely or never display them excepting during the season of love. It is incredible that all this display should be purposeless. Lastly we have distinct evidence with some quadrupeds and birds that the individuals of the one sex are capable of feeling a strong antipathy or preference for certain individuals of the opposite sex.

Bearing these facts in mind, and not forgetting the marked results of man’s unconscious selection, it seems to me almost certain that if the individuals of one sex were during a long series of generations to prefer pairing with certain individuals of the other sex, characterised in some peculiar manner, the offspring would slowly but surely become modified in this same manner. I have not attempted to conceal that, excepting when the males are more numerous than the females, or when polygamy prevails, it is doubtful how the more attractive males succeed in leaving a larger number of offspring to inherit their superiority in ornaments or other charms than the less attractive males; but I have shewn that this would probably follow from the females,—especially the more vigorous females which would be the first to breed, preferring not only the more attractive but at the same time the more vigorous and victorious males.

Although we have some positive evidence that birds appreciate bright and beautiful objects, as with the Bower-birds of Australia, and although they certainly appreciate the power of song, yet I fully admit that it is an astonishing fact that the females of many birds and some mammals should be endowed with sufficient taste for what has apparently been effected through sexual selection; and this is even more astonishing in the case of reptiles, fish, and insects. But we really know very little about the minds of the lower animals. It cannot be supposed that male Birds of Paradise or Peacocks, for instance, should take so much pains in erecting, spreading, and vibrating their beautiful plumes before the females for no purpose. We should remember the fact given on excellent authority in a former chapter, namely that several peahens, when debarred from an admired male, remained widows during a whole season rather than pair with another bird.

Nevertheless I know of no fact in natural history more wonderful than that the female Argus pheasant should be able to appreciate the exquisite shading of the ball-and-socket ornaments and the elegant patterns on the wing-feathers of the male. He who thinks that the male was created as he now exists must admit that the great plumes, which prevent the wings from being used for flight, and which, as well as the primary feathers, are displayed in a manner quite peculiar to this one species during the act of courtship, and at no other time, were given to him as an ornament. If so, he must likewise admit that the female was created and endowed with the capacity of appreciating such ornaments. I differ only in the conviction that the male Argus pheasant acquired his beauty gradually, through the females having preferred during many generations the more highly ornamented males; the æsthetic capacity of the females having been advanced through exercise or habit in the same manner as our own taste is gradually improved. In the male, through the fortunate chance of a few feathers not having been modified, we can distinctly see how simple spots with a little fulvous shading on one side might have been developed by small and graduated steps into the wonderful ball-and-socket ornaments; and it is probable that they were actually thus developed.

Everyone who admits the principle of evolution, and yet feels great difficulty in admitting that female mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish, could have acquired the high standard of taste which is implied by the beauty of the males, and which generally coincides with our own standard, should reflect that in each member of the vertebrate series the nerve-cells of the brain are the direct offshoots of those possessed by the common progenitor of the whole group. It thus becomes intelligible that the brain and mental faculties should be capable under similar conditions of nearly the same course of development, and consequently of performing nearly the same functions.

The reader who has taken the trouble to go through the several chapters devoted to sexual selection, will be able to judge how far the conclusions at which I have arrived are supported by sufficient evidence. If he accepts these conclusions, he may, I think, safely extend them to mankind; but it would be superfluous here to repeat what I have so lately said on the manner in which sexual selection has apparently acted on both the male and female side, causing the two sexes of man to differ in body and mind, and the several races to differ from each other in various characters, as well as from their ancient and lowly-organised progenitors.

He who admits the principle of sexual selection will be led to the remarkable conclusion that the cerebral system not only regulates most of the existing functions of the body, but has indirectly influenced the progressive development of various bodily structures and of certain mental qualities. Courage, pugnacity, perseverance, strength and size of body, weapons of all kinds, musical organs, both vocal and instrumental, bright colours, stripes and marks, and ornamental appendages, have all been indirectly gained by the one sex or the other, through the influence of love and jealousy, through the appreciation of the beautiful in sound, colour or form, and through the exertion of a choice; and these powers of the mind manifestly depend on the development of the cerebral system.

Man scans with scrupulous care the character and pedigree of his horses, cattle, and dogs before he matches them; but when he comes to his own marriage he rarely, or never, takes any such care. He is impelled by nearly the same motives as are the lower animals when left to their own free choice, though he is in so far superior to them that he highly values mental charms and virtues. On the other hand he is strongly attracted by mere wealth or rank. Yet he might by selection do something not only for the bodily constitution and frame of his offspring, but for their intellectual and moral qualities. Both sexes ought to refrain from marriage if in any marked degree inferior in body or mind; but such hopes are Utopian and will never be even partially realised until the laws of inheritance are thoroughly known. All do good service who aid towards this end. When the principles of breeding and of inheritance are better understood, we shall not hear ignorant members of our legislature rejecting with scorn a plan for ascertaining by an easy method whether or not consanguineous marriages are injurious to man.

The advancement of the welfare of mankind is a most intricate problem: all ought to refrain from marriage who cannot avoid abject poverty for their children; for poverty is not only a great evil, but tends to its own increase by leading to recklessness in marriage. On the other hand, as Mr. Galton has remarked, if the prudent avoid marriage, whilst the reckless marry, the inferior members will tend to supplant the better members of society. Man, like every other animal, has no doubt advanced to his present high condition through a struggle for existence consequent on his rapid multiplication; and if he is to advance still higher he must remain subject to a severe struggle. Otherwise he would soon sink into indolence, and the more highly-gifted men would not be more successful in the battle of life than the less gifted. Hence our natural rate of increase, though leading to many and obvious evils, must not be greatly diminished by any means. There should be open competition for all men; and the most able should not be prevented by laws or customs from succeeding best and rearing the largest number of offspring. Important as the struggle for existence has been and even still is, yet as far as the highest part of man’s nature is concerned there are other agencies more important. For the moral qualities are advanced, either directly or indirectly, much more through the effects of habit, the reasoning powers, instruction, religion, &c., than through natural selection; though to this latter agency the social instincts, which afforded the basis for the development of the moral sense, may be safely attributed.

The main conclusion arrived at in this work, namely that man is descended from some lowly-organised form, will, I regret to think, be highly distasteful to many persons. But there can hardly be a doubt that we are descended from barbarians. The astonishment which I felt on first seeing a party of Fuegians on a wild and broken shore will never be forgotten by me, for the reflection at once rushed into my mind—such were our ancestors. These men were absolutely naked and bedaubed with paint, their long hair was tangled, their mouths frothed with excitement, and their expression was wild, startled, and distrustful. They possessed hardly any arts, and like wild animals lived on what they could catch; they had no government, and were merciless to every one not of their own small tribe. He who has seen a savage in his native land will not feel much shame, if forced to acknowledge that the blood of some more humble creature flows in his veins. For my own part I would as soon be descended from that heroic little monkey, who braved his dreaded enemy in order to save the life of his keeper; or from that old baboon, who, descending from the mountains, carried away in triumph his young comrade from a crowd of astonished dogs—as from a savage who delights to torture his enemies, offers up bloody sacrifices, practises infanticide without remorse, treats his wives like slaves, knows no decency, and is haunted by the grossest superstitions.

Man may be excused for feeling some pride at having risen, though not through his own exertions, to the very summit of the organic scale; and the fact of his having thus risen, instead of having been aboriginally placed there, may give him hopes for a still higher destiny in the distant future. But we are not here concerned with hopes or fears, only with the truth as far as our reason allows us to discover it. I have given the evidence to the best of my ability; and we must acknowledge, as it seems to me, that man with all his noble qualities, with sympathy which feels for the most debased, with benevolence which extends not only to other men but to the humblest living creature, with his god-like intellect which has penetrated into the movements and constitution of the solar system—with all these exalted powers—Man still bears in his bodily frame the indelible stamp of his lowly origin.

Yarrell’s ‘Hist. of British Fishes,’ vol. ii. 1836, p. 417, 425, 436. Dr. Günther informs me that the spines in R. clavata are peculiar to the female.

See Mr. R. Warington’s interesting articles in ‘Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ Oct. 1852 and Nov. 1855.

Noel Humphreys, ‘River Gardens,’ 1857.

Loudon’s ‘Mag. of Natural History,’ vol. iii. 1830, p. 331.

‘The Field,’ June 29th, 1867. For Mr. Shaw’s statement, see ‘Edinburgh Review,’ 1843. Another experienced observer (Scrope’s ‘Days of Salmon Fishing,’ p. 60) remarks that the male would, if he could, keep, like the stag, all other males away.

Yarrell, ‘History of British Fishes,’ vol. ii. 1836, p. 10.

‘The Naturalist in Vancouver’s Island,’ vol. i. 1866, p. 54.

‘Scandinavian Adventures,’ vol. i. 1854, p. 100, 104.

See Yarrell’s account of the Rays in his ‘Hist. of British Fishes,’ vol. ii. 1836, p. 416, with an excellent figure, and p. 422, 432.

As quoted in ‘The Farmer,’ 1868, p. 369.

I have drawn up this description from Yarrell’s ‘British Fishes,’ vol. i. 1836, p. 261 and 266.

‘Catalogue of Acanth. Fishes in the British Museum,’ by Dr. Günther, 1861, p. 138-151.

‘Game Birds of Sweden,’ &c., 1867, p. 466.

With respect to this and the following species I am indebted to Dr. Günther for information: see also his paper on the Fishes of Central America, in ‘Transact. Zoolog. Soc.’ vol. vi. 1868, p. 485.

Dr. Günther makes this remark; ‘Catalogue of Fishes in the British Museum,’ vol. iii. 1861, p. 141.

See Dr. Günther on this genus, in ‘Proc. Zoolog. Soc.’ 1868, p. 232.

F. Buckland, in ‘Land and Water,’ July, 1868, p. 377, with a figure.

Dr. Günther, ‘Catalogue of Fishes,’ vol. iii. p. 221 and 240.

See also ‘A Journey in Brazil,’ by Prof. and Mrs. Agassiz, 1868, p. 220.

Yarrell, ‘British Fishes,’ vol. ii. 1836, p. 10, 12, 35.

W. Thompson, in ‘Annals and Mag. of Nat. History,’ vol. vi. 1841, p. 440.

‘The American Agriculturist,’ 1868, p. 100.

‘Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ Oct. 1852.

Loudon’s ‘Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ vol. v. 1832, p. 681.

Bory de Saint Vincent, in ‘Dict. Class. d’Hist. Nat.’ tom. ix. 1826, p. 151.

Owing to some remarks on this subject, made in my work ‘On the Variation of Animals under Domestication,’ Mr. W. F. Mayers (‘Chinese Notes and Queries,’ Aug. 1868, p. 123) has searched the ancient Chinese encyclopedias. He finds that goldfish were first reared in confinement during the Sung Dynasty, which commenced A.D. 960. In the year 1129 these fishes abounded. In another place it is said that since the year 1548 there has been “produced at Hang-chow a variety called the fire-fish, from its intensely red colour. It is universally admired, and there is not a household where it is not cultivated, in rivalry as to its colour, and as a source of profit.”

‘Westminster Review,’ July, 1867, p. 7.

“Indian Cyprinidæ,” by Mr. J. M’Clelland, ‘Asiatic Researches,’ vol. xix. part ii. 1839, p. 230.

‘Proc. Zoolog. Soc.’ 1865, p. 327, pl. xiv. and xv.

Yarrell, ‘British Fishes,’ vol. ii. p. 11.

According to the observations of M. Gerbe; see Günther’s ‘Record of Zoolog. Literature,’ 1865, p. 194.

Cuvier, ‘Règne Animal,’ vol. ii. 1829, p. 242.

See Mr. Warington’s most interesting description of the habits of the Gasterosteus leiurus, in ‘Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ November, 1855.

Prof. Wyman, in ‘Proc. Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist.’ Sept. 15, 1857. Also W. Turner, in ‘Journal of Anatomy and Phys.’ Nov. 1, 1866, p. 78. Dr. Günther has likewise described other cases.

Yarrell, ‘Hist. of British Fishes,’ vol. ii. 1836, p. 329, 338.

Dr. Günther, since publishing an account of this species in ‘The Fishes of Zanzibar,’ by Col. Playfair, 1866, p. 137, has re-examined the specimens, and has given me the above information.

The Rev. C. Kingsley, in ‘Nature,’ May, 1870, p. 40.

Bell, ‘History of British Reptiles,’ 2nd edit. 1849, p. 156-159.

Bell, ibid. p. 146, 151.

‘Zoology of the Voyage of the “Beagle,”’ 1843. “Reptiles,” by Mr. Bell, p. 49.

‘The Reptiles of India,’ by Dr. A. Günther, Ray Soc. 1864, p. 413.

Bell, ‘History of British Reptiles,’ 1849, p. 93.

J. Bishop, in ‘Todd’s Cyclop. of Anat. and Phys.’ vol. iv. p. 1503.

Bell, ibid. p. 112-114.

Mr. C. J. Maynard, ‘The American Naturalist,’ Dec. 1869, p. 555.

See my ‘Journal of Researches during the Voyage of the “Beagle,”’ 1845, p. 384.

‘Travels through Carolina,’ &c., 1791, p. 128.

Owen, ‘Anatomy of Vertebrates,’ vol. i. 1866, p. 615.

Sir Andrew Smith, ‘Zoolog. of S. Africa: Reptilia,’ 1849, pl. x.

Dr. A. Günther, ‘Reptiles of British India,’ Ray Soc. 1864, p. 304, 308.

Owen, ‘Anatomy of Vertebrates,’ vol. i. 1866, p. 615.

The celebrated botanist Schleiden incidently remarks (‘Ueber den Darwinismus: Unsere Zeit,’ 1869, s. 269), that Rattle-snakes use their rattles as a sexual call, by which the two sexes find each other. I do not know whether this suggestion rests on any direct observations. These snakes pair in the Zoological Gardens, but the keepers have never observed that they use their rattles at this season more than at any other.

“Rambles in Ceylon,” ‘Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ 2nd series, vol. ix. 1852, p. 333.

‘Westminster Review,’ July 1st, 1867, p. 32.

Mr. N. L. Austen kept these animals alive for a considerable time, see ‘Land and Water,’ July, 1867, p. 9.

All these statements and quotations, in regard to Cophotis, Sitana and Draco, as well as the following facts in regard to Ceratophora, are Footnote: taken from Dr. Günther’s magnificent work on the ‘Reptiles of British India,’ Ray Soc. 1864, p. 122, 130, 135.

Bell, ‘History of British Reptiles,’ 2nd edit. 1849, p. 40.

For Proctotretus see ‘Zoology of the Voyage of the “Beagle:” Reptiles,’ by Mr. Bell, p. 8. For the Lizards of S. Africa, see ‘Zoology of S. Africa: Reptiles,’ by Sir Andrew Smith, pl. 25 and 39. For the Indian Calotes, see ‘Reptiles of British India,’ by Dr. Günther, p. 143.

‘Ibis,’ vol. iii. (new series) 1867, p. 414.

Gould, ‘Handbook to the Birds of Australia,’ 1865, vol. ii. p. 383.

Quoted by Mr. Gould, ‘Introduction to the Trochilidæ,’ 1861, p. 29.

Gould, ibid. p. 52.

W. Thompson, ‘Nat. Hist. of Ireland: Birds,’ vol. ii. 1850, p. 327.

Jerdon, ‘Birds of India,’ 1863, vol. ii. p. 96.

Macgillivray, ‘Hist. Brit. Birds,’ vol. iv. 1852, p. 177-181.

Sir R. Schomburgk, in ‘Journal of R. Geograph. Soc.’ vol. xiii. 1843, p. 31.

‘Ornithological Biography,’ vol. i. p. 191. For pelicans and snipes, see vol. iii. p. 381, 477.

Gould, ‘Handbook of Birds of Australia,’ vol. i. p. 395; vol. ii. p. 383.

Mr. Hewitt in the ‘Poultry Book by Tegetmeier,’ 1866, p. 137.

Layard, ‘Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ vol. xiv. 1854, p. 63.

Jerdon, ‘Birds of India,’ vol. iii. p. 574.

Brehm, ‘Illust. Thierleben,’ 1867, B. iv. s. 351. Some of the foregoing statements are taken from L. Lloyd, ‘The Game Birds of Sweden,’ &c., 1867, p. 79.

Jerdon, ‘Birds of India:’ on Ithaginis, vol. iii. p. 523; on Galloperdix, p. 541.

For the Egyptian goose, see Macgillivray, ‘British Birds,’ vol. iv. p. 639. For Plectropterus, ‘Livingstone’s Travels,’ p. 254. For Palamedea, Brehm’s ‘Thierleben,’ B. iv. s. 740. See also on this bird Azara, ‘Voyages dans l’Amérique mérid.’ tom. iv. 1809, p. 179, 253.

See, on our peewit, Mr. R. Carr in ‘Land and Water,’ Aug. 8th, 1868, p. 46. In regard to Lobivanellus, see Jerdon’s ‘Birds of India,’ vol. iii. p. 647, and Gould’s ‘Handbook of Birds of Australia,’ vol. ii. p. 220. For the Hoplopterus, see Mr. Allen in the ‘Ibis,’ vol. v. 1863, p. 156.

Audubon, ‘Ornith. Biography,’ vol. ii. p. 492; vol. i. p. 4-13.

Mr. Blyth, ‘Land and Water,’ 1867, p. 212.

Richardson, on Tetrao umbellus, ‘Fauna Bor. Amer.: Birds,’ 1831, p. 343. L. Lloyd, ‘Game Birds of Sweden,’ 1867, p. 22, 79, on the capercailzie and black-cock. Brehm, however, asserts (‘Thierleben,’ &c., B. iv. s. 352) that in Germany the grey-hens do not generally attend the Balzen of the black-cocks, but this is an exception to the common rule; possibly the hens may lie hidden in the surrounding bushes, as is known to be the case with the grey-hens in Scandinavia, and with other species in N. America.

‘Ornithological Biography,’ vol. ii. p. 275.

Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ &c., B. iv. 1867, p. 990. Audubon, ‘Ornith. Biography,’ vol. ii. p. 492.

‘Land and Water,’ July 25th, 1868, p. 14.

Audubon’s ‘Ornitholog. Biography;’ on Tetrao cupido, vol. ii. p. 492; on the Sturnus, vol. ii. p. 219.

‘Ornithological Biograph.’ vol. v. p. 601.

The Hon. Daines Barrington, ‘Philosoph. Transact.’ 1773, p. 252.

‘Ornithological Dictionary,’ 1833, p. 475.

‘Naturgeschichte der Stubenvögel,’ 1840, s. 4. Mr. Harrison Weir likewise writes to me:—“I am informed that the best singing males generally get a mate first when they are bred in the same room.”

‘Philosophical Transactions,’ 1773, p. 263. White’s ‘Natural History of Selborne,’ vol. i. 1825, p. 246.

‘Naturges. der Stubenvögel,’ 1840, s. 252.

Mr. Bold, ‘Zoologist,’ 1843-44, p. 659.

D. Barrington, ‘Phil. Transact.’ 1773, p. 262. Bechstein, ‘Stubenvögel,’ 1840, s. 4.

This is likewise the case with the water-ouzel, see Mr. Hepburn in the ‘Zoologist,’ 1845-1846, p. 1068.

L. Lloyd, ‘Game Birds of Sweden,’ 1867, p. 25.

Barrington, ibid. p. 264. Bechstein, ibid. s. 5.

Dureau de la Malle gives a curious instance (‘Annales des Sc. Nat.’ 3rd series, Zoolog. tom. x. p. 118) of some wild blackbirds in his garden in Paris which naturally learnt from a caged bird a republican air.

Bishop, in ‘Todd’s Cyclop. of Anat. and Phys.’ vol. iv. p. 1496.

As stated by Barrington in ‘Philosoph. Transact.’ 1773, p. 262.

Gould, ‘Handbook to the Birds of Australia,’ vol. i. 1865, p. 308-310. See also Mr. T. W. Wood in the ‘Student,’ April, 1870, p. 125.

See remarks to this effect in Gould’s ‘Introduction to the Trochilidæ,’ 1861, p. 22.

‘The Sportsman and Naturalist in Canada,’ by Major W. Ross King, 1866, p. 144-146. Mr. T. W. Wood gives in the ‘Student’ (April, 1870, p. 116) an excellent account of the attitude and habits of this bird during its courtship. He states that the ear-tufts or neck-plumes are erected, so that they meet over the crown of the head.

Richardson, ‘Fauna Bor. Americana: Birds,’ 1831, p. 359. Audubon, ibid. vol. iv. p. 507.

The following papers have been lately written on this subject:—Prof. A. Newton, in the ‘Ibis,’ 1862, p. 107; Dr. Cullen, ibid. 1865, p. 145; Mr. Flower, in ‘Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1865, p. 747; and Dr. Murie, in ‘Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1868, p. 471. In this latter paper an excellent figure is given of the male Australian Bustard in full display with the sack distended.

Bates, ‘The Naturalist on the Amazons,’ 1863, vol. ii. p. 284; Wallace, in ‘Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1850, p. 206. A new species, with a still larger neck-appendage (C. penduliger), has lately been discovered, see ‘Ibis,’ vol. i. p. 457.

Bishop, in Todd’s ‘Cyclop. of Anat. and Phys.’ vol. iv. p. 1499.

The spoonbill (Platalea) has its trachea convoluted into a figure of eight, and yet this bird (Jerdon, ‘Birds of India,’ vol. iii. p. 763) is mute; but Mr. Blyth informs me that the convolutions are not constantly present, so that perhaps they are now tending towards abortion.

‘Elements of Comp. Anat.’ by R. Wagner, Eng. translat. 1845, p. 111. With respect to the swan, as given above, Yarrell’s ‘Hist. of British Birds,’ 2nd edit. 1845, vol. iii. p. 193.

C. L. Bonaparte, quoted in the ‘Naturalist Library: Birds,’ vol. xiv. p. 126.

L. Lloyd, ‘The Game Birds of Sweden,’ &c., 1867, p. 22, 81.

Jenner, ‘Philosoph. Transactions,’ 1824, p. 20.

For the foregoing several facts see, on Birds of Paradise, Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ Band iii. s. 325. On Grouse, Richardson, ‘Fauna Bor. Americ.: Birds,’ p. 343 and 359; Major W. Ross King, ‘The Sportsman in Canada,’ 1866, p. 156; Audubon, ‘American Ornitholog. Biograph.’ vol. i. p. 216. On the Kalij pheasant, Jerdon, ‘Birds of India,’ vol. iii. p. 533. On the Weavers, ‘Livingstone’s Expedition to the Zambesi,’ 1865, p. 425. On Woodpeckers, Macgillivray, ‘Hist. of British Birds,’ vol. iii. 1840, p. 84, 88, 89, and 95. On the Hoopoe, Mr. Swinhoe, in ‘Proc. Zoolog. Soc.’ June 23, 1863. On the Night-Jar, Audubon, ibid. vol. ii. p. 255. The English Night-Jar likewise makes in the spring a curious noise during its rapid flight.

See M. Meves’ interesting paper in ‘Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1858, p. 199. For the habits of the snipe, Macgillivray, ‘Hist. British Birds,’ vol. iv. p. 371. For the American snipe, Capt. Blakiston, ‘Ibis,’ vol. v. 1863, p. 131.

Mr. Salvin, in ‘Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1867, p. 160. I am much indebted to this distinguished ornithologist for sketches of the feathers of the Chamæpetes, and for other information.

Jerdon, ‘Birds of India,’ vol. iii. p. 618, 621.

Gould, ‘Introduction to the Trochilidæ,’ 1861, p. 49. Salvin, ‘Proc. Zoolog. Soc.’ 1867, p. 160.

Sclater, in ‘Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1860, p. 90, and in ‘Ibis,’ vol. iv. 1862, p. 175. Also Salvin, in ‘Ibis,’ 1860, p. 37.

‘The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia,’ 1867, p. 203.

For Tetrao phasianellus, see Richardson, ‘Fauna Bor. America,’ p. 361, and for further particulars Capt. Blakiston, ‘Ibis,’ 1863, p. 125. For the Cathartes and Ardea, Audubon, ‘Ornith. Biography,’ vol. ii. p. 51, and vol. iii. p. 89. On the White-throat, Macgillivray, ‘Hist. British Birds,’ vol. ii. p. 354. On the Indian Bustard, Jerdon, ‘Birds of India,’ vol. iii. p. 618.

Gould, ‘Handbook to the Birds of Australia,’ vol. i. p. 444, 449, 455. The bower of the Satin Bower-bird may always be seen in the Zoological Society’s Gardens, Regent’s Park.

See remarks to this effect, on the “Feeling of Beauty among Animals,” by Mr. J. Shaw, in the ‘Athenæum,’ Nov. 24th, 1866, p. 681.

Mr. Monteiro, ‘Ibis,’ vol. iv. 1862, p. 339.

‘Land and Water,’ 1868, p. 217.

Jardine’s ‘Naturalist Library: Birds,’ vol. xiv. p. 166.

Sclater, in the ‘Ibis,’ vol. vi. 1864, p. 114. Livingstone, ‘Expedition to the Zambesi,’ 1865, p. 66.

Jerdon, ‘Birds of India,’ vol. iii. p. 620.

Wallace, in ‘Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ vol. xx. 1857, p. 416; and in his ‘Malay Archipelago,’ vol. ii. 1869, p. 390.

See my work on ‘The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. i. p. 289, 293.

Quoted from M. de Lafresnaye, in ‘Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ vol. xiii. 1854, p. 157: see also Mr. Wallace’s much fuller account in vol. xx. 1857, p. 412, and in his Malay Archipelago.

Wallace, ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. ii. 1869, p. 405.

Mr. Sclater, ‘Intellectual Observer,’ Jan. 1867. ‘Waterton’s Wanderings,’ p. 118. See also Mr. Salvin’s interesting paper, with a plate, in the ‘Ibis,’ 1865, p. 90.

‘Land and Water,’ 1867, p. 394.

Mr. D. G. Elliot, in ‘Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1869, p. 589.

‘Nitzsch’s Pterylography,’ edited by P. L. Sclater. Ray Soc. 1867, p. 14.

The brown mottled summer plumage of the ptarmigan is of as much importance to it, as a protection, as the white winter plumage; for in Scandinavia, during the spring, when the snow has disappeared, this bird is known to suffer greatly from birds of prey, before it has acquired its summer dress: see Wilhelm von Wright, in Lloyd, ‘Game Birds of Sweden,’ 1867, p. 125.

In regard to the previous statements on moulting, see, on snipes, &c., Macgillivray, ‘Hist. Brit. Birds,’ vol. iv. p. 371; on Glareolæ, curlews, and bustards, Jerdon, ‘Birds of India,’ vol. iii. p. 615, 630, 683; on Totanus, ibid, p. 700; on the plumes of herons, ibid, p. 738, and Macgillivray, vol. iv. p. 435 and 444, and Mr. Stafford Allen, in the ‘Ibis,’ vol. v. 1863, p. 33.

On the moulting of the ptarmigan, see Gould’s ‘Birds of Great Britain.’ On the honey-suckers, Jerdon, ‘Birds of India,’ vol. i. p. 359, 365, 369. On the moulting of Anthus, see Blyth, in ‘Ibis,’ 1867, p. 32.

For the foregoing statements in regard to partial moults, and on old males retaining their nuptial plumage, see Jerdon, on bustards and plovers, in ‘Birds of India,’ vol. iii. p. 617, 637, 709, 711. Also Blyth in ‘Land and Water,’ 1867, p. 84. On the Vidua, ‘Ibis,’ vol. iii. 1861, p. 133. On the Drongo shrikes, Jerdon, ibid. vol. i. p. 435. On the vernal moult of the Herodias bubulcus, Mr. S. S. Allen, in ‘Ibis,’ 1863, p. 33. On Gallus bankiva, Blyth, in ‘Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ vol. i. 1848, p. 455; see, also, on this subject, my ‘Variation of Animals under Domestication,’ vol. i. p. 236.

See Macgillivray, ‘Hist. British Birds’ (vol. v. p. 34, 70, and 223), on the moulting of the Anatidæ, with quotations from Waterton and Montagu. Also Yarrell, ‘Hist. of British Birds,’ vol. iii. p. 243.

On the pelican, see Sclater, in ‘Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1868, p. 265. On the American finches, see Audubon, ‘Ornith. Biography,’ vol. i. p. 174, 221, and Jerdon, ‘Birds of India,’ vol. ii. p. 383. On the Fringilla cannabina of Madeira, Mr. E. Vernon Harcourt, ‘Ibis,’ vol. v., 1863, p. 230.

See also ‘Ornamental Poultry,’ by Rev. E. S. Dixon, 1848, p. 8.

‘Birds of India,’ introduct. vol. i. p. xxiv.; on the peacock, vol. iii. p. 507. See Gould’s ‘Introduction to the Trochilidæ,’ 1861, p. 15 and 111.

‘Journal of R. Geograph. Soc.’ vol. x. 1840, p. 236.

‘Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ vol. xiii. 1854, p. 157; also Wallace, ibid. vol. xx. 1857, p. 412, and ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. ii. 1869, p. 252. Also Dr. Bennett, as quoted by Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ B. iii. s. 326.

Mr. T. W. Wood has given (‘The Student,’ April, 1870, p. 115) a full account of this manner of display, which he calls the lateral or one-sided, by the gold pheasant and by the Japanese pheasant, Ph. versicolor.

The Reign of Law,’ 1867, p. 263.

For the description of these birds, see Gould’s ‘Handbook to the Birds of Australia,’ vol. i. 1865, p. 417.

‘Birds of India,’ vol. ii. p. 96.

On the Cosmetornis, see Livingstone’s ‘Expedition to the Zambesi,’ 1865, p. 66. On the Argus pheasant, Jardine’s ‘Nat. Hist. Lib.: Birds,’ vol. xiv. p. 167. On Birds of Paradise, Lesson, quoted by Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ B. iii. s. 325. On the widow-bird, Barrow’s ‘Travels in Africa,’ vol. i. p. 243, and ‘Ibis,’ vol. iii. 1861, p. 133. Mr. Gould, on the shyness of male birds, ‘Handbook to Birds of Australia,’ vol. i. 1865, p. 210, 457.

Tegetmeier, ‘The Poultry Book,’ 1866, p. 139.

Nordmann describes (‘Bull. Soc. Imp. des Nat. Moscow,’ 1861, tom. xxxiv. p. 264) the balzen of Tetrao urogalloides in Amur Land. He estimated the number of assembled males at above a hundred, the females, which lie hid in the surrounding bushes, not being counted. The noises uttered differ from those of the T. urogallus or the capercailzie.

With respect to the assemblages of the above named grouse see Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ B. iv. s. 350; also L. Lloyd, ‘Game Birds of Sweden,’ 1867, p. 19, 78. Richardson, ‘Fauna Bor. Americana,’ Birds, p. 362. References in regard to the assemblages of other birds have previously been given. On Paradisea see Wallace, in ‘Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ vol. xx. 1857, p. 412. On the snipe, Lloyd, ibid. p. 221.

Quoted by Mr. T. W. Wood in the ‘Student,’ April, 1870, p. 125.

Gould, ‘Handbook of Birds of Australia,’ vol. i. p. 300, 308, 448, 451. On the ptarmigan, above alluded to, see Lloyd, ibid. p. 129.

On magpies, Jenner, in ‘Phil. Transact.’ 1824, p. 21. Macgillivray, ‘Hist. British Birds,’ vol. i. p. 570. Thompson, in ‘Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ vol. viii. 1842, p. 494.

On the peregrine falcon see Thompson, ‘Nat. Hist. of Ireland: Birds,’ vol. i. 1849, p. 39. On owls, sparrows, and partridges, see White, ‘Nat. Hist. of Selborne,’ edit. of 1825, vol. i. p. 139. On the Phœnicura, see Loudon’s ‘Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ vol. vii. 1834, p. 245. Brehm, (‘Thierleben,’ B. iv. s. 991) also alludes to cases of birds thrice mated during same day.

See White (‘Nat. Hist. of Selborne,’ 1825, vol. i. p. 140) on the existence, early in the season, of small coveys of male partridges, of which fact I have heard other instances. See Jenner, on the retarded state of the generative organs in certain birds, in ‘Phil. Transact.’ 1824. In regard to birds living in triplets, I owe to Mr. Jenner Weir the cases of the starling and parrots, and to Mr. Fox, of partridges; on carrion-crows, see the ‘Field,’ 1868, p. 415. On various male birds singing after the proper period, see Rev. L. Jenyns, ‘Observations in Natural History,’ 1846, p. 87.

The following case has been given (‘The Times,’ Aug. 6th, 1868) by the Rev. F. O. Morris, on the authority of the Hon. and Rev. O. W. Forester. “The gamekeeper here found a hawk’s nest this year, with five young ones in it. He took four and killed them, but left one with its wings clipped as a decoy to destroy the old ones by. They were both shot next day, in the act of feeding the young one, and the keeper thought it was done with. The next day he came again and found two other charitable hawks, who had come with an adopted feeling to succour the orphan. These two he killed, and then left the nest. On returning afterwards he found two more charitable individuals on the same errand of mercy. One of these he killed; the other he also shot, but could not find. No more came on the like fruitless errand.”

For instance, Mr. Yarrell states (‘Hist. British Birds,’ vol. iii. 1845, p. 585) that a gull was not able to swallow a small bird which had been given to it. The gull “paused for a moment, and then, as if suddenly recollecting himself, ran off at full speed to a pan of water, shook the bird about in it until well soaked, and immediately gulped it down. Since that time he invariably has had recourse to the same expedient in similar cases.”

‘A Tour in Sutherlandshire,’ vol. i. 1849, p. 185.

‘Acclimatization of Parrots,’ by C. Buxton, M.P. ‘Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ Nov. 1868, p. 381.

‘The Zoologist,’ 1847-1848, p. 1602.

Hewitt on wild ducks, ‘Journal of Horticulture,’ Jan. 13, 1863, p. 39. Audubon on the wild turkey, ‘Ornith. Biography,’ vol. i. p. 14. On the mocking thrush, ibid. vol. i. p. 110.

The ‘Ibis,’ vol. ii. 1860, p. 344.

On the ornamented nests of humming-birds, Gould, ‘Introduction to the Trochilidæ,’ 1861, p. 19. On the bower-birds, Gould, ‘Handbook to the Birds of Australia,’ 1865, vol. i. p. 444-461. Mr. Ramsay in the ‘Ibis,’ 1867, p. 456.

‘Hist. of British Birds,’ vol. ii. p. 92.

‘Zoologist,’ 1853-1854, p. 3946.

Waterton, ‘Essays on Nat. Hist.’ 2nd series, p. 42, 117. For the following statements, see on the wigeon, Loudon’s ‘Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ vol. ix. p. 616; L. Lloyd, ‘Scandinavian Adventures,’ vol. i. 1854, p. 452; Dixon, ‘Ornamental and Domestic Poultry,’ p. 137; Hewitt, in ‘Journal of Horticulture,’ Jan. 13, 1863, p. 40; Bechstein. ‘Stubenvögel,’ 1840, s. 230.

Audubon, ‘Ornitholog. Biography,’ vol. i. p. 191, 349; vol. ii. p. 42, 275; vol. iii. p. 2.

‘Rare and Prize Poultry,’ 1854, p. 27.

‘The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 103.

Boitard and Corbié, ‘Les Pigeons,’ 1824, p. 12. Prosper Lucas (‘Traité de l’Héréd. Nat.’ tom. ii. 1850, p. 296) has himself observed nearly similar facts with pigeons.

‘Die Taubenzucht,’ 1824, s. 86.

‘Ornithological Biography,’ vol. i. p. 13.

‘Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1835, p. 54. The japanned peacock is considered by Mr. Sclater as a distinct species, and has been named Pavo nigripennis.

Rudolphi, ‘Beyträge zur Anthropologie,’ 1812, s. 184.

‘Die Darwin’sche Theorie, und ihre Stellung zu Moral und Religion,’ 1869, s. 59.

In regard to peafowl, see Sir R. Heron, ‘Proc. Zoolog. Soc.’ 1835, p. 54, and the Rev. E. S. Dixon, ‘Ornamental Poultry,’ 1848, p. 8. For the turkey, Audubon, ibid. p. 4. For the capercailzie, Lloyd, ‘Game Birds of Sweden,’ 1867, p. 23.

Mr. Hewitt, quoted in ‘Tegetmeier’s Poultry Book,’ 1866, p. 165.

Quoted in Lloyd’s ‘Game Birds of Sweden,’ p. 345.

According to Dr. Blasius (‘Ibis,’ vol. ii. 1860, p. 297), there are 425 indubitable species of birds which breed in Europe, besides 60 forms, which are frequently regarded as distinct species. Of the latter, Blasius thinks that only ten are really doubtful, and that the other fifty ought to be united with their nearest allies; but this shews that there must be a considerable amount of variation with some of our European birds. It is also an unsettled point with naturalists, whether several North American birds ought to be ranked as specifically distinct from the corresponding European species.

‘Origin of Species,’ fifth edit. 1869, p. 104. I had always perceived, that rare and strongly-marked deviations of structure, deserving to be called monstrosities, could seldom be preserved through natural selection, and that the preservation of even highly-beneficial variations would depend to a certain extent on chance. I had also fully appreciated the importance of mere individual differences, and this led me to insist so strongly on the importance of that unconscious form of selection by man, which follows from the preservation of the most valued individuals of each breed, without any intention on his part to modify the characters of the breed. But until I read an able article in the ‘North British Review’ (March, 1867, p. 289, et seq.), which has been of more use to me than any other Review, I did not see how great the chances were against the preservation of variations, whether slight or strongly pronounced, occurring only in single individuals.

‘Introduct. to the Trochilidæ,’ p. 102.

Gould, ‘Handbook of Birds of Australia,’ vol. ii. p. 32 and 68.

Audubon, ‘Ornitholog. Biography,’ 1838, vol. iv. p. 389.

Jerdon, ‘Birds of India,’ vol. i. p. 108; and Mr. Blyth, in ‘Land and Water,’ 1868, p. 381.

Graba, ‘Tagebuch, Reise nach Färo,’ 1830, s. 51-54. Macgillivray, ‘Hist. British Birds,’ vol. iii. p. 745. ‘Ibis,’ vol. v. 1863, p. 469.

Graba, ibid. s. 54. Macgillivray, ibid. vol. v. p. 327.

‘Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication.’ vol. ii. p. 92.

On these points see also ‘Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. i. p. 253; vol. ii. p. 73, 75.

See, for instance, on the irides of a Podica and Gallicrex in ‘Ibis,’ vol. ii. 1860, p. 206; and vol. v. 1863, p. 426.

See also Jerdon, ‘Birds of India,’ vol. i. p. 243-245.

‘Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle,’ 1841, p. 6.

Bechstein, ‘Naturgeschichte Deutschlands,’ B. iv. 1795, s. 31, on a sub-variety of the Monck pigeon.

This woodcut has been engraved from a beautiful drawing, most kindly made for me by Mr. Trimen; see also his description of the wonderful amount of variation in the coloration and shape of the wings of this butterfly, in his, ‘Rhopalocera Africæ Australis,’ p. 186. See also an interesting paper by the Rev. H. H. Higgins, on the origin of the ocelli in the Lepidoptera in the ‘Quarterly Journal of Science,’ July, 1868, p. 325.

Jerdon, ‘Birds of India,’ vol. iii. p. 517.

‘Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. i. p. 254.

When the Argus pheasant displays his wing-feathers like a great fan, those nearest to the body stand more upright than the outer ones, so that the shading of the ball-and-socket ocelli ought to be slightly different on the different feathers, in order to bring out their full effect, relatively to the incidence of the light. Mr. T. W. Wood, who has the experienced eye of an artist, asserts (‘Field,’ Newspaper, May 28, 1870, p. 457) that this is the case; but after carefully examining two mounted specimens (the proper feathers from one having been given to me by Mr. Gould for more accurate comparison) I cannot perceive that this acme of perfection in the shading has been attained; nor can others to whom I have shewn these feathers recognise the fact.

‘The Reign of Law,’ 1867, p. 247.

‘Introduction to the Trochilidæ,’ 1861, p. 110.

Fourth edition, 1866, p. 241.

‘Westminster Review,’ July, 1867. ‘Journal of Travel,’ vol. i. 1868, p. 73.

Temminck says that the tail of the female Phasianus Sœmmerringii is only six inches long, ‘Planches coloriées,’ vol. v. 1838, p. 487 and 488: the measurements above given were made for me by Mr. Sclater. For the common pheasant, see Macgillivray, ‘Hist. Brit. Birds,’ vol. i. p. 118-121.

Dr. Chapuis, ‘Le Pigeon Voyageur Belge,’ 1865, p. 87.

Bechstein, ‘Naturgesch. Deutschlands,’ 1793, B. iii. s. 339.

Daines Barrington, however, thought it probable (‘Phil. Transact.’ 1773, p. 164) that few female birds sing, because the talent would have been dangerous to them during incubation. He adds, that a similar view may possibly account for the inferiority of the female to the male in plumage.

Mr. Ramsay, in ‘Proc. Zoolog. Soc.’ 1868, p. 50.

‘Journal of Travel,’ edited by A. Murray, vol. i. 1868, p. 78.

‘Journal of Travel,’ edited by A. Murray, vol. i. 1868, p. 281.

Audubon, ‘Ornithological Biography,’ vol. i. p. 233.

Jerdon, ‘Birds of India,’ vol. ii. p. 108. Gould’s ‘Handbook of the Birds of Australia,’ vol. i. p. 463.

For instance, the female Eupetomena macroura has the head and tail dark blue with reddish loins; the female Lampornis porphyrurus is blackish-green on the upper surface, with the lores and sides of the throat crimson; the female Eulampis jugularis has the top of the head and back green, but the loins and the tail are crimson. Many other instances of highly conspicuous females could be given. See Mr. Gould’s magnificent work on this family.

Mr. Salvin noticed in Guatemala (‘Ibis,’ 1864, p. 375) that humming-birds were much more unwilling to leave their nests during very hot weather, when the sun was shining brightly, than during cool, cloudy, or rainy weather.

I may specify, as instances of obscurely-coloured birds building concealed nests, the species belonging to eight Australian genera, described in Gould’s ‘Handbook of the Birds of Australia,’ vol. i. p. 340, 362, 365, 383, 387, 389, 391, 414.

Jerdon, ‘Birds of India,’ vol. i. p. 244.

On the nidification and colours of these latter species, see Gould’s ‘Handbook,’ &c., vol. i. p. 504, 527.

I have consulted, on this subject, Macgillivray’s ‘British Birds,’ and though doubts may be entertained in some cases in regard to the degree of concealment of the nest, and of the degree of conspicuousness of the female, yet the following birds, which all lay their eggs in holes or in domed nests, can hardly be considered, according to the above standard, as conspicuous: Passer, 2 species; Sturnus, of which the female is considerably less brilliant than the male; Cinclus; Motacilla boarula (?); Erithacus (?); Fruticola, 2 sp.; Saxicola; Ruticilla, 2 sp.; Sylvia, 3 sp.; Parus, 3 sp.; Mecistura; Anorthura; Certhia; Sitta; Yunx; Muscicapa, 2 sp.; Hirundo, 3 sp.; and Cypselus. The females of the following 12 birds may be considered as conspicuous according to the same standard, viz., Pastor, Motacilla alba, Parus major and P. cæruleus, Upupa, Picus, 4 sp., Coracias, Alcedo, and Merops.

‘Journal of Travel,’ edited by A. Murray, vol. i. p. 78.

See many statements in the ‘Ornithological Biography.’ See, also, some curious observations on the nests of Italian birds by Eugenio Bettoni, in the ‘Atti della Società Italiana,’ vol. xi. 1869, p. 487.

See his ‘Monograph of the Trogonidæ,’ first edition.

Namely Cyanalcyon. Gould’s ‘Handbook of the Birds of Australia,’ vol. i. p. 133; see, also, p. 130, 136.

Every gradation of difference between the sexes may be followed in the parrots of Australia. See Gould’s ‘Handbook,’ &c., vol. ii. p. 14-102.

Macgillivray’s ‘British Birds,’ vol. ii. p. 433. Jerdon, ‘Birds of India,’ vol. ii. p. 282.

All the following facts are taken from M. Malherbe’s magnificent ‘Monographie des Picidées,’ 1861.

Audubon’s ‘Ornithological Biography,’ vol. ii. p. 75; see also the ‘Ibis,’ vol. i. p. 268.

Gould’s ‘Handbook of the Birds of Australia,’ vol. ii. p. 109-149.

See remarks to this effect in my work on ‘Variation under Domestication,’ vol. ii. chap, xii.

The ‘Ibis,’ vol. vi. 1864, p. 122.

On Ardetta, Translation of Cuvier’s ‘Règne Animal,’ by Mr. Blyth, footnote, p. 159. On the Peregrine Falcon, Mr. Blyth, in Charlesworth’s ‘Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ vol. i. 1837, p. 304. On Dicrurus, ‘Ibis,’ 1863, p. 44. On the Platalea, ‘Ibis,’ vol. vi. 1864, p. 366. On the Bombycilla, Audubon’s ‘Ornitholog. Biography,’ vol. i. p. 229. On the Palæornis, see, also, Jerdon, ‘Birds of India,’ vol. i. p. 263. On the wild turkey, Audubon, ibid. vol. i. p. 15: I hear from Judge Caton that in Illinois the female very rarely acquires a tuft.

Mr. Blyth has recorded (Translation of Cuvier’s ‘Règne Animal,’ p. 158) various instances with Lanius, Ruticilla, Linaria, and Anas. Audubon has also recorded a similar case (‘Ornith. Biog.’ vol. v. p. 519) with Tyranga æstiva.

See Gould’s ‘Birds of Great Britain.’

In regard to thrushes, shrikes, and woodpeckers, see Mr. Blyth, in Charlesworth’s ‘Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ vol. i. 1837, p. 304; also footnote to his translation of Cuvier’s ‘Règne Animal,’ p. 159. I give the case of Loxia from Mr. Blyth’s information. On thrushes, see also Audubon, ‘Ornith. Biography,’ vol. ii. p. 195. On Chrysococcyx and Chalcophaps, Blyth, as quoted in Jerdon’s ‘Birds of India,’ vol. iii. p. 485. On Sarkidiornis, Blyth, in ‘Ibis,’ 1867, p. 175.

See, for instance, Mr. Gould’s account (‘Handbook of the Birds of Australia,’ vol. i. p. 133) of Cyanalcyon (one of the Kingfishers) in which, however, the young male, though resembling the adult female, is less brilliantly coloured. In some species of Dacelo the males have blue tails, and the females brown ones; and Mr. R. B. Sharpe informs me that the tail of the young male of D. Gaudichaudi is at first brown. Mr. Gould has described (ibid. vol. ii. p. 14, 20, 37) the sexes and the young of certain Black Cockatoos and of the King Lory, with which the same rule prevails. Also Jerdon (‘Birds of India,’ vol. i. p. 260) on the Palæornis rosa, in which the young are more like the female than the male. See Audubon (‘Ornith. Biograph.’ vol. ii. p. 475) on the two sexes and the young of Columba passerina.

I owe this information to Mr. Gould who shewed me the specimens; see also his ‘Introduction to the Trochilidæ,’ 1861, p. 120.

Macgillivray, ‘Hist. Brit. Birds,’ vol. v. p. 207-214.

See his admirable paper in the ‘Journal of the Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,’ vol. xix. 1850, p. 223; see also Jerdon, ‘Birds of India,’ vol. i. introduction, p. xxix. In regard to Tanysiptera, Prof. Schlegel told Mr. Blyth that he could distinguish several distinct races, solely by comparing the adult males.

See also Mr. Swinhoe, in ‘Ibis,’ July, 1863, p. 131; and a previous paper, with an extract from a note by Mr. Blyth, in ‘Ibis,’ Jan. 1861, p. 52.

Wallace, ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. ii. 1869, p. 394.

These species are described, with coloured figures, by M. F. Pollen, in ‘Ibis,’ 1866, p. 275.

‘Variation of Animals, &c., under Domestication,’ vol. i. p. 251.

Macgillivray, ‘Hist. British Birds,’ vol. i. p. 172-174.

See, on this subject, chap. xxiii. in the ‘Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication.’

Audubon, ‘Ornith. Biography,’ vol. i. p. 193. Macgillivray, ‘Hist. Brit. Birds,’ vol. iii. p. 85. See also the case before given of Indopicus carlotta.

‘Westminster Review,’ July, 1867, and A. Murray, ‘Journal of Travel,’ 1868, p. 83.

For the Australian species, see Gould’s ‘Handbook,’ &c., vol. ii. p. 178, 180, 186, and 188. In the British Museum specimens of the Australian Plain-wanderer (Pedionomus torquatus) may be seen, shewing similar sexual differences.

Jerdon, ‘Birds of India,’ vol. iii. p. 596. Mr. Swinhoe, in ‘Ibis,’ 1865, p. 542; 1866, p. 131, 405.

Jerdon, ‘Birds of India,’ vol. iii. p. 677.

Gould’s ‘Handbook of the Birds of Australia,’ vol. ii. p. 275.

‘The Indian Field,’ Sept. 1858, p. 3.

‘Ibis,’ 1866, p. 298.

For these several statements, see Mr. Gould’s ‘Birds of Great Britain.’ Prof. Newton informs me that he has long been convinced, from his own observations and from those of others, that the males of the above-named species take either the whole or a large share of the duties of incubation, and that they “shew much greater devotion towards their young, when in danger, than do the females.” So it is, as he informs me, with Limosa lapponica and some few other Waders, in which the females are larger and have more strongly contrasted colours than the males.

The natives of Ceram (Wallace, ‘Malay Archipelago,’ vol. ii. p. 150) assert that the male and female sit alternately on the eggs; but this assertion, as Mr. Bartlett thinks, may be accounted for by the female visiting the nest to lay her eggs.

‘The Student,’ April, 1870, p. 124.

See the excellent account of the habits of this bird under confinement, by Mr. A. W. Bennett, in ‘Land and Water,’ May, 1868, p. 233.

Mr. Sclater, on the incubation of the Struthiones, ‘Proc. Zoo. Soc.,’ June 9, 1863.

For the Milvago, see ‘Zoology of the Voyage of the “Beagle,”’ Birds, 1841, p. 16. For the Climacteris and nightjar (Eurostopodus), see Gould’s ‘Handbook of the Birds of Australia,’ vol. i. p. 602 and 97. The New Zealand shieldrake (Tadorna variegata) offers a quite anomalous case: the head of the female is pure white, and her back is redder than that of the male; the head of the male is of a rich dark bronzed colour, and his back is clothed with finely pencilled slate-coloured feathers, so that he may altogether be considered as the more beautiful of the two. He is larger and more pugnacious than the female, and does not sit on the eggs. So that in all these respects this species comes under our first class of cases; but Mr. Sclater (‘Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1866, p. 150) was much surprised to observe that the young of both sexes, when about three months old, resembled in their dark heads and necks the adult males, instead of the adult females; so that it would appear in this case that the females have been modified, whilst the males and the young have retained a former state of plumage.

Jerdon, ‘Birds of India,’ vol. iii. p. 598.

Jerdon, ‘Birds of India,’ vol. i. p. 222, 228. Gould’s ‘Handbook of the Birds of Australia,’ vol. i. 124, 130.

Gould, Ibid. vol. ii. p. 37, 46, 56.

Audubon, ‘Ornith. Biography,’ vol. ii. p. 55.

‘Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 79.

Charlesworth, ‘Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ vol. i. 1837, p. 305, 306.

‘Bulletin de la Soc. Vaudoise des Sc. Nat.’ vol. x. 1869, p. 132. The young of the Polish swan, Cygnus immutabilis of Yarrell, are always white; but this species, as Mr. Sclater informs me, is believed to be nothing more than a variety of the Domestic Swan (Cygnus olor).

I am indebted to Mr. Blyth for information in regard to this genus. The sparrow of Palestine belongs to the sub-genus Petronia.

For instance, the males of Tanagra æstiva and Fringilla cyanea require three years, the male of Fringilla ciris four years, to complete their beautiful plumage. (See Audubon, ‘Ornith. Biography,’ vol. i. p. 233, 280, 378.) The Harlequin duck takes three years (ibid. vol. iii. p. 614). The male of the Gold pheasant, as I hear from Mr. J. Jenner Weir, can be distinguished from the female when about three months old, but he does not acquire his full splendour until the end of the September in the following year.

Thus the Ibis tantalus and Grus Americanus take four years, the Flamingo several years, and the Ardea Ludovicana two years, before they acquire their perfect plumage. See Audubon, ibid. vol. i. p. 221; vol. iii. p. 133, 139, 211.

Mr. Blyth, in Charlesworth’s ‘Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ vol. i. 1837, p. 300. Mr. Bartlett has informed me in regard to gold-pheasants.

I have noticed the following cases in Audubon’s ‘Ornith. Biography. The Redstart of America’ (Muscicapa ruticilla, vol. i. p. 203). The Ibis tantalus takes four years to come to full maturity, but sometimes breeds in the second year (vol. iii. p. 133). The Grus Americanus takes the same time, but breeds before acquiring its full plumage (vol. iii. p. 211). The adults of Ardea cærulea are blue and the young white; and white, mottled, and mature blue birds may all be seen breeding together (vol. iv. p. 58): but Mr. Blyth informs me that certain herons apparently are dimorphic, for white and coloured individuals of the same age may be observed. The Harlequin duck (Anas histrionica, Linn.) takes three years to acquire its full plumage, though many birds breed in the second year (vol. iii. p. 614). The White-headed Eagle (Falco leucocephalus, vol. iii. p. 210) is likewise known to breed in its immature state. Some species of Oriolus (according to Mr. Blyth and Mr. Swinhoe, in ‘Ibis,’ July, 1863, p. 68) likewise breed before they attain their full plumage.

See the last footnote.

Other animals, belonging to quite distinct classes, are either habitually or occasionally capable of breeding before they have fully acquired their adult characters. This is the case with the young males of the salmon. Several amphibians have been known to breed whilst retaining their larval structure. Fritz Müller has shewn (‘Facts and Arguments for Darwin,’ Eng. trans. 1869, p. 79) that the males of several amphipod crustaceans become sexually mature whilst young; and I infer that this is a case of premature breeding, because they have not as yet acquired their fully-developed claspers. All such facts are highly interesting, as bearing on one means by which species may undergo great modifications of character, in accordance with Mr. Cope’s views, expressed under the terms of the “retardation and acceleration of generic characters;” but I cannot follow the views of this eminent naturalist to their full extent. See Mr. Cope, “On the Origin of Genera,” from the ‘Proc. of Acad. Nat. Sc. of Philadelphia,’ Oct. 1868.

Jerdon, ‘Birds of India,’ vol. iii. p. 507, on the peacock. Audubon, ibid. vol. iii. p. 139, on the Ardea.

For illustrative cases see vol. iv. of Macgillivray’s ‘Hist. Brit. Birds;’ on Tringa, &c., p. 229, 271; on the Machetes, p. 172; on the Charadrius hiaticula, p. 118; on the Charadrius pluvialis, p. 94.

For the goldfinch of N. America, Fringilla tristis, Linn., see Audubon, ‘Ornith. Biography,’ vol. i. p. 172. For the Maluri, Gould’s ‘Handbook of the Birds of Australia,’ vol. i. p. 318.

I am indebted to Mr. Blyth for information in regard to the Buphus; see also Jerdon, ‘Birds of India,’ vol. iii. p. 749. On the Anastomus, see Blyth, in ‘Ibis,’ 1867, p. 173.

On the Alca, see Macgillivray, ‘Hist. Brit. Birds,’ vol. v. p. 347. On the Fringilla leucophrys, Audubon, ibid. vol. ii. p. 89. I shall have hereafter to refer to the young of certain herons and egrets being white.

‘History of British Birds,’ vol. i. 1839, p. 159.

Blyth, in Charlesworth’s ‘Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ vol. i. 1837, p. 362; and from information given to me by him.

Audubon, ‘Ornith. Biography,’ vol. i. p. 113.

Mr. C. A. Wright, in ‘Ibis,’ vol. vi. 1864, p. 65. Jerdon, ‘Birds of India,’ vol. i. p. 515.

The following additional cases may be mentioned: the young males of Tanagra rubra can be distinguished from the young females (Audubon, ‘Ornith. Biography,’ vol. iv. p. 392), and so it is with the nestlings of a blue nuthatch, Dendrophila frontalis of India (Jerdon, ‘Birds of India,’ vol. i. p. 389). Mr. Blyth also informs me that the sexes of the stonechat, Saxicola rubicola, are distinguishable at a very early age.

‘Westminster Review,’ July, 1867, p. 5.

‘Ibis,’ 1859, vol. i. p. 429, et seq.

No satisfactory explanation has ever been offered of the immense size, and still less of the bright colours, of the toucan’s beak. Mr. Bates (‘The Naturalist on the Amazons,’ vol. ii. 1863, p. 341) states that they use their beak for reaching fruit at the extreme tips of the branches; and likewise, as stated by other authors, for extracting eggs and young birds from the nests of other birds. But as Mr. Bates admits, the beak “can scarcely be considered a very perfectly-formed instrument for the end to which it is applied.” The great bulk of the beak, as shewn by its breadth, depth, as well as length, is not intelligible on the view, that it serves merely as an organ of prehension.

Ramphastos carinatus, Gould’s ‘Monograph of Ramphastidæ.’

On Larus, Gavia, and Sterna, see Macgillivray, ‘Hist. Brit. Birds,’ vol. v. p. 515, 584, 626. On the Anser hyperboreus, Audubon, ‘Ornith. Biography,’ vol. iv. p. 562. On the Anastomus, Mr. Blyth, in ‘Ibis,’ 1867, p. 173.

It may be noticed that with vultures, which roam far and wide through the higher regions of the atmosphere, like marine birds over the ocean, three or four species are almost wholly or largely white, and many other species are black. This fact supports the conjecture that these conspicuous colours may aid the sexes in finding each other during the breeding-season.

‘The Journal of Travel,’ edited by A. Murray, vol. i. 1868, p. 286.

See Jerdon on the genus Palæornis, ‘Birds of India,’ vol. i. p. 258-260.

The young of Ardea rufescens and A. cærulea of the U. States are likewise white, the adults being coloured in accordance with their specific names. Audubon (‘Ornith. Biography,’ vol. iii. p. 416; vol. iv. p. 58) seems rather pleased at the thought that this remarkable change of plumage will greatly “disconcert the systematists.”

I am greatly indebted to the kindness of Mr. Sclater for having looked over these four chapters on birds, and the two following ones on mammals. By this means I have been saved from making mistakes about the names of the species, and from giving any facts which are actually known to this distinguished naturalist to be erroneous. But of course he is not at all answerable for the accuracy of the statements quoted by me from various authorities.

See Waterton’s account of two hares fighting, ‘Zoologist,’ vol. i. 1843, p. 211. On moles, Bell, ‘Hist. of British Quadrupeds,’ 1st edit. p. 100. On squirrels, Audubon and Bachman, ‘Viviparous Quadrupeds of N. America,’ 1846, p. 269. On beavers, Mr. A. H. Green, in ‘Journal of Lin. Soc. Zoolog.’ vol. x. 1869, p. 362.

On the battles of seals, see Capt. C. Abbott in ‘Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1868, p. 191; also Mr. R. Brown, ibid. 1869, p. 436; also L. Lloyd, ‘Game Birds of Sweden,’ 1867, p. 412; also Pennant. On the sperm-whale, see Mr. J. H. Thompson, in ‘Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1867, p. 246.

See Scrope (‘Art of Deer-stalking,’ p. 17) on the locking of the horns with the Cervus elephas. Richardson, in ‘Fauna Bor. Americana,’ 1829, p. 252, says that the wapiti, moose, and reindeer have been found thus locked together. Sir A. Smith found at the Cape of Good Hope the skeletons of two gnus in the same condition.

Mr. Lamont (‘Seasons with the Sea-Horses,’ 1861, p. 143) says that a good tusk of the male walrus weighs 4 pounds, and is longer than that of the female, which weighs about 3 pounds. The males are described as fighting ferociously. On the occasional absence of the tusks in the female, see Mr. R. Brown, ‘Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1868, p. 429.

Owen, ‘Anatomy of Vertebrates,’ vol. iii. p. 283.

Mr. R. Brown, in ‘Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1869, p. 553.

Owen on the Cachalot and Ornithorhynchus, ibid. vol. iii. p. 638, 641.

On the structure and shedding of the horns of the reindeer, Hoffberg, ‘Amœnitates Acad.’ vol. iv. 1788, p. 149. See Richardson, ‘Fauna Bor. Americana,’ p. 241, in regard to the American variety or species; also Major W. Ross King, ‘The Sportsman in Canada,’ 1866, p. 80.

Isidore Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, ‘Essais de Zoolog. Générale,’ 1841 p. 513. Other masculine characters, besides the horns, are sometimes similarly transferred to the female; thus Mr. Boner, in speaking of an old female chamois (‘Chamois Hunting in the Mountains of Bavaria,’ 1860, 2nd edit. p. 363), says, “not only was the head very male-looking, but along the back there was a ridge of long hair, usually to be found only in bucks.”

On the Cervulus, Dr. Gray, ‘Catalogue of the Mammalia in British Museum,’ part iii. p. 220. On the Cervus Canadensis or Wapiti see Hon. J. D. Caton, ‘Ottawa Acad. of Nat. Sciences,’ May, 1868, p. 9.

For instance the horns of the female Ant. Euchore resemble those of a distinct species, viz. the Ant. Dorcas var. Corine, see Desmarest, ‘Mammalogie,’ p. 455.

Gray, ‘Catalogue Mamm. Brit. Mus.’ part iii. 1852, p. 160.

Richardson, ‘Fauna Bor. Americana,’ p. 278.

‘Land and Water,’ 1867, p. 346.

Sir Andrew Smith, ‘Zoology of S. Africa,’ pl. xix. Owen, ‘Anatomy of Vertebrates,’ vol. iii. p. 624.

Sir J. Emerson Tennent, ‘Ceylon,’ 1859, vol. ii. p. 274. For Malacca, ‘Journal of Indian Archipelago,’ vol. iv. p. 357.

‘Calcutta Journal of Nat. Hist.’ vol. ii. 1843, p. 526.

Mr. Blyth, in ‘Land and Water,’ March, 1867, p. 134, on the authority of Capt. Hutton and others. For the wild Pembrokeshire goats see the ‘Field,’ 1869, p. 150.

M. E. M. Bailly, “sur l’usage des Cornes,” &c., ‘Annal. des Sc. Nat.’ tom. ii. 1824, p. 369.

Owen, on the Horns of Red-deer, ‘British Fossil Mammals,’ 1846, p. 478; ‘Forest Creatures,’ by Charles Boner, 1861, p. 76, 62. Richardson on the Horns of the Reindeer, ‘Fauna Bor. Americana,’ 1829, p. 210.

Hon. J. D. Caton (‘Ottawa Acad. of Nat. Science,’ May, 1868, p. 9), says that the American deer fight with their fore-feet, after “the question of superiority has been once settled and acknowledged in the herd.” Bailly, “Sur l’usage des Cornes,” ‘Annales des Sc. Nat.’ tom. ii. 1824, p. 371.

See a most interesting account in the Appendix to Hon. J. D. Caton’s paper, as above quoted.

‘The American Naturalist,’ Dec. 1869, p. 552.

Pallas, ‘Spicilegia Zoologica,’ fasc. xiii. 1779, p. 18.

Lamont, ‘Seasons with the Sea-Horses,’ 1861, p. 141.

See also Corse (‘Philosoph. Transact.’ 1799, p. 212) on the manner in which the short-tusked Mooknah variety of the elephant attacks other elephants.

Owen, ‘Anatomy of Vertebrates,’ vol. iii. p. 349.

See Rüppell (in ‘Proc. Zoolog. Soc.’ Jan. 12, 1836, p. 3) on the canines in deer and antelopes, with a note by Mr. Martin on a female American deer. See also Falconer (‘Palæont. Memoirs and Notes,’ vol. i. 1868, p. 576) on canines in an adult female deer. In old males of the musk-deer the canines (Pallas, ‘Spic. Zoolog.’ fasc. xiii. 1779, p. 18) sometimes grow to the length of three inches, whilst in old females a rudiment projects scarcely half an inch above the gums.

Emerson Tennent, ‘Ceylon,’ 1859, vol. ii. p. 275; Owen, ‘British Fossil Mammals,’ 1846, p. 245.

Richardson, ‘Fauna Bor. Americana,’ on the moose, Alces palmata, p. 236, 237; also on the expanse of the horns ‘Land and Water,’ 1869, p. 143. See also Owen, ‘British Fossil Mammals,’ on the Irish elk, p. 447, 455.

‘Forest Creatures,’ by C. Boner, 1861, p. 60.

See the very interesting paper by Mr. J. A. Allen in ‘Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoolog. of Cambridge; United States,’ vol. ii. No. 1, p. 82. The weights were ascertained by a careful observer, Capt. Bryant.

‘Animal Economy,’ p. 45.

See also Richardson’s ‘Manual on the Dog,’ p. 59. Much valuable information on the Scottish deerhound is given by Mr. McNeill, who first called attention to the inequality in size between the sexes, in Scrope’s ‘Art of Deer Stalking.’ I hope that Mr. Cupples will keep to his intention of publishing a full account and history of this famous breed.

Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ B. ii. s. 729-732.

See Mr. Wallace’s interesting account of this animal, ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ 1869, vol. i. p. 435.

‘The Times,’ Nov. 10th, 1857. In regard to the Canada lynx, see Audubon and Bachman, ‘Quadrupeds of N. America,’ 1846, p. 139.

Dr. Murie, on Otaria, ‘Proc. Zoolog. Soc.’ 1869, p. 109. Mr. J. A. Allen, in the paper above quoted (p. 75), doubts whether the hair, which is longer on the neck in the male than in the female, deserves to be called a mane.

Mr. Boner in his excellent description of the habits of the red-deer in Germany (‘Forest Creatures,’ 1861, p. 81) says, “while the stag is defending his rights against one intruder, another invades the sanctuary of his harem, and carries off trophy after trophy.” Exactly the same thing occurs with seals, see Mr. J. A. Allen, ibid. p. 100.

Mr. J. A. Allen in ‘Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoolog. of Cambridge, United States,’ vol. ii. No. 1, p. 99.

‘Dogs: their Management,’ by E. Mayhew, M.R.C.V.S., 2nd edit. 1864, p. 187-192.

Quoted by Alex. Walker ‘On Intermarriage,’ 1838, p. 276; see also p. 244.

‘Traité de l’Héréd. Nat.’ tom. ii. 1850, p. 296.

‘Amœnitates Acad.’ vol. iv. 1788, p. 160.

Owen, ‘Anatomy of Vertebrates,’ vol. iii. p. 585.

Ibid. p. 595.

See, for instance, Major W. Ross King (‘The Sportsman in Canada,’ 1866, p. 53, 131) on the habits of the moose and wild reindeer.

Owen, ‘Anatomy of Vertebrates,’ vol. iii. p. 600.

Mr. Green, in ‘Journal of Linn. Soc.’ vol. x. Zoology, 1869, p. 362.

C. L. Martin, ‘General Introduction to the Nat. Hist. of Mamm. Animals,’ 1841, p. 431.

‘Naturgeschichte der Säugethiere von Paraguay,’ 1830, s. 15, 21.

On the sea-elephant, see an article by Lesson, in ‘Dict. Class. Hist. Nat.’ tom. xiii. p. 418. For the Cystophora or Stemmatopus, see Dr. Dekay, ‘Annals of Lyceum of Nat. Hist. New York,’ vol. i. 1824, p. 94. Pennant has also collected information from the sealers on this animal. The fullest account is given by Mr. Brown, who doubts about the rudimentary condition of the bladder in the female, in ‘Proc. Zoolog. Soc.’ 1868, p. 435.

As with the castoreum of the beaver, see Mr. L. H. Morgan’s most interesting work, ‘The American Beaver,’ 1868, p. 300. Pallas (‘Spic. Zoolog.’ fasc. viii. 1779, p. 23) has well discussed the odoriferous glands of mammals. Owen (‘Anat. of Vertebrates,’ vol. iii. p. 634) also gives an account of these glands, including those of the elephant, and (p. 763) those of shrew-mice.

Rengger, ‘Naturgeschichte der Säugethiere von Paraguay,’ 1830, s. 355. This observer also gives some curious particulars in regard to the odour emitted.

Owen, ‘Anatomy of Vertebrates,’ vol. iii. p. 632. See, also, Dr. Murie’s observations on their glands in ‘Proc. Zoolog. Soc.’ 1870, p. 340. Desmarest, On the Antilope subgutturosa, ‘Mammalogie,’ 1820, p. 455.

Pallas, ‘Spicilegia Zoolog.’ fasc. xiii. 1799, p. 24; Desmoulins, ‘Dict. Class. d’Hist. Nat.’ tom. iii. p. 586.

Dr. Gray, ‘Gleanings from the Menagerie at Knowsley,’ pl. 28.

Judge Caton on the wapiti, ‘Transact. Ottawa Acad. Nat. Sciences,’ 1868, p. 36, 40; Blyth, ‘Land and Water,’ on Capra ægagrus, 1867, p. 37.

‘Hunter’s Essays and Observations,’ edited by Owen, 1861, vol. i. p. 236.

See Dr. Gray’s ‘Cat. of Mammalia in British Museum,’ part iii. 1852, p. 144.

Rengger, ‘Säugethiere,’ &c., s. 14; Desmarest, ‘Mammalogie,’ p. 66.

See the chapters on these several animals in vol. i. of my ‘Variation of Animals under Domestication;’ also vol. ii. p. 73; also chap. xx. on the practice of selection by semi-civilised people. For the Berbura goat, see Dr. Gray, ‘Catalogue,’ ibid. p. 157.

Osphranter rufus, Gould, ‘Mammals of Australia,’ vol. ii. 1863. On the Didelphis, Desmarest, ‘Mammalogie,’ p. 256.

‘Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ Nov. 1867, p. 325. On the Mus minutus, Desmarest, ‘Mammalogie,’ p. 304.

J. A. Allen, in ‘Bulletin of Mus. Comp. Zoolog. of Cambridge, United States,’ 1869, p. 207.

Desmarest, ‘Mammalogie,’ 1820, p. 223. On Felis mitis, Rengger, ibid. s. 194.

Dr. Murie on the Otaria, ‘Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1869, p. 108. Mr. R. Brown, on the P. groenlandica, ibid. 1868, p. 417. See also on the colours of seals, Desmarest, ibid. p. 243, 249.

Judge Caton, in ‘Trans. Ottawa Acad. of Nat. Sciences,’ 1868, p. 4.

Dr. Gray, ‘Cat. of Mamm. in Brit. Mus.’ part iii. 1852, p. 134-142; also Dr. Gray, ‘Gleanings from the Menagerie of Knowsley,’ in which there is a splendid drawing of the Oreas derbyanus: see the text on Tragelaphus. For the Cape Eland (Oreas canna), see Andrew Smith, ‘Zoology of S. Africa,’ pl. 41 and 42. There are also many of these antelopes in the Zoological Society’s Gardens.

On the Ant. niger, see ‘Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1850, p. 133. With respect to an allied species, in which there is an equal sexual difference in colour, see Sir S. Baker, ‘The Albert Nyanza,’ 1866, vol. ii. p. 327. For the A. sing-sing, Gray, ‘Cat. B. Mus.’ p. 100. Desmarest, Mammalogie,’ p. 468, on the A. caama. Andrew Smith, ‘Zoology of S. Africa,’ on the Gnu.

‘Ottawa Academy of Sciences,’ May 21, 1868, p. 3, 5.

S. Müller, on the Banteng, ‘Zoog. Indischen Archipel.’ 1839-1844, tab. 35; see also Raffles, as quoted by Mr. Blyth, in ‘Land and Water,’ 1867, p. 476. On goats, Dr. Gray, ‘Cat. Brit. Mus.’ p. 146; Desmarest, ‘Mammalogie,’ p. 482. On the Cervus paludosus, Rengger, ibid. s. 345.

Sclater, ‘Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1866, p. 1. The same fact has also been fully ascertained by MM. Pollen and van Dam.

On Mycetes, Rengger, ibid. s. 14; and Brehm, ‘Illustrirtes Thierleben,’ B. i. s. 96, 107. On Ateles, Desmarest, ‘Mammalogie,’ p. 75. On Hylobates, Blyth, ‘Land and Water,’ 1867, p. 135. On the Semnopithecus, S. Müller, ‘Zoog. Indischen Archipel.’ tab. x.

Gervais, ‘Hist. Nat. des Mammifères,’ 1854, p, 103. Figures are given of the skull of the male. Desmarest, ‘Mammalogie,’ p. 70. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire and F. Cuvier, ‘Hist. Nat. des Mamm.’ 1824, tom. i.

‘The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ 1868, vol. ii. p. 102, 103.

‘Essays and Observations by J. Hunter,’ edited by Owen, 1861, vol. i. p. 194.

Sir S. Baker, ‘The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia,’ 1867.

Fiber zibethicus, Audubon and Bachman, ‘The Quadrupeds of N. America,’ 1846, p. 109.

‘Novæ species Quadrupedum e Glirium ordine,’ 1778, p. 7. What I have called the roe is the Capreolus Sibiricus subecaudatus of Pallas.

See the fine plates in A. Smith’s ‘Zoology of S. Africa,’ and Dr. Gray’s ‘Gleanings from the Menagerie of Knowsley.’

‘Westminster Review,’ July 1, 1867, p. 5.

‘Travels in South Africa,’ 1824, vol. ii. p. 315.

Dr. Gray, ‘Gleanings from the Menagerie of Knowsley,’ p. 64. Mr. Blyth, in speaking (‘Land and Water,’ 1869, p. 42) of the hog-deer of Ceylon, says it is more brightly spotted with white than the common hog-deer, at the season when it renews its horns.

Falconer and Cautley, ‘Proc. Geolog. Soc.’ 1843; and Falconer’s ‘Pal. Memoirs,’ vol. i. p. 196.

‘The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ 1868, vol. i. p. 61-64.

‘Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1862, p. 164. See, also, Dr. Hartmann, ‘Ann. d. Landw.’ Bd. xliii. s. 222.

I observed this fact in the Zoological Gardens; and numerous cases may be seen in the coloured plates in Geoffroy St.-Hilaire and F. Cuvier, ‘Hist. Nat. des Mammifères,’ tom. i. 1824.

Bates, ‘The Naturalist on the Amazons,’ 1863, vol. ii. p. 310.

I have seen most of the above-named monkeys in the Zoological Society’s Gardens. The description of the Semnopithecus nemæus is taken from Mr. W. C. Martin’s ‘Nat. Hist. of Mammalia,’ 1841, p. 460; see also p. 475, 523.

Schaaffhausen, translation in ‘Anthropological Review,’ Oct. 1868, p. 419, 420, 427.

Ecker, translation in ‘Anthropological Review,’ Oct. 1868, p. 351-356. The comparison of the form of the skull in men and women has been followed out with much care by Welcker.

Ecker and Welcker, ibid. p. 352, 355; Vogt, ‘Lectures on Man,’ Eng. translat. p. 81.

Schaaffhausen, ‘Anthropolog. Review,’ ibid. p. 429.

Pruner-Bey, on negro infants, as quoted by Vogt, ‘Lectures on Man,’ Eng. translat. 1864, p. 189: for further facts on negro infants, as quoted from Winterbottom and Camper, see Lawrence, ‘Lectures on Physiology,’ &c. 1822, p. 451. For the infants of the Guaranys, see Rengger, ‘Säugethiere,’ &c. s. 3. See also Godron, ‘De l’Espèce,’ tom. ii. 1859, p. 253. For the Australians, Waitz, ‘Introduct. to Anthropology,’ Eng. translat. 1863, p. 99.

Rengger, ‘Säugethiere,’ &c. 1830, s. 49.

As in Macacus cynomolgus (Desmarest, ‘Mammalogie,’ p. 65) and in Hylobates agilis (Geoffroy St.-Hilaire and F. Cuvier, ‘Hist. Nat. des Mamm.’ 1824, tom. i. p. 2).

‘Anthropological Review,’ Oct. 1868, p. 353.

Mr. Blyth informs me that he has never seen more than one instance of the beard, whiskers, &c., in a monkey becoming white with old age, as is so commonly the case with us. This, however, occurred in an aged and confined Macacus cynomolgus, whose moustaches were “remarkably long and human-like.” Altogether this old monkey presented a ludicrous resemblance to one of the reigning monarchs of Europe, after whom he was universally nick-named. In certain races of man the hair on the head hardly ever becomes grey; thus Mr. D. Forbes has never seen, as he informs me, an instance with the Aymaras and Quechuas of S. America.

This is the case with the females of several species of Hylobates, see Geoffroy St.-Hilaire and F. Cuvier, ‘Hist. Nat. des Mamm.’ tom. i. See, also, on H. lar. ‘Penny Encyclopedia,’ vol. ii. p. 149, 150.

The results were deduced by Dr. Weisbach from the measurements made by Drs. K. Scherzer and Schwarz, see ‘Reise der Novara: Anthropolog. Theil,’ 1867, s. 216, 231, 234, 236, 239, 269.

‘Voyage to St. Kilda’ (3rd edit. 1753) p. 37.

Sir J. E. Tennent, ‘Ceylon,’ vol. ii. 1859, p. 107.

Quatrefages, ‘Revue des Cours Scientifiques,’ Aug. 29, 1868, p. 630; Vogt, ‘Lectures on Man,’ Eng. translat. p. 127.

On the beards of negroes, Vogt, ‘Lectures,’ &c. ibid. p. 127; Waitz, ‘Introduct. to Anthropology,’ Engl. translat. 1863, vol. i. p. 96. It is remarkable that in the United States (‘Investigations in Military and Anthropological Statistics of American Soldiers,’ 1869, p. 569) the pure negroes and their crossed offspring seem to have bodies almost as hairy as those of Europeans.

Wallace, ‘The Malay Arch.’ vol. ii. 1869, p. 178.

Dr. J. Barnard Davis on Oceanic Races, in ‘Anthropolog. Review,’ April, 1870, p. 185, 191.

Catlin, ‘North American Indians,’ 3rd edit. 1842, vol. ii. p. 227. On the Guaranys, see Azara, ‘Voyages dans l’Amérique Mérid.’ tom. ii. 1809, p. 58; also Rengger, ‘Säugethiere von Paraguay,’ s. 3.

Prof. and Mrs. Agassiz (‘Journey in Brazil,’ p. 530) remark that the sexes of the American Indians differ less than those of the negroes and of the higher races. See also Rengger, ibid. p. 3, on the Guaranys.

Rütimeyer, ‘Die Grenzen der Thierwelt; eine Betrachtung zu Darwin’s Lehre,’ 1868, s. 54.

‘A Journey from Prince of Wales Fort,’ 8vo. edit. Dublin, 1796, p. 104. Sir J. Lubbock (‘Origin of Civilisation,’ 1870, p. 69) gives other and similar cases in North America. For the Guanas of S. America see Azara, ‘Voyages,’ &c. tom. ii. p. 94.

On the fighting of the male gorillas, see Dr. Savage, in ‘Boston Journal of Nat. Hist.’ vol. v. 1847, p. 423. On Presbytis entellus, see the ‘Indian Field,’ 1859, p. 146.

J. Stuart Mill remarks (‘The Subjection of Women,’ 1869, p. 122), “the things in which man most excels woman are those which require most plodding, and long hammering at single thoughts.” What is this but energy and perseverance?

An observation by Vogt bears on this subject: he says, it is a “remarkable circumstance, that the difference between the sexes, as regards the cranial cavity, increases with the development of the race, so that the male European excels much more the female, than the negro the negress. Welcker confirms this statement of Huschke from his measurements of negro and German skulls.” But Vogt admits (‘Lectures on Man,’ Eng. translat. 1864, p. 81) that more observations are requisite on this point.

Owen, ‘Anatomy of Vertebrates,’ vol. iii. p. 603.

‘Journal of the Anthropolog. Soc.’ April, 1869, p. lvii. and lxvi.

Dr. Scudder, “Notes on Stridulation,” in ‘Proc. Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist.’ vol. xi. April, 1868.

Given in W. C. L. Martin’s ‘General Introduct. to Nat. Hist. of Mamm. Animals,’ 1841, p. 432; Owen, ‘Anatomy of Vertebrates,’ vol. iii. p. 600.

Helmholtz, ‘Théorie Phys. de la Musique,’ 1868, p. 187.

Mr. R. Brown, in ‘Proc. Zoo. Soc.’ 1868, p. 410.

‘Journal of Anthropolog. Soc.’ Oct. 1870, p. clv. See also the several later chapters in Sir John Lubbock’s ‘Prehistoric Times,’ second edition, 1869, which contain an admirable account of the habits of savages.

Since this chapter has been printed I have seen a valuable article by Mr. Chauncey Wright (‘North Amer. Review,’ Oct. 1870, page 293), who, in discussing the above subject, remarks, “There are many consequences of the ultimate laws or uniformities of nature through which the acquisition of one useful power will bring with it many resulting advantages as well as limiting disadvantages, actual or possible, which the principle of utility may not have comprehended in its action.” This principle has an important bearing, as I have attempted to shew in the second chapter of this work, on the acquisition by man of some of his mental characteristics.

See the very interesting discussion on the Origin and Function of Music, by Mr. Herbert Spencer, in his collected ‘Essays,’ 1858, p. 359. Mr. Spencer comes to an exactly opposite conclusion to that at which I have arrived. He concludes that the cadences used in emotional speech afford the foundation from which music has been developed; whilst I conclude that musical notes and rhythm were first acquired by the male or female progenitors of mankind for the sake of charming the opposite sex. Thus musical tones became firmly associated with some of the strongest passions an animal is capable of feeling, and are consequently used instinctively, or through association, when strong emotions are expressed in speech. Mr. Spencer does not offer any satisfactory explanation, nor can I, why high or deep notes should be expressive, both with man and the lower animals, of certain emotions. Mr. Spencer gives also an interesting discussion on the relations between poetry, recitative, and song.

Rengger, ‘Säugethiere von Paraguay,’ s. 49.

See an interesting discussion on this subject by Häckel, ‘Generelle Morph.’ B. ii. 1866, s. 246.

A full and excellent account of the manner in which savages in all parts of the world ornament themselves is given by the Italian traveller, Prof. Mantegazza, ‘Rio de la Plata, Viaggi e Studi,’ 1867, p. 525-545; all the following statements, when other references are not given, are taken from this work. See, also, Waitz, ‘Introduct. to Anthropolog.’ Eng. transl. vol. i. 1863, p. 275, et passim. Lawrence also gives very full details in his ‘Lectures on Physiology,’ 1822. Since this chapter was written Sir J. Lubbock has published his ‘Origin of Civilisation,’ 1870, in which there is an interesting chapter on the present subject, and from which (p. 42, 48) I have taken some facts about savages dyeing their teeth and hair, and piercing their teeth.

Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ Eng. translat. vol. iv. p. 515; on the imagination shewn in painting the body, p. 522; on modifying the form of the calf of the leg, p. 466.

‘The Nile Tributaries,’ 1867; ‘The Albert N’yanza,’ 1866, vol. i. p. 218.

Quoted by Prichard, ‘Phys. Hist. of Mankind,’ 4th. edit. vol. i. 1851, p. 321.

On the Papuans, Wallace, ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. ii. p. 445. On the coiffure of the Africans, Sir S. Baker, ‘The Albert N’yanza,’ vol. i. p. 210.

‘Travels’, p. 533.

‘The Albert N’yanza,’ 1866, vol. i. p. 217.

Livingstone, ‘British Association,’ 1860; report given in the ‘Athenæum,’ July 7, 1860, p. 29.

Sir S. Baker (ibid. vol. i. p. 210) speaking of the natives of Central Africa says, “every tribe has a distinct and unchanging fashion for dressing the hair.” See Agassiz (‘Journey in Brazil,’ 1868, p. 318) on the invariability of the tattooing of the Amazonian Indians.

Rev. R. Taylor, ‘New Zealand and its Inhabitants,’ 1855, p. 152.

Mantegazza, ‘Viaggi e Studi,’ p. 542.

‘Travels in S. Africa,’ 1824; vol. i. p. 414.

See, for references, ‘Gerland über das Aussterben der Naturvölker,’ 1868, s. 51, 53, 55; also Azara, ‘Voyages,’ &c. tom. ii. p. 116.

On the vegetable productions used by the North-Western American Indians, ‘Pharmaceutical Journal,’ vol. x.

‘A Journey from Prince of Wales Fort,’ 8vo. edit. 1796, p. 89.

Quoted by Prichard, ‘Phys. Hist. of Mankind,’ 3rd edit. vol. iv. 1844, p. 519; Vogt, ‘Lectures on Man,’ Eng. translat. p. 129. On the opinion of the Chinese on the Cingalese, E. Tennent, ‘Ceylon,’ vol. ii. 1859, p. 107.

Prichard, as taken from Crawfurd and Finlayson, ‘Phys. Hist. of Mankind,’ vol. iv. p. 534, 535.

“Idem illustrissimus viator dixit mihi præcinctorium vel tabula fæminæ, quod nobis teterrimum est, quondam permagno æstimari ab hominibus in hac gente. Nunc res mutata est, et censet talem conformationem minime optandam est.”

‘The Anthropological Review,’ November, 1864, p. 237. For additional references, see Waitz, ‘Introduct. to Anthropology,’ Eng. translat. 1863, vol. i. p. 105.

‘Mungo Park’s Travels in Africa,’ 4to. 1816, p. 53, 131. Burton’s statement is quoted by Schaaffhausen, ‘Archiv für Anthropolog.’ 1866, s. 163. On the Banyai, Livingstone, ‘Travels,’ p. 64. On the Kafirs, the Rev. J. Shooter, ‘The Kafirs of Natal and the Zulu Country,’ 1857 p. 1.

For the Javanese and Cochin-Chinese, see Waitz, ‘Introduct. to Anthropology,’ Eng. translat. vol. i. p. 305. On the Yura-caras, A. d’Orligny, as quoted in Prichard, ‘Phys. Hist. of Mankind,’ vol. v. 3rd edit. p. 476.

‘North American Indians,’ by G. Catlin, 3rd edit. 1842, vol. i. p. 49; vol. ii. p. 227. On the natives of Vancouver Island, see Sproat, ‘Scenes and Studies of Savage Life,’ 1868, p. 25. On the Indians of Paraguay, Azara, ‘Voyages,’ tom. ii. p. 105.

On the Siamese, Prichard, ibid. vol. iv. p. 533. On the Japanese, Veitch in ‘Gardeners’ Chronicle,’ 1860, p. 1104. On the New Zealanders Mantegazza, ‘Viaggi e Studi,’ 1867, p. 526. For the other nations mentioned, see references in Lawrence, ‘Lectures on Physiology,’ &c. 1822, p. 272.

Lubbock, ‘Origin of Civilisation,’ 1870, p. 321.

Dr. Barnard Davis quotes Mr. Pritchard and others for these facts in regard to the Polynesians, in ‘Anthropological Review,’ April, 1870, p. 185, 191.

Ch. Comte has remarks to this effect in his ‘Traité de Législation,’ 3rd edit. 1837, p. 136.

The Fuegians, as I have been informed by a missionary who long resided with them, consider European women as extremely beautiful; but from what we have seen of the judgment of the other aborigines of America, I cannot but think that this must be a mistake, unless indeed the statement refers to the few Fuegians who have lived for some time with Europeans, and who must consider us as superior beings. I should add that a most experienced observer, Capt. Burton, believes that a woman whom we consider beautiful is admired throughout the world, ‘Anthropological Review,’ March, 1864, p. 245.

‘Personal Narrative,’ Eng. translat. vol. iv. p. 518, and elsewhere. Mantegazza, in his ‘Viaggi e Studi,’ 1867, strongly insists on this same principle.

On the skulls of the American tribes, see Nott and Gliddon, ‘Types of Mankind,’ 1854, p. 440; Prichard, ‘Phys. Hist. of Mankind,’ vol. i. 3rd edit. p. 321; on the natives of Arakhan, ibid. vol. iv. p. 537. Wilson, ‘Physical Ethnology,’ Smithsonian Institution, 1863, p. 288; on the Fijians, p. 290. Sir J. Lubbock (‘Prehistoric Times,’ 2nd edit. 1869, p. 506) gives an excellent résumé on this subject.

On the Huns, Godron, ‘De l’Espèce,’ tom. ii. 1859, p. 300. On the Tahitians, Waitz, ‘Anthropolog.’ Eng. translat. vol. i. p. 305. Marsden, quoted by Prichard, ‘Phys. Hist. of Mankind,’ 3rd edit. vol. v. p. 67. Lawrence, ‘Lectures on Physiology,’ p. 337.

This fact was ascertained in the ‘Reise der Novara: Anthropolog. Theil,’ Dr. Weisbach, 1867, s. 265.

‘Smithsonian Institution, 1863, p. 289. On the fashions of Arab women, Sir S. Baker, ‘The Nile Tributaries,’ 1867, p. 121.

‘The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. i. p. 214; vol. ii. p. 240.

Schaaffhausen, ‘Archiv für Anthropologie,’ 1866, s. 164.

Mr. Bain has collected (‘Mental and Moral Science,’ 1868, p. 304-314) about a dozen more or less different theories of the idea of beauty; but none are quite the same with that here given.

These quotations are taken from Lawrence (‘Lectures on Physiology,’ &c. 1822, p. 393), who attributes the beauty of the upper classes in England to the men having long selected the more beautiful women.

“Anthropologie,” ‘Revue des Cours Scientifiques,’ Oct. 1868, p. 721.

‘The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. i. p. 207.

Sir J. Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilisation,’ 1870, chap. iii. especially p. 60-67. Mr. M’Lennan, in his extremely valuable work on ‘Primitive Marriage,’ 1865, p. 163, speaks of the union of the sexes “in the earliest times as loose, transitory, and in some degree promiscuous.” Mr. M’Lennan and Sir J. Lubbock have collected much evidence on the extreme licentiousness of savages at the present time. Mr. L. H. Morgan, in his interesting memoir on the classificatory system of relationship (‘Proc. American Acad. of Sciences,’ vol. vii. Feb. 1868, p. 475) concludes that polygamy and all forms of marriage during primeval times were essentially unknown. It appears, also, from Sir J. Lubbock’s work, that Bachofen likewise believes that communal intercourse originally prevailed.

Address to British Association ‘On the Social and Religious Condition of the Lower Races of Man,’ 1870, p. 20.

‘Origin of Civilisation,’ 1870, p. 86. In the several works above quoted there will be found copious evidence on relationship through the females alone, or with the tribe alone.

Brehm (‘Illust. Thierleben,’ B. i. p. 77) says Cynocephalus hamadryas lives in great troops containing twice as many adult females as adult males. See Rengger on American polygamous species, and Owen (‘Anat. of Vertebrates,’ vol. iii. p. 746) on American monogamous species. Other references might be added.

Dr. Savage, in ‘Boston Journal of Nat. Hist.’ vol. v. 1845-47, p. 423.

‘Prehistoric Times,’ 1869, p. 424.

Mr. M’Lennan, ‘Primitive Marriage,’ 1865. See especially on exogamy and infanticide, p. 130, 138, 165.

Dr. Gerland (‘Ueber das Aussterben der Naturvölker,’ 1868) has collected much information on infanticide, see especially s. 27, 51, 54. Azara (‘Voyages,’ &c. tom. ii. p. 94, 116) enters in detail on the motives. See also M’Lennan (ibid. p. 139) for cases in India.

‘Primitive Marriage,’ p. 208; Sir J. Lubbock, ‘Origin of Civilisation,’ p. 100. See also Mr. Morgan, loc. cit., on former prevalence of polyandry.

‘Voyages,’ &c. tom. ii. p. 92-95.

Burchell says (‘Travels in S. Africa, vol. ii. 1824, p. 58), that among the wild nations of Southern Africa, neither men nor women ever pass their lives in a state of celibacy. Azara (‘Voyages dans l’Amérique Mérid.’ tom. ii. 1809, p. 21) makes precisely the same remark in regard to the wild Indians of South America.

‘Anthropological Review,’ Jan. 1870, p. xvi.

‘The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 210-217.

An ingenious writer argues, from a comparison of the pictures of Raphael, Rubens, and modern French artists, that the idea of beauty is not absolutely the same even throughout Europe: see the ‘Lives of Haydn and Mozart,’ by M. Bombet, English translat. p. 278.

Azara, ‘Voyages,’ &c. tom. ii. p. 23. Dobrizhoffer, ‘An Account of the Abipones,’ vol. ii. 1822, p. 207. Williams on the Fiji Islanders, as quoted by Lubbock, ‘Origin of Civilisation,’ 1870, p. 79. On the Fuegians, King and Fitzroy, ‘Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle,’ vol. ii. 1839, p. 182. On the Kalmucks, quoted by M’Lennan, ‘Primitive Marriage,’ 1865, p. 32. On the Malays, Lubbock, ibid. p. 76. The Rev. J. Shooter, ‘On the Kafirs of Natal,’ 1857, p. 52-60. On the Bushwomen, Burchell, ‘Travels in S. Africa,’ vol. ii. 1824, p. 59.

‘Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection,’ 1870, p. 346. Mr. Wallace believes (p. 350) “that some intelligent power has guided or determined the development of man;” and he considers the hairless condition of the skin as coming under this head. The Rev. T. R. Stebbing, in commenting on this view (‘Transactions of Devonshire Assoc. for Science,’ 1870) remarks, that had Mr. Wallace “employed his usual ingenuity on the question of man’s hairless skin, he might have seen the possibility of its selection through its superior beauty or the health attaching to superior cleanliness. At any rate it is surprising that he should picture to himself a superior intelligence plucking the hair from the backs of savage men (to whom, according to his own account it would have been useful and beneficial), in order that the descendants of the poor shorn wretches might after many deaths from cold and damp in the course of many generations,” have been forced to raise themselves in the scale of civilisation through the practice of various arts, in the manner indicated by Mr. Wallace.

‘The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. 1868, p. 327.

‘Investigations into Military and Anthropological Statistics of American Soldiers,’ by B. A. Gould, 1869; p. 568:—Observations were carefully made on the pilosity of 2129 black and coloured soldiers, whilst they were bathing; and by looking to the published table, “it is manifest at a glance that there is but little, if any, difference between the white and the black races in this respect.” It is, however, certain that negroes in their native and much hotter land of Africa, have remarkably smooth bodies. It should be particularly observed, that pure blacks and mulattoes were included in the above enumeration; and this is an unfortunate circumstance, as in accordance with the principle, the truth of which I have elsewhere proved, crossed races would be eminently liable to revert to the primordial hairy character of their early ape-like progenitors.

“Ueber die Richtung der Haare am Menschlichen Körper,” in Müller’s ‘Archiv für Anat. und Phys.’ 1837, s. 40.

Mr. Sproat (‘Scenes and Studies of Savage Life,’ 1868, p. 25) suggests, with reference to the beardless natives of Vancouver’s Island, that the custom of plucking out the hairs on the face, “continued from one generation to another, would perhaps at last produce a race distinguishable by a thin and straggling growth of beard.” But the custom would not have arisen until the beard had already become, from some independent cause, greatly reduced. Nor have we any direct evidence that the continued eradication of the hair would lead to any inherited effect. Owing to this cause of doubt, I have not hitherto alluded to the belief held by some distinguished ethnologists, for instance M. Gosse of Geneva, that artificial modifications of the skull tend to be inherited. I have no wish to dispute this conclusion; and we now know from Dr. Brown-Séquard’s remarkable observations, especially those recently communicated (1870) to the British Association, that with guinea-pigs the effects of operations are inherited.

‘Ueber die Richtung,’ ibid. s. 40.

On the “Limits of Natural Selection,” in the ‘North American Review,’ Oct. 1870, p. 295.

The Rev. J. A. Picton gives a discussion to this effect in his ‘New Theories and the Old Faith,’ 1870.

INDEX.

ABBOTT, C., on the battles of seals, ii. 240.

ABDUCTOR of the fifth metatarsal, presence of, in man, i. 128.

ABERCROMBIE, Dr., on disease of the brain affecting speech, i. 58.

ABIPONES, marriage-customs of the, ii. 373.

ABOU-SIMBEL, caves of, i. 217.

ABORTION, prevalence of the practice of, i. 134.

ABSTRACTION, i. 62.

Acalles, stridulation of, i. 384.

Acanthodactylus capensis, sexual differences of colour in, ii. 36.

Accentor modularis, ii. 198.

ACCLIMATISATION, difference of, in different races of men, i. 216.

Achetidæ, stridulation of the, i. 352, 353, 355; rudimentary stridulating organs in female, i. 359.

Acilius sulcatus, elytra of the female, i. 343.

Acomus, development of spurs in the female of, ii. 162.

Acridiidæ, stridulation of the, i. 352, 356; rudimentary stridulating organs in female, i. 359.

ACTING, i. 232.

Actiniæ, bright colours of, i. 322.

ADMIRAL butterfly, i. 392.

ADOPTION of the young of other animals by female monkeys, i. 41.

ADVANCEMENT in the organic scale, Von Baer’s definition of, i. 211.

AEBY, on the difference between the skulls of man and the quadrumana, i. 190.

ÆSTHETIC faculty, not highly developed in savages, i. 64.

AFFECTION, maternal, i. 40; manifestation of, by animals, i. 40; parental and filial, partly the result of natural selection, i. 81; shown by birds in confinement, for certain persons, ii. 110; mutual, of birds, ii. 108.

AFRICA, probably the birthplace of man, i. 199; South, crossed population of, i. 225; South, retention of colour by the Dutch in, i. 242; South, proportion of the sexes in the butterflies of, i. 310; tattooing practised in, ii. 339; Northern, coiffure of natives of, ii. 340.

AGASSIZ, L., on conscience in dogs, i. 78; on the coincidence of the races of man with zoological provinces, i. 218; on the number of species of man, i. 226; on the courtship of the land-snails, i. 324; on the brightness of the colours of male fishes during the breeding season, ii. 13; on the frontal protuberance of the males of Geophagus and Cichla, ii. 13, 20; on the slight sexual differences of the South Americans, ii. 323; on the tattooing of the Amazonian Indians, ii. 342.

AGE, in relation to the transmission of characters in birds, ii. 183; variation in accordance with, in birds, ii. 213.

Agelæus phœniceus, ii. 116.

Ageronia feronia, noise produced by, i. 387.

Agrion, dimorphism in, i. 363.

Agrion Ramburii, sexes of, i. 362.

AGRIONIDÆ, difference in the sexes of, i. 362.

Agrotis exclamationis, i. 369.

AGUE, tertian, dog suffering from, i. 13.

Aïthurus polytmus, young of, ii. 220.

AINOS, hairiness of the, ii. 321.

Alca torda, young of, ii. 217.

Alces palmata, ii. 259.

ALDER and Hancock, MM., on the nudibranch mollusca, i. 326.

ALGEN, Mr., on the stridulation of Scolytus, i. 379.

ALLEN, J. A., on the relative size of the sexes of Callorhinus ursinus, ii. 260; on the mane of Otaria jubata, ii. 267; on the pairing of seals, ii. 279; on sexual differences in the colour of bats, ii. 286.

ALLEN, S., on the habits of Hoplopterus, ii. 48; on the plumes of herons, ii. 82; on the vernal moult of Herodias bubulcus, ii. 84.

ALLIGATOR, courtship of the male, i. 272, ii. 29; roaring of the male, i. 331.

AMADAVAT, pugnacity of male, ii. 49.

Amadina Lathami, display of plumage by the male, ii. 95.

Amadina castanotis, display of plumage by the male, ii. 95.

AMAZONS, butterflies of the, i. 309; fishes of the, ii. 17.

AMERICA, variation in the skulls of aborigines of, i. 108; wide range of aborigines of, i. 218; lice of the natives of, i. 220; general beardlessness of the natives of, ii. 322.

AMERICA, North, butterflies of, i. 309; Indians of, women a cause of strife among the, ii. 324; Indians of, their notions of female beauty, ii. 344, 347.

AMERICA, South, character of the natives of, i. 216; population of parts of, i. 225; piles of stones in, i. 233; extinction of the fossil horse of, i. 239; desert-birds of, ii. 224; slight sexual difference of the aborigines of, ii. 323; prevalence of infanticide in, ii. 361.

AMERICAN languages, often highly artificial, i. 112.

AMERICANS, wide geographical range of, i. 112; and negroes, difference of, i. 247; aversion of, to hair on the face, ii. 348; native, variability of, i. 226.

Ammophila, on the jaws of, i. 342.

Ammotragus tragelaphus, hairy forelegs of, ii. 282, 285.

AMPHIBIA, affinity of, to the ganoid fishes, i. 204; vocal organs of the, ii. 331.

AMPHIBIANS, i. 213, ii. 24; breeding whilst immature, ii. 215.

Amphioxus, i. 204.

AMPHIPODA, males sexually mature while young, ii. 215.

AMUNOPH III., negro character of features of, i. 217.

ANAL appendages of insects, i. 342.

ANALOGOUS variation in the plumage of birds, ii. 74.

Anas, ii. 180.

Anas acuta, male plumage of, ii. 84.

Anas boschas, male plumage of, ii. 84.

Anas histrionica, ii. 214.

Anastomus oscitans, sexes and young of, ii. 217; white nuptial plumage of, ii. 228.

ANATIDÆ, voices of, ii. 60.

Anax junius, difference in the sexes of, i. 362.

ANGLO-SAXONS, estimation of the beard among the, ii. 349.

ANIMALS, cruelty of savages to, i. 94; domesticated, more fertile than wild, i. 132; characters common to man and, i. 185; domestic, change of breeds of, ii. 369.

ANNELIDA, i. 327.

ANNULOSA, i. 327.

Anolis cristatellus, male, crest of, ii. 32; pugnacity of the male, ii. 32; throat-pouch of, ii. 33.

Anobium tessellatum, sounds produced by, i. 384.

Anser canadensis, ii. 116.

Anser cygnoides, ii. 114; knob at the base of the beak of, ii. 129.

Anser hyperboreus, whiteness of, ii. 228.

ANTELOPE, prong-horned, horns of, i. 289.

ANTELOPES, generally polygamous, i. 267; horns of, i. 289, ii. 245; canine teeth of some male, ii. 241; use of horns of, ii. 251; dorsal crests in, ii. 282; dewlaps of, ii. 284; winter change of two species of, ii. 299; peculiar markings of, ii. 299.

ANTENNÆ, furnished with cushions in the male of Penthe, i. 343.

Anthidium manicatum, large male of, i. 347.

Anthocharis cardamines, i. 388, 393, 394; sexual difference of colour in, i. 409.

Anthocharis genutia, i. 393.

Anthocharis sara, i. 393.

Anthophora acervorum, large male of, i. 347.

Anthophora retusa, difference of the sexes in, i. 366.

Anthus, moulting of, ii. 83.

ANTHROPIDÆ, i. 195.

ANTIGUA, Dr. Nicholson’s observations on yellow fever in, i. 245.

ANTICS of birds, ii. 68.

Antilocapra americana, horns of, i. 289, ii. 245.

Antilope bezoartica, horned females of, ii. 246, 248; sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 288.

Antilope Dorcas and euchore, ii. 245.

Antilope euchore, horns of, ii. 251.

Antilope montana, rudimentary canines in the young male of, ii. 258.

Antilope niger, sing-sing, caama, and gorgon, sexual differences in the colours of, ii. 289.

Antilope oreas, horns of, i. 289.

Antilope saiga, polygamous habits of, i. 267.

Antilope strepsiceros, horns of, i. 289.

Antilope subgutturosa, absence of suborbital pits in, ii. 280.

ANTIPATHY, shown by birds in confinement, to certain persons, ii. 110.

ANTS, i. 186; playing together, i. 39; memory in, i. 45; intercommunication of, by means of the antennæ, i. 58; large size of the cerebral ganglia in, i. 145; soldier-, large jaws of, i. 155; difference of the sexes in, i. 365; recognition of each other by, after separation, i. 365.

ANTS, White, habits of, i. 364.

ANURA, ii. 25.

Apatania muliebris, male unknown, i. 314.

Apathus, difference of the sexes in, i. 366.

Apatura Iris, i. 386, 388.

APES, anthropomorphous, i. 196; difference of the young, from the adult, i. 13; building platforms, i. 53; probable speedy extermination of the, i. 201; Gratiolet on the evolution of, i. 230; semi-erect attitude of some, i. 142; mastoid processes of, i. 143; influence of the jaw-muscles on the physiognomy of, i. 144; female, destitute of large canines, i. 156; imitative faculties of, i. 161; canine teeth of male, ii. 241; females of some, less hairy beneath than the males, ii. 377.

APES, long-armed, their mode of progression, i. 143.

Apis mellifica, large male of, i. 347.

APOLLO, Greek statues of, ii. 350.

APOPLEXY in Cebus Azaræ, i. 12.

APPROBATION, influence of the love of, i. 86, 92, 164, 165.

APPENDAGES, anal, of insects, i. 342.

Aprosmictus scapulatus, ii. 174.

AQUATIC birds, frequency of white plumage in, ii. 229.

Aquila chrysaëtos, ii. 105.

ARAB women, elaborate and peculiar coiffure of, ii. 353.

ARABS, gashing of cheeks and temples among the, ii. 339.

ARACHNIDA, i. 337.

ARAKHAN, artificial widening of the forehead by the natives of, ii. 351.

Arboricola, young of, ii. 190.

Archeopteryx, i. 204.

ARCTIIDÆ, coloration of the, i. 396.

Ardea asha, rufescens, and cærulea, change of colour in, ii. 231, 232.

Ardea cærulea, breeding in immature plumage, ii. 214.

Ardea gularis, change of plumage in, ii. 232.

Ardea herodias, love-gestures of the male, ii. 68.

Ardea ludoviciana, age of mature plumage in, ii. 213; continued growth of crest and plumes in the male of, ii. 216.

Ardea nycticorax, cries of, ii. 51.

Ardeola, young of, ii. 190.

Ardetta, changes of plumage in, ii. 179.

ARGENTEUIL, i. 29.

ARGUS pheasant, ii. 72, 97, 181; display of plumage by the male, ii. 91; ocellated spots of the, ii. 134, 141; gradation of characters in the, ii. 141.

ARGYLL, Duke of, the fashioning of implements peculiar to man, i. 52; on the contest in man between right and wrong, i. 104; on the physical weakness of man, i. 156; on the primitive civilisation of man, i. 181; on the plumage of the male Argus pheasant, ii. 91; on Urosticte Benjamini, ii. 151; on the nests of birds, ii. 167; on variety as an object in nature, ii. 230.

Argynnis aglaia, colouring of the lower surface of, i. 396.

Aricoris epitus, sexual differences in the wings of, i. 345.

ARISTOCRACY, increased beauty of the, ii. 356.

ARMS, proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, i. 116; direction of the hair on the, i. 192.

ARMS and hands, free use of, indirectly correlated with diminution of canines, i. 144.

ARREST of development, i. 121, 122.

ARROW-HEADS, stone, general resemblance of, i. 233.

ARROWS, use of, i. 232.

ARTERIES, variations in the course of the, i. 108.

ARTERY, effect of tying, upon the lateral channels, i. 116.

ARTHROPODA, i. 328.

ARTS practised by savages, i. 234.

ASCENSION, coloured incrustation on the rocks of, i. 326.

ASCIDIA, affinity of the lancelet to, i. 205; tadpole-like larvæ of, i. 205.

ASCIDIANS, i. 324; bright colours of some, i. 322.

Asinus, Asiatic and African species of, ii. 306.

Asinus tæniopus, ii. 306.

ASS, colour-variations of the, ii. 305.

Ateles, effects of brandy on an, i. 12; absence of the thumb in, i. 140.

Ateles beelzebuth, ears of, i. 23.

Ateles marginatus, colour of the ruff of, ii. 291; hair on the head of, ii. 109; on the recognition of a dog by a turkey, ii. 110; on the selection of a mate by female birds, ii. 307.

Ateuchus, stridulation of, i. 384.

Ateuchus cicatricosus, habits of, i. 376.

Athalia, proportions of the sexes in, i. 314.

ATTENTION, manifestations of, in animals, i. 44.

AUDOUIN, V., on a hymenopterous parasite with a sedentary male, i. 273.

AUDUBON, J. J., on the pugnacity of male birds, ii. 43, 48; on Tetrao cupido, ii. 50; on Ardea nycticorax, ii. 51; on Sturnella ludoviciana, ii. 51; on the vocal organs of Tetrao cupido, ii. 56; on the drumming of the male Tetrao umbellus, ii. 61; on sounds produced by the nightjar, ii. 63; on Ardea herodias and Cathartes jota, ii. 68; on the spring change of colour in some finches, ii. 86; on Mimus polyglottus, ii. 116; on the turkey, ii. 119, 121; on variation in the male scarlet tanager, ii. 126; on the habits of Pyranga æstiva, ii. 167; on local differences in the nests of the same species of birds, ii. 171; on the habits of woodpeckers, ii. 175; on Bombycilla carolinensis, ii. 180; on young females of Tanagra æstiva acquiring male characters, ii. 180; on the immature plumage of thrushes, ii. 185; on the immature plumage of birds, ii. 186 et seq.; on birds breeding in immature plumage, ii. 214; on the growth of the crest and plumes in the male Ardea ludoviciana, ii. 216; on the change of colour in some species of Ardea, ii. 231; on the speculum of Mergus cucullatus, ii. 291; on the musk-rat, ii. 298.

AUDUBON and Bachman, MM., on squirrels fighting, ii. 239; on the Canadian lynx, ii. 267.

AUSTEN, N. L., on Anolis cristatellus, ii. 32, 33.

AUSTRALIA, half-castes killed by the natives of, i. 220; lice of the natives of, i. 220; not the birthplace of man, i. 199; prevalence of female infanticide in, ii. 364.

AUSTRALIA, South, variation in the skulls of aborigines of, i. 108.

AUSTRALIANS, colour of newborn children of, ii. 318; relative height of the sexes of, ii. 320; women a cause of war among the, ii. 323.

AXIS deer, sexual difference in the colour of the, ii. 290.

AYMARAS, measurements of the, i. 119; no grey hair among the, ii. 320; hairlessness of the face in the, ii. 322; long hair of the, ii. 348.

AZARA, on the proportion of men and women among the Guaranys, i. 302; on Palamedea cornuta, ii. 48; on the beards of the Guaranys, ii. 322; on strife for women among the Guanas, ii. 324; on infanticide, ii. 344, 364; on the eradication of the eyebrows and eyelashes by the Indians of Paraguay, ii. 348; on polyandry among the Guanas, ii. 366; celibacy unknown among the savages of South America, ii. 367; on the freedom of divorce among the Charruas, ii. 372.

BABBAGE, C., on the greater proportion of illegitimate female births, i. 302.

BABIRUSA, tusks of the, ii. 264.

BABOON, employing a mat for shelter against the sun, i. 53; manifestation of memory by a, i. 45; protected from punishment by its companions, i. 78; rage excited in, by reading, i. 42.

BABOON, Cape, mane of the male, ii. 267; Hamadryas, mane of the male, ii. 267.

BABOONS, effects of intoxicating liquors on, i. 12; ears of, i. 23; manifestation of maternal affection by, i. 41; using stones and sticks as weapons, i. 51; co-operation of, i. 75; silence of, on plundering expeditions, i. 79; diversity of the mental faculties in, i. 110; hands of, i. 139; habits of, i. 141; variability of the tail in, i. 150; apparent polygamy of, i. 266; polygamous and social habits of, ii. 362.

BACHMAN, Dr., on the fertility of mulattoes, i. 221.

BAER, K. E. von, on embryonic development, i. 14.

BAGEHOT, W., on the social virtues among primitive men, i. 93; on the value of obedience, i. 162; on human progress, i. 166; on the persistence of savage tribes in classical times, i. 239.

BAILLY, E. M., on the fighting of stags, ii. 252; on the mode of fighting of the Italian buffalo, ii. 250.

BAIN, A., on the sense of duty, i. 71; aid springing from sympathy, i. 77; on the basis of sympathy, i. 82; on love of approbation, &c., i. 86; on the idea of beauty, ii. 354.

BAIRD, W., on a difference in colour between the males and females of some Entozoa, i. 321.

BAKER, Mr., observation on the proportion of the sexes in pheasant-chicks, i. 306.

BAKER, Sir S., on the fondness of the Arabs for discordant music, ii. 67; on sexual difference in the colours of an antelope, ii. 289; on the elephant and rhinoceros attacking white or grey horses, ii. 295; on the disfigurements practised by the negroes, ii. 296; on the gashing of the cheeks and temples practised in Arab countries, ii. 339; on the coiffure of the North Africans, ii. 340; on the perforation of the lower lip by the women of Latooka, ii. 341; on the distinctive characters of the coiffure of central African tribes, ii. 342; on the coiffure of Arab women, ii. 353.

“BALZ” of the Black-cock, ii. 45, 100.

BANTAM, Sebright, i. 259, 294.

BANTENG, horns of, ii. 247; sexual differences in the colours of the, ii. 289.

BANYAI, colour of the, ii. 346.

BARBARISM, primitive, of civilised nations, i. 181.

BARBS, filamentous, of the feathers, in certain birds, ii. 74.

BARR, Mr., on sexual preference in dogs, ii. 272.

BARRINGTON, Daines, on the language of birds, i. 55; on the clucking of the hen, ii. 51; on the object of the song of birds, ii. 52; on the singing of female birds, ii. 54; on birds acquiring the songs of other birds, ii. 55; on the muscles of the larynx in song-birds, ii. 55; on the want of the power of song by female birds, ii. 163.

BARROW, on the widow-bird, ii. 98.

BARTLETT, A. D., on the tragopan, i. 270; on the development of the spurs in Crossoptilon auritum, i. 290; on the fighting of the males of Plectropterus gambensis, ii. 46; on the knot, ii. 82; on display in male birds, ii. 87; on the display of plumage by the male Polyplectron, ii. 89; on Crossoptilon auritum and Phasianus Wallichii, ii. 93; on the habits of Lophophorus, ii. 121; on the colour of the mouth in Buceros bicornis, ii. 129; on the incubation of the cassowary, ii. 204; on the Cape Buffalo, ii. 250; on the use of the horns of antelopes, ii. 251; on the fighting of male wart-hogs, ii. 266; on Ammotragus tragelaphus, ii. 282; on the colours of Cercopithecus cephus, ii. 291; on the colours of the faces of monkeys, ii. 310; on the naked surfaces of monkeys, ii. 377.

BARTRAM, on the courtship of the male alligator, ii. 29.

BASQUE language, highly artificial, i. 61.

BATE, C. S., on the superior activity of male crustacea, i. 272; on the proportions of the sexes in crabs, i. 315; on the chelæ of crustacea, i. 330; on the relative size of the sexes in crustacea, i. 332; on the colours of crustacea, i. 335.

BATES, H. W., on variation in the form of the head of Amazonian Indians, i. 111; on the proportion of the sexes among Amazonian butterflies, i. 309; on sexual differences in the wings of butterflies, i. 345; on the field-cricket, i. 353; on Pyrodes pulcherrimus, i. 367; on the horns of Lamellicorn beetles, i. 370, 371; on the colours of Epicaliæ, &c., i. 388; on the coloration of tropical butterflies, i. 391; on the variability of Papilio Sesostris and Childrenæ, i. 402; on male and female butterflies inhabiting different stations, i. 403; on mimickry, i. 411; on the caterpillar of a Sphinx, i. 416; on the vocal organs of the umbrella-bird, ii. 58; on the toucans, ii. 227; on Brachyurus calvus, ii. 309.

BATOKAS, knocking out two upper incisors, ii. 340.

BATRACHIA, ii. 25; eagerness of male, i. 272.

BATS, sexual differences in the colour of, ii. 286.

BATTLE, law of, i. 182; among beetles, i. 375; among birds, ii. 40; among mammals, ii. 239 et seq.; in man, ii. 323.

BEAK, sexual difference in the forms of the, ii. 39; in the colour of the, ii. 72.

BEAKS, of birds, bright colours of, ii. 227.

BEARD, development of, in man, ii. 317; analogy of the, in man and the quadrumana, ii. 319; variation of the development of the, in different races of men, ii. 321; estimation of, among bearded nations, ii. 349; probable origin of the, ii. 379.

BEARDS, in monkeys, i. 192; of mammals, ii. 282.

BEAUTIFUL, taste for the, in birds, ii. 108; in the quadrumana, ii. 296.

BEAUTY, sense of, in animals, i. 63; appreciation of, by birds, ii. 111; influence of, ii. 338, 343; variability of the standard of, ii. 370.

BEAVAN, Lieut., on the development of the horns in Cervus Eldi, i. 288.

BEAVER, instinct and intelligence of the, i. 37, 38; voice of the, ii. 277; castoreum of the, ii. 279.

BEAVERS, battles of male, ii. 239.

BECHSTEIN, on female birds choosing the best singers among the males, ii. 52; on rivalry in song-birds, ii. 53; on the singing of female birds, ii. 54; on birds acquiring the songs of other birds, ii. 55; on pairing the canary and siskin, ii. 115; on a sub-variety of the monk pigeon, ii. 132; on spurred hens, ii. 162.

BEDDOE, Dr., on causes of difference in stature, i. 115.

BEE-EATER, ii. 56.

BEES, i. 73; destruction of drones and queens by, i. 82; pollen-baskets and stings of, i. 155; female, secondary sexual characters of, i. 254; difference of the sexes in, i. 365.

BEETLE, luminous larva of a, i. 345.

BEETLES, i. 366; size of the cerebral ganglia in, i. 145; dilatation of the fore tarsi in male, i. 343; blind, i. 367; stridulation of, i. 378.

BELGIUM, ancient inhabitants of, i. 237.

BELL, Sir C, on emotional muscles in man, i. 5; “snarling muscles,” i. 127; on the hand, i. 141.

BELL, T., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in moles, i. 305; on the newts, ii. 24; on the croaking of the frog, ii. 27; on the difference in the coloration of the sexes in Zootoca vivipara, ii. 36; on moles fighting, ii. 239.

BELL-BIRD, sexual difference in the colour of the, ii. 79.

BELL-BIRDS, colours of, ii. 228.

BENEVOLENCE, manifested by birds, ii. 109.

BENNETT, A. W., on the habits of Dromœus irroratus, ii. 205.

BENNETT, Dr., on birds of paradise, ii. 89.

Bernicla antarctica, colours of, ii. 228.

BERNICLE gander pairing with a Canada goose, ii. 114.

BETTONI, E., on local differences in the nests of Italian birds, ii, 171.

BHOTEAS, colour of the beard in, ii. 319.

Bhringa, disciform tail-feathers of, ii. 83.

Bibio, sexual differences in the genus, i. 349.

BICHAT, on beauty, ii. 354.

BILE, coloured, in many animals, i. 323.

BIMANA, i. 190.

BIRDS, imitations of the songs of other birds by, i. 44; dreaming, i. 46; language of, i. 55; sense of beauty in, i. 63; pleasure of, in incubation, i. 79; male, incubation by, i. 210; and reptiles, alliance of, i. 213; sexual differences in the beak of some, i. 255; migratory, arrival of the male before the female, i. 259; apparent relation between polygamy and marked sexual differences in, i. 270; monogamous, becoming polygamous under domestication, i. 270; eagerness of male in pursuit of the female, i. 272; wild, numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. 306; secondary sexual characters of, ii. 38; difference of size in the sexes of, ii. 43; fights of male, witnessed by females, ii. 49; display of male, to captivate the females, ii. 50; close attention of, to the songs of others, ii. 52; acquiring the song of their foster-parents, ii. 55; brilliant, rarely good songsters, ii. 56; love-antics and dances of, ii. 68; coloration of, ii. 74 et seqq.; moulting of, ii. 80 et seqq.; unpaired, ii. 103; male, singing out of season, ii. 106; mutual affection of, ii. 108; in confinement, distinguish persons, ii. 110; hybrid, production of, ii. 113; European, number of species of, ii. 124; variability of, ii. 124; gradation of secondary sexual characters in, ii. 135; obscurely coloured, building concealed nests, ii. 169; young female, acquiring male characters, ii. 180; breeding in immature plumage, ii. 214; moulting of, ii. 214; aquatic, frequency of white plumage in, ii. 229; vocal courtship of, ii. 331; naked skin of the head and neck in, ii. 377.

Birgus latro, habits of, i. 334.

BIRKBECK, Mr. on the finding of new mates by Golden Eagles, ii. 105.

BIRTHPLACE of man, i. 199.

BIRTHS, numerical proportions of the sexes in, in animals and man, i. 263, 265; male and female, numerical proportion of, in England, i. 300.

BISCHOFF, Prof., on the agreement between the brains of man and of the Orang, i. 11; figure of the embryo of the dog, i. 15; on the convolutions of the brain in the human fœtus, i. 16; on the difference between the skulls of man and the quadrumana, i. 190.

BISHOP, J., on the vocal organs of frogs, ii. 28; on the vocal organs of corvine birds, ii. 55; on the trachea of the Merganser, ii. 60.

BISON, American, mane of the male, ii. 267.

BITTERNS, dwarf, coloration of the sexes of, ii. 179.

Biziura lobata, musky odour of the male, ii. 38; large size of male, ii. 43.

BLACKBIRD, sexual differences in the, i. 268; proportion of the sexes in the, i. 307; acquisition of a song by a, ii. 55; colour of the beak in the sexes of the, ii. 72, 227; pairing with a thrush, ii. 113; colours and nidification of the, ii. 170; young of the, ii. 219; sexual difference in coloration of the, ii. 226.

BLACK-BUCK, Indian, sexual difference in the colour of the, ii. 288.

BLACKCAP, arrival of the male, before the female, i. 259; young of the, ii. 219.

BLACK-COCK, polygamous, i. 269; proportion of the sexes in the, i. 306; pugnacity and love-dance of the, ii. 45; call of the, ii. 60; moulting of the, ii. 83; duration of the courtship of the, ii. 100; sexual difference in coloration of the, ii. 226; crimson eye-cere of the, ii. 227; and pheasant, hybrids of, ii. 113.

BLACK-GROUSE, characters of young, ii. 185, 194.

BLACKWALL, J., on the speaking of the magpie, i. 59; on the desertion of their young by swallows, i. 84; on the superior activity of male spiders, i. 272; on the proportion of the sexes in spiders, i. 314; on sexual variation of colour in spiders, i. 337; on male spiders, i. 338.

BLADDER-NOSE Seal, hood of the, ii. 278.

BLAINE, on the affections of dogs, ii. 270.

BLAIR, Dr., on the relative liability of Europeans to yellow fever, i. 243.

BLAKE, C. C., on the jaw from La Naulette, i. 126.

BLAKISTON, Capt., on the American snipe, ii. 64; on the dances of Tetrao phasianellus, ii. 69.

BLASIUS, Dr., on the species of European birds, ii. 124.

Bledius taurus, hornlike processes of male, i. 374.

BLEEDING, tendency to profuse, i. 292.

BLENKIRON, Mr., on sexual preference in horses, ii. 272.

BLENNIES, crest developed on the head of male, during the breeding season, ii. 12.

Blethisa multipunctata, stridulation of, i. 379.

BLOCH, on the proportions of the sexes in Fishes, i. 308.

BLOOD, arterial, red colour of, i. 323.

BLOOD-PHEASANT, number of spurs in, ii. 46.

BLUEBREAST, red-throated, sexual differences of the, ii. 195.

BLUMENBACH, on Man, i. 111; on the large size of the nasal cavities in American aborigines, i. 119; on the position of man, i. 190; on the number of species of man, i. 226.

BLYTH, E., observations on Indian crows, i. 77; on the structure of the hand in species of Hylobates, i. 140; on the ascertainment of the sex of nestling bullfinches by pulling out breast-feathers, ii. 24; on the pugnacity of the males of Gallinula cristata, ii. 41; on the presence of spurs in the female Euplocamus erythropthalmus, ii. 46; on the pugnacity of the amadavat, ii. 49; on the spoonbill, ii. 60; on the moulting of Anthus, ii. 83; on the moulting of bustards, plovers, and Gallus bankiva, ii. 84; on the Indian honey-buzzard, ii. 126; on sexual differences in the colour or the eyes of hornbills, ii. 129; on Oriolus melanocephalus, ii. 178; on Palæornis javanicus, ii. 179; on the genus Ardetta, ii. 179; on the peregrine falcon, ii. 180; on young female birds acquiring male characters, ii. 180; on the immature plumage of birds, ii. 185; on representative species of birds, ii. 190; on the young of Turnix, ii. 202; on anomalous young of Lanius rufus and Colymbus glacialis, ii. 211; on the sexes and young of the sparrows, ii. 212; on dimorphism in some herons, ii. 214; on orioles breeding in immature plumage, ii. 214; on the sexes and young of Buphus and Anastomus, ii. 217; on the young of the blackcap and blackbird, ii. 219; on the young of the stonechat, ii. 220; on the white plumage of Anastomus, ii. 229; on the horns of Antilope bezoartica, ii. 246; on the horns of Bovine animals, ii. 247; on the mode of fighting of Ovis cycloceros, ii. 249; on the voice of the Gibbons, ii. 276; on the crest of the male wild goat, ii. 282; on the colours of Portax picta, ii. 287; on the colours of Antilope bezoartica, ii. 288; on the development of the horns in the Koodoo and Eland antelopes, i. 289; on the colour of the Axis deer, ii. 290; on sexual difference of colour in Hylobates hoolock, ii. 291; on the hog-deer, ii. 303; on the beard and whiskers in a monkey becoming white with age, ii. 319.

BOAR, wild, polygamous in India, i. 267; use of the tusks by the, ii. 256; fighting of, ii. 263.

BOITARD and Corbié, MM., on the transmission of sexual peculiarities in pigeons, i. 283; on the antipathy shown by some female pigeons to certain males, ii. 118.

BOLD, Mr., on the singing of a sterile hybrid canary, ii. 53.

BOMBET, on the variability of the standard of beauty in Europe, ii. 370.

Bombus, difference of the sexes in, i. 366.

BOMBYCIDÆ, coloration of, i. 394; pairing of the, i. 401.

Bombycilla carolinensis, red appendages of, ii. 179.

Bombyx cynthia, i. 346; proportion of the sexes in, i. 309, 313; pairing of, i. 401.

Bombyx mori, difference of size of the male and female cocoons of, i. 346; pairing of, i. 401.

Bombyx Pernyi, proportion of sexes of, i. 313.

Bombyx Yamamai, i. 346; M. Personnat on, i. 310; proportion of sexes of, i. 313.

BONAPARTE, C. L., on the call-notes of the wild turkey, ii. 60.

BOND, F., on the finding of new mates by crows, ii. 104.

BONE, implements of, skill displayed in making, i. 138.

BONER, C., on the transfer of male characters to an old female chamois, ii. 245; on the antlers of the red deer, ii. 252; on the habits of stags, ii. 259; on the pairing of red deer, ii. 269.

BONES, increase of, in length and thickness, when carrying a greater weight, i. 116.

BONNET monkey, i. 192.

BOOMERANG, i. 183.

Boreus hyemalis, scarcity of the male, i. 314.

BORY St. Vincent, on the number of species of man, i. 226; on the colours of Labrus pavo, ii. 16.

Bos gaurus, horns of, ii. 247.

Bos primigenius, ii. 240.

Bos sondaicus, horns of, ii. 247; colours of, ii. 289.

BOTOCUDOS, i. 181; mode of life of, i. 247; disfigurement of the ears and lower lip of the, ii. 341.

BOUCHER de Perthes, J. C. de, on the antiquity of man, i. 3.

BOURBON, proportion of the sexes in a species of Papilio from, i. 310.

BOURIEN, on the marriage-customs of the savages of the Malay Archipelago, ii. 373.

BOVIDÆ, dewlaps of, ii. 284.

BOWER-BIRDS, ii. 102; habits of the, ii. 69; ornamented playing-places of, i. 63, ii. 112.

BOWS, use of, i. 232.

BRACHIOPODA, i. 329.

BRACHYCEPHALIC structure, possible explanation of, i. 148.

Brachyscelus, second pair of antennæ in the male, i. 337.

BRACHYURA, i. 332.

Brachyurus calvus, scarlet face of, ii. 309.

BRAIN, of man, agreement of the, with that of lower animals, i. 10; convolutions of, in the human fœtus, i. 16; larger in some existing mammals than in their tertiary prototypes, i. 51; relation of the development of the, to the progress of language, i. 57; disease of the, affecting speech, i. 58; influence of development of mental faculties upon the size of the, i. 145; influence of the development of, on the spinal column and skull, i. 146; difference in the convolutions of, in different races of men, i. 216.

BRAKENRIDGE, Dr., on the influence of climate, i. 115.

BRAUBACH, Prof., on the quasi-religious feeling of a dog towards his master, i. 68; on the self-restraint of dogs, i. 78.

BRAUER, F., on dimorphism in Neurothemis, i. 363.

BRAZIL, skulls found in caves of, i. 218; population of, i. 225; compression of the nose by the natives of, ii. 352.

BREAK between man and the apes, i. 200.

BREAM, proportion of the sexes in the, i. 308.

BREEDING, age of, in birds, ii. 214.

BREEDING season, sexual characters making their appearance in the, in birds, ii. 80.

BREHM, on the effects of intoxicating liquors on monkeys, i. 12; on the recognition of women by male Cynocephali, i. 13; on revenge taken by monkeys, i. 40; on manifestations of maternal affection by monkeys and baboons, i. 41; on the instinctive dread of monkeys for serpents, i. 42; on a baboon using a mat for shelter from the sun, i. 53; on the use of stones as missiles by baboons, i. 51; on the signal-cries of monkeys, i. 57; on sentinels posted by monkeys, i. 74; on co-operation of animals, i. 75; on an eagle attacking a young Cercopithecus, i. 76; on baboons in confinement protecting one of their number from punishment, i. 78; on the habits of baboons when plundering, i. 79; on the diversity of the mental faculties of monkeys, i. 110; on the habits of baboons, i. 141; on polygamy in Cynocephalus and Cebus, i. 266; on the numerical proportion of the sexes in birds, i. 306; on the love-dance of the Black-cock, ii. 45; on Palamedea cornuta, ii. 48; on the habits of the Black-grouse, ii. 49; on sound produced by Birds of Paradise, ii. 63; on assemblages of grouse, ii. 101; on the finding of new mates by birds, ii. 106; on the fighting of wild boars, ii. 263; on the habits of Cynocephalus hamadryas, ii. 362.

BRENT, Mr., on the courtship of fowls, ii. 117.

BRESLAU, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 301.

BRIDGMAN, Laura, i. 57.

BRIMSTONE butterfly, i. 393; sexual difference of colour in the, i. 409.

BRITISH, ancient, tattooing practised by, ii. 339.

BROCA, Prof., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the human humerus, i. 28; on the capacity of Parisian skulls at different periods, i. 146; on the influence of natural selection, i. 152; on hybridity in man, i. 220; on human remains from Les Eyzies, i. 237; on the cause of the difference between Europeans and Hindoos, i. 240.

BRODIE, Sir B., on the origin of the moral sense in man, i. 71.

BRONN, H. G., on the copulation of insects of distinct species, i. 342.

BRONZE period, men of, in Europe, i. 160.

BROWN, R., sentinels of seals generally females, i. 74; on the battles of seals, ii. 240; on the narwhal, ii. 242; on the occasional absence of the tusks in the female walrus, ii. 242; on the bladder-nose seal, ii. 278; on the colours of the sexes in Phoca groenlandica, ii. 287; on the appreciation of music by seals, ii. 333; on plants used as love-philters, by North American women, ii. 344.

BROWN-SÉQUARD, Dr., on the inheritance of the effects of operations by guinea pigs, ii. 380.

BRUCE, on the use of the elephant’s tusks, ii. 249.

BRULERIE, P. de la, on the habits of Ateuchus cicatricosus, i. 376; on the stridulation of Ateuchus, i. 384.

BRÜNNICH, on the pied ravens of the Feroe islands, ii. 126.

BRYANT, Capt., on the courtship of Callorhinus ursinus, ii. 269.

Bubas bison, thoracic projection of, i. 372.

Bucephalus capensis, difference of the sexes of, in colour, ii. 29.

Buceros, nidification and incubation of, ii. 169.

Buceros bicornis, sexual differences in the colouring of the casque, beak, and mouth in, ii. 129.

Buceros corrugatus, sexual difference in the beak of, ii. 72.

BÜCHNER, L., on the origin of man, i. 4; on the want of self-consciousness, &c., in low savages, i. 62; on the use of the human foot as a prehensile organ, i. 142; on the mode of progression of the apes, i. 142.

BUCKLAND, F., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in rats, i. 305; on the proportion of the sexes in the trout, i. 308; on Chimæra monstrosa, ii. 12.

BUCKLAND, W., on the complexity of crinoids, i. 61.

BUCKLER, W., proportion of sexes of Lepidoptera reared by, i. 313.

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 300.

Bucorax abyssinicus, inflation of the neck-wattle of the male, during courtship, ii. 72.

Budytes Raii, i. 260.

BUFFALO, Cape, ii. 250.

BUFFALO, Indian, horns of the, ii. 247.

BUFFALO, Italian, mode of fighting of the, ii. 250.

BUFFON, on the number of species of man, i. 226.

BUGS, i. 349.

BUIST, R., on the proportion of the sexes in salmon, i. 308; on the pugnacity of the male salmon, ii. 3.

BULBUL, pugnacity of the male, ii. 41; display of under tail-coverts by the male, ii. 96.

BULL, mode of fighting of the, ii. 250; curled frontal hair of the, ii. 282.

BULLFINCH, sexual differences in the, i. 269; piping, ii. 52; female, singing of the, ii. 54; courtship of the, ii. 94; widowed, finding a new mate, ii. 105; attacking a reed-bunting, ii. 111; nestling, sex ascertained by pulling out breast-feathers, ii. 214.

BULLFINCHES distinguishing persons, ii. 110; rivalry of female, ii. 121.

BULLS, two young, attacking an old one, i. 75; wild, battles of, ii. 240.

BULL-TROUT, male, colouring of, during the breeding season, ii. 14.

BUNTING, reed, head feathers of the male, ii. 95; attacked by a bullfinch, ii. 111.

BUNTINGS, characters of young, ii. 184.

Buphus coromandus, sexes and young of, ii. 217; change of colour in, ii. 231, 232.

BURCHELL, Dr., on the zebra, ii. 302; on the extravagance of a Bushwoman in adorning herself, ii. 344; celibacy unknown among the savages of South Africa, ii. 367; on the marriage-customs of the Bushwomen, ii. 374.

BURKE, on the number of species of man, i. 226.

BURMESE, colour of the beard in, ii. 319.

BURTON, Capt., on negro ideas of female beauty, ii. 346; on a universal ideal of beauty, ii. 351.

BUSHMEN, i. 157.

BUSHWOMAN, extravagant ornamentation of a, ii. 344.

BUSHWOMEN, hair of, i. 216; marriage-customs of, ii. 374.

BUSK, Prof. G., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the human humerus, i. 28.

BUSTARD, throat-pouch of the male, ii. 58; humming noise produced by a male, ii. 65; Indian, ear-tufts of a, ii. 73.

BUSTARDS, occurrence of sexual differences and of polygamy among the, i. 269; love-gestures of the male, ii. 68; double moult in, ii. 81, 83.

BUTLER, A. G., on sexual differences in the wings of Aricoris epitus, i. 345; on the colouring of the sexes in species of Thecla, i. 389; on the resemblance of Iphias glaucippe to a leaf, i. 394; on the rejection of certain moths and caterpillars by lizards and frogs, i. 417.

BUTTERFLY, noise produced by a, i. 387; Emperor, i. 386, 388; meadow brown, instability of the ocellated spots of, ii. 132.

BUTTERFLIES, proportion of the sexes in, i. 309; forelegs atrophied in some male, i. 344; sexual difference in the neuration of the wings of, i. 345; pugnacity of male, i. 386; protective resemblances of the lower surface of, i. 392; display of the wings by, i. 396; white, alighting upon bits of paper, i. 400; attracted by a dead specimen of the same species, i. 400; courtship of, i. 400; male and female, inhabiting different stations, i. 403.

BUXTON, C., observations on macaws, i. 76; on an instance of benevolence in a parrot, ii. 109.

BUZZARD, Indian honey-, variation in the crest of, ii. 126.

CABBAGE butterflies, i. 393.

CACHALOT, large head of the male, ii. 242.

CADENCES, musical, perception of, by animals, ii. 333.

CÆCUM, i. 27; large, in the early progenitors of man, i. 206.

Cairina moschata, pugnacity of the male, ii. 43.

Callianassa, chelæ of, figured, i. 330.

Callionymus lyra, characters of the male, ii. 7.

Callorhinus ursinus, relative size of the sexes of, ii. 260; courtship of, ii. 269.

Calotes nigrilabris, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 36.

CAMBRIDGE, O. Pickard, on the sexes of spiders, i. 315.

CAMEL, canine teeth of male, ii. 241, 257.

CAMPBELL, J., on the Indian elephant, i. 267, 268; on the proportion of male and female births in the harems of Siam, i. 303.

Campylopterus hemileucurus, i. 307.

CANARIES distinguishing persons, ii. 110.

CANARY, polygamy of the, i. 270; change of plumage in, after moulting, i. 294; female, selecting the best singing male, ii. 52; sterile hybrid, singing of a, ii. 53; female, singing of the, ii. 54; selecting a greenfinch, ii. 115; and siskin, pairing of, ii. 115.

CANESTRINI, G., on rudimentary characters and the origin of man, i. 4; on rudimentary characters, i. 17; on the movement of the ear in man, i. 20; on the variability of the vermiform appendage in man, i. 27; on the abnormal division of the malar bone in man, i. 124; on abnormal conditions of the human uterus, i. 124; on the persistence of the frontal suture in man, i. 125; on the proportion of the sexes in silk-moths, i. 309, 311.

CANINE teeth in man, i. 126; diminution of, in man, i. 144; diminution of, in horses, i. 144; disappearance of, in male ruminants, i. 144; large, in the early progenitors of man, i. 206.

CANINES, and horns, inverse development of, ii. 257.

CANOES, use of, i. 137, 234.

Cantharis, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, i. 367.

CAPERCAILZIE, proportion of the sexes in the, i. 306; pugnacity of the male, ii. 45; pairing of the, ii. 49; autumn meetings of the, ii. 54; call of the, ii. 61; duration of the courtship of, ii. 100; behaviour of the female, ii. 121; inconvenience of black colour to the female, ii. 154; sexual difference in coloration of the, ii. 226; crimson eye-cere of the male, ii. 227; polygamous, i. 269.

CAPITAL, i. 169.

CAPITONIDÆ, colours and nidification of the, ii. 171.

Capra ægagrus, ii. 249; crest of the male, ii. 282; sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 289.

Capreolus Sibiricus subecaudatus, ii. 298.

CAPRICE, common to man and animals, i. 65.

Caprimulgus, noise made by the males of some species of, with their wings, ii. 62.

Caprimulgus virginianus, pairing of, ii. 49.

CARABIDÆ, bright colours of, i. 367.

CARBONNIER, on the natural history of the pike, i. 308; on the relative size of the sexes in fishes, ii. 7.

Carcineutes, sexual difference of colour in, ii. 173.

Carcinus mænas, i. 331, 333.

Carduelis elegans, sexual differences of the beak in, ii. 39.

CARNIVORA, marine, polygamous habits of, i. 268; sexual differences in the colours of, ii. 286.

CARP, numerical proportion of the sexes in the, i. 308.

CARR, R., on the peewit, ii. 48.

CARRIER pigeon, late development of the wattle in the, i. 293.

CARRION beetles, stridulation of, i. 378.

CARUS, Prof. V., on the development of the horns in merino sheep, i. 289.

CASSOWARY, sexes and incubation of the, ii. 204.

CASTOREUM, ii. 279.

Casuarius galeatus, ii. 204.

CAT, convoluted body in the extremity of the tail of a, i. 30; sick, sympathy of a dog with a, i. 77.

CATARACT in Cebus Azaræ, i. 12.

CATARRH, liability of Cebus Azaræ to, i. 11.

CATARRHINE monkeys, i. 196.

CATERPILLARS, bright colours of, i. 415.

Cathartes aura, ii. 116.

Cathartes jota, love-gestures of the male, ii. 68.

CATLIN, G., on the development of the beard among North American Indians, ii. 322; on the great length of the hair in some North American tribes, ii. 348.

CATON, J. D., on the development of the horns in Cervus virginianus and strongyloceros, i. 288; on the presence of traces of horns in the female wapiti, ii. 245; on the fighting of deer, ii. 252; on the crest of the male wapiti, ii. 282; on the colours of the Virginian deer, ii. 288; on sexual differences of colour in the wapiti, ii. 289; on the spots of the Virginian deer, ii. 303.

CATS, dreaming, i. 46; tortoise-shell, i. 283, 285, 293; enticed by valerian, ii. 281; colours of, ii. 299.

CATTLE, domestic, sexual differences of, late developed, i. 293; rapid increase of, in South America, i. 135; domestic, lighter in winter in Siberia, i. 282; horns of, i. 289, ii. 247; numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. 305.

CAUDAL vertebræ, number of, in macaques and baboons, i. 150; basal, of monkeys, imbedded in the body, i. 151.

Cebus, maternal affection in a, i. 40; gradation of species of, i. 227.

Cebus Azaræ, liability of, to the same diseases as man, i. 11; distinct sounds produced by, i. 53; early maturity of the female, ii. 318.

Cebus capucinus, polygamous, i. 266; sexual differences of colour in, ii. 290; hair on the head of, ii. 307.

Cebus vellerosus, hair on the head of, ii. 307.

CECIDOMYIDÆ, proportions of the sexes in, i. 314.

CELIBACY, unknown among the savages of South Africa and South America, ii. 367.

CENTIPEDES, i. 339.

CEPHALOPODA, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. 325.

Cephalopterus ornatus, ii. 58, 59.

Cephalopterus penduliger, ii. 59.

Cerambyx heros, stridulant organ of, i. 380.

Ceratophora aspera, nasal appendages of, ii. 34.

Ceratophora Stoddartii, nasal horn of, ii. 34.

Cerceris, habits of, i. 364.

Cercocebus æthiops, whiskers, &c., of, ii. 308.

Cercopithecus, young, seized by an eagle and rescued by the troop, i. 76; definition of species of, i. 227.

Cercopithecus cephus, sexual difference of colour in, ii. 291, 311.

Cercopithecus cynosurus and griseo-viridis, colour of the scrotum in, ii. 291.

Cercopithecus Diana, sexual differences of colour in, ii. 291, 311, 312.

Cercopithecus griseo-viridis, i. 75.

Cercopithecus petaurista, whiskers, &c., of, ii. 308.

CERES, of birds, bright colours of, ii. 227.

Ceriornis Temminckii, swelling of the wattles of the male during courtship, ii. 72.

Cervulus, weapons of, ii. 257.

Cervulus moschatus, rudimentary horns of the female, ii. 245.

Cervus alces, i. 288.

Cervus campestris, odour of, ii. 279.

Cervus canadensis, traces of horns in the female, ii. 245; attacking a man, ii. 253; sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 289.

Cervus elaphus, battles of male, ii. 240; horns of, with numerous points, ii. 252.

Cervus Eldi, i. 288.

Cervus mantchuricus, ii. 303.

Cervus paludosus, colours of, ii. 290.

Cervus strongyloceros, i. 288.

Cervus virginianus, i. 288; horns of, in course of modification, ii. 255.

Ceryle, male black-belted in some species of, ii. 173.

CETACEA, nakedness of, i. 148.

CEYLON, frequent absence of beard in the natives of, ii. 321.

CHAFFINCH, proportion of the sexes in the, i. 306, 307; courtship of the, ii. 94.

CHAFFINCHES, ii. 53; new mates found by, ii. 105.

Chalcophaps indicus, characters of young, ii. 185.

Chalcosoma atlas, sexual differences of, i. 368.

Chamæleon, sexual differences in the genus, ii. 34.

Chamæleon bifurcus, ii. 34, 35.

Chamæleon Owenii, ii. 34, 36.

CHAMELEONS, ii. 32.

CHAMOIS, danger-signals of, i. 74; transfer of male characters to an old female, ii. 245.

Chamæpetes unicolor, modified wing-feather in the male, ii. 64.

CHAPUIS, Dr., on the transmission of sexual peculiarities in pigeons, i. 283; on streaked Belgian pigeons, i. 294, ii. 157.

CHAR, male, colouring of, during the breeding season, ii. 14.

CHARACTERS, male, developed in females, i. 280; natural, artificial exaggeration of, by man, ii. 351; secondary sexual, transmitted through both sexes, i. 279.

Charadrius hiaticula and pluvialis, sexes and young of, ii. 216.

CHARDIN on the Persians, ii. 356.

CHARMS, worn by women, ii. 344.

CHARRUAS, freedom of divorce among the, ii. 372.

Chasmorhynchus, difference of colour in the sexes of, ii. 79; colours of, ii. 228.

CHASTITY, early estimation of, i. 96.

CHATTERERS, sexual differences in, i. 269.

CHEIROPTERA, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. 268.

CHELÆ of crustacea, i. 330, 336.

CHELONIA, sexual differences in, ii. 28.

Chenalopex ægyptiacus, wing-knobs of, ii. 46.

Chera progne, ii. 84, 120.

CHEST, proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, i. 117; large, of the Quechua and Aymara Indians, i. 119.

CHEVROTAINS, canine teeth of, ii. 257.

Chiasognathus, stridulation of, i. 384.

Chiasognathus Grantii, mandibles of, i. 377.

CHILDREN, legitimate and illegitimate, proportion of the sexes in, i. 302.

CHILOE, lice of the natives of, i. 220; population of, i. 225.

Chimæra monstrosa, bony process on the head of the male, ii. 12.

CHIMÆROID fishes, prehensile organs of male, ii. 1.

CHIMPANZEE, ii. 323; ears of the, i. 21; representatives of the eyebrows in the, i. 25; platforms built by the, i. 36; cracking nuts with a stone, i. 51; hands of the, i. 139; absence of mastoid processes in the, i. 143; direction of the hair on the arms of the, i. 192; supposed evolution of the, i. 230; polygamous and social habits of the, ii. 362.

CHINA, North, idea of female beauty in, ii. 344.

CHINA, Southern, inhabitants of, i. 246.

CHINESE, use of flint tools by the, i. 183; difficulty of distinguishing the races of the, i. 215; colour of the beard in, ii. 319; general beardlessness of the, ii. 321; opinions of the, on the appearance of Europeans and Cingalese, ii. 345, 347; compression of the feet of, ii. 352.

CHINSURDI, his opinion of beards, ii. 341, 349.

Chlamydera maculata, ii. 70.

Chloëon, pedunculated eyes of the male of, i. 341.

Chloephaga, coloration of the sexes in, ii. 178.

Chlorocœlus Tanana (figured), i. 355.

CHORDA DORSALIS, i. 207.

CHOUGH, red beak of the, ii. 227.

CHROMIDÆ, frontal protuberance in male, ii. 13; sexual differences in colour of, ii. 20.

Chrysemys picta, long claws of the male, ii. 28.

Chrysococcyx, characters of young of, ii. 185.

Chrysomela cerealis, bright colours of, i. 367.

CHRYSOMELIDÆ, stridulation of, i. 379.

Cicada pruinosa, i. 351.

Cicada septendecim, i. 351.

CICADÆ, songs of the, i. 350; rudimentary sound-organs in females of, i. 359.

CICATRIX of a burn, causing modification of the facial bones, i. 147.

Cichla, frontal protuberance of male, ii. 13.

CIMETIÈRE du Sud, Paris, i. 28.

Cincloramphus cruralis, large size of male, ii. 43.

Cinclus aquaticus, ii. 170.

CINGALESE, Chinese opinion of the appearance of the, ii. 345.

CIRRIPEDES, complemental males of, i. 255.

CIVILISATION, effects of, upon natural selection, i. 170; influence of, in the competition of nations, i. 239.

CLANGING of Geese, &c., ii. 51.

CLAPARÈDE, E., on natural selection applied to man, i. 137.

CLARKE, on the marriage-customs of the Kalmucks, ii. 373.

CLASSIFICATION, i. 188.

CLAUS, C., on the sexes of Saphirina, i. 336.

CLEFT-PALATE, inherited, i. 121.

Climacteris erythrops, sexes of, ii. 206.

CLIMATE, i. 115; cool, favourable to human progress, i. 167; power of supporting extremes of, by man, i. 237; want of connexion of, with colour, i. 241.

CLOACA, existence of a, in the early progenitors of man, i. 207.

CLOACAL passage existing in the human embryo, i. 16.

CLUB, origin of the, i. 234.

CLUCKING of fowls, ii. 51.

Clythra 4-punctata, stridulation of, i. 379.

COBRA, ingenuity of a, ii. 31.

Coccus, i. 186.

COCCYX, i. 29, 30; in the human embryo, i. 16; convoluted body at the extremity of the, i. 30; imbedded in the body, i. 151.

COCHIN-CHINA, notions of beauty of the inhabitants of, ii. 345, 347.

COCK, game, killing a kite, ii. 44; blind, fed by its companions, i. 77; comb and wattles of the, ii. 98; preference shown by the, for young hens, ii. 121; game, transparent zone in the hackles of a, ii. 136.

COCK of the rock, ii. 100.

COCKATOOS, ii. 226, 228, 230; nestling, ii. 109; black, immature plumage of, ii. 188.

CŒLENTERATA, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. 321.

COFFEE, fondness of monkeys for, i. 12.

COLD, supposed effects of, i. 116; power of supporting, by man, i. 237.

COLEOPTERA, i. 366; stridulant organs of, discussed, i. 381.

COLLINGWOOD, C., on the pugnacity of the butterflies of Borneo, i. 386; on butterflies being attracted by a dead specimen of the same species, i. 400.

COLOMBIA, flattened heads of savages of, ii. 340.

COLONISTS, success of the English as, i. 179.

COLORATION, protective, in birds, ii. 223.

COLOUR, supposed to be dependent on light and heat, i. 115; correlation of, with immunity from certain poisons and parasites, i. 242; purpose of, in lepidoptera, i. 399; relation of, to sexual functions, in fishes, ii. 14; difference of, in the sexes of snakes, ii. 29; sexual differences of, in lizards, ii. 36; influence of, in the pairing of birds of different species, ii. 115; relation of, to nidification, ii. 167, 172; sexual differences of, in mammals, ii. 286, 294; recognition of, by quadrupeds, ii. 295; of children, in different races of man, ii. 318; of the skin in man, ii. 381.

COLOURS, admired alike by man and animals, i. 64; bright, due to sexual selection, i. 322; bright, among the lower animals, i. 322, 323; bright, protective to butterflies and moths, i. 395; bright, in male fishes, ii. 7, 13; transmission of, in birds, ii. 159.

COLQUHOUN, example of reasoning in a retriever, i. 48.

Columba passerina, young of, ii. 188.

Colymbus glacialis, anomalous young of, ii. 211.

COMB, development of, in fowls, i. 295.

COMBS and wattles in male birds, ii. 98.

COMMUNITY, preservation of variations useful to the, by natural selection, i. 155.

COMPOSITÆ, gradation of species among the, i. 227.

COMTE, C., on the expression of the ideal of beauty by sculpture, ii. 380.

CONDITIONS of life, action of changed, upon man, i. 113; influence of, on plumage of birds, ii. 196.

CONDOR, eyes and comb of the, ii. 129.

CONJUGATIONS, origin of, i. 61.

CONSCIENCE, i. 91, 104; absence of, in some criminals, i. 92.

CONSTITUTION, difference of, in different races of men, i. 216.

CONSUMPTION, liability of Cebus Azaræ to, i. 12; connexion between complexion and, i. 244.

CONVERGENCE, i. 230.

COOING of pigeons and doves, ii. 60.

COOK, Capt., on the nobles of the Sandwich Islands, ii. 356.

COPE, E. D., on the dinosauria, i. 204; on the origin of genera, ii. 215.

Cophotis ceylanica, sexual differences of, ii. 32, 36.

Copris, i. 370.

Copris Isidis, sexual differences of, i. 369.

Copris lunaris, stridulation of, i. 380.

CORALS, bright colours of, i. 322.

CORAL-SNAKES, ii. 31.

Cordylus, sexual difference of colour in a species of, ii. 36.

CORFU, habits of the chaffinch in, i. 307.

CORNELIUS, on the proportions of the sexes in Lucanus Cervus, i. 313.

CORPORA WOLFFIANA, i. 207; agreement of, with the kidneys of fishes, i. 16.

CORRELATED variation, i. 130.

CORRELATION, influence of, in the production of races, i. 247.

CORSE, on the mode of fighting of the elephant, ii. 257.

Corvus corone, ii. 104.

Corvus graculus, red beak of, ii. 227.

Corvus pica, nuptial assembly of, ii. 102.

Corydalis cornutus, large jaws of the male, i. 342.

Cosmetornis, ii. 181.

Cosmetornis vexillarius, elongation of wing-feathers in, ii. 73, 97.

COTINGIDÆ, sexual differences in, i. 269; coloration of the sexes of, ii. 177; resemblance of the females of distinct species of, ii. 192.

Cottus scorpius, sexual differences in, ii. 9.

COUNTING, origin of, i. 181; limited power of, in primeval man, i. 234.

COURAGE, variability of, in the same species, i. 40; universal high appreciation of, i. 95; importance of, i. 162; a characteristic of men, ii. 328.

COURTSHIP, greater eagerness of males in, i. 272; of fishes, ii. 2; of birds, ii. 50, 100.

COW, winter change of the, ii. 299.

CRAB, devil, i. 332.

CRAB, shore, habits of, i. 331.

Crabro cribrarius, dilated tibiæ of the male, i. 343.

CRABS, proportions of the sexes in, i. 315.

CRANZ, on the inheritance of dexterity in seal-catching, i. 117.

CRAWFURD, on the number of species of man, i. 226.

Crenilabrus massa and C. melops, nests built by, ii. 19.

CREST, origin of, in Polish fowls, i. 284.

CRESTS, of birds, difference of, in the sexes, ii. 189; dorsal hairy, of mammals, ii. 282.

CRICKET, field-, stridulation of the, i. 353; pugnacity of male, i. 360.

CRICKET, house-, stridulation of the, i. 352, 354.

CRICKETS, sexual differences in, i. 361.

CRIOCERIDÆ, stridulation of the, i. 379.

CRINOIDS, complexity of, i. 61.

CROAKING of frogs, ii. 27.

CROCODILES, musky odour of, during the breeding season, ii. 29.

CROCODILIA, ii. 28.

CROSSBILLS, characters of young, ii. 184.

CROSSES in man, i. 225.

CROSSING of races, effects of the, i. 241.

Crossoptilon auritum, ii. 93, 166, 196; adornment of both sexes of, i. 290; sexes alike in, ii. 178.

CROTCH, G. R., on the stridulation of beetles, i. 379, 382; on the stridulation of Heliopathes, i. 383; on the stridulation of Acalles, i. 384.

CROW Indians, long hair of the, ii. 348.

CROW, young of the, ii. 209.

CROWS, ii. 226; vocal organs of the, ii. 55; living in triplets, ii. 106.

CROWS, carrion, new mates found by, ii. 104.

CROWS, Indian, feeding their blind companions, i. 77.

CRUELTY of savages to animals, i. 94.

CRUSTACEA, amphipod, males sexually mature while young, ii. 215; parasitic, loss of limbs by female, i. 255; prehensile feet and antennæ of, i. 256; male, more active than female, i. 272; parthenogenesis in, i. 315; secondary sexual characters of, i. 328; auditory hairs of, ii. 333.

CRYSTAL worn in the lower lip by some Central African women, ii. 341.

CUCKOO fowls, i. 294.

CULICIDÆ, i. 254, 349.

CULLEN, Dr., on the throat-pouch of the male bustard, ii. 58.

CULTIVATION of plants, probable origin of, i. 167.

CUPPLES, Mr., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in dogs, sheep, and cattle, i. 304, 305; on the Scotch deerhound, ii. 261; on sexual preference in dogs, ii. 271, 272.

CURCULIONIDÆ, sexual difference in length of snout in some, i. 255; hornlike processes in male, i. 374; musical, i. 378, 379.

CURIOSITY, manifestations of, by animals, i. 42.

CURLEWS, double moult in, ii. 80.

CURSORES, comparative absence of sexual differences among the, i. 269.

CURTIS, J., on the proportion of the sexes in Athalia, i. 314.

CUVIER, F., on the recognition of women by male quadrumana, i. 13.

CUVIER, G., views of, as to the position of man, i. 190; on instinct and intelligence, i. 37; on the number of caudal vertebræ in the mandrill, i. 150; on the position of the seals, i. 190; on Hectocotyle, i. 325.

Cyanecula suecica, sexual differences of, ii. 195.

Cyanalcyon, sexual difference in colours of, ii. 173; immature plumage of, ii. 188.

Cychrus, sounds produced by, i. 382.

Cycnia mendica, sexual difference of colour in, i. 398.

Cygnus ferus, trachea of, ii. 59.

Cygnus olor, white young of, ii. 211.

Cyllo Leda, instability of the ocellated spots of, ii. 133.

Cynanthus, variation in the genus, ii. 125.

CYNIPIDÆ, proportions of the sexes in, i. 314.

Cynocephalus, difference of the young, from the adult, i. 13; male, recognition of women by, i. 13; polygamous habits of species of, i. 266.

Cynocephalus chacma, i. 41.

Cynocephalus gelada, i. 51.

Cynocephalus hamadryas, i. 51; sexual difference of colour in, ii. 291.

Cynocephalus leucophus, colours of the sexes of, ii. 292.

Cynocephalus mormon, colours of the male, ii. 292, 296, 310.

Cynocephalus porcarius, mane of the male, ii. 267.

Cypridina, proportions of the sexes in, i. 315.

CYPRINIDÆ, proportion of the sexes in the, i. 308.

CYPRINIDÆ, Indian, ii. 17.

CYPRINODONTIDÆ, sexual differences in the, ii. 7, 9.

Cyprinus auratus, ii. 16.

Cyprinus phoxinus, spawning of, ii. 15.

Cypris, relations of the sexes in, i. 315.

Cystophora cristata, hood of, ii. 278.

Dacelo, sexual difference of colour in, ii. 174.

Dacelo Gaudichaudi, young male of, ii. 188.

DAL-RIPA, a kind of ptarmigan, i. 306.

Damalis albifrons, peculiar markings of, ii. 301.

Damalis pygarga, peculiar markings of, ii. 300.

DAMPNESS of climate, supposed influence of, on the colour of the skin, i. 116, 242.

Danaidæ, i. 387.

DANCES of birds, ii. 68.

DANCING, i. 232.

DANIELL, Dr., his experience of residence in West Africa, i. 245.

DARFUR, protuberances artificially produced in, ii. 339.

DARWIN, F., on the stridulation of Dermestes murinus, i. 379.

Dasychira pudibunda, sexual difference of colour in, i. 398.

DAVIS, A. H., on the pugnacity of the male stag-beetle, i. 375.

DAVIS, J. B., on the capacity of the skull in various races of men, i. 146; on the beards of the Polynesians, ii. 322.

DEATH-RATE higher in towns than in rural districts, i. 175.

DEATH-TICK, i. 384.

DE CANDOLLE, Alph., on a case of inherited power of moving the scalp, i. 20.

DECLENSIONS, origin of, i. 61.

DECORATION in birds, ii. 71.

Decticus, i. 355.

DEER, spots of young, ii. 184, 303; horns of, ii. 243, 248; use of horns of, ii. 252, 263; size of the horns of, ii. 259; female, pairing with one male, whilst others are fighting for her, ii. 269; male, attracted by the voice of the female, ii. 276; male, odour emitted by, ii. 279; development of the horns in, i. 288; horns of a, in course of modification, ii. 255.

DEER, Axis, sexual, difference in the colour of the, ii. 290.

DEER, fallow, different coloured herds of, ii. 295.

DEER, Mantchurian, ii. 303.

DEER, Virginian, ii. 303; colour of the, not affected by castration, ii. 288; colours of, ii. 289.

DEERHOUND, Scotch, greater size of the male, i. 293, ii. 260.

DEFENSIVE organs of mammals, ii. 263.

DE GEER, C., on a female spider destroying a male, i. 339.

DEKAY, Dr., on the bladder-nose seal, ii. 278.

DEMERARA, yellow fever in, i. 243.

Dendrocygna, ii. 185.

Dendrophila frontalis, young of, ii. 220.

DENNY, H., on the lice of domestic animals, i. 219.

Dermestes murinus, stridulation of, i. 379.

DESCENT traced through the mother alone, ii. 359.

DESERTS, protective colouring of animals inhabiting, ii. 224.

DESMAREST, on the absence of suborbital pits in Antilope subgutturosa, ii. 280; on the whiskers of Macacus, ii. 283; on the colour of the opossum, ii. 286; on the colours of the sexes of Mus minutus, ii. 286; on the colouring of the ocelot, ii. 287; on the colours of seals, ii. 287; on Antilope caama, ii. 289; on the colours of goats, ii. 290; on sexual difference of colour in Ateles marginatus, ii. 291; on the mandrill, ii. 293; on Macacus cynomolgus, ii. 318.

DESMOULINS, on the number of species of man, i. 226; on the musk-deer, ii. 281.

DESOR, on the imitation of man by monkeys, i. 44.

DESPINE, P., on criminals destitute of conscience, i. 92.

DEVELOPMENT, embryonic, of man, i. 14, 16; correlated, ii. 130.

DEVIL, not believed in by the Fuegians, i. 67.

DEVIL-CRAB, i. 332.

DEVONIAN, fossil insect from the, i. 360.

DEWLAPS, of cattle and antelopes, ii. 284.

Diadema, sexual differences of colouring in the species of, i. 388.

Diadema anomala, mimickry by the female of, i. 413.

Diadema bolina, i. 413.

DIAMOND-BEETLES, bright colours of, i. 367.

DIASTEMA, occurrence of, in man, i. 126.

DIASTYLIDÆ, proportion of the sexes in, i. 315.

DIODORUS, on the absence of beard in the natives of Ceylon, ii. 321.

Dicrurus, racket-shaped feathers in, ii. 73; nidification of, ii. 167.

Dicrurus macrocercus, change of plumage in, ii. 179.

Didelphis opossum, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 286.

DIFFERENCES, comparative, between different species of birds of the same sex, ii. 192.

DIGITS, supernumerary, more frequent in men than in women, i. 276; supernumerary, inheritance of, i. 285; supernumerary, early development of, i. 292.

DIMORPHISM in females of water-beetles, i. 343; in Neurothemis and Agrion, i. 363.

Dipelicus Cantori, sexual differences of, i. 369.

DIPLOPODA, prehensile limbs of the male, i. 340.

Dipsas cynodon, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 29.

DIPTERA, i. 348.

DISEASE, generated by the contact of distinct peoples, i. 239.

DISEASES common to man and the lower animals, i. 11; difference of liability to, in different races of men, i. 216; new, effects of, upon savages, i. 238; sexually limited, i. 292.

DISPLAY, coloration of Lepidoptera for, i. 395; of plumage by male birds, ii. 86, 96.

DISTRIBUTION, wide, of man, i. 137; geographical, as evidence of specific distinctness in man, i. 218.

DISUSE, effects of, in producing rudimentary organs, i. 18; and use of parts, effects of, i. 116; of parts, influence of, on the races of men, i. 247.

DIVORCE, freedom of, among the Charruas, ii. 372.

DIXON, E. S., on the habits of the guinea-fowl, i. 270; on the pairing of different species of geese, ii. 114; on the courtship of peafowl, ii. 121.

DOBRIZHOFFER, on the marriage-customs of the Abipones, ii. 374.

DOGS, suffering from Tertian ague, i. 13; memory of, i. 45; domestic, progress of, in moral qualities, i. 50; distinct tones uttered by, i. 54; parallelism between his affection for his master and religious feeling, i. 68; sociability of the, i. 74; sympathy of, with a sick cat, i. 77; sympathy of, with his master, i. 77; possible use of the hair on the forelegs of the, i. 193; races of the, i. 229; diverging when drawing sledges over thin ice, i. 40; dreaming, i. 46, 158; exercise of reasoning faculties by, i. 48; their possession of conscience, i. 78; numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 304; sexual affection between individuals of, ii. 270; howling at certain notes, ii. 333; rolling in carrion, ii. 281.

DOLICHOCEPHALIC structure, possible cause of, i. 148.

DOLPHINS, nakedness of, i. 148.

DOMESTIC animals, races of, i. 229; change of breeds of, ii. 369.

DOMESTICATION, influence of, in removing the sterility of hybrids, i. 222.

D’ORBIGNY, A., on the influence of dampness and dryness on the colour of the skin, i. 242; on the Yura-caras ii. 347.

DOTTEREL, ii. 203.

DOUBLEDAY, E., on sexual differences in the wings of butterflies, i. 345.

DOUBLEDAY, H., on the proportion of the sexes in the smaller moths, i. 311; on the attraction of the males of Lasiocampa quercus and Saturnia carpini by the female, i. 312; on the proportion of the sexes in the Lepidoptera, i. 312; on the ticking of Anobium tessellatum, i. 385; on the structure of Ageronia feronia, i. 387; on white butterflies alighting upon paper, i. 400.

DOUGLAS, J. W., on the sexual differences of the Hemiptera, i. 349; on the colours of British Homoptera, i. 352.

DOWN, of birds, ii. 80.

Draco, gular appendages of, ii. 33.

DRAGONET, Gemmeous, ii. 7.

DRAGON-FLIES, caudal appendages of male, i. 344; relative size of the sexes of, i. 347; difference in the sexes of, i. 361; want of pugnacity by the male, i. 364.

DRAKE, breeding plumage of the, ii. 84.

DREAMS, i. 46; a possible source of the belief in spiritual agencies, i. 66.

DRILL, sexual difference of colour in the, ii. 291.

Dromœus irroratus, ii. 204.

Dromolæa, Saharan species of, ii. 172.

DRONGO shrike, ii. 179.

DRONGOS, racket-shaped feathers in the tails of, ii. 73, 83.

DRYNESS, of climate, supposed influence of, on the colour of the skin, i. 242.

Dryopithecus, i. 199.

DUCK, harlequin, age of mature plumage in the, ii. 213; breeding in immature plumage, ii. 214.

DUCK, long-tailed, preference of male, for certain females, ii. 122.

DUCK, pintail, pairing with a wigeon, ii. 114.

DUCK, voice of the, ii. 60; pairing with a shield-drake, ii. 114; immature plumage of the, ii. 188.

DUCK, wild, sexual differences in the, i. 268; speculum and male characters of, i. 291; pairing with a pintail drake, ii. 115.

DUCKS, dogs and cats recognised by, ii. 110; wild, becoming polygamous under partial domestication, i. 270.

DUGONG, tusks of, ii. 242; nakedness of, i. 148.

DUJARDIN, on the relative size of the cerebral ganglia in insects, i. 145.

DUNCAN, Dr., on the fertility of early marriages, i. 174.

DUPONT, M., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, i. 29.

DURAND, J. P., on causes of variation, i. 113.

DUREAU de la Malle, on the songs of birds, i. 55; on the acquisition of an air by blackbirds, ii. 55.

DUTCH, retention of their colour by the, in South Africa, i. 242.

DUTY, sense of, i. 70.

DUVAUCEL, female Hylobates washing her young, i. 40.

DYAKS, pride of, in mere homicide, i. 94.

Dynastes, large size of males of, i. 347.

DYNASTINI, stridulation of, i. 381.

Dytiscus, dimorphism of females of, i. 343; grooved elytra of the female, i. 343.

EAGLE, young Cercopithecus rescued from, by the troop, i. 75.

EAGLE, white-headed, breeding in immature plumage, ii. 214.

EAGLES, golden, new mates found by, ii. 105.

EAR, motion of the, i. 20; external shell of the, useless in man, i. 21; rudimentary point of the, in man, i. 22.

EARS, piercing and ornamentation of the, ii. 341.

Echidna, i. 201.

Echini, bright colours of some, i. 322.

ECHINODERMATA, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. 321.

ECKER, figure of the human embryo, i. 15; on sexual differences in the pelvis in man, ii. 317; on the presence of a sagittal crest in Australians, ii. 319.

EDENTATA, former wide range of, in America, i. 219; absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. 268.

Edolius, racket-shaped feathers in, ii. 73.

EDWARDS, Mr., on the proportion of the sexes in North American species of Papilio, i. 309.

EGERTON, Sir P., on the use of the antlers of deer, ii. 252; on the pairing of red deer, ii. 269; on the bellowing of stags, ii. 275.

EGGS, hatched by male fishes, ii. 20.

EGRET, Indian, sexes and young of, ii. 217.

EGRETS, breeding plumage of, ii. 82; white, ii. 228.

EHRENBERG, on the mane of the male Hamadryas baboon, ii. 267.

EKSTRÖM, M., on Harelda glacialis, ii. 122.

Elachista rufocinerea, habits of male, i. 311.

ELAND, development of the horns of the, i. 289.

ELANDS, sexual differences of colour in, ii. 288.

Elaphomyia, sexual differences in, i. 349.

Elaphrus uliginosus, stridulation of, i. 379.

Elaps, ii. 31.

ELATERIDÆ, proportions of the sexes in, i. 313.

ELATERS, luminous, i. 345.

ELEPHANT, i. 200; nakedness of the, i. 148; rate of increase of the, i. 135; Indian, polygamous habits of the, i. 267; pugnacity of the male, ii. 240; tusks of, ii. 242, 243, 248, 249, 258; Indian, mode of fighting, of the, ii. 257; male, odour emitted by the, ii. 279; attacking white or grey horses, ii. 295.

ELEVATION of abode, modifying influence of, i. 120.

ELIMINATION of inferior individuals, i. 172.

ELK, ii, 249; winter change of the, ii. 299.

ELK, Irish, horns of the, ii. 259.

ELLICE Islands, beards of the natives, ii. 322, 349.

ELLIOT, R., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in young rats, i. 305; on the proportion of the sexes in sheep, i. 305.

ELLIOTT, D. G., on Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, ii. 80.

ELLIOTT, Sir W., on the polygamous habits of the Indian wild boar, i. 267.

ELLIS, on the prevalence of infanticide in Polynesia, ii. 364.

ELPHINSTONE, Mr., on local differences of stature among the Hindoos, i. 115; on the difficulty of distinguishing the native races of India, i. 215.

ELYTRA, of the females of Dytiscus, Acilius, Hydroporus, i. 343.

Emberiza, characters of young, ii. 184.

Emberiza miliaria, ii. 185.

Emberiza schœniculus, ii. 111; head-feathers of the male, ii. 95.

EMBRYO of man, i. 14, 15; of the dog, i. 15.

EMBRYOS of mammals, resemblance of the, i. 32.

EMIGRATION, i. 172.

EMOTIONS experienced by the lower animals in common with man, i. 39; manifested by animals, i. 42.

EMPEROR moth, i. 398.

EMULATION of singing-birds, ii. 53.

EMU, sexes and incubation of, ii. 204.

ENDURANCE, estimation of, i. 95.

ENERGY, a characteristic of men, ii. 328.

ENGLAND, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 300.

ENGLEHEART, Mr., on the finding of new mates by starlings, ii. 106.

ENGLISH, success of, as colonists, i. 179.

ENGRAVERS, short-sighted, i. 118.

ENTOMOSTRACA, i. 332.

ENTOZOA, difference of colour between the males and females of some, i. 321.

EOCENE, possible divergence of man during the, i. 200.

EOLIDÆ, colours of, produced by the biliary glands, i. 323.

Epeira, i. 337.

Epeira nigra, small size of the male of, i. 338.

EPHEMERÆ, i. 341.

EPHEMERIDÆ, i. 361.

EPHEMERINA, proportions of the sexes in, i. 314.

Ephippiger vitium, stridulating organs of, i. 354, 358.

Epicalia, sexual differences of colouring in the species of, i. 388.

Equus hemionus, winter change of, ii. 298.

Erateina, coloration of, i. 397.

ERECT attitude of man, i. 141, 142.

ESCHRICHT, on the development of hair in man, i. 24; on a lanuginous moustache in a female fœtus, i. 25; on the want of definition between the scalp and the forehead in some children, i. 192; on the arrangement of the hair in the human fœtus, i. 193; on the hairiness of the face in the human fœtus of both sexes, ii. 379, 380.

Esmeralda, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. 368.

Esox lucius, i. 308.

Esox reticulatus, ii. 14.

ESQUIMAUX, i. 157, 167; their belief in the inheritance of dexterity in seal-catching, i. 117; mode of life of, i. 246.

Estrelda amandava, pugnacity of the male, ii. 49.

Eubagis, sexual differences of colouring in the species of, i. 389.

Euchirus longimanus, sound produced by, i. 381.

Eudromias morinellus, ii. 203.

Eulampis jugularis, colours of the female, ii. 168.

EULER, on the rate of increase in the United States, i. 131.

Eumomota superciliaris, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of, ii. 73.

Eupetomena macroura, colours of the female, ii. 168.

Euphema splendida, ii. 174.

Euplocamus erythropthalmus, possession of spurs by the female, ii. 46.

Euplœa midamas, mimickry of, by the female of Diadema anomala, i. 413.

EUROPE, ancient inhabitants of, i. 237.

EUROPEANS, difference of, from Hindoos, i. 240; hairiness of, probably due to reversion, ii. 378.

Eurostopodus, sexes of, ii. 206.

Eurygnathus, different proportions of the head in the sexes of, i. 344.

Eustephanus, sexual differences of species of, ii. 39; young of, ii. 220.

EXAGGERATION of natural characters by man, ii. 351.

EXOGAMY, ii. 360, 364.

EXPRESSION, resemblances in, between man and the apes, i. 191.

EXTINCTION of races, causes of, i. 238.

EYE, destruction of the, i. 116; change of position in, i. 147; obliquity of, regarded as a beauty by the Chinese and Japanese, ii. 345.

EYEBROWS, elevation of, i. 19; development of long hairs in, i. 25; in monkeys, i. 192; eradicated in parts of South America and Africa, ii. 340; eradication of, by the Indians of Paraguay, ii. 348.

EYELIDS, coloured black, in part of Africa, ii. 339.

EYELASHES, eradication of, by the Indians of Paraguay, ii. 348.

EYES, difference in the colour of, in the sexes of birds, ii. 128; pillared, of the male of Chloëon, i. 341.

EYTON, T. C., observations on the development of the horns in the fallow-deer, i. 288.

EYZIES, Les, human remains from, i. 237.

FABRE, M., on the habits of Cerceris, i. 364.

FACIAL bones, causes of modification of the, i. 147.

FACULTIES, mental, variation of, in the same species, i. 36; diversity of, in the same race of men, i. 109; inheritance of, i. 110; diversity of, in animals of the same species, i. 110; of birds, ii. 108.

FAKIRS, Indian, tortures undergone by, i. 96.

Falco leucocephalus, ii. 214.

Falco peregrinus, ii. 104, 179.

Falco tinnunculus, ii. 109.

FALCON, peregrine, new mate found by, ii. 104.

FALCONER, H., on the mode of fighting of the Indian elephant, ii. 257; on canines in a female deer, ii. 258; on Hyomoschus aquaticus, ii. 304.

FALKLAND islands, horses of, i. 236.

FALLOW-DEER, different coloured herds of, ii. 295.

FAMINES, frequency of, among savages, i. 333.

FARR, Dr., on the structure of the uterus, i. 123; on the effects of profligacy, i. 173; on the influence of marriage on mortality, i. 175.

FARRAR, F. W., on the origin of language, i. 56; on the crossing or blending of languages, i. 60; on the absence of the idea of God in certain races of men, i. 65; on early marriages of the poor, i. 173; on the middle ages, i. 178.

FASHIONS, long prevalence of, among savages, ii. 343, 352.

FAYE, Prof., on the numerical proportion of male and female births in Norway and Russia, i. 301; on the greater mortality of male children at and before birth, i. 302.

FEATHERS, modified, producing sounds, ii. 63 et seqq., 163; elongated, in male birds, ii. 72, 97; racket-shaped, ii. 73; barbless and with filamentous barbs in certain birds, ii. 74; shedding of margins of, ii. 85.

FEEDING, high, probable influence of, in the pairing of birds of different species, ii. 115.

FEET, modification of, in man, i. 141; thickening of the skin on the soles of the, i. 118.

Felis canadensis, throat-ruff of, ii. 267.

Felis pardalis and F. mitis, sexual differences in the colouring of, ii. 287.

FEMALE, behaviour of the, during courtship, i. 273.

FEMALE birds, differences of, ii. 193.

FEMALES, presence of rudimentary male organs in, i. 208; preference of, for certain males, i. 262; pursuit of, by males, i. 272; occurrence of secondary sexual characters in, i. 276; development of male characters by, i. 280.

FEMALES and males, comparative mortality of, while young, i. 264, 276; comparative numbers of, i. 261, 263.

FEMUR and tibia, proportions of, in the Aymara Indians, i. 119.

FERGUSON, Mr., on the courtship of fowls, ii. 118.

FERTILIZATION, phenomena of, in plants, i. 273; in the lower animals, i. 274.

FEVERS, immunity of Negroes and Mulattoes from, i. 243.

Fiber zibethicus, protective colouring of, ii. 298.

FIDELITY of savages to one another, i. 95; importance of, i. 162.

FIELD-SLAVES, difference of, from house-slaves, i. 246.

FIJIANS, burying their old and sick parents alive, i. 77; estimation of the beard among the, ii. 349; admiration of, for a broad occiput, ii. 352.

FIJI Islands, beards of the natives, ii. 322, 349; marriage-customs of the, ii. 373.

FILIAL affection, partly the result of natural selection, i. 81.

FILUM terminale, i. 30.

FINCH, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, ii. 73.

FINCHES, spring change of colour in, ii. 85; British, females of the, ii. 193.

FINGERS, partially coherent, in species of Hylobates, i. 140.

FINLAYSON, on the Cochin Chinese, ii. 345.

FIRE, use of, i. 137, 183, 234.

FISCHER, on the pugnacity of the male of Lethrus cephalotes, i. 376.

FISH, proportion of the sexes in, i. 307; eagerness of male, i. 272.

FISHES, kidneys of, represented by Corpora Wolffiana in the human embryo, i. 16; male, hatching ova in their mouths, i. 210; receptacles for ova possessed by, i. 254; relative size of the sexes in, ii. 7; freshwater, of the tropics, ii. 17; protective resemblances in, ii. 18; nest-building, ii. 19; spawning of, ii. 19; sounds produced by, ii. 23, 331; continued growth of, ii. 216.

Flexor pollicis longus, similar variation of, in man, i. 129.

FLINT tools, i. 183.

FLINTS, difficulty of chipping into form, i. 138.

FLORIDA, Quiscalus major in, i. 307.

FLOUNDER, coloration of the, ii. 18.

FLOWER, W. H., on the abductor of the fifth metatarsal in apes, i. 128; on the position of the Seals, i. 190; on the throat-pouch of the male Bustard, ii. 58.

FLY-CATCHERS, colours and nidification of, ii. 170.

FŒTUS, human, woolly covering of the, i. 25; arrangement of the hair on, i. 193.

FOOD, influence of, upon stature, i. 115.

FOOT, prehensile, in the early progenitors of man, i. 206; prehensile power of the, retained in some savages, i. 142.

FORAMEN, supra-condyloid, exceptional occurrence of in the humerus of man, i. 28, 130; in the early progenitors of man, i. 206.

FORBES, D., on the Aymara Indians, i. 119; on local variation of colour in the Quechuas, i. 246; on the hairlessness of the Aymaras and Quechuas, ii. 322; on the long hair of the Aymaras and Quechuas, ii. 320, 348.

FOREL, F., on white young swans, ii. 211.

Formica rufo, size of the cerebral ganglia in, i. 145.

FOSSILS, absence of, connecting man with the apes, i. 201.

FOWL, occurrence of spurs in the female, i. 280; game, early pugnacity of, i. 295; Polish, early development of cranial peculiarities of, i. 295; variations in plumage of, ii. 74; examples of correlated development in the, ii. 130; domestic, breeds and sub-breeds of, ii. 178.

FOWLS, spangled Hamburgh, i. 281, 294; sexual peculiarities in, transmitted only to the same sex, i. 283; loss of secondary sexual characters by male, i. 284; inheritance of changes of plumage by, i. 281; Polish, origin of the crest in, i. 284; period of inheritance of characters by, i. 294; cuckoo-, i. 294; development of the comb in, i. 295; numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. 306; courtship of, ii. 117; mongrel, between a black Spanish cock and different hens, ii. 131; pencilled Hamburgh, difference of the sexes in, ii. 158; Spanish, sexual differences of the comb in, ii. 158; spurred, in both sexes, ii. 162.

FOX, W. D., on some half-tamed wild ducks becoming polygamous, and on polygamy in the guinea-fowl and canary-bird, i. 270; on the proportion of the sexes in cattle, i. 305; on the pugnacity of the peacock, ii. 46; on a nuptial assembly of magpies, ii. 102; on the finding of new mates by crows, ii. 104; on partridges living in triplets, ii. 107; on the pairing of a goose with a Chinese gander, ii. 114.

FOXES, wariness of young, in hunting districts, i. 50; black, ii. 294.

FRANCE, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 301.

FRANCESCO, B., on the Simian resemblances of man, i. 4.

FRASER, C., on the different colours of the sexes in a species of Squilla, i. 335.

Fringilla cannabina, ii. 86.

Fringilla ciris, age of mature plumage in, ii. 213.

Fringilla cyanea, age of mature plumage in, ii. 213.

Fringilla leucophrys, young of, ii. 217.

Fringilla spinus, ii. 115.

Fringilla tristis, change of colour in, in spring, ii. 85; young of, ii. 216.

FRINGILLIDÆ, resemblance of the females of distinct species of, ii. 192.

FROGS, ii. 25; male, temporary receptacles for ova possessed by, i. 254; ready to breed before the females, i. 260; vocal organs of, ii. 28.

FRONTAL bone, persistence of the suture in, i. 124.

FRUITS, poisonous, avoided by animals, i. 36.

FUEGIANS, i. 167, 181; mental capacity of the, i. 34; quasi-religious sentiments of the, i. 67; power of sight in the, i. 118; skill of, in stone-throwing, i. 138; resistance of the, to their severe climate, i. 156, 237; difference of stature among the, i. 115; mode of life of the, i. 246; resemblance of, in mental characters, to Europeans, i. 232; aversion of, to hair on the face, ii. 348; said to admire European women, ii. 351.

FULGORIDÆ, songs of the, i. 351.

FUR, whiteness of, in arctic animals, in winter, i. 282.

FUR-BEARING animals, acquired sagacity of, i. 50.

Gallicrex, sexual difference in the colour of the irides in, ii. 128.

Gallicrex cristatus, red caruncle occurring in the male during the breeding-season, ii. 80.

GALLINACEÆ, frequency of polygamous habits and of sexual differences in the, i. 269; love-gestures of, ii. 68; decomposed feathers in, ii. 74; stripes of young, ii. 184; comparative sexual differences between the species of, ii. 192, 194; plumage of, ii. 195.

GALLINACEOUS birds, weapons of the male, ii. 44; racket-shaped feathers on the heads of, ii. 73.

Gallinula chloropus, pugnacity of male, ii. 40.

Gallinula cristata, pugnacity of the male, ii. 41.

Galloperdix, spurs of, ii. 46; development of spurs in the female, ii. 162.

Gallophasis, young of, ii. 190.

Gallus bankiva, ii. 158; neck-hackles of, ii. 84.

Gallus Stanleyi, pugnacity of the male, ii. 44.

GALLS, i. 152.

GALTON, Mr., on the struggle between the social and personal impulses, i. 104; on hereditary genius, i. 111; on the effects of natural selection on civilised nations, i. 168; on the sterility of sole daughters, i. 170; on the degree of fertility of people of genius, i. 171; on the early marriages of the poor, i. 173; on the ancient Greeks, i. 177; on the Middle Ages, i. 178; on the progress of the United States, i. 179; on South African notions of beauty, ii. 347.

Gammarus, use of the chelæ of, i. 331.

Gammarus marinus, i. 334.

GANNETS, white only when mature, ii. 228.

GANOIDEI, i. 204.

GANOID fishes, i. 212.

GAOUR, horns of the, ii. 247.

GAP between man and the apes, i. 200.

GAPER, sexes and young of, ii. 217.

GARDNER, on an example of rationality in a Gelasimus, i. 334.

Garrulus glandarius, ii. 104.

GÄRTNER, on sterility of hybrid plants, i. 223.

GASTEROPODA, i. 324; pulmoniferous, courtship of, i. 324.

Gasterosteus, i. 271; nidification of, ii. 20.

Gasterosteus leiurus, ii. 2, 14, 20.

Gasterosteus trachurus, ii. 2.

Gastrophora, wings of, brightly coloured beneath, i. 397.

GAUCHOS, want of humanity among the, i. 101.

GAUDRY, M., on a fossil monkey, i. 197.

Gavia, seasonal change of plumage in, ii. 228.

GEESE, clanging noise made by, ii. 51; pairing of different species of, ii. 114; Canada, selection of mates by, ii. 116.

GEGENBAUR, C., on the number of digits in the Ichthyopterygia, i. 125; on the hermaphroditism of the remote progenitors of the vertebrata, i. 207.

Gelasimus, use of the enlarged chela of the male, i. 331; pugnacity of males of, i. 333; proportions of the sexes in a species of, i. 315; rational actions of a, i. 334; difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, i. 336.

GEMMULES, sexual selection of, i. 285.

GENESIS, i. 318.

GENIUS, ii. 328; hereditary, i. 111.

GENIUS, fertility of men and women of, i. 171.

GEOFFROY-SAINT-HILAIRE, Isid., on the recognition of women by male quadrumana, i. 13; on the occurrence of a rudimentary tail in man, i. 29; on monstrosities, i. 113; on animal-like anomalies in the human structure, i. 125; on the correlation of monstrosities, i. 130; on the distribution of hair in man and monkeys, i. 149; on the caudal vertebræ of monkeys, i. 150; on correlated variability, i. 151; on the classification of man, i. 186; on the long hair on the heads of species of Semnopithecus, i. 192; on the hair in monkeys, i. 194; on the development of horns in female deer, ii. 244; and F. Cuvier, on the mandrill, ii. 293; on Hylobates, ii. 318, 320.

GEOGRAPHICAL distribution, as evidence of specific distinctions in man, i. 218.

GEOMETRÆ, brightly coloured beneath, i. 397.

Geophagus, frontal protuberance of male, ii. 13, 20; eggs hatched by the male, in the mouth or branchial cavity, ii. 200.

GEORGIA, change of colour in Germans settled in, i. 246.

Geotrupes, stridulation of, i. 380, 382.

GERBE, M., on the nest-building of Crenilabrus massa and C. melops, ii. 19.

GERLAND, Dr., on the prevalence of infanticide, i. 94; ii. 344, 364; on the extinction of races, i. 237, 238.

GERVAIS, P., on the hairiness of the gorilla, i. 149; on the mandrill, ii. 293.

GESTURE-LANGUAGE, i. 232.

GHOST-MOTH, sexual difference of colour in the, i. 399, 402.

GIBB, Sir D., on differences of the voice in different races of men, ii. 330.

GIBBON, Hoolock, nose of, i. 192.

GIBBONS, voice of, ii. 276.

GIRAFFE, mute, except in the rutting season, ii. 274; its mode of using the horns, ii. 250.

GIRAUD-TEULON, on the cause of short sight, i. 118.

GLANDERS, communicable between man and the lower animals, i. 11.

GLANDS, odoriferous, in mammals, ii. 279, 281.

Glareola, double moult in, ii. 80.

Glomeris limbata, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. 340.

GLOWWORM, female, apterous, i. 255; luminosity of the, i. 345.

GNATS, dances of, i. 349.

GNU, sexual differences in the colour of the, ii. 289.

GOAT, male, wild, falling on his horns, ii. 249; male, odour emitted by, ii. 279; male, wild, crest of the, ii. 282; Berbura, mane, dewlap, &c., of the male, ii. 284; Kemas, sexual difference in the colour of the, ii. 289.

GOATS, sexual differences in the horns of, i. 283; horns of, i. 289, ii. 246; domestic, sexual differences of, late developed, i. 293; beards of, ii. 282; mode of fighting of, ii. 249, 250.

GOAT-SUCKER, Virginian, pairing of the, ii. 49.

GOBIES, nidification of, ii. 20.

GOD, want of the idea of, in some races of men, i. 65.

GODRON, M., on variability, i. 112; on difference of stature, i. 115; on the want of connexion between climate and the colour of the skin, i. 241; on the odour of the skin, i. 248; on the colour of infants, ii. 318.

GOLDFINCH, ii. 56, 85; proportion of the sexes in the, i. 307; sexual differences of the beak in the, ii. 39; courtship of the, ii. 95.

GOLDFINCH, North American, young of, ii. 216.

GOLDFISH, ii. 16.

Gomphus, proportions of the sexes in, i. 314; difference in the sexes of, i. 362.

Gonepteryx Rhamni, i. 393; sexual difference of colour in, i. 409.

GOODSIR, Prof., on the affinity of the lancelet to the ascidians, i. 205.

GOOSANDER, young of, ii. 189.

GOOSE, Antarctic, colours of the, ii. 228.

GOOSE, Canada, pairing with a Bernicle gander, ii. 114.

GOOSE, Chinese, knob on the beak of the, ii. 129.

GOOSE, Egyptian, ii. 46.

GOOSE, Sebastopol, plumage of, ii. 74.

GOOSE, Snow-, whiteness of the, ii. 228.

GOOSE, Spur-winged, ii. 46.

GORILLA, ii. 323; semi-erect attitude of the, i. 142; mastoid processes of the, i. 143; direction of the hair on the arms of the, i. 192; supposed evolution of the, i. 230; polygamy of the, i. 266, ii. 361, 362; voice of the, ii. 276; cranium of, ii. 318; fighting of male, ii. 324.

GOSSE, P. H., on the pugnacity of the male Humming-birds, ii. 40.

GOSSE, M., on the inheritance of artificial modifications of the skull, ii. 380.

GOULD, B. A., on variation in the length of the legs in man, i. 108; measurements of American soldiers, i. 114, 116; on the proportions of the body and capacity of the lungs in different races of men, i. 216; on the inferior vitality of mulattoes, i. 221.

GOULD, J., on the arrival of male snipes before the females, i. 260; on the numerical proportion of the sexes in birds, i. 306; on Neomorpha, ii. 39; on the species of Eustephanus, ii. 39; on the Australian Musk-duck, ii. 39; on the relative size of the sexes in Biziura lobata and Cincloramphus cruralis, ii. 43; on Lobivanellus lobatus, ii. 48; on the habits of Menura Alberti, ii. 56; on the rarity of song in brilliant birds, ii. 58; on Selasphorus platycercus, ii. 65; on the Bower-birds, ii. 69, 102; on the ornamental plumage of the Humming-birds, ii. 78; on the moulting of the ptarmigan, ii. 83; on the display of plumage by the male Humming-birds, ii. 86; on the shyness of adorned male birds, ii. 97; on the decoration of the bowers of Bower-birds, ii. 112; on the decoration of their nests by Humming-birds, ii. 112; on variation in the genus Cynanthus, ii. 125; on the colour of the thighs in a male parakeet, ii. 126; on Urosticte Benjamini, ii. 151, 152; on the nidification of the Orioles, ii. 168; on obscurely-coloured birds building concealed nests, ii. 169; on Trogons and Kingfishers, ii. 173; on Australian parrots, ii. 174; on Australian pigeons, ii. 175; on the moulting of the ptarmigan, ii. 181; on the immature plumage of birds, ii. 186 et seq.; on the Australian species of Turnix, ii. 201; on the young of Aïthurus polytmus, ii. 220; on the colours of the bills of Toucans, ii. 227; on the relative size of the sexes in the Marsupials of Australia, ii. 260; on the colours of the Marsupials, ii. 286.

GOUREAU, on the stridulation of Mutilla europæa, i. 366.

GOUT, sexually transmitted, i. 292.

GRABA, on the Pied Ravens of the Feroe Islands, ii. 126; on the Bridled Guillemot, ii. 127.

GRADATION of secondary sexual characters in birds, ii. 135.

GRALLATORES, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. 270; double moult in some, ii. 81.

Grallina, nidification of, ii. 169.

GRASSHOPPERS, stridulation of the, i. 356.

GRATIOLET, Prof., on the anthropomorphous apes, i. 196; on the evolution of the anthropomorphous apes, i. 230.

GRAY, Asa, on the gradation of species among the Compositæ, i. 227.

GRAY, J. E., on the caudal vertebræ of monkeys, i. 150; on the presence of rudiments of horns in the female of Cervulus moschatus, ii. 245; on the horns of goats and sheep, ii. 246; on the beard of the Ibex, ii. 283; on the Berbura goat, ii. 285; on sexual differences in the coloration of Rodents, ii. 286; on the colours of the Elands, ii. 288; on the Sing-sing antelope, ii. 289; on the colours of goats, ii. 290; on the Hog-deer, ii. 303.

“GREATEST happiness principle,” i. 97, 98.

GREEKS, ancient, i. 177.

GREEN, A. H., on beavers fighting, ii. 239; on the voice of the beaver, ii. 277.

GREENFINCH, selected by a female canary, ii. 115.

GREG, W. R., on the early marriages of the poor, i. 173; on the Ancient Greeks, i. 178; on the effects of natural selection on civilised nations, i. 167.

GRENADIERS, Prussian, i. 112.

GREY, Sir G., on female infanticide in Australia, ii. 364.

GREYHOUNDS, numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. 263, 265; numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 304.

GROUSE, red, monogamous, i. 269; pugnacity of young male, ii. 48; producing a sound by scraping their wings upon the ground, ii. 61; duration of courtship of, ii. 100; colours and nidification of, ii. 170.

GRUBE, Dr., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, i. 28.

Grus americanus, age of mature plumage in, ii. 213; breeding in immature plumage, ii. 214.

Grus virgo, trachea of, ii. 60.

Gryllus campestris, i. 353; pugnacity of male, i. 360.

Gryllus domesticus, i. 354.

Grypus, sexual differences in the beak in, ii. 39.

GUANACOES, battles of, ii. 239; canine teeth of, ii. 257.

GUANAS, strife for women among the, ii. 324; polyandry among the, ii. 366.

GUANCHE skeletons, occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of, i. 29.

GUARANYS, proportion of men and women among, i. 302; colour of newborn children of the, ii. 318; beards of the, ii. 322.

GUENÉE, A., on the sexes of Hyperythra, i. 310.

GUILDING, L., on the stridulation of the Locustidæ, i. 352.

GUILLEMOT, variety of the, ii. 127.

GUINEA, sheep of, with males only horned, i. 289.

GUINEA-FOWL, monogamous, i. 269; occasional polygamy of the, i. 270; markings of the, ii. 134.

GUINEA-PIGS, inheritance of the effects of operations by, ii. 380.

GULL, instance of reasoning in a, ii. 108.

GULLS, seasonal change of plumage in, ii. 228; white, ii. 228.

GÜNTHER, Dr., on hermaphroditism in Serranus, i. 208; on male fishes hatching ova in their mouths, i. 210, ii. 20; on mistaking infertile female fishes for males, i. 308; on the prehensile organs of male Plagiostomous fishes, ii. 2; on the pugnacity of the male salmon and trout, ii. 3; on the relative size of the sexes in fishes, ii. 7; on sexual differences in fishes, ii. 8 et seqq.; on the genus Callionymus, ii. 9; on a protective resemblance in a Pipe-fish, ii. 18; on the genus Solenostoma, ii. 22; on Megalophrys montana, ii. 26; on the coloration of frogs and toads, ii. 26; on sexual differences in the Ophidia, ii. 29; on differences of the sexes of lizards, ii. 32 et seqq.

Gynanisa Isis, ocellated spots of, ii. 132.

GYPSIES, uniformity of, in various parts of the world, i. 242.

HABITS, bad, facilitated by familiarity, i. 101; variability of the force of, i. 183.

HÄCKEL, E., on the origin of man, i. 4; on rudimentary characters, i. 17; on the canine teeth in man, i. 126; on death caused by inflammation of the vermiform appendage, i. 28; on the steps by which man became a biped, i. 142; on man as a member of the Catarrhine group, i. 199; on the position of the Lemuridæ, i. 202; on the genealogy of the Mammalia, i. 203; on the lancelet, i. 204; on the transparency of pelagic animals, i. 323; on the musical powers of women, ii. 337.

HAGEN, H., and Walsh, B. D., on American neuroptera, i. 314.

HAIR, development of, in man, i. 24; character of, supposed to be determined by light and heat, i. 116; distribution of, in man, i. 149, ii. 375; possibly removed for ornamental purposes, i. 149; arrangement and direction of, i. 192; of the early progenitors of man, i. 206; different texture of, in distinct races, i. 216; and skin, correlation of colour of, i. 248; development of, in mammals, ii. 281; management of, among different peoples, ii. 340; great length of, in some North American tribes, ii. 348; elongation of the, on the human head, ii. 380.

HAIRINESS, difference of, in the sexes, in man, ii. 320; variation of, in races of men, ii. 321.

HAIRS and excretory pores, numerical relation of, in sheep, i. 248.

HAIRY family, Siamese, ii. 378.

HAMADRYAS baboon, turning over stones, i. 75; mane of the male, ii. 267.

HAMILTON, C., on the cruelty of the Kafirs to animals, i. 94; on the engrossment of the women by the Kafir chiefs, ii. 369.

HAMMERING, difficulty of, i. 138.

HANCOCK, A., on the colours of the nudibranch mollusca, i. 326.

HANDS, larger at birth, in the children of labourers, i. 117; structure of, in the quadrumana, i. 139; and arms, freedom of, indirectly correlated with diminution of canines, i. 144.

HANDWRITING, inherited, i. 58.

HARCOURT, E. Vernon, on Fringilla cannabina, ii. 86.

Harelda glacialis, ii. 122.

HARE, protective colouring of the, ii. 298.

HARES, battles of male, ii. 239.

HARLAN, Dr., on the difference between field- and house-slaves, i. 246.

HARRIS, J. M., on the relation of complexion to climate, i. 245.

HARRIS, T. W., on the Katy-did locust, i. 353; on the stridulation of the grasshoppers, i. 357; on Œcanthus nivalis, i. 361; on the colouring of Lepidoptera, i. 396; on the colouring of Saturnia Io, i. 398.

HARRY-LONG-LEGS, pugnacity of male, i. 349.

HARTMAN, Dr., on the singing of Cicada septendecim, i. 351.

HAUGHTON, S., on a variation of the flexor pollicis longus in man, i. 129.

HAWKS, feeding orphan nestling, ii. 107.

HAYES, Dr., on the diverging of sledge-dogs on thin ice, i. 46.

HEAD, altered position of, to suit the erect attitude of man, i. 143; hairiness of, in man, i. 149; processes of, in male beetles, i. 370; artificial alterations of the form of the, ii. 351.

HEARNE, on strife for women among the North American Indians, ii. 324; on the North American Indians’ notion of female beauty, ii. 344; repeated elopements of a North American woman, ii. 372.

HEART, in the human embryo, i. 16.

HEAT, supposed effects of, i. 116.

Hectocotyle, i. 325.

HEDGE-WARBLER, ii. 198; young of the, ii. 209.

HEEL, small projection of, in the Aymara Indians, i. 120.

HEGT, M., on the development of the spurs in peacocks, i. 290.

HELICONIDÆ, i. 387; mimickry of, by other butterflies, i. 411.

Heliopathes, stridulation peculiar to the male, i. 383.

Heliothrix auriculata, young of, ii. 188, 189.

Helix pomatia, example of individual attachment in, i. 325.

HELLINS, J., proportions of sexes of Lepidoptera reared by, i. 313.

HELMHOLTZ, on the vibration of the auditory hairs of crustacea, ii. 333.

HEMIPTERA, i. 349.

Hemitragus, beardless in both sexes, ii. 283.

HEPBURN, Mr., on the autumn song of the water-ouzel, ii. 54.

Hepialus humuli, sexual difference of colour in the, i. 399, 402.

HERBS, poisonous, avoided by animals, i. 36.

HERMAPHRODITISM of embryos, i. 207.

Herodias bubulcus, vernal moult of, ii. 84.

HERON, love-gestures of a, ii. 68.

HERON, Sir R., on the habits of peafowl, ii. 119, 120, 152.

HERONS, decomposed feathers in, ii. 74; breeding plumage of, ii. 82, 83; young of the, ii. 208; sometimes dimorphic, ii. 214; continued growth of crest and plumes in the males of some, ii. 216; change of colour in some, ii. 231.

Hetærina, difference in the sexes of, i. 362; proportion of the sexes in, i. 314.

Heterocerus, stridulation of, i. 379.

HEWITT, Mr. on a game-cock killing a kite, ii. 44; on the recognition of dogs and cats by ducks, ii. 110; on the pairing of a wild duck with a pintail drake, ii. 115; on the courtship of fowls, ii. 117; on the coupling of pheasants with common hens, ii. 122.

HINDOO, his horror of breaking his caste, i. 99, 103.

HINDOOS, local difference of stature among, i. 115; difference of, from Europeans, i. 240; colour of the beard in, ii. 319.

Hipparchia Janira, instability of the ocellated spots of, ii. 132.

Hipparchiæ, i. 387.

Hippocampus, development of, i. 210; marsupial receptacles of the male, ii. 21.

HIPPOPOTAMUS, nakedness of, i. 148.

HIPS, proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, i. 117.

HODGSON, S., on the sense of duty, i. 71.

HOFFBERG, on the horns of the reindeer, ii. 244; on sexual preferences shown by reindeer, ii. 273.

HOG, wart-, ii. 265; river-, ii. 266.

HOG-DEER, ii. 303.

HOLLAND, Sir H., on the effects of new diseases, i. 238.

HOMOLOGOUS structures, correlated variation of, i. 130.

HOMOPTERA, i. 350; stridulation of the, and orthoptera, discussed, i. 360.

HONDURAS, Quiscalus major in, i. 307.

HONEY-BUZZARD of India, variation in the crest of, ii. 126.

HONEY-SUCKERS, moulting of the, ii. 83; Australian, nidification of, ii. 169.

HONOUR, law of, i. 99.

HOOKER, Jos., on the colour of the beard in man, ii. 319.

HOOLOCK GIBBON, nose of, i. 192.

HOOPOE, ii. 56; sounds produced by the male, ii. 62.

Hoplopterus armatus, wing-spurs of, ii. 48.

HORNBILL, African, inflation of the neck-wattle of the male during courtship, ii. 72.

HORNBILLS, sexual difference in the colour of the eyes in, ii. 129; nidification and incubation of, ii. 169.

HORNE, C., on the rejection of a brightly-coloured locust by lizards and birds, i. 361.

HORNS, of deer, ii. 243, 248, 259; and canine teeth, inverse development of, ii. 257; sexual differences of, in sheep and goats, i. 283; loss of, in female merino sheep, i. 284; development of, in deer, i. 288; development of, in antelopes, i. 289; from the head and thorax, in male beetles, i. 370.

HORSE, polygamous, i. 267; canine teeth of male, ii. 241; winter change of the, ii. 298; fossil, extinction of the, in South America, i. 239.

HORSES, dreaming, i. 46; rapid increase of, in South America, i. 135; diminution of canine teeth in, i. 144; of the Falkland Islands and Pampas, i. 236; numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. 263, 265; lighter in winter in Siberia, i. 282; sexual preferences in, ii. 272; pairing preferentially with those of the same colour, ii. 295; numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 303; formerly striped, ii. 305.

HOTTENTOT women, peculiarities of, i. 225.

HOTTENTOTS, lice of, i. 220; readily become musicians, ii. 334; notions of female beauty of the, ii. 345; compression of nose by, ii. 352.

HOUSE-SLAVES, difference of, from field-slaves, i. 246.

HUBER, P., on ants playing together, i. 39; on memory in ants, i. 45; on the intercommunication of ants, i. 58; on the recognition of each other by ants after separation, i. 365.

HUC, on Chinese opinions of the appearance of Europeans, ii. 345.

HUMAN kingdom, i. 186.

HUMAN sacrifices, i. 68.

HUMANITY, unknown among some savages, i. 94; deficiency of, among savages, i. 101.

HUMBOLDT, A. von, on the rationality of mules, i. 48; on a parrot preserving the language of a lost tribe, i. 236; on the cosmetic arts of savages, ii. 339, 340; on the exaggeration of natural characters by man, ii. 351; on the red painting of American Indians, ii. 352.

HUME, D., on sympathetic feelings, i. 85.

HUMMING-BIRD, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, ii. 73; display of plumage by the male, ii. 86.

HUMMING-BIRDS, ornament their nests, i. 63, ii. 112; polygamous, i. 269; proportion of the sexes in, i. 307, ii. 221; sexual differences in, ii. 39, 40, 151; pugnacity of male, ii. 40; modified primaries of male, ii. 65; coloration of the sexes of, ii. 78; young of, ii. 220; nidification of the, ii. 168; colours of female, ii. 168.

HUMPHREYS, H. N., on the habits of the Stickleback, i. 271, ii. 2.

HUNGER, instinct of, i. 89.

HUNS, ancient, flattening of the nose by the, ii. 352.

HUNTER, J., on the number of species of man, i. 226; on secondary sexual characters, i. 253; on the general behaviour of female animals during courtship, i. 273; on the muscles of the larynx in song-birds, ii. 55; on the curled frontal hair of the Bull, ii. 282; on the rejection of an ass by a female zebra, ii. 295.

HUNTER, W. W., on the recent rapid increase of the Santali, i. 133; on the Santali, i. 241.

HUSSEY, Mr., on a partridge distinguishing persons, ii. 110.

HUTCHINSON, Col., example of reasoning in a retriever, i. 48.

HUTTON, Capt., on the male wild goat falling on his horns, ii. 249.

HUXLEY, T. H., on the structural agreement of man with the apes, i. 3; on the agreement of the brain in man with that of lower animals, i. 10; on the adult age of the Orang, i. 13; on the embryonic development of man, i. 14; on the origin of man, i. 4, 17; on variation in the skulls of the natives of Australia, i. 108; on the abductor of the fifth metatarsal in apes, i. 128; on the position of man, i. 191; on the sub-orders of primates, i. 195; on the Lemuridæ, i. 202; on the Dinosauria, i. 204; on the amphibian affinities of the Ichthyosaurians, i. 204; on variability of the skull in certain races of man, i. 226; on the races of man, i. 229.

HYBRID birds, production of, ii. 113.

HYDROPHOBIA communicable between man and the lower animals, i. 11.

Hydroporus, dimorphism of females of, i. 343.

Hyelaphus porcinus, ii. 303.

Hygrogonus, ii. 21.

Hyla, singing species of, ii. 27.

Hylobates, maternal affection in a, i. 40; absence of the thumb in, i. 140; upright progression of some species of, i. 143; direction of the hair on the arms of species of, i. 192; females of, less hairy below than males, ii. 320.

Hylobates agilis, i. 140; hair on the arms of, i. 193; musical voice of the, ii. 277; superciliary ridge of, ii. 318; voice of, ii. 332.

Hylobates hoolock, sexual difference of colour in, ii. 291.

Hylobates lar, i. 140; hair on the arms of, i. 193.

Hylobates leuciscus, i. 140.

Hylobates syndactylus, i. 140; laryngeal sac of, ii. 276.

HYMENOPTERA, i. 364; large size of the cerebral ganglia in, i. 145; classification of, i. 188; sexual differences in the wings of, i. 345; aculeate, relative size of the sexes of, i. 347.

HYMENOPTERON, parasitic, with a sedentary male, i. 272.

Hyomoschus aquaticus, ii. 304.

Hyperythra, proportion of the sexes in, i. 310.

Hypogymna dispar, sexual difference of colour in, i. 398.

Hypopyra, coloration of, i. 397.

IBEX, male, falling on his horns, ii. 249; beard of the, ii. 283.

IBIS, scarlet, young of the, ii. 208; white, change of colour of naked skin in, during the breeding season, ii. 80.

Ibis tantalus, age of mature plumage in, ii. 213; breeding in immature plumage, ii. 214, 215.

IBISES, decomposed feathers in, ii. 74; white, ii. 228, and black, ii. 230.

ICHNEUMONIDÆ, difference of the sexes in, i. 365.

ICHTHYOPTERYGIA, i. 125.

ICHTHYOSAURIANS, i. 204.

IDEAS, general, i. 62.

IDIOTS, microcephalous, imitative faculties of, i. 57; microcephalous, their characters and habits, i. 121.

Iguana tuberculata, ii. 32.

IGUANAS, ii. 32.

ILLEGITIMATE and legitimate children, proportion of the sexes in, i. 302.

IMAGINATION, existence of, in animals, i. 45.

IMITATION, i. 39; of man by monkeys, i. 44; tendency to, in monkeys, microcephalous idiots and savages, i. 56; influence of, i. 161.

IMMATURE plumage of birds, ii. 183, 187.

IMPLACENTATA, i. 202.

IMPLEMENTS, employed by monkeys, i. 51; fashioning of, peculiar to man, i. 52.

IMPREGNATION, period of, influence of, upon sex, i. 303.

IMPROVEMENT, progressive, man alone supposed to be capable of, i. 49.

INCISOR teeth, knocked out or filed by some savages, ii. 340.

INCREASE, rate of, i. 131; necessity of checks in, i. 135.

INDECENCY, hatred of, a modern virtue, i. 96.

INDIA, difficulty of distinguishing the native races of, i. 215; Cyprinidæ of, ii. 17; colour of the beard in races of men of, ii. 319.

INDIAN, North American, honoured for scalping a man of another tribe, i. 93.

INDIVIDUALITY, i. 62.

INDIVIDUATION, i. 318.

Indopicus carlotta, colours of the sexes of, ii. 175.

INFANTICIDE, prevalence of, i. 94, 134; supposed cause of, ii. 344; prevalence and causes of, ii. 363 et seq.

INFERIORITY, supposed physical, of man, i. 156.

INFLAMMATION of the bowels, occurrence of, in Cebus Azaræ, i. 12.

INHERITANCE, i. 110; of effects of use of vocal and mental organs, i. 58; of moral tendencies, i. 102, 104; of long and short sight, i. 118; laws of, i. 279; sexual, i. 285; sexually limited, ii. 154.

INQUISITION, influence of the, i. 179.

INSANITY, hereditary, i. 111.

INSECT, fossil, from the Devonian, i. 360.

INSECTIVORA, ii. 286; absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. 268.

INSECTS, relative size of the cerebral ganglia in, i. 145; male, appearance of, before the females, i. 260; pursuit of female, by the males, i. 272; period of development of sexual characters in, i. 291; secondary sexual characters of, i. 341; stridulation of, ii. 331.

INSESSORES, vocal organs of, ii. 55.

INSTEP, depth of, in soldiers and sailors, i. 117.

INSTINCT and intelligence, i. 37.

INSTINCT, migratory, vanquishing the maternal, i. 83, 90.

INSTINCTIVE actions, the result of inheritance, i. 80.

INSTINCTIVE impulses, difference of the force of, i. 87, 89; and moral impulses, alliance of, i. 88.

INSTINCTS, i. 36; complex origin of, through natural selection, i. 38; possible origin of some, i. 38; acquired, of domestic animals, i. 79; variability of the force of, i. 83; difference of force between the social and other, i. 89, 104; utilised for new purposes, ii. 335.

INSTRUMENTAL music of birds, ii. 61, 66.

INTELLECT, influence of, in natural selection in civilised society, i. 171.

INTELLECTUAL faculties, their influence on natural selection in man, i. 158; probably perfected through natural selection, i. 160.

INTELLIGENCE, Mr. H. Spencer on the dawn of, i. 37.

INTEMPERANCE, no reproach among savages, i. 96; its destructiveness, i. 172.

INTOXICATION in monkeys, i. 12.

Iphias glaucippe, i. 394.

IRIS, sexual difference in the colour of the, in birds, ii. 72, 128.

ISCHIO-PUBIC muscle, i. 127.

Ithaginis cruentus, number of spurs in, ii. 46.

Iulus, tarsal suckers of the males of, i. 340.

JACKALS learning to bark from dogs, i. 44.

JACK-SNIPE, coloration of the, ii. 226.

JACQUINOT, on the number of species of man, i. 226.

JAEGER, Dr., on the difficulty of approaching herds of wild animals, i. 74; on the increase of length in bones, i. 116; on the deposition of a male Silver pheasant on account of spoiled plumage, ii. 120.

JAGUARS, black, ii. 294.

JANSON, E. W., on the proportions of the sexes in Tomicus villosus, i. 314; on stridulant beetles, i. 379.

JAPAN, encouragement of licentiousness in, i. 134.

JAPANESE, general beardlessness of the, ii. 321; aversion of the, to whiskers, ii. 349.

JARDINE, Sir W., on the Argus pheasant, ii. 72, 97.

JARROLD, Dr., on modifications of the skull induced by unnatural position, i. 147.

JAVANESE, relative height of the sexes of, ii. 320; notions of female beauty, ii. 347.

JAW, influence of the muscles of the, upon the physiognomy of the apes, i. 144.

JAWS, smaller in the same ratio with the extremities, i. 117; influence of food upon the size of, i. 118; diminution of, in man, i. 144; in man, reduced by correlation, ii. 325.

JAY, young of the, ii. 209; Canada, young of the, ii. 209.

JAYS, new mates found by, ii. 104; distinguishing persons, ii. 110.

JEFFREYS, J. Gwyn, on the form of the shell in the sexes of the Gasteropoda, i. 324; on the influence of light upon the colours of shells, i. 326.

JELLY-FISH, bright colours of some, i. 322.

JENNER, Dr., on the voice of the rook, ii. 61; on the finding of new mates by magpies, ii. 103; on retardation of the generative organs in birds, ii. 107.

JENYNS, L., on the desertion of their young by swallows, i. 84; on male birds singing after the proper season, ii. 107.

JERDON, Dr., on birds dreaming, 46; on the pugnacity of the male bulbul, ii. 41; on the pugnacity of the male Ortygornis gularis, ii. 44; on the spurs of Galloperdix, ii. 46; on the habits of Lobivanellus, ii. 48; on the spoonbill, ii. 60; on the drumming of the Kalij pheasant, ii. 63; on Indian bustards, ii. 65; on Otis bengalensis, ii. 69; on the ear-tufts of Sypheotides auritus, ii. 73; on the double moults of certain birds, ii. 82; on the moulting of the honey-suckers, ii. 83; on the moulting of bustards, plovers, and drongos, ii. 84; on display in male birds, ii. 86; on the spring change of colour in some finches, ii. 86; on the display of the under tail-coverts by the male bulbul, ii. 96; on the Indian honey-buzzard, ii. 126; on sexual differences in the colour of the eyes of hornbills, ii. 129; on the markings of the Tragopan pheasant, ii. 134; on the nidification of the Orioles, ii. 168; on the nidification of the hornbills, ii. 169; on the Sultan yellow-tit, ii. 174; on Palæornis javanicus, ii. 180; on the immature plumage of birds, ii. 186 et seq.; on representative species of birds, ii. 190; on the habits of Turnix, ii. 202; on the continued increase of beauty of the peacock, ii. 216; on coloration in the genus Palæornis, ii. 231.

JEVONS, W. S., on the migrations of man, i. 135.

JEWS, ancient, use of flint tools by the, i. 183; uniformity of, in various parts of the world, i. 242; numerical proportion of male and female births among the, i. 301; ancient, tattooing practised by, ii. 339.

JOHNSTONE, Lieut., on the Indian elephant, i. 268.

JOLLOFS, fine appearance of the, ii. 357.

JONES, Albert, proportion of sexes of Lepidoptera, reared by, i. 313.

JUAN FERNANDEZ, humming-birds of, ii. 221.

Junonia, sexual differences of colouring in species of, i. 389.

JUPITER, Greek statues of, ii. 350.

KAFIR skull, occurrence of the diastema in a, i. 126.

KAFIRS, their cruelty to animals, i. 94; lice of the, i. 220; colour of the, ii. 347; engrossment of the handsomest women by the chiefs of the, ii. 369; marriage-customs of the, ii. 373.

KALIJ-PHEASANT, drumming of the male, ii. 62; young of, ii. 190.

Kallima, resemblance of, to a withered leaf, i. 392.

KALMUCKS, aversion of, to hairs on the face, ii. 349; marriage-customs of the, ii. 373.

KANGAROO, great red, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 286.

KANT, Imm., on duty, i. 70; on self-restraint, i. 86; on the number of species of man, i. 226.

KATY-DID, stridulation of the, i. 352.

KELLER, Dr., on the difficulty of fashioning stone implements, i. 138.

KESTRELS, new mates found by, ii. 104.

KIDNEY, i. 116.

KING, W. R., on the vocal organs of Tetrao cupido, ii. 56; on the drumming of grouse, ii. 63; on the reindeer, ii. 244; on the attraction of male deer by the voice of the female, ii. 276.

KING and Fitzroy, on the marriage-customs of the Fuegians, ii. 374.

KING-CROWS, nidification of, ii. 167.

KINGFISHER, ii. 56; racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, ii. 73.

KINGFISHERS, colours and nidification of the, ii. 171, 173, 176; immature plumage of the, ii. 188, 190; young of the, ii. 209.

KING LORY, ii. 174; immature plumage of the, ii. 188.

KINGSLEY, C., on the sounds produced by Umbrina, ii. 23.

KIRBY and Spence, on the courtship of insects, i. 272; on sexual differences in the length of the snout in curculionidæ, i. 255; on the elytra of Dytiscus, i. 343; on peculiarities in the legs of male insects, i. 344; on the relative size of the sexes in insects, i. 345; on the luminosity of insects, i. 345; on the Fulgoridæ, i. 351; on the habits of Termites, i. 364; on difference of colour in the sexes of beetles, i. 367; on the horns of the male lamellicorn beetles, i. 371; on hornlike processes in male curculionidæ, i. 374; on the pugnacity of the male stag-beetle, i. 375.

KITE, killed by a game-cock, ii. 44.

KNOT, retention of winter plumage by the, ii. 82.

KNOX, R., on the semilunar fold, i. 23; on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, i. 28; on the features of the young Memnon, i. 217.

KOALA, length of the cæcum in, i. 27.

KÖLREUTER, on the sterility of hybrid plants, i. 223.

Kobus ellipsiprymnus, proportion of the sexes in, i. 305.

KOODOO, development of the horns of the, i. 289; markings of the, ii. 300.

KÖPPEN, F. T., on the migratory locust, i. 352.

KORDOFAN, protuberances artificially produced in, ii. 339.

KOWALEVSKY, A., on the affinity of the Ascidia to the Vertebrata, i. 205.

KOWALEVSKY, W., on the pugnacity of the male Capercailzie, ii. 45; on the pairing of the Capercailzie, ii. 49.

KRAUSE, on a convoluted body at the extremity of the tail in a Macacus and a cat, i. 30.

KUPPFER, Prof., on the affinity of the Ascidia to the Vertebrata, i. 205.

Labidocera Darwinii, prehensile organs of the male, i. 329.

Labrus, splendid colours of the species of, ii. 16.

Labrus mixtus, sexual differences in, ii. 9.

Labrus pavo, ii. 16.

LACERTILIA, sexual differences of, ii. 32.

LAFRESNAYE, M. de, on Birds of Paradise, ii. 78.

LAMARCK, on the origin of man, i. 4.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA, i. 324.

LAMELLICORN beetles, hornlike processes from the head and thorax of, i. 370, 373; analogy of, to Ruminants, i. 373; influence of sexual selection on, i. 377.

LAMELLICORNIA, stridulation of, i. 380.

LAMONT, Mr., on the tusks of the Walrus, ii. 242; on the use of its tusks by the Walrus, ii. 257.

Lampornis porphyrurus, colours of the female, ii. 168.

LANCELET, i. 204, 212.

LANDOIS, H., on the production of sound by the Cicadæ, i. 351; on the stridulating organ of the Crickets, i. 354; on Decticus, i. 355; on the stridulating organs of the Acridiidæ, i. 356; on the presence of rudimentary stridulating organs in some female Orthoptera, i. 359; on the stridulation of Necrophorus, i. 378; on the stridulant organ of Cerambyx heros, i. 380; on the stridulating organs in the Coleoptera, i. 382; on the ticking of Anobium, i. 385; on the stridulant organ of Geotrupes, i. 380.

LANGUAGE an art, i. 55; articulate, origin of, i. 56; relation of the progress of, to the development of the brain, i. 57; effects of inheritance in production of, i. 58; complex structure of, among barbarous nations, i. 61; natural selection in, i. 61; gesture, i. 232; primeval, i. 235; of a lost tribe preserved by a parrot, i. 236.

LANGUAGES, presence of rudiments in, i. 60; classification of, i. 60; variability of, i. 60; crossing or blending of, i. 60; complexity of, no test of perfection or proof of special creation, i. 62; resemblance of, evidence of community of origin, i. 189.

LANGUAGES and species, identity of evidence of their gradual development, i. 59.

Lanius, ii. 180; characters of young, ii. 185.

Lanius rufus, anomalous young of, ii. 211.

LANKESTER, E. R., on comparative longevity, i. 168, 171; on the destructive effects of intemperance, i. 173.

LANUGO, of the human fœtus, i. 25; ii. 375.

LAPPONIAN language, highly artificial, i. 61.

LARK, proportion of the sexes in the, i. 307; female, singing of the, ii. 54.

LARKS, attracted by a mirror, ii. 112.

LARTET, E., on the size of the brain in mammals, i. 51; comparison of cranial capacities of skulls of recent and tertiary mammals, i. 146; on Dryopithecus, i. 199.

Larus, seasonal change of plumage in, ii. 228.

LARVA, luminous, of a Brazilian beetle, i. 345.

LARYNX, muscles of the, in song-birds, ii. 55.

Lasiocampa quercus, attraction of males by the female, i. 311; sexual difference of colour in, i. 398.

LATHAM, R. G., on the migrations of man, i. 136.

LATOOKA, perforation of the lower lip by the women of, ii. 341.

LAURILLARD, on the abnormal division of the malar bone in man, i. 124.

LAWRENCE, W., on the superiority of savages to Europeans in power of sight, i. 118; on the colour of negro infants, ii. 318; on the fondness of savages for ornaments, ii. 338; on beardless races, ii. 349; on the beauty of the English aristocracy, ii. 357.

LAYARD, E. L., on an instance of rationality in a Cobra, ii. 30; on the pugnacity of Gallus Stanleyi, ii. 44.

LAYCOCK, Dr., on vital periodicity, i. 12.

LEAVES, decaying, tints of, i. 323.

LECKY, Mr., on the sense of duty, i. 71; on suicide, i. 94; on the practice of celibacy, i. 96; his view of the crimes of savages, i. 97; on the gradual rise of morality, i. 103.

LECONTE, J. L., on the stridulant organ in the Coprini and Dynastini, i. 381.

LEE, H., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in the trout, i. 308.

LEG, calf of the, artificially modified, ii. 340.

LEGITIMATE and illegitimate children, proportion of the sexes in, i. 302.

LEGS, variation of the length of the, in man, i. 108; proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, i. 116; fore, atrophied in some male butterflies, i. 344; peculiarities of, in male insects, i. 344.

“LEK” of the black-cock and capercailzie, ii. 100.

LEMOINE, Albert, on the origin of language, i. 56.

Lemur macaco, sexual difference of colour in, ii. 290.

LEMURIDÆ, i. 195; their origin, i. 213; position and derivation of the, i. 202; ears of the, i. 23; variability of the muscles in the, i. 128.

LEMURS, uterus in the, i. 123; tailless species of, i. 194.

LEOPARDS, black, ii. 294.

LEPIDOPTERA, i. 386; numerical proportions of the sexes in the, i. 309; colouring of, i. 387; ocellated spots of, ii. 132.

Lepidosiren, i. 204, 212.

LENGUAS, disfigurement of the ears of the, ii. 341.

Leptorhynchus angustatus, pugnacity of male, i. 375.

Leptura testacea, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. 367.

LEQUAY, on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, i. 29.

LEROY, on the wariness of young foxes in hunting-districts, i. 50; on the desertion of their young by swallows, i. 84.

LESSE, valley of the, i. 29.

LESSON, on the Birds of Paradise, i. 269, ii. 98; on the sea-elephant, ii. 278.

Lestis bombylans, difference of the sexes in, i. 366.

Lethrus cephalotes, pugnacity of the males of, i. 371, 376.

LEUCKART, R., on the vesicula prostatica, i. 31; on the influence of the age of parents on the sex of offspring, i. 302.

Levator claviculæ muscle, i. 128.

Libellula depressa, colour of the male, i. 363.

LIBELLULIDÆ, relative size of the sexes of, i. 347; difference in the sexes of, i. 361.

LICE of domestic animals and man, i. 219.

LICENTIOUSNESS, prevalence of, among savages, i. 96; a check upon population, i. 134.

LICHTENSTEIN, on Chera progne, ii. 120.

LIFE, inheritance at corresponding periods of, i. 280, 285.

LIGHT, supposed effects of, i. 116; influence of, upon the colours of shells, i. 326.

LILFORD, Lord, the ruff attracted by bright objects, ii. 111.

Limosa lapponica, ii. 204.

Linaria, ii. 180.

Linaria montana, i. 307.

LINNÆUS, views of, as to the position of man, i. 190.

LINNET, numerical proportion of the sexes in the, i. 307; crimson forehead and breast of the, ii. 86; courtship of the, ii. 94.

Linyphia, i. 337.

LION, polygamous, i. 268; mane of the, defensive, ii. 266; roaring of the, ii. 275.

LIONS, stripes of young, ii. 183.

LIPS, piercing of the, by savages, ii. 341.

Lithobius, prehensile appendages of the female, i. 340.

Lithosia, coloration in, i. 396.

Littorina littorea, i. 324.

LIVINGSTONE, Dr., on the influence of dampness and dryness on the colour of the skin, i. 242; on the liability of negroes to tropical fevers after residence in a cold climate, i. 243; on the spur-winged goose, ii. 47; on weaver-birds, ii. 63; on an African nightjar, ii. 73, 97; on the battle-scars of South African male mammals, ii. 239; on the removal of the upper incisors by the Batokas, ii. 340; on the perforation of the upper lip by the Makalolo, ii. 342; on the Banyai, ii. 347.

LIVONIA, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 301.

LIZARDS, relative size of the sexes of, ii. 32; gular pouches of, ii. 33.

LLOYD, L., on the polygamy of the capercailzie and bustard, i. 269; on the numerical proportion of the sexes in the capercailzie and black-cock, i. 306; on the salmon, ii. 5; on the colours of the sea-scorpion, ii. 9; on the pugnacity of male grouse, ii. 45; on the capercailzie and black-cock, ii. 49, 54; on the call of the capercailzie, ii. 61; on assemblages of grouse and snipes, ii. 101; on the pairing of a shield-drake with a common duck, ii. 114; on the battles of seals, ii. 240; on the elk, ii. 249.

Lobivanellus, wing-spurs in, ii. 48.

Local influences, effect of, upon stature, i. 114.

LOCKWOOD, Mr., on the development of Hippocampus, i. 210.

LOCUST, bright-coloured, rejected by lizards and birds, i. 361.

LOCUST, migratory, i. 352.

LOCUSTIDÆ, stridulation of the, i. 352, 354; descent of the, i. 356.

LONGICORN beetles, difference of the sexes of, in colour, i. 367; stridulation of, i. 380.

LONSDALE, Mr., on an example of personal attachment in Helix pomatia, i. 325.

LOPHOBRANCHII, marsupial receptacles of the male, ii. 21.

Lophophorus, habits of, ii. 121.

Lophorina atra, sexual difference in coloration of, ii. 226.

Lophornis ornatus, ii. 76.

LORD, J. K., on Salmo lycaodon, ii. 5.

LORY, King, ii. 174; immature plumage of the, ii. 188.

LOVE-ANTICS and dances of birds, ii. 68.

LOWNE, B. T., on Musca vomitoria, i. 145, 349.

Loxia, characters of young of, ii. 184.

LUBBOCK, Sir J., on the antiquity of man, i. 3; on the origin of man, i. 4; on the mental capacity of savages, i. 34; on the origin of implements, i. 52; on the simplification of languages, i. 62; on the absence of the idea of God among certain races of men, i. 65; on the origin of the belief in spiritual agencies, i. 66; on superstitions, i. 69; on the sense of duty, i. 71; on the practice of burying the old and sick among the Fijians, i. 77; non-prevalence of suicide among the lowest barbarians, i. 94; on the immorality of savages, i. 97; on Mr. Wallace’s claim to the origination of the idea of natural selection, i. 137; on the absence of remorse among savages, i. 164; on the former barbarism of civilised nations, i. 181; on improvements in the arts among savages, i. 182; on resemblances of the mental characters in different races of men, i. 232; on the power of counting in primeval man, i. 234; on the arts practised by savages, i. 234; on the prehensile organs of the male Labidocera Darwinii, i. 329; on Chloëon, i. 341; on Smynthurus luteus, i. 348; on strife for women among the North American Indians, ii. 324; on music, ii. 334; on the ornamental practices of savages, ii. 338; on the estimation of the beard among the Anglo-Saxons, ii. 349; on artificial deformation of the skull, ii. 352; on “communal marriages,” ii. 358, 360; on exogamy, ii. 360, 364; on the Veddahs, ii. 363; on polyandry, ii. 365.

LUCANIDÆ, variability of the mandibles in the male, i. 376.

Lucanus, large size of males of, i. 347.

Lucanus cervus, numerical proportion of sexes of, i. 313; weapons of the male, i. 375.

Lucanus elaphus, use of mandibles of, i. 377; large jaws of male, i. 342.

LUCAS, Prosper, on sexual preference in horses and bulls, ii. 272.

LUNAR periods, i. 212.

LUND, Dr., on skulls found in Brazilian caves, i. 218.

LUNGS, enlargement of, in the Quechua and Aymara Indians, i. 119; a modified swim-bladder, i. 207; different capacity of in races of man, i. 216.

LUMINOSITY in insects, i. 345.

LUSCHKA, Prof., on the termination of the coccyx, i. 30.

LUST, instinct of, i. 89.

LUXURY, comparatively innocuous, i. 171.

Lycæna, sexual differences of colouring in species of, i. 390.

LYELL, Sir C., on the antiquity of man, i. 3; on the origin of man, i. 4; on the parallelism of the development of species and languages, i. 59; on the extinction of languages, i. 60; on the Inquisition, i. 178; on the fossil remains of vertebrata, i. 201; on the fertility of mulattoes, i. 221.

LYNX, Canadian, throat-ruff of the, ii. 267.

LYRE-BIRD, assemblies of, ii. 101.

Macacus, ears of, i. 23; convoluted body in the extremity of the tail of, i. 30; variability of the tail in species of, i. 150; whiskers of species of, ii. 283.

Macacus cynomolgus, superciliary ridge of, ii. 318; beard and whiskers of, becoming white with age, ii. 319.

Macacus inornatus, i. 151.

Macacus lasiotus, facial spots of, ii. 308.

Macacus radiatus, i. 192.

Macacus rhesus, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 293, 310.

MACALISTER, Prof., on variations of the palmaris accessorius muscle, i. 109; on muscular abnormalities in man, i. 128, 129; on the greater variability of the muscles in men than in women, i. 275.

MACAWS, Mr. Buxton’s observations on, i. 76; screams of, ii. 61.

MCCANN, J., on mental individuality, i. 63.

MCCLELLAND, J., on the Indian cyprinidæ, ii. 17.

MACCULLOCH, Col., on an Indian village without any female children, ii. 364.

MACCULLOCH, Dr., on tertian ague in a dog, i. 13.

MACGILLIVRAY, W., on the vocal organs of birds, i. 59; on the Egyptian goose, ii. 48; on the habits of woodpeckers, ii. 63; on the habits of the snipe, ii. 64; on the white-throat, ii. 69; on the moulting of the snipes, ii. 82; on the moulting of the anatidæ, ii. 85; on the finding of new mates by magpies, ii. 103; on the pairing of a blackbird and thrush, ii. 113; on pied ravens, ii. 126; on the guillemots, ii. 127; on the colours of the tits, ii. 174; on the immature plumage of birds, ii. 186 et seqq.

Machetes, sexes and young of, ii. 216.

Machetes pugnax, numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. 306; supposed to be polygamous, i. 270; pugnacity of the male, ii. 41; double moult in, ii. 81.

MACKINTOSH, on the moral sense, i. 70.

MACLACHLAN, R., on Apatania muliebris and Boreus hyemalis, i. 314; on the anal appendages of male insects, i. 342; on the pairing of dragon-flies, i. 347; on dragon-flies, i. 362, 363; on dimorphism in Agrion, i. 363; on the want of pugnacity in male dragon-flies, i. 364; on the ghost-moth in the Shetland Islands, i. 402.

MCLENNAN, Mr., on the origin of the belief in spiritual agencies, i. 66; on the prevalence of licentiousness among savages, i. 96, ii. 358; on infanticide, i. 134, ii. 363; on the primitive barbarism of civilised nations, i. 181; on traces of the custom of the forcible capture of wives, i. 182, ii. 365; on polyandry, ii. 365.

MCNEILL, Mr., on the use of the antlers of deer, ii. 252; on the Scotch deerhound, ii. 261; on the long hairs of the throat of the stag, ii. 268; on the bellowing of stags, ii. 274.

Macrorhinus proboscideus, structure of the nose of, ii. 278.

MAGPIE, power of speech of, i. 59; stealing bright objects, ii. 112; nuptial assemblies of, ii. 102; new mates found by, ii. 103; young of the, ii. 209; coloration of the, ii. 230.

MAGPIES, vocal organs of the, ii. 55.

MAILLARD, M., on the proportion of the sexes in a species of Papilio from Bourbon, i. 310.

MAINE, Mr., on the absorption of one tribe by another, i. 159; on the want of a desire for improvement, i. 166.

MAKALOLO, perforation of the upper lip by the, ii. 341.

MALAR bone, abnormal division of, in man, i. 124.

MALAY, Archipelago, marriage-customs of the savages of the, ii. 373.

MALAYS, line of separation between the Papuans and the, i. 218; general beardlessness of the, ii. 321; staining of the teeth among, ii. 339; aversion of some, to hairs on the face, ii. 349.

MALAYS and Papuans, contrasted characters of, i. 216.

MALE animals, struggles of, for the possession of the females, i. 259, 260; eagerness of, in courtship, i. 272, 273; generally more modified than female, i. 272, 275; differ in the same way from females and young, i. 285.

MALE characters, developed in females, i. 280; transfer of, to female birds, ii. 193.

MALE, sedentary, of a hymenopterous parasite, i. 272.

MALEFACTORS, i. 172.

MALES, presence of rudimentary female organs in, i. 208.

MALES and females, comparative mortality of, while young, i. 264, 276; comparative numbers of, i. 261, 263.

MALHERBE, on the woodpeckers, ii. 174.

MALTHUS, T., on the rate of increase of population, i. 131, 132, 134.

MALURIDÆ, nidification of the, ii. 169.

Malurus, young of, ii. 216.

MAMMÆ, i. 254; rudimentary, in male mammals, i. 17, 30, 208, 209, 210; supernumerary, in women, i. 125; of male human subject, i. 130.

MAMMALIA, Prof. Owen’s classification of, i. 187; genealogy of the, i. 203.

MAMMALS, secondary sexual characters of, ii. 239; weapons of, ii. 241; recent and tertiary, comparison of cranial capacity of, i. 146; relative size of the sexes of, ii. 260; pursuit of female, by the males, i. 272; parallelism of, with birds in secondary sexual characters, ii. 297; voices of, used especially during the breeding season, ii. 331.

MAN, variability of, i. 108; erroneously regarded as more domesticated than other animals, i. 111; definitive origin of, i. 235; migrations of, i. 135; wide distribution of, i. 137; causes of the nakedness of, i. 149; supposed physical inferiority of, i. 156; numerical proportions of the sexes in, i. 264; a member of the Catarrhine group, i. 198; early progenitors of, i. 206; secondary sexual characters of, ii. 316; primeval condition of, ii. 367.

MANDANS, correlation of colour and texture of hair in the, i. 248.

MANDIBLE, left, enlarged in the male of Taphroderes distortus, i. 344.

MANDIBLES, use of the, in Ammophila, i. 342; large, of Corydalis cornutus, i. 342; large, of male Lucanus elaphus, i. 342.

MANDRILL, number of caudal vertebræ in the, i. 150; colours of the male, ii. 292, 296, 310.

MANTEGAZZA, Prof., on the ornaments of savages, ii. 338 et seqq.; on the beardlessness of the New Zealanders, ii. 349; on the exaggeration of natural characters by man, ii. 351.

MANTELL, W., on the engrossment of pretty girls by the New Zealand chiefs, ii. 369.

Mantis, pugnacity of species of, i. 360.

MARCUS Aurelius, on the origin of the moral sense, i. 71; on the influence of habitual thoughts, i. 101.

Mareca penelope, ii. 114.

MARKS, retained throughout groups of birds, ii. 131.

MARRIAGE, influence of, upon morals, i. 96; restraints upon, among savages, i. 133; influence of, on mortality, i. 175; development of, ii. 361.

MARRIAGES, communal, ii. 358, 360; early, i. 174, 175.

MARSHALL, Mr., on the brain of a Bushwoman, i. 216.

MARSUPIALS, i. 202; possession of nipples by, i. 209; their origin from Monotremata, i. 213; uterus of, i. 122; development of the nictitating membrane in, i. 23; abdominal sacks of, i. 254; relative size of the sexes of, ii. 260; colours of, ii. 286.

MARSUPIUM, rudimentary, in male marsupials, i. 208.

MARTIN, W. C. L., on alarm manifested by an orang at the sight of a turtle, i. 43; on the hair in Hylobates, i. 194; on a female American deer, ii. 258; on the voice of Hylobates agilis, ii. 277; on Semnopithecus nemæus, ii. 312.

MARTIN, on the beards of the inhabitants of St. Kilda, ii. 321.

MARTINS deserting their young, i. 84.

MARTINS, C., on death caused by inflammation of the vermiform appendage, i. 28.

MASTOID processes in man and apes, i. 143.

MAUDSLEY, Dr., on the influence of the sense of smell in man, i. 24; on Laura Bridgman, i. 58; on the development of the vocal organs, i. 59.

MAYERS, W. F., on the domestication of the goldfish in China, ii. 17.

MAYHEW, E., on the affection between individuals of different sexes in the dog, ii. 270.

MAYNARD, C. J., on the sexes of Chrysemys picta, ii. 28.

MECKEL, on correlated variation of the muscles of the arm and leg, i. 130.

MEDICINES, effect produced by, the same in man and in monkeys, i. 12.

Medusæ, bright colours of some, i. 322.

MEGALITHIC structures, prevalence of, i. 233.

Megalophrys montana, sexual differences in, ii. 26, 27.

Megapicus validus, sexual difference of colour in, ii. 174.

Megasoma, large size of males of, i. 347.

MEIGS, Dr. A., on variation in the skulls of the natives of America, i. 108.

MEINECKE, on the numerical proportion of the sexes in butterflies, i. 309.

MELIPHAGIDÆ, Australian, nidification of, ii. 169.

Melita, secondary sexual characters of, i. 331.

Meloë, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, i. 367.

MEMORY, manifestations of, in animals, i. 45.

MEMNON, young, i. 217.

MENTAL characters, difference of, in different races of men, i. 216.

MENTAL faculties, variation of, in the same species, i. 36, 110; diversity of, in the same race of men, i. 109; inheritance of, i. 110; similarity of the, in different races of man, i. 232; of birds, ii. 108.

MENTAL powers, difference of, in the two sexes in man, ii. 326.

Menura Alberti, ii. 102; song of, ii. 55.

Menura superba, ii. 101, 102; long tails of both sexes of, ii. 164.

MERGANSER, trachea of the male, ii. 60.

Mergus cucullatus, speculum of, i. 291.

Mergus merganser, young of, ii. 189.

Merganser serrator, male plumage of, ii. 85.

Metallura, splendid tail-feathers of, ii. 152.

Methoca ichneumonides, large male of, i. 347.

MEVES, M., on the drumming of the snipe, ii. 63.

MEXICANS, civilisation of the, not foreign, i. 183.

MEYER, on a convoluted body at the extremity of the tail in a Macacus and a cat, i. 30.

MEYER, Dr. A., on the copulation of phryganidæ of distinct species, i. 342.

MIGRATIONS of man, effects of, i. 135.

MIGRATORY instinct of birds, i. 79; vanquishing the maternal, i. 83, 90.

MILL, J. S., on the origin of the moral sense, i. 71; on the “greatest happiness principle,” i. 97; on the difference of the mental powers in the sexes of man, ii. 328.

MILLIPEDES, i. 339.

MILNE-EDWARDS, H., on the use of the enlarged chela of the male Gelasimus, i. 331.

Milvago leucurus, sexes and young of, ii. 205.

MIMICKRY, i. 411.

Mimus polyglottus, ii. 109.

MIND, difference of, in man and the highest animals, i. 104; similarity of the, in different races, i. 232.

MINNOW, proportion of the sexes in the, i. 308, 309.

MINNOWS, spawning habits of, ii. 15.

MIRROR, larks attracted by, ii. 112.

MIVART, St. George, on the reduction of organs, i. 18; on the ears of the lemuroidea, i. 23; on variability of the muscles in lemuroidea, i. 128, 136; on the caudal vertebræ of monkeys, i. 150; on the classification of the primates, i. 196; on the orang and on man, i. 197; on differences in the lemuroidea, i. 198; on the crest of the male newt, ii. 24.

MOCKING-THRUSH, partial migration of, ii. 109; young of the, ii. 219.

MODIFICATIONS, unserviceable, i. 153.

MOLES, numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. 305; battles of male, ii. 239.

Mollienesia petenensis, sexual difference in, ii. 9.

MOLLUSCA, beautiful colours and shapes of, i. 326; absence of secondary sexual characters in the, i. 324.

MOLLUSCOIDA, i. 205, 324.

Monacanthus scopas and M. Peronii, sexual differences in, ii. 12.

MONGOLIANS, perfection of the senses in, i. 119.

MONKEY, protecting his keeper from a baboon, i. 78, 87; bonnet-, i. 192; rhesus, sexual difference in colour of the, ii. 293, 310; moustache-, colours of the, ii. 291.

MONKEYS, liability of, to the same diseases as man, i. 11; male, recognition of women by, i. 13; revenge taken by, i. 40; maternal affection in, i. 40; variability of the faculty of attention in, i. 44; using stones and sticks, i. 51; imitative faculties of, i. 56; signal-cries of, i. 57; sentinels posted by, i. 74; diversity of the mental faculties in, i. 110; mutual kindnesses of, i. 75; hands of the, i. 139, 140; breaking hard fruits with stones, i. 140; basal caudal vertebræ of, imbedded in the body, i. 151; human characters of, i. 191; gradation of species of, i. 227; beards of, ii. 283; ornamental characters of, ii. 306; analogy of sexual differences of, with those of man, ii. 318; different degrees of difference in the sexes of, ii. 323; expression of emotions by, ii. 336; generally monogamous habits of, ii. 361; polygamous habits of some, ii. 362; naked surfaces of, ii. 376; American, manifestation of reason in, i. 47; American, direction of the hair on the arms of some, i. 192.

MONOGAMY, not primitive, i. 182.

MONOGENISTS, i. 228.

Mononychus pseudacori, stridulation of, i. 382.

MONOTREMATA, i. 202; development of the nictitating membrane in, i. 23; lactiferous glands of, i. 209; connecting mammals with reptiles, i. 213.

MONSTROSITIES, analogous, in man and lower animals, i. 113; caused by arrest of development, i. 121; correlation of, i. 130; transmission of, i. 224.

MONTAGU, G., on the habits of the black and red grouse, i. 269; on the pugnacity of the ruff, ii. 41; on the singing of birds, ii. 52; on the double moult of the male pintail, ii. 84.

MONTEIRO, Mr., on Bucorax abyssinicus, ii. 72.

MONTES DE OCA, M., on the pugnacity of male Humming-birds, ii. 40.

Monticola cyanea, ii. 172.

MONUMENTS, as traces of extinct tribes, i. 237.

MOOSE, battles of, ii. 240; horns of the, an incumbrance, ii. 259.

MORAL and instinctive impulses, alliance of, i. 88.

MORAL faculties, their influence on natural selection in man, i. 158.

MORAL rules, distinction between the higher and lower, i. 100.

MORAL sense, origin of the, i. 102; so-called, derived from the social instincts, i. 97, 98.

MORAL tendencies, inheritance of, i. 102.

MORALITY, supposed to be founded in selfishness, i. 97; test of, the general welfare of the community, i. 98; gradual rise of, i. 103; influence of a high standard of, i. 166.

MORGAN, L. H., on the Beaver, i. 37; on the reasoning powers of the Beaver, i. 46; on the forcible capture of wives, i. 182; on the castoreum of the beaver, ii. 279; marriage unknown in primeval times, ii. 359; on Polyandry, ii. 365.

MORRIS, F. O., on hawks feeding an orphan nestling, ii. 107.

MORTALITY, comparative, of females and males, i. 264, 276, 302.

MORTON, on the number of species of man, i. 226.

Moschus moschiferus, odoriferous organs of, ii. 280.

Motacillæ, Indian, young of, ii. 190.

MOTHS, i. 394; absence of mouth in some male, i. 254; apterous female, i. 255; male, prehensile use of the tarsi by, i. 256; male, attracted by females, i. 311; coloration of, i. 397; sexual differences of colour in, i. 398.

MOTMOT, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, ii. 73.

MOULT, double, ii. 181; double annual, in birds, ii. 80.

MOULTING of birds, ii. 214.

MOULTS, partial, ii. 83.

MOUSTACHE-MONKEY, colours of the, ii. 291, 311.

MOUSTACHES, in monkeys, i. 192.

MUD-TURTLE, long claws of the male, ii. 28.

MULATTOES, persistent fertility of, i. 221; immunity of, from yellow fever, i. 243.

MULE, sterility and strong vitality of the, i. 221.

MULES, rational, i. 48.

MÜLLER, Ferd., on the Mexicans and Peruvians, i. 183.

MÜLLER, Fritz, on astomatous males of Tanais, i. 255; on the disappearance of spots and stripes in adult mammals, ii. 305; on the proportions of the sexes in some Crustacea, i. 315; on secondary sexual characters in various Crustaceans, i. 328 et seqq.; on the luminous larva of a beetle, i. 345; musical contest between male Cicadæ, i. 351; on the sexual maturity of young amphipod Crustacea, ii. 215.

MÜLLER, J., on the nictitating membrane and semilunar fold, i. 23.

MÜLLER, Max, on the origin of language, i. 56; struggle for life among the words, &c., of languages, i. 60.

MÜLLER, S., on the Banteng, ii. 290; on the colours of Semnopithecus chrysomelas, ii. 291.

MUNTJAC-DEER, weapons of the, ii. 257.

MURIE, J., on the reduction of organs, i. 18; on the ears of the Lemuroidea, i. 23; on variability of the muscles in the Lemuroidea, i. 128, 136; basal caudal vertebræ of Macacus inornatus imbedded in the body, i. 151; on differences in the Lemuroidea, i. 198; on the throat-pouch of the male Bustard, ii. 58; on the mane of Otaria jubata, ii. 267; on the suborbital pits of Ruminants, ii. 280; on the colours of the sexes in Otaria nigrescens, ii. 287.

MURRAY, A., on the Pediculi of different races of men, i. 219.

MURRAY, T. A., on the fertility of Australian women with white men, i. 220.

Mus coninga, i. 50.

Mus minutus, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 286.

Musca vomitoria, i. 145.

Muscicapa grisola, ii. 170.

Muscicapa luctuosa, ii. 170.

Muscicapa ruticilla, breeding in immature plumage, ii. 214.

MUSCLE, ischio-pubic, i. 127.

MUSCLES, rudimentary, occurrence of, in man, i. 19; variability of the, i. 109; effects of use and disuse upon, i. 116; animal-like abnormalities of, in man, i. 127; correlated variation of, in the arm and leg, i. 130; variability of, in the hands and feet, i. 136; of the jaws, influence of, on the physiognomy of the Apes, i. 144; habitual spasms of, causing modifications of the facial bones, i. 147; of the early progenitors of man, i. 206; greater variability of the, in men than in women, i. 275.

MUSCULUS STERNALIS, Prof. Turner on the, i. 19.

MUSIC, i. 232; of birds, ii. 51; discordant, love of savages for, ii. 67; different appreciation of, by different peoples, ii. 333; origin of, ii. 333, 337; effects of, ii. 335.

MUSICAL cadences, perception of, by animals, ii. 333; powers of man, ii. 330 et seqq.

MUSK-DEER, canine teeth of male, ii. 241, 256, 257; male, odoriferous organs of the, ii. 280; winter change of the, ii. 299.

MUSK-DUCK, Australian, ii. 38; large size of male, ii. 43; of Guiana, pugnacity of the male, ii. 43.

MUSK-OX, horns of, ii. 247.

MUSK-RAT, protective resemblance of the, to a clod of earth, ii. 298.

Musophagæ, colours and nidification of the, ii. 171; both sexes of, equally brilliant, ii. 177.

MUSSELS opened by monkeys, i. 140.

Mustela, winter change of two species of, ii. 298.

MUTILATIONS, healing of, i. 13.

Mutilla europæa, stridulation of, i. 366.

MUTILLIDÆ, absence of ocelli in female, i. 341.

Mycetes caraya, polygamous, i. 266; vocal organs of, ii. 277; beard of, ii. 283; sexual differences of colour in, ii. 290; voice of, ii. 332.

Mycetes seniculus, sexual differences of colour in, ii. 290.

MYRIAPODA, i. 339.

NÄGELI, on the influence of natural selection on plants, i. 152; on the gradation of species of plants, i. 227.

NAILS, coloured yellow or purple in part of Africa, ii. 339.

NAPLES, greater proportion of female illegitimate children in, i. 301.

NARWHAL, tusks of the, ii. 242, 248.

NASAL cavities, large size of, in American aborigines, i. 119.

NASCENT organs, i. 18.

NATHUSIUS, H. von, on the improved breeds of pigs, i. 230; on the breeding of domestic animals, ii. 370.

NATURAL selection, its effects on the early progenitors of man, i. 136; influence of, on man, i. 151, 154; limitation of the principle, i. 152; influence of, on social animals, i. 155; Mr. Wallace on the limitation of, by the influence of the mental faculties in man, i. 158; influence of, in the progress of the United States, i. 179.

NATURAL and sexual selection contrasted, i. 278.

NAULETTE, jaw from, large size of the canines in, i. 126.

NEANDERTHAL skull, capacity of the, i. 146.

NECK, proportion of, in soldiers and sailors, i. 117.

Necrophorus, stridulation of, i. 378, 382.

Nectarinia, young of, ii. 190.

Nectariniæ, nidification of, ii. 169; moulting of the, ii. 83.

NEGRO, resemblance of a, to Europeans, in mental characters, i. 232.

NEGRO-WOMEN, their kindness to Mungo Park, i. 95.

NEGROES, character of, i. 216; lice of, i. 220; blackness of, i. 224, ii. 381; variability of, i. 225, 226; immunity of, from yellow fever, i. 243; difference of, from Americans, i. 247; disfigurements of the, ii. 296; colour of newborn children of, ii. 318; comparative beardlessness of, ii. 321; readily become musicians, ii. 334; appreciation of beauty of their women by, ii. 344, 346; idea of beauty among, ii. 350; compression of the nose by some, ii. 352.

NEOLITHIC period, 183.

Neomorpha, sexual difference of the beak in, ii. 39.

Nephila, i. 337.

NESTS, made by fishes, ii. 19; decoration of, by Humming-birds, ii. 112.

NEUMEISTER, on a change of colour in pigeons after several moultings, i. 294.

NEURATION, difference of, in the two sexes of some butterflies and hymenoptera, i. 345.

NEUROPTERA, i. 314, 361.

Neurothemis, dimorphism in, i. 363.

NEW ZEALAND, expectation by the natives of, of their extinction, i. 240; practice of tattooing in, ii. 342; aversion of natives of, to hairs on the face, ii. 349; pretty girls engrossed by the chiefs in, ii. 369.

NEWTON, A., on the throat-pouch of the male bustard, ii. 58; on the difference between the females of two species of Oxynotus, ii. 193; on the habits of the phalarope, dotterel, and godwit, ii. 204.

NEWTS, ii. 24.

NICHOLSON, Dr., on the non-immunity of dark Europeans from yellow fever, i. 245.

NICTITATING membrane, i. 23, 207.

NIDIFICATION, of fishes, ii. 19; relation of, to colour, ii. 167, 172; of British birds, ii. 169.

NIGHT-HERON, cries of the, ii. 51.

NIGHTINGALE, arrival of the male before the female, i. 259; object of the song of the, ii. 52.

NIGHTINGALES, new mates found by, ii. 105.

NIGHTJAR, selection of a mate by the female, ii. 116; Australian, sexes of, ii. 206; coloration of the, ii. 226.

NIGHTJARS, noise made by some male, with their wings, ii. 62; elongated feathers in, ii. 73, 97.

NILGHAU, sexual differences of colour in the, ii. 287.

NILSSON, Prof., on the resemblance of stone arrow-heads from various places, i. 233; on the development of the horns in the reindeer, i. 288.

NIPPLES, absence of, in Monotremata, i. 209.

NITZSCH, C. L., on the down of birds, ii. 80.

NOCTUÆ, brightly-coloured beneath, i. 397.

NOCTUIDÆ, coloration of, i. 394.

NORDMANN, A., on Tetrao urogalloides, ii. 100.

NOMADIC habits, unfavourable to human progress, i. 167.

NORWAY, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 301.

NOSE, resemblance of, in man and the apes, i. 192; piercing and ornamentation of the, ii. 341; flattening of the, ii. 352; very flat, not admired in negroes, ii. 350.

NOTT and Gliddon, on the features of Rameses II., i. 217; on the features of Amunoph III., i. 218; on skulls from Brazilian caves, i. 218; on the immunity of negroes and mulattoes from yellow fever, i. 243; on the deformation of the skull among American tribes, ii. 352.

NUDIBRANCH mollusca, bright colours of, i. 326.

NUMERALS, Roman, i. 182.

NUNEMAYA, natives of, bearded, ii. 322, 349.

OBEDIENCE, value of, i. 162.

OBSERVATION, powers of, possessed by birds, ii. 109.

OCCUPATIONS, sometimes a cause of diminished stature, i. 115; effect of, upon the proportions of the body, i. 116.

OCELLI, absence of, in female Mutillidæ, i. 341.

OCELLI of birds, formation and variability of the, ii. 132.

OCELOT, sexual differences in the colouring of the, ii. 287.

Ocyphaps lophotes, ii. 96.

ODONATA, i. 314.

Odonestis potatoria, sexual difference of colour in, i. 398.

ODOUR, correlation of, with colour of skin, i. 248; emitted by snakes in the breeding-season, ii. 30; of mammals, ii. 278.

Œcanthus nivalis, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. 361.

Oidemia, ii. 226, 227.

OLIVIER, on sounds produced by Pimelia striata, i. 385.

Omaloplia brunnea, stridulation of, i. 381.

Onitis furcifer, processes of anterior femora of the male, and on the head and thorax of the female, i. 372.

Onthophagus, i. 370.

Onthophagus rangifer, sexual differences of, i. 369; variation in the horns of the male, i. 370.

OPHIDIA, sexual differences of, ii. 29.

OPOSSUM, wide range of, in America, i. 219.

OPTIC nerve, atrophy of the, caused by destruction of the eye, i. 116.

ORANG-OUTAN, ii. 323; Bischoff on the agreement of the brain of the, with that of man, i. 11; adult age of the, i. 13; ears of the, i. 21; vermiform appendage of, i. 27; platforms built by the, i. 36; alarmed at the sight of a turtle, i. 43; using a stick as a lever, i. 51; using missiles, i. 52; using the leaves of the Pandanus as a night covering, i. 53; hands of the, i. 139; absence of mastoid processes in the, i. 143; direction of the hair on the arms of the, i. 192; its aberrant characters, i. 197; supposed evolution of the, i. 230; voice of the, ii. 276; monogamous habits of the, ii. 361; male, beard of the, ii. 284.

ORANGES, treatment of, by monkeys, i. 139.

ORANGE-TIP butterfly, i. 388, 393, 394.

Orchestia Darwinii, dimorphism of males of, i. 332.

Orchestia Tucuratinga, limbs of, i. 330, 331, 337.

ORDEAL, i. 68.

Oreas canna, colours of, ii. 288.

Oreas derbyanus, colours of, ii. 288, 299.

ORGANS, prehensile, i. 256; utilised for new purposes, ii. 335.

ORGANIC scale, von Baer’s definition of progress in, i. 211.

ORIOLES, nidification of, ii. 167.

Oriolus, species of, breeding in immature plumage, ii. 214, 215.

Oriolus melanocephalus, coloration of the sexes in, ii. 178.

ORNAMENTS, prevalence of similar, i. 233; fondness of savages for, ii. 338; of male birds, ii. 50.

ORNAMENTAL characters, equal transmission of, to both sexes, in mammals, ii. 297; of monkeys, ii. 306.

Ornithoptera croesus, i. 310.

Ornithorhynchus, i. 200; spur of the male, ii. 242; reptilian tendency of, i. 204.

Orocetes erythrogastra, young of, ii. 219.

ORRONY, Grotto of, i. 28.

Orsodacna atra, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. 368.

ORTHOPTERA, i. 352; metamorphosis of, i. 292; stridulating, auditory apparatus of, i. 353; colours of, i. 360; rudimentary stridulating organs in female, i. 359; stridulation of the, and Homoptera, discussed, i. 360.

Ortygornis gularis, pugnacity of the male, ii. 44.

Oryctes, stridulation of, i. 381; sexual differences in the stridulant organs of, i. 383.

Oryx leucoryx, use of the horns of, ii. 251, 263.

Osphranter rufus, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 286.

OSTRICH, African, sexes and incubation of the, ii. 205.

OSTRICHES, stripes of young, ii. 184.

Otaria jubata, mane of the male, ii. 267.

Otaria nigrescens, difference in the coloration of the sexes of, ii. 287.

Otis bengalensis, love-antics of the male, ii. 68.

Otis tarda, polygamous, i. 269; throat-pouch of the male, ii. 58.

OUZEL, ring-, colours and nidification of the, ii. 179.

OUZEL, water-, colours and nidification of the, ii. 170.

Ovibos moschatus, horns of, ii. 247.

OVIPOSITOR of insects, i. 254.

Ovis cycloceros, mode of fighting of, ii. 249.

OVULE of man, i. 14.

OWEN, Prof., on the Corpora Wolffiana, i. 16; on the great toe in man, i. 16; on the nictitating membrane and semilunar fold, i. 23; on the development of the posterior molars in different races of man, i. 26; on the length of the cæcum in the Koala, i. 27; on the coccygeal vertebræ, i. 29; on rudimentary structures belonging to the reproductive system, i. 31; on abnormal conditions of the human uterus, i. 123; on the number of digits in the Ichthyopterygia, i. 125; on the canine teeth in man, i. 126; on the walking of the chimpanzee and orang, i. 139; on the mastoid processes in the higher apes, i. 143; on the hairiness of elephants in elevated districts, i. 149; on the caudal vertebræ of monkeys, i. 150; classification of mammalia, i. 187; on the hair in monkeys, i. 194; on the piscine affinities of the Ichthyosaurians, i. 204; on polygamy and monogamy among the antelopes, i. 267; on the horns of Antilocapra americana, i. 289; on the musky odour of crocodiles during the breeding season, ii. 29; on the scent-glands of snakes, ii. 30; on the Dugong, Cachalot and Ornithorhynchus, ii. 242; on the antlers of the red deer, ii. 252; on the dentition of the camelidæ, ii. 257; on the tusks of the Mammoth, ii. 258; on the horns of the Irish elk, ii. 259; on the voice in the giraffe, porcupine, and stag, ii. 274; on the laryngeal sac of the gorilla and orang, ii. 276; on the odoriferous glands of mammals, ii. 279, 280; on the effects of emasculation on the vocal organs of men, ii. 330; on the voice of Hylobates agilis, ii. 332; on American monogamous monkeys, ii. 362.

OWLS, white, new mates found by, ii. 105.

Oxynotus, difference of the females of two species of, ii. 193.

PACHYDERMATA, i. 268.

PAGET, on the abnormal development of hairs in man, i. 25; on the thickness of the skin on the soles of the feet of infants, i. 118.

PAINTING, i. 232.

Palæmon, chelæ of a species of, i. 331.

Palæornis, sexual differences of colour in, ii. 231.

Palæornis Javanicus, colour of beak of, ii. 179.

Palæornis rosa, young of, ii. 188.

Palamedea cornuta, spurs on the wings, ii. 47.

PALEOLITHIC period, i. 183.

PALESTINE, habits of the chaffinch in, i. 307.

PALLAS, on the perfection of the senses in the Mongolians, i. 119; on the want of connexion between climate and the colour of the skin, i. 241; on the polygamous habits of Antilope saiga, i. 267; on the lighter colour of horses and cattle in winter in Siberia, i. 282; on the tusks of the musk-deer, ii. 256, 258; on the odoriferous glands of mammals, ii. 279; on the odoriferous glands of the musk-deer, ii. 280; on winter changes of colour in mammals, ii. 298; on the ideal of female beauty in North China, ii. 344.

Palmaris accessorius muscle, variations of the, i. 109.

PAMPAS, horses of the, i. 236.

PANGENESIS, hypothesis of, i. 280, 284.

PANNICULUS carnosus, i. 19.

Papilio, sexual differences of colouring in species of, i. 389; proportion of the sexes in North American species of, i. 309; coloration of the wings in species of, i. 396.

Papilio ascanius, i. 389.

Papilio Sesostris and Childrenæ, variability of, i. 402.

Papilio Turnus, i. 310.

Papilionidæ, variability in the, i. 402.

PAPUANS, line of separation between the, and the Malays, i. 218; beards of the, ii. 322; hair of, ii. 340.

PAPUANS and Malays, contrast in characters of, i. 216.

PARADISE, Birds of, ii. 100, 181; supposed by Lesson to be polygamous, i. 260; rattling of their quills by, ii. 61; racket-shaped feathers in, ii. 73; sexual differences in colour of, ii. 76; decomposed feathers in, ii. 74, 97; display of plumage by the male, ii. 88.

Paradisea apoda, barbless feathers in the tail of, ii. 74; plumage of, ii. 78; and P. papuana, divergence of the females of, ii. 192.

Paradisea rubra, ii. 75, 78.

PARAGUAY, Indians of, eradication of eyebrows and eyelashes by, ii. 348.

PARAKEET, Australian, variation in the colour of the thighs of a male, ii. 126.

PARALLELISM of development of species and languages, i. 59.

PARASITES on man and animals, i. 12; as evidence of specific identity or distinctness, i. 219; immunity from, correlated with colour, i. 242.

PARENTAL affection, partly a result of natural selection, i. 81.

PARENTS, age of, influence upon sex of offspring, i. 302.

PARINÆ, sexual difference of colour in, ii. 174.

PARK, Mungo, negro-women teaching their children to love the truth, i. 95; his treatment by the negro-women, i. 95, 326; on negro opinions of the appearance of white men, ii. 346.

PARROT, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, ii. 73; instance of benevolence in a, ii. 109.

PARROTS, imitative faculties of, i. 44; change of colour in, i. 152; living in triplets, ii. 106; affection of, ii. 108; colours of, ii. 223; sexual differences of colour in, ii. 231; colours and nidification of the, ii. 171, 174, 176; immature plumage of the, ii. 188; musical powers of, ii. 335.

PARTHENOGENESIS in the Tenthredinæ, i. 314; in Cynipidæ, i. 314; in Crustacea, i. 315.

PARTRIDGE, monogamous, i. 269; proportion of the sexes in the, i. 306; female, ii. 194.

“PARTRIDGE-DANCES,” ii. 68.

PARTRIDGES, living in triplets, ii. 106; spring coveys of male, ii. 107; distinguishing persons, ii. 110.

Parus cæruleus, ii. 174.

Passer, sexes and young of, ii. 212.

Passer brachydactylus, ii. 212.

Passer domesticus, ii. 170, 212.

Passer montanus, ii. 170, 212.

PATAGONIANS, self-sacrifice by, i. 88.

PATTERSON, Mr., on the Agrionidæ, i. 362.

PAULISTAS of Brazil, i. 225.

Pavo cristatus, i. 290; ii. 136.

Pavo muticus, i. 290, ii. 136; possession of spurs by the female, ii. 46, 162.

Pavo nigripennis, ii. 120.

PAYAGUAS Indians, thin legs and thick arms of the, i. 117.

PAYAN, Mr., on the proportion of the sexes in sheep, i. 305.

PEACOCK, polygamous, i. 269; sexual characters of, i. 290; pugnacity of the, ii. 46; rattling of the quills by, ii. 61; elongated tail-coverts of the, ii. 72, 97; love of display of the, ii. 135; 68, 87; ocellated spots of the, ii. 135; inconvenience of long tail of the, to the female, ii. 154, 164, 165; continued increase of beauty of the, ii. 216.

PEACOCK-BUTTERFLY, i. 392.

PEAFOWL, preference of females for a particular male, ii. 120; first advances made by the female, ii. 120.

Pediculi of domestic animals and man, i. 219.

PEDIGREE of man, i. 213.

Pedionomus torquatus, sexes of, ii. 201.

PEEWIT, wing-tubercles of the male, ii. 48.

PELAGIC animals, transparency of, i. 323.

Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, horny crest on the beak of the male, during the breeding season, ii. 80.

Pelecanus onocrotalus, spring plumage of, ii. 85.

PELELÉ, ii. 341.

PELICAN, blind, fed by his companions, i. 77; young, guided by old birds, i. 77; pugnacity of the male, ii. 43.

PELICANS, fishing in concert, i. 75.

Pelobius Hermanni, stridulation of, i. 380, 382.

PELVIS, alteration of, to suit the erect attitude of man, i. 143; differences of the, in the sexes in man, ii. 317.

Penelope nigra, sound produced by the male, ii. 64.

PENNANT, on the battles of seals, ii. 240; on the bladder-nose seal, ii. 278.

Penthe, antennal cushions of the male, i. 343.

PERCH, brightness of male, during breeding season, ii. 13.

PEREGRINE Falcon, new mate found by, ii. 104.

PERIOD of variability, relation of, to sexual selection, i. 296.

PERIODICITY, vital, Dr. Laycock on, i. 12.

PERIODS, lunar, followed by functions in man and animals, i. 12, 212.

PERIODS of life, inheritance at corresponding, i. 280, 285.

Perisoreus canadensis, young of, ii. 209.

Peritrichia, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, i. 367.

PERIWINKLE, i. 324.

Pernis cristata, ii. 126.

PERSEVERANCE, a characteristic of man, ii. 328.

PERSIANS, said to be improved by intermixture with Georgians and Circassians, ii. 357.

PERSONNAT, M., on Bombyx Yamamai, i. 310.

PERUVIANS, civilisation of the, not foreign, i. 183.

PETRELS, colours of, ii. 230.

Petrocincla cyanea, young of, ii. 219.

Petronia, ii. 212.

PFEIFFER, Ida, on Javanese ideas of beauty, ii. 347.

Phacochœrus æthiopicus, tusks and pads of, ii. 265.

PHALANGER, Vulpine, black varieties of the, ii. 294.

Phalaropus fulicarius, ii. 203.

Phalaropus hyperboreus, ii. 203.

Phanæus, i. 373.

Phanæus carnifex, variation of the horns of the male, i. 370.

Phanæus faunus, sexual differences of, i. 369.

Phanæus lancifer, i. 370.

Phasgonura viridissima, stridulation of, i. 354, 356.

Phasianus Sœmmerringii, ii. 157.

Phasianus versicolor, ii. 89.

Phasianus Wallichii, ii. 93, 196.

PHASMIDÆ, mimickry of leaves by the, i. 414.

PHEASANT, polygamous, i. 269; production of hybrids with the common fowl, ii. 122; and black grouse, hybrids of, ii. 113; immature plumage of the, ii. 188.

PHEASANT, Argus, ii. 72, 181; display of plumage by the male, ii. 91; ocellated spots of the, ii. 134, 141; gradation of characters in the, ii. 141.

PHEASANT, Blood-, ii. 46.

PHEASANT, Cheer, ii. 93, 195.

PHEASANT, Eared, i. 290, ii. 93, 195; sexes alike in the, ii. 178; length of the tail in the, ii. 166.

PHEASANT, Golden, display of plumage by the male, ii. 89; sex of young, ascertained by pulling out head-feathers, ii. 214; age of mature plumage in the, ii. 213.

PHEASANT, Kalij, drumming of the male, ii. 62.

PHEASANT, Reeve’s, length of the tail in, ii. 166.

PHEASANT, Silver, sexual coloration of the, ii. 228; triumphant male, deposed on account of spoiled plumage, ii. 120.

PHEASANT, Sœmmerring’s, ii. 156, 166.

PHEASANT, Tragopan, ii. 72; display of plumage by the male, ii. 91; markings of the sexes of the, ii. 134.

PHEASANTS, period of acquisition of male characters in the family of the, i. 290; proportion of sexes in chicks of, i. 306; length of the tail in, ii. 156, 164, 166.

Philodromus, i. 337.

PHILTERS, worn by women, ii. 344.

Phoca grœnlandica, sexual difference in the coloration of, ii. 287.

Phœnicura ruticilla, ii. 105.

PHOSPHORESCENCE of insects, i. 345.

PHRYGANIDÆ, copulation of distinct species of, i. 342.

Phryniscus nigricans, ii. 25.

PHYSICAL inferiority, supposed, of man, i. 156.

PICKERING, on the number of species of man, i. 226.

PICTON, J. A., on the soul of man, ii. 395.

Picus auratus, ii. 43.

PIERIDÆ, mimickry by female, i. 413.

Pieris, i. 393.

PIGEON, carrier, late development of the wattle in, i. 293; domestic, breeds and sub-breeds of, ii. 178; pouter, late development of the crop in, i. 293; female, deserting a weakened mate, i. 262.

PIGEONS, nestling, fed by the secretion of the crop of both parents, i. 210; changes of plumage in, i. 281; transmission of sexual peculiarities in, i. 283; changing colour after several moultings, i. 294; numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. 306; cooing of, ii. 60; variations in plumage of, ii. 74; display of plumage by male, ii. 96; local memory of, ii. 109; antipathy of female, to certain males, ii. 118; pairing of, ii. 118, 119; profligate male and female, ii. 119; wing-bars and tail-feathers of, ii. 131; supposititious breed of, ii. 155; pouter and carrier, peculiarities of predominant in males, ii. 158; nidification of, ii. 168; immature plumage of the, ii. 188; Australian, ii. 175; Belgian, with black-streaked males, i. 285, 293; ii. 157.

PIGS, origin of the improved breeds of, i. 230; numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. 305; stripes of young, ii. 184, 303; sexual preference shown by, ii. 273.

PIKE, American, brilliant colours of the male, during the breeding season, ii. 14.

PIKE, male, devoured by females, i. 308.

PIKE, L. O., on the psychical elements of religion, i. 68.

Pimelia striata, sounds produced by the female, i. 385.

PINTAIL Drake, plumage of, ii. 84; pairing with a wild duck, ii. 115.

PINTAIL Duck, pairing with a Wigeon, ii. 114.

PIPE-FISH, filamentous, ii. 18; marsupial receptacles of the male, ii. 21.

PIPITS, moulting of the, ii. 83.

Pipra, modified secondary wing-feathers of male, ii. 65.

Pipra deliciosa, ii. 65, 66.

Pirates stridulus, stridulation of, i. 350.

Pithecia leucocephala, sexual differences of colour in, ii. 290.

Pithecia Satanas, beard of, ii. 283, 284, 285; resemblance of, to a negro, ii. 381.

PITS, suborbital, of Ruminants, ii. 280.

PITTIDÆ, nidification of, ii. 167.

PLACENTATA, i. 202.

PLAGIOSTOMOUS fishes, ii. 1.

PLAIN-WANDERER, Australian, ii. 201.

Planariæ, bright colours of some, i. 322.

PLANTAIN-EATERS, colours and nidification of the, ii. 171; both sexes of, equally brilliant, ii. 177.

PLANTS, cultivated, more fertile than wild, i. 132; Nägeli, on natural selection in, i. 152; male flowers of, mature before the female, i. 260; phenomena of fertilisation in, i. 273; relation between number and size of seeds in, i. 317.

Platalea, ii. 60; change of plumage in, ii. 179.

Platyblemnus, i. 361.

Platycercus, young of, ii. 209.

Platyphyllum concavum, i. 352, 356.

PLATYRRHINE monkeys, i. 196.

PLATYSMA myoides, i. 19.

Plecostomus, head-tentacles of the male of a species of, ii. 10.

Plecostomus barbatus, peculiar beard of the male, ii. 10.

Plectropterus gambensis, spurred wings of, ii. 46.

Ploceus, ii. 54.

PLOVERS, wing-spurs of, ii. 48; double moult in, ii. 83.

PLUMAGE, changes of, inheritance of, by fowls, i. 281; tendency to analogous variation in, ii. 74; display of, by male birds, ii. 86, 96; changes of, in relation to season, ii. 180; immature, of birds, ii. 183, 187; colour of, in relation to protection, ii. 223.

PLUMES on the head in birds, difference of, in the sexes, ii. 164.

Pneumora, structure of, i. 357.

Podica, sexual difference in the colour of the irides of, ii. 128.

POEPPIG, on the contact of civilised and savage races, i. 239.

POISON, avoidance of, by animals, i. 49.

POISONOUS fruits and herbs avoided by animals, i. 36.

POISONS, immunity from, correlated with colour, i. 242.

POLISH fowls, origin of the crest in, i. 284.

POLLEN and van Dam, on the colours of Lemur macaco, ii. 290.

POLYANDRY, ii. 365; in certain cyprinidæ, i. 309; among the elateridæ, i. 313.

POLYDACTYLISM in man, i. 125.

POLYGAMY, influence of, upon sexual selection, i. 265; superinduced by domestication, i. 270; supposed increase of female births by, i. 303; in the stickleback, ii. 2.

POLYGENISTS, i. 228.

POLYNESIA, prevalence of infanticide in, ii. 364.

POLYNESIANS, aversion of, to hairs on the face, ii. 349; wide geographical range of, i. 112; difference of stature among the, i. 115; crosses of, i. 225; variability of, i. 225; heterogeneity of the, i. 241.

Polyplectron, display of plumage by the male, i. 89; number of spurs in, ii. 46; gradation of characters in, ii. 137; female of, ii. 194.

Polyplectron chinquis, ii. 90, 138, 139.

Polyplectron Hardwickii, ii. 138, 139.

Polyplectron malaccense, ii. 139, 140.

Polyplectron Napoleonis, ii. 138, 140.

POLYZOA, i. 324.

Pontoporeia affinis, i. 329.

PORCUPINE, mute, except in the rutting season, ii. 274.

PORES, excretory, numerical relation of, to the hairs in sheep, i. 248.

Porpitæ, bright colours of some, i. 322.

Portax picta, dorsal crest and throat-tuft of, ii. 282; sexual differences of colour in, ii. 287, 299.

Portunus puber, pugnacity of, i. 332.

Potamochoerus penicillatus, tusks and facial knobs of the, ii. 266.

POUCHET, G., on the ratio of instinct and intelligence, i. 37; on the instincts of ants, i. 187; on the caves of Abou-Simbel, i. 217; on the immunity of negroes from yellow fever, i. 243.

POUTER pigeon, late development of the large crop in, i. 293.

POWER, Dr., on the different colours of the sexes in a species of Squilla, i. 335.

POWYS, Mr., on the habits of the chaffinch in Corfu, i. 307.

PRE-EMINENCE of man, i. 137.

PREFERENCE for males by female birds, ii. 113, 122; shown by mammals, in pairing, ii. 268.

PREHENSILE organs, i. 256.

Presbytis entellus, fighting of the male, ii. 324.

PREYER, Dr., on supernumerary mammæ in women, i. 125.

PRICHARD, on the difference of stature among the Polynesians, i. 115; on the connection between the breadth of the skull in the Mongolians and the perfection of their senses, i. 119; on the capacity of British skulls of different ages, i. 146; on the flattened heads of the Colombian savages, ii. 340; on Siamese notions of beauty, ii. 345; on the beardlessness of the Siamese, ii. 349; on the deformation of the head among American tribes and the natives of Arakhan, ii. 352.

PRIMARY sexual organs, i. 254.

PRIMATES, i. 190; sexual differences of colour in, ii. 290.

PRIMOGENITURE, evils of, i. 170.

Primula, relation between number and size of seeds in, i. 317.

PRIONIDÆ, difference of the sexes in colour, i. 367.

Proctotretus multimaculatus, ii. 26, 37.

Proctotretus tenuis, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 37.

PROFLIGACY, i. 173.

PROGENITORS, early, of man, i. 206.

PROGRESS, not the normal rule in human society, i. 166; elements of, i. 177.

PRONG-HORN, horns of, i. 289.

PROPORTIONS, difference of, in distinct races, i. 216.

PROTECTIVE colouring in butterflies, i. 392; in lizards, ii. 37; in birds, ii. 197, 223; in mammals, ii. 298, 299.

PROTECTIVE nature of the dull colouring of female Lepidoptera, i. 403, 405, 414.

PROTECTIVE resemblances in fishes, ii. 18.

PROTOZOA, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. 321.

PRUNER-BEY, on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, i. 29; on the colour of negro infants, ii. 318.

PRUSSIA, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 301.

Psocus, proportions of the sexes in, i. 314.

PTARMIGAN, monogamous, i. 269; summer and winter plumage of the, ii. 81, 83; nuptial assemblages of, ii. 101; triple moult of the, ii. 181; protective coloration of, ii. 198.

PUFF-BIRDS, colours and nidification of the, ii. 171.

PUGNACITY of fine-plumaged male birds, ii. 93.

PUMAS, stripes of young, ii. 183.

PUPPIES learning from cats to clean their faces, i. 44.

Pycnonotus hæmorrhous, pugnacity of the male, ii. 41; display of under tail coverts by the male, ii. 96.

Pyranga æstiva, male aiding in incubation, ii. 167.

Pyrodes, difference of the sexes in colour, i. 367.

QUADRUMANA, hands of, i. 139; differences between man and the, i. 190; dependence of, on climate, i. 218; sexual differences of colour in, ii. 290; ornamental characters of, ii. 306; analogy of sexual differences of, with those of man, ii. 318; fighting of males for the females, ii. 324; monogamous habits of, ii. 361; beards of the, ii. 378.

QUAIN, R., on the variation of the muscles in man, i. 109.

QUATREFAGES, A. de, on the occurrence of a rudimentary tail in man, i. 29; on the moral sense as a distinction between man and animals, i. 70; on variability, i. 112; on the fertility of Australian women with white men, i. 221; on the Paulistas of Brazil, i. 225; on the evolution of the breeds of cattle, i. 230; on the Jews, i. 242; on the liability of negroes to tropical fevers after residence in a cold climate, i. 243; on the difference between field- and house-slaves, i. 246; on the influence of climate on colour, i. 246; on the Ainos, ii. 321; on the women of San-Giuliano, ii. 357.

QUECHUA Indians, i. 119; local variation of colour in the, i. 246; no grey hair among the, ii. 320; hairlessness of the, ii. 322; long hair of the, ii. 348.

Querquedula acuta, ii. 114.

Quiscalus major, proportions of the sexes of, in Florida and Honduras, i. 307.

RABBIT, white tail of the, ii. 298.

RABBITS, danger-signals of, i. 74; domestic, elongation of the skull in, i. 147; modification of the skull in, by the lopping of the ear, i. 147; numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. 305.

RACES, distinctive characters of, i. 215; or species of man, i. 217; crossed, fertility or sterility of, i. 220; of man, variability of the, i. 225; of man, resemblance of, in mental characters, i. 232; formation of, i. 235; of man, extinction of, i. 236; effects of the crossing of, i. 240; of man, formation of the, i. 240; of man, children of the, ii. 318; beardless, aversion of, to hairs on the face, ii. 349.

RAFFLES, Sir S., on the Banteng, ii. 290.

RAFTS, use of, i. 137, 234.

RAGE, manifested by animals, i. 40.

Raia batis, teeth of, ii. 6.

Raia clavata, female spined on the back, ii. 2; sexual difference in the teeth of, ii. 6.

Raia maculata, teeth of, ii. 6.

RAILS, spur-winged, ii. 48.

RAM, mode of fighting of the, ii. 249; African, mane of an, ii. 284; fat-tailed, ii. 284.

RAMESES II., i. 217.

RAMSAY, Mr., on the Australian Musk-duck, ii. 38; on the Regent-bird, ii. 113; on the incubation of Menura superba, ii. 165.

Rana esculenta, vocal sacs of, ii. 28.

RAT, common, general dispersion of, a consequence of superior cunning, i. 50; supplantation of the native, in New Zealand, by the European rat, i. 240; common, said to be polygamous, i. 268; numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. 305.

RATS, enticed by essential oils, ii. 281.

RATIONALITY of birds, ii. 108.

RATTLE-SNAKES, difference of the sexes in the, ii. 29; said to use their rattles as a sexual call, ii. 30.

RAVEN, vocal organs of the, ii. 55; stealing bright objects, ii. 112; pied, of the Feroe Islands, ii. 120.

RAYS, prehensile organs of male, ii. 1.

RAZOR-BILL, young of the, ii. 217.

READE, Winwood, on the Guinea sheep, i. 289; non-development of horns in castrated male Guinea sheep, ii. 247; on the occurrence of a mane in an African ram, ii. 285; on the negroes’ appreciation of the beauty of their women, ii. 344; on the admiration of negroes for a black skin, ii. 346; on the idea of beauty among negroes, ii. 350; on the Jollofs, ii. 357; on the marriage-customs of the negroes, ii. 374.

REASON, in animals, i. 46.

REDSTART, American, breeding in immature plumage, ii. 214.

REDSTARTS, new mates found by, ii. 105.

REDUVIDÆ, stridulation of, i. 350.

REED-BUNTING, head-feathers of the male, ii. 95; attacked by a bullfinch, ii. 111.

REEFS, fishes frequenting, ii. 17.

REGENERATION, partial, of lost parts in man, i. 13.

REGENT-BIRD, ii. 112.

REINDEER, antlers of, with numerous points, ii. 252; sexual preferences shown by, ii. 273; horns of the, i. 288; winter change of the, ii. 299; battles of, ii. 240; horns of the female, ii. 243.

RELATIONSHIP, terms of, ii. 360.

RELIGION, deficiency of, among certain races, i. 65; psychical elements of, i. 68.

REMORSE, i. 91; deficiency of, among savages, i. 164.

RENGGER, on the diseases of Cebus Azaræ, i. 11; on maternal affection in a Cebus, i. 40; revenge taken by monkeys, i. 40; on the reasoning powers of American monkeys, i. 47; on the use of stones by monkeys for cracking hard nuts, i. 51; on the sounds uttered by Cebus Azaræ, i. 54; on the signal-cries of monkeys, i. 57; on the diversity of the mental faculties of monkeys, i. 110; on the Payaguas Indians, i. 117; on the inferiority of Europeans to savages in their senses, i. 118; on the polygamous habits of Mycetes caraya, i. 266; on the voice of the howling monkeys, ii. 277; on the odour of Cervus campestris, ii. 279; on the beards of Mycetes caraya and Pithecia Satanas, ii. 283; on the colours of Felis mitis, ii. 287; on the colours of Cervus paludosus, ii. 290; on sexual differences of colour in Mycetes, ii. 291; on the colour of the infant Guaranys, ii. 318; on the early maturity of the female of Cebus azaræ, ii. 318; on the beards of the Guaranys, ii. 322, 323; on the emotional notes employed by monkeys, ii. 336; on American polygamous monkeys, ii. 362.

REPRESENTATIVE species, of birds, ii. 190, 191.

REPRODUCTION, unity of phenomena of, throughout the mammalia, i. 13; period of, in birds, ii. 214.

REPRODUCTIVE system, rudimentary structures in the, i. 30; accessory parts of, i. 207.

REPTILES, ii. 28.

REPTILES and birds, alliance of, i. 213.

RESEMBLANCES, small, between man and the apes, i. 191.

RETRIEVERS, exercise of reasoning faculties by, i. 48.

REVENGE, manifested by animals, i. 40.

REVERSION, i. 122; perhaps the cause of some bad dispositions, i. 173.

Rhagium, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, i. 367.

Ramphastos carinatus, ii. 227.

RHINOCEROS, nakedness of, i. 148; horns of, ii. 247; horns of, used defensively, ii. 263; attacking white or grey horses, ii. 295.

Rhynchæa, sexes and young of, ii. 202.

Rhynchæa australis, ii. 203.

Rhynchæa bengalensis, ii. 203.

Rhynchæa capensis, ii. 202.

RHYTHM, perception of, by animals, ii. 333.

RICHARD, M., on rudimentary muscles in man, i. 19.

RICHARDSON, Sir J., on the pairing of Tetrao umbellus, ii. 49; on Tetrao urophasianus, ii. 58; on the drumming of grouse, ii. 63; on the dances of Tetrao phasianellus, ii. 69; on assemblages of grouse, ii. 101; on the battles of male deer, ii. 240; on the reindeer, ii. 244; on the horns of the musk-ox, ii. 247; on antlers of the reindeer with numerous points, ii. 252; on the moose, ii. 259.

RICHARDSON, on the Scotch deerhound, ii. 261.

RICHTER, Jean Paul, on imagination, i. 45.

RIEDEL, on profligate female pigeons, ii. 119.

RING-OUZEL, colours and nidification of the, ii. 170.

RIPA, Father, on the difficulty of distinguishing the races of the Chinese, i. 215.

RIVALRY, in singing, between male birds, ii. 53.

RIVER-HOG, African, tusks and knobs of the, ii. 266.

RIVERS, analogy of, to islands, i. 204.

ROACH, brightness of male during breeding-season, ii. 13.

ROBBERY, of strangers, considered honourable, i. 94.

ROBERTSON, Mr., remarks on the development of the horns in the roebuck and red-deer, i. 288.

ROBIN, pugnacity of the male, ii. 40; autumn song of the, ii. 54; female, singing of the, ii. 54; attacking other birds with red in their plumage, ii. 111; young of the, ii. 208.

ROBINET, on the difference of size of the male and female cocoons of the silk-moth, i. 346.

RODENTS, uterus in the, i. 123; absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. 268; sexual differences in the colours of, ii. 286.

ROE, winter change of the, ii. 299.

ROLLE, F., on the origin of man, i. 4; on a change in German families settled in Georgia, i. 246.

ROLLER, ii. 56.

ROMANS, ancient, gladiatorial exhibitions of the, i. 101.

ROOK, voice of the, ii. 61.

RÖSSLER, Dr., on the resemblance of the lower surface of butterflies to the bark of trees, i. 392.

ROSTRUM, sexual difference in the length of, in some weevils, i. 255.

RUDIMENTARY organs, i. 17; origin of, i. 32.

RUDIMENTS, presence of, in languages, i. 60.

RUDOLPH, on the want of connexion between climate and the colour of the skin, i. 241.

RUFF, supposed to be polygamous, i. 270; proportion of the sexes in the, i. 306; pugnacity of the, ii. 41, 48; double moult in, ii. 81, 84; duration of dances of, ii. 100; attraction of the, to bright objects, ii. 111.

RUMINANTS, male, disappearance of canine teeth in, i. 144, ii. 325; generally polygamous, i. 266; analogy of Lamellicorn beetles to, i. 373; suborbital pits of, ii. 280; sexual differences of colour in, ii. 287.

Rupicola crocea, display of plumage by the male, ii. 87.

RÜPPELL, on canine teeth in deer and antelopes, ii. 258.

RUSSIA, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 301.

Ruticilla, ii. 180.

RÜTIMEYER, Prof., on the physiognomy of the apes, i. 149; on the sexual differences of monkeys, ii. 323.

RUTLANDSHIRE, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 301.

SACHS, Prof., on the behaviour of the male and female elements in fertilisation, i. 274.

SACRIFICES, Human, i. 182.

SAGITTAL crest in male apes and Australians, ii. 319.

SAHARA, birds of the, ii. 172; animal inhabitants of the, ii. 224.

SAILORS, growth of, delayed by conditions of life, i. 114; long-sighted, i. 118.

SAILORS and soldiers, difference in the proportions of, i. 116.

ST. JOHN, Mr., on the attachment of mated birds, ii. 108.

ST. KILDA, beards of the inhabitants of, ii. 321.

Salmo eriox, and S. umbla, colouring of the male, during the breeding season, ii. 14.

Salmo lycaodon, ii. 4.

Salmo salar, ii. 4.

SALMON, leaping out of fresh water, i. 83; male, ready to breed before the female, i. 260; proportion of the sexes in, i. 308; male, pugnacity of the, ii. 3; male, characters of, during the breeding season, ii. 3, 14; spawning of the, ii. 19; breeding of immature male, ii. 215.

SALVIN, O., on the Humming-birds, i. 269, ii. 168; on the numerical proportion of the sexes in Humming-birds, i. 307, ii. 221; on Chamæpetes and Penelope, ii. 64; on Selasphorus platycercus, ii. 65; on Pipra deliciosa, ii. 66; on Chasmorhynchus, ii. 79.

SAMOA Islands, beardlessness of the natives of, ii. 322, 349.

SAND-SKIPPER, i. 334.

SANDWICH Islands, variation in the skulls of the natives of the, i. 108; superiority of the nobles in the, ii. 356.

SANDWICH Islanders, lice of, i. 219.

SAN-GIULIANO, women of, ii. 357.

SANTALI, recent rapid increase of the, i. 133; Mr. Hunter on the, i. 241.

Saphirina, characters of the males of, i. 335.

Sarkidiornis melanonotus, characters of the young, ii. 185.

SARS, O., on Pontoporeia offinis, i. 329.

Saturnia carpini, attraction of males by the female, i. 311.

Saturnia Io, difference of coloration in the sexes of, i. 398.

Saturniidæ, coloration of the, i. 396, 398.

SAVAGE, Dr., on the fighting of the male gorillas, ii. 324; on the habits of the gorilla, ii. 363.

SAVAGE and Wyman, on the polygamous habits of the gorilla, i. 266.

SAVAGES, imitative faculties of, i. 57, 161; causes of low morality of, i. 97; uniformity of, exaggerated, i. 111; long-sighted, i. 118; rate of increase among, usually small, i. 132; retention of the prehensile power of the feet by, i. 142; tribes of, supplanting one another, i. 160; improvements in the arts among, i. 182; arts of, i. 234; fondness of, for rough music, ii. 67; attention paid by, to personal appearance, ii. 338; relation of the sexes among, ii. 363.

SAW-FLY, pugnacity of a male, i. 364.

SAW-FLIES, proportions of the sexes in, i. 314.

Saxicola rubicola, young of, ii. 220.

SCALP, motion of the, i. 20.

SCENT-GLANDS in snakes, ii. 30.

SCHAAFFHAUSEN, Prof., on the development of the posterior molars in different races of man, i. 26; on the jaw from La Naulette, i. 126; on the correlation between muscularity and prominent supra-orbital ridges, i. 130; on the mastoid processes of man, i. 143; on modifications of the cranial bones, i. 147; on human sacrifices, i. 182; on the probable speedy extermination of the anthropomorphous apes, i. 201; on the ancient inhabitants of Europe, i. 237; on the effects of use and disuse of parts, i. 247; on the superciliary ridge in man, ii. 316; on the absence of race-differences in the infant skull in man, ii. 318; on ugliness, ii. 354.

SCHAUM, H., on the elytra of Dytiscus and Hydroporus, i. 343.

SCHELVER, on dragon-flies, i. 363.

SCHIODTE, on the stridulation of Heterocerus, i. 379.

SCHLEGEL, F. von, on the complexity of the languages of uncivilised peoples, i. 61.

SCHLEGEL, Prof., on Tanysiptera, ii. 190.

SCHLEICHER, Prof., on the origin of language, i. 56.

SCHLEIDEN, Prof., on the rattle-snake, ii. 30.

SCHOMBURGK, Sir R., on the pugnacity of the male musk-duck of Guiana, ii. 43; on the courtship of Rupicola crocea, ii. 87.

SCHOOLCRAFT, Mr., on the difficulty of fashioning stone implements, i. 138.

SCLATER, P. L., on modified secondary wing-feathers in the males of Pipra, ii. 65; on elongated feathers in nightjars, ii. 73; on the species of Chasmorhynchus, ii. 79; on the plumage of Pelecanus onocrotalus, ii. 85; on the plantain-eaters, ii. 177; on the sexes and young of Tadorna variegata, ii. 206; on the colours of Lemur macaco, ii. 290; on the stripes in asses, ii. 305.

SCOLECIDA, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. 321.

Scolopax frenata, tail-feathers of, ii. 64.

Scolopax gallinago, drumming of, ii. 63.

Scolopax javensis, tail-feathers of, ii. 64.

Scolopax major, assemblies of, ii. 101.

Scolopax Wilsonii, sound produced by, ii. 64.

Scolytus, stridulation of, i. 379.

SCOTER-DUCK, black, sexual difference in coloration of the, ii. 226; bright beak of male, ii. 227.

SCOTT, J., on the colour of the beard in man, ii. 319.

SCROPE, on the pugnacity of the male salmon, ii. 3; on the battles of stags, ii. 240.

SCUDDER, S. H., imitation of the stridulation of the Orthoptera, i. 353; on the stridulation of the Acridiidæ, i. 356; on a Devonian insect, i. 360; on stridulation, ii. 331.

SCULPTURE, expression of the ideal of beauty by, ii. 350.

SEA-ANEMONIES, bright colours of, i. 322.

SEA-BEAR, polygamous, i. 268.

SEA-ELEPHANT, male, structure of the nose of the, ii. 278; polygamous, i. 268.

SEA-LION, polygamous, i. 268.

SEAL, bladder-nose, ii. 278.

SEALS, their sentinels generally females, i. 74; evidence furnished by, on classification, i. 190; sexual differences in the coloration of, ii. 287; appreciation of music by, ii. 333; battles of male, ii. 240; canine teeth of male, ii. 241; polygamous habits of, i. 268; pairing of, ii. 269; sexual peculiarities of, ii. 277.

SEA-SCORPION, sexual differences in, ii. 9.

SEASON, changes of colour in birds, in accordance with the, ii. 80; changes of plumage of birds in relation to, ii. 180.

SEASONS, inheritance at corresponding, i. 282.

SEBITUANI, ii. 340.

SEBRIGHT Bantam, i. 294.

SECONDARY sexual characters, i. 253; relations of polygamy to, i. 266; gradation of, in birds, ii. 135; transmitted through both sexes, i. 279.

SEDGWICK, W., on hereditary tendency to produce twins, i. 133.

SEEMANN, Dr., on the different appreciation of music by different peoples, ii. 334; on the effects of music, ii. 335.

Selasphorus platycercus, acuminate first primary of the male, ii. 65.

SELBY, P. J., on the habits of the black and red grouse, i. 269.

SELECTION, double, i. 276.

SELECTION of male by female birds, ii. 99, 122.

SELECTION, methodical, of Prussian grenadiers, i. 112.

SELECTION, sexual, influence of, on the colouring of Lepidoptera, i. 403; explanation of, i. 256, 260, 271.

SELECTION, sexual and natural, contrasted, i. 278.

SELF-COMMAND, habit of, inherited, i. 92; estimation of, i. 95.

SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS, i. 62.

SELF-PRESERVATION, instinct of, i. 89.

SELF-SACRIFICE, by savages, i. 88; estimation of, i. 95.

SEMILUNAR fold, i. 23.

Semnopithecus, i. 197; long hair on the heads of species of, i. 192; ii. 380.

Semnopithecus chrysomelas, sexual differences of colour in ii. 291.

Semnopithecus comatus, ornamental hair on the head of, ii. 307.

Semnopithecus frontatus, beard, &c., of, ii. 308.

Semnopithecus nasica, nose of, i. 192.

Semnopithecus nemæus, colouring of, ii. 310.

Semnopithecus rubicundus, ornamental hair on the head of, ii. 306.

SENSES, inferiority of Europeans to savages in the, i. 118.

SENTINELS, i. 74, 82.

SERPENTS, instinctively dreaded by apes and monkeys, i. 37, 42.

Serranus, hermaphroditism in, i. 208.

SEX, inheritance limited by, i. 282.

SEXES, relative proportions of, in man, i. 300, ii. 320; probable relation of the, in primeval man, ii. 362.

SEXUAL characters, secondary, i. 253; relations of polygamy to, i. 266; transmitted through both sexes, i. 279; gradation of, in birds, ii. 135.

SEXUAL and natural selection, contrasted, i. 278.

SEXUAL characters, effects of the loss of, i. 284; limitation of, i. 284.

SEXUAL differences in man, i. 14.

SEXUAL selection, explanation of, i. 256, 260, 271; influence of, on the colouring of Lepidoptera, i. 403; action of, in mankind, ii. 368.

SEXUAL similarity, i. 277.

SHARKS, prehensile organs of male, ii. 1.

SHARPE, R. B., on Tanysiptera sylvia, ii. 165; on Ceryle, ii. 173; on the young male of Dacelo Gaudichaudi, ii. 188.

SHAW, Mr., on the pugnacity of the male salmon, ii. 3.

SHAW, J., on the decorations of birds, ii. 71.

SHEEP, danger-signals of, i. 74; sexual differences in the horns of, i. 283; horns of, i. 289, ii. 246, 259; domestic, sexual differences of, late developed, i. 293; numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. 304; mode of fighting of, ii. 249; arched foreheads of some, ii. 284.

SHEEP, Merino, loss of horns in females of, i. 284; horns of, i. 289.

SHELLS, difference in form of, in male and female Gasteropoda, i. 324; beautiful colours and shapes of, i. 326.

SHIELD-DRAKE, pairing with a common duck, ii. 114; New Zealand, sexes and young of, ii. 206.

SHOOTER, J., on the Kafirs, ii. 347; on the marriage-customs of the Kafirs, ii. 373.

SHREW-MICE, odour of, ii. 279.

SHRIKE, Drongo, ii. 179.

SHRIKES, characters of young, ii. 185.

SHUCKARD, W. E., on sexual differences in the wings of Hymenoptera, i. 435.

SHYNESS of adorned male birds, ii. 97.

Siagonium, proportions of the sexes in, i. 314; dimorphism in males of, i. 374.

SIAM, proportion of male and female births in, i. 303.

SIAMESE, general beardlessness of the, ii. 321; notions of beauty of the, ii. 345; hairy family of, ii. 378.

SIEBOLD, C. T. von, on the auditory apparatus of the stridulant orthoptera, i. 353.

SIGHT, inheritance of long and short, i. 118.

SIGNAL-CRIES of monkeys, i. 57.

SILK-MOTH, difference of size of the male and female cocoons of the, i. 346; pairing of the, i. 401; male, fertilising two or three females, i. 406; proportion of the sexes in, i. 309, 311; Ailanthus, Prof. Canestrini, on the destruction of its larvæ by wasps, i. 311.

SIMIADÆ, i. 195; their origin and divisions, i. 213.

SIMILARITY, sexual, i. 277.

SINGING of the Cicadæ and Fulgoridæ, i. 351; of tree-frogs, ii. 27; of birds, object of the, ii. 52.

SIRENIA, nakedness of, i. 148.

Sirex juvencus, i. 365.

SIRICIDÆ, difference of the sexes in, i. 365.

SISKIN, ii. 85; pairing with a canary, ii. 115.

Sitana, throat-pouch of the males of, ii. 33, 36.

SIZE, relative, of the sexes of insects, i. 345.

SKIN, movement of the, i. 19; nakedness of, in man, i. 148; colour of the, i. 241.

SKIN and hair, correlation of colour of, i. 248.

SKULL, variation of, in man, i. 108; cubic contents of, no absolute test of intellect, i. 145; Neanderthal, capacity of the, i. 146; causes of modification of the, i. 147; difference of, in form and capacity, in different races of men, i. 216; variability of the shape of the, i. 226; differences of, in the sexes in man, ii. 317; artificial modifications of the shape of, ii. 340.

SKUNK, odour emitted by the, ii. 279.

SLAVERY, prevalence of, i. 94; of women, ii. 366.

SLAVES, difference between those of field and house, i. 246.

SMELL, sense of, in man and animals, i. 23.

SMITH, Adam, on the basis of sympathy, i. 82.

SMITH, Sir A., on the recognition of women by male Cynocephali, i. 13; on an instance of memory in a baboon, i. 45; on the retention of their colour by the Dutch in South Africa, i. 242; on the polygamy of the South African antelopes, i. 267; on the proportion of the sexes in Kobus ellipsiprymnus, i. 305; on Bucephalus capensis, ii. 29; on South African lizards, ii. 37; on fighting gnus, ii. 240; on the horns of rhinoceroses, ii. 248; on the fighting of lions, ii. 266; on the colours of the Cape Eland, ii. 288; on the colours of the gnu, ii. 289; on Hottentot notions of beauty, ii. 345.

SMITH, F., on the Cynipidæ and Tenthredinidæ, i. 314; on the relative size of the sexes of Aculeate Hymenoptera, i. 347; on the difference between the sexes of ants and bees, i. 365; on the stridulation of Trox sabulosus, i. 380; on the stridulation of Mononychus pseudacori, i. 382.

Smynthurus luteus, courtship of, i. 348.

SNAKES, sexual differences of, ii. 29; male, ardency of, ii. 30.

“SNARLING MUSCLES,” i. 127.

SNIPE, drumming of the, ii. 63; coloration of the, ii. 226.

SNIPE, painted, sexes and young of, ii. 202.

SNIPE, solitary, assemblies of, ii. 101.

SNIPES, arrival of male before the female, i. 260; pugnacity of male, ii. 43; double moult in, ii. 80.

SNOW-GOOSE, whiteness of the, ii. 228.

SOCIAL animals, affection of, for each other, i. 76; defence of, by the males, i. 83.

SOCIABILITY, the sense of duty connected with, i. 71; impulse to, in animals, i. 79, 80; manifestations of, in man, i. 84; instinct of, in animals, i. 86.

SOCIALITY, probable, of primeval men, i. 155; influence of, on the development of the intellectual faculties, i. 160; origin of, in man, i. 161.

SOLDIERS, American, measurements of, i. 114.

SOLDIERS and sailors, difference in the proportions of, i. 116.

Solenostoma, bright colours and marsupial sack of the females of, ii. 22.

SONG of male birds appreciated by their females, i. 63; want of, in brilliant plumaged birds, ii. 94; of birds, ii. 163.

Sorex, odour of, ii. 279.

SOUNDS admired alike by man and animals, i. 64; produced by fishes, ii. 23; produced by male frogs and toads, ii. 27; instrumentally produced by birds, ii. 63 et seqq.

SPAIN, decadence of, i. 178.

Sparassus smaragdulus, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. 337, 338.

SPARROW, pugnacity of the male, ii. 40; acquisition of the Linnet’s song by a, ii. 55; coloration of the, ii. 198; immature plumage of the, ii. 188.

SPARROW, white-crowned, young of the, ii. 217.

SPARROWS, house- and tree-, ii. 170.

SPARROWS, new mates found by, ii. 105.

SPARROWS, sexes and young of, ii. 212; learning to sing, ii. 334.

Spathura Underwoodi, ii. 77.

SPAWNING of fishes, ii. 15, 19.

SPEAR, origin of the, i. 234.

SPECIES, causes of the advancement of, i. 172; distinctive characters of, i. 214; or races of man, i. 217; sterility and fertility of, when crossed, i. 122; supposed, of man, i. 226; gradation of, i. 227; difficulty of defining, i. 228; representative, of birds, ii. 190, 191; of birds, comparative differences between the sexes of distinct, ii. 192.

SPECTRE-INSECTS, mimickry of leaves by, i. 414.

Spectrum femoratum, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. 361.

SPEECH, connection between the brain and the faculty of, i. 58.

“SPEL” of the black-cock, ii. 60.

SPENCER, Herbert, on the dawn of intelligence, i. 37; on the origin of the belief in spiritual agencies, i. 66; on the origin of the moral sense, i. 101; on the influence of food on the size of the jaws, i. 118; on the ratio between individuation and genesis, i. 318; on music, ii. 336.

SPERM-WHALES, battles of male, ii. 240.

SPHINGIDÆ, coloration of the, i. 396.

SPHINX, Humming-bird, i. 399.

Sphinx, Mr. Bates on the caterpillar of a, i. 416.

SPIDERS, i. 337; male, more active than female, i. 272; proportion of the sexes in, i. 314; male, small size of, i. 338.

Spilosoma menthrasti, rejected by turkeys, i. 398.

SPINE, alteration of, to suit the erect attitude of man, i. 143.

SPIRITS, fondness of monkeys for, i. 12.

SPIRITUAL agencies, belief in, almost universal, i. 65.

SPOONBILL, ii. 60; Chinese, change of plumage in, ii. 179.

SPOTS, retained throughout groups of birds, ii. 131; disappearance of, in adult mammals, ii. 303.

SPRENGEL, C. K., on the sexuality of plants, i. 260.

SPRING-BOC, horns of the, ii. 251.

SPROAT, Mr., on the extinction of savages in Vancouver Island, i. 239; on the eradication of facial hair by the natives of Vancouver Island, ii. 348; on the eradication of the beard by the Indians of Vancouver Island, ii. 380.

SPURS, occurrence of, in female fowls, i. 280, 284; development of, in various species of Phasianidæ, i. 290; of Gallinaceous birds, ii. 44, 46; development of, in female Gallinaceæ, ii. 162.

Squilla, different colours of the sexes of a species of, i. 335.

SQUIRRELS, battles of male, ii. 239; African, sexual differences in the colouring of, ii. 286; black, ii. 294.

STAG, long hairs of the throat of, ii. 268; horns of the, i. 279, 282; battles of, ii. 240; horns of the, with numerous branches, ii. 252; bellowing of the, ii. 274; crest of the, ii. 282.

STAG-BEETLE, large size of male, i. 347; weapons of the male, i. 375; numerical proportion of sexes of, i. 313.

STAINTON, H. T., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in the smaller moths, i. 310; habits of Elachista rufocinerea, i. 311; on the coloration of moths, i. 397; on the rejection of Spilosoma menthrasti, by turkeys, i. 398; on the sexes of Agrotis exclamationis, i. 399.

STALLION, mane of the, ii. 268.

STALLIONS, two, attacking a third, i. 75; fighting, ii. 241; small canine teeth of, ii. 258.

STANSBURY, Capt., observations on pelicans, i. 77.

STAPHYLINIDÆ, hornlike processes in male, i. 374.

STARFISHES, bright colours of some, i. 322.

STARK, Dr., on the death-rate in towns and rural districts, i. 175; on the influence of marriage on mortality, i. 176; on the higher mortality of males in Scotland, i. 302.

STARLING, American field, pugnacity of male, ii. 51.

STARLING, red-winged, selection of a mate by the female, ii. 116.

STARLINGS, three, frequenting the same nest, i. 269, ii. 106; new mates found by, ii. 105.

STATUES, Greek, Egyptian, Assyrian, &c., contrasted, ii. 350.

STATURE, dependence of, upon local influences, i. 114.

STAUDINGER, Dr., his list of Lepidoptera, i. 312; on breeding Lepidoptera, i. 311.

STAUNTON, Sir G., hatred of indecency a modern virtue, i. 96.

STEALING of bright objects by birds, ii. 112.

STEBBING, T. R., on the nakedness of the human body, ii. 375.

Stemmatopus, ii. 278.

Stenobothrus pratorum, stridulating organs of, i. 357.

STERILITY, general, of sole daughters, i. 170; when crossed, a distinctive character of species, i. 214.

Sterna, seasonal change of plumage in, ii. 228.

STICKLEBACK, polygamous, i. 271; male, courtship of the, ii. 2; male, brilliant colouring of, during the breeding season, ii. 14; nidification of the, ii. 20.

STICKS used as implements and weapons by monkeys, i. 51.

STING in bees, i. 254.

STOKES, Capt., on the habits of the great Bower-bird, ii. 70.

STONECHAT, young of the, ii. 220.

STONE IMPLEMENTS, difficulty of making, i. 138; as traces of extinct tribes, i. 237.

STONES, used by monkeys for breaking hard fruits and as missiles, i. 140; piles of, i. 233.

STORK, black, sexual differences in the bronchi of the, ii. 60; red beak of the, ii. 227.

STORKS, ii. 226, 230; sexual difference in the colour of the eyes of, ii. 128.

STRANGE, Mr., on the Satin Bower-bird, ii. 69.

STRETCH, Mr., on the numerical proportion in the sexes of chickens, i. 306.

Strepsiceros kudu, horns of, ii. 255; markings of, ii. 300.

STRIDULATION, by males of Theridion, i. 339; of the Orthoptera and Homoptera discussed, i. 360; of beetles, i. 378.

STRIPES, retained throughout groups of birds, ii. 131; disappearance of, in adult mammals, ii. 303.

Strix flammea, ii. 105.

STRUCTURE, existence of unserviceable modifications of, i. 153.

STRUGGLE for existence, in man, i. 180, 185.

STRUTHERS, Dr., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, i. 28.

Sturnella ludoviciana, pugnacity of the male, ii. 51.

Sturnus vulgaris, ii. 105.

SUB-SPECIES, i. 227.

SUFFERING, in strangers, indifference of savages to, i. 94.

SUICIDE, i. 172; formerly not regarded as a crime, i. 94; rarely practised among the lowest savages, i. 94.

SUIDÆ, stripes of young, ii. 184.

SUMATRA, compression of the nose by the Malays of, ii. 352.

SUMNER, Archb., man alone capable of progressive improvement, i. 49.

SUN-BIRDS, nidification of, ii. 169.

SUPERSTITIONS, i. 182; prevalence of, i. 99.

SUPERSTITIOUS customs, i. 68.

SUPERCILIARY ridge in man, ii. 316, 318.

SUPERNUMERARY digits, more frequent in men than in women, i. 276; inheritance of, i. 285; early development of, i. 292.

SUPRA-CONDYLOID foramen in the early progenitors of man, i. 206.

SUSPICION, prevalence of, among animals, i. 39.

SULIVAN, Sir B. J., on two stallions attacking a third, ii. 241.

SWALLOW-TAIL Butterfly, i. 393.

SWALLOWS deserting their young, i. 84, 90.

SWAN, black, red beak of the, ii. 227; black-necked, ii. 230; white, young of, ii. 211; wild, trachea of the, ii. 59.

SWANS, ii. 226, 230; young, ii. 208.

SWAYSLAND, Mr., on the arrival of migratory birds, i. 259.

SWINHOE, R., on the common rat in Formosa and China, i. 50; on the sounds produced by the male Hoopoe, ii. 62; on Dicrurus macrocercus and the Spoonbill, ii. 179; on the young of Ardeola, ii. 190; on the habits of Turnix, ii. 202; on the habits of Rhynchæa bengalensis, ii. 203; on Orioles breeding in immature plumage, ii. 214, 215.

Sylvia atricapilla, young of, ii. 219.

Sylvia cinerea, aerial love-dance of the male, ii. 68.

SYMPATHY, i. 168; among animals, i. 77; its supposed basis, i. 82.

SYMPATHIES, gradual widening of, i. 100.

SYNGNATHOUS fishes, abdominal pouch in male, i. 210.

Sypheotides auritus, acuminated primaries of the male, ii. 64; ear-tufts of, ii. 73.

TABANIDÆ, habits of, i. 254.

Tadorna variegata, sexes and young of, ii. 206.

Tadorna vulpanser, ii. 114.

TAHITIANS, i. 183; compression of the nose by the, ii. 352.

TAIL, rudimentary, occurrence of, in man, i. 29; convoluted body in the extremity of the, i. 30; absence of, in man and the higher apes, i. 150, 194; variability of, in species of Macacus and in baboons, i. 150; presence of, in the early progenitors of man, i. 206; length of, in pheasants, ii. 156, 164, 166; difference of length of the, in the two sexes of birds, ii. 164.

TAIT, Lawson, on the effects of natural selection on civilised nations, i. 168.

TANAGER, scarlet, variation in the male, ii. 126.

Tanagra æstiva, ii. 180; age of mature plumage in, ii. 213.

Tanagra rubra, ii. 126; young of, ii. 220.

Tanais, absence of mouth in the males of some species of, i. 255; relations of the sexes in, i. 315; dimorphic males of a species of, i. 328.

TANKERVILLE, Earl, on the battles of wild bulls, ii. 240.

Tanysiptera, races of, determined from adult males, ii. 190.

Tanysiptera sylvia, long tail-feathers of, ii. 165.

Taphroderes distortus, enlarged left mandible of the male, i. 344.

TAPIRS, longitudinal stripes of young, ii. 184, 303.

TARSI, dilatation of front, in male beetles, i. 343.

Tarsius, i. 200.

TASMANIA, half-castes killed by the natives of, i. 220.

TATTOOING, i. 232; universality of, ii. 339.

TASTE, in the Quadrumana, ii. 296.

TAYLOR, G. on Quiscalus major, i. 307.

TEA, fondness of monkeys for, i. 12.

TEAR-SACKS, of Ruminants, ii. 280.

TEEBAY, Mr., on changes of plumage in spangled Hamburgh fowls, i. 281.

TEETH, rudimentary incisor, in Ruminants, i. 17; posterior molar, in man, i. 25; wisdom, i. 26; diversity of, i. 108; canine, in the early progenitors of man, i. 206; canine, of male mammals, ii. 241; in man, reduced by correlation, ii. 325; staining of the, ii. 339; front, knocked out or filed by some savages, ii. 340.

TEGETMEIER, Mr., on the abundance of male pigeons, i. 306; on the wattles of game-cocks, ii. 98; on the courtship of fowls, ii. 117; on dyed pigeons, ii. 118.

TEMBETA, ii. 341.

TEMPER, in dogs and horses, inherited, i. 40.

TENCH, proportions of the sexes in the, i. 308, 309; brightness of male, during breeding season, ii. 13.

TENEBRIONIDÆ, stridulation of, i. 379.

TENNENT, Sir J. E., on the tusks of the Ceylon Elephant, ii. 248, 258; on the frequent absence of beard in the natives of Ceylon, ii. 321; on the Chinese opinion of the aspect of the Cingalese, ii. 345.

TENNYSON, A., on the control of thought, i. 101.

TENTHREDINIDÆ, proportions of the sexes in, i. 314; fighting habits of male, i. 364; difference of the sexes in, i. 365.

Tephrodornis, young of, ii. 190.

TERAI, i. 237.

Termites, habits of, i. 364.

TERNS, white, ii. 228; and black, ii. 230.

TERNS, seasonal change of plumage in, ii. 228.

TERROR, common action of, upon the lower animals and man, i. 39.

Testudo nigra, ii. 28.

Tetrao cupido, battles of, ii. 50; sexual difference in the vocal organs of, ii. 56.

Tetrao phasianellus, dances of, ii. 68; duration of dances of, ii. 100.

Tetrao scoticus, ii. 170, 185, 194.

Tetrao tetrix, ii. 170, 185, 194; pugnacity of the male, ii. 45.

Tetrao umbellus, pairing of, ii. 49; battles of, ii. 50; drumming of the male, ii. 61.

Tetrao urogalloides, dances of, ii. 100.

Tetrao urogallus, pugnacity of the male, ii. 45.

Tetrao urophasianus, inflation of the œsophagus in the male, ii. 57.

Thamnobia, young of, ii. 190.

Thaumalea picta, display of plumage by the male, ii. 89.

Thecla, sexual differences of colouring in species of, i. 389.

Thecla rubi, protective colouring of, i. 392.

Theridion, i. 337; stridulation of males of, i. 339.

Theridion lineatum, variability of, i. 338.

Thomisus citreus, and T. floricolens, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. 337.

THOMPSON, J. H., on the battles of sperm-whales, ii. 240.

THOMPSON, W., on the colouring of the male char during the breeding season, ii. 14; on the pugnacity of the males of Gallinula chloropus, ii. 41; on the finding of new mates by magpies, ii. 103; on the finding of new mates by Peregrine falcons, ii. 104.

THORAX, processes of, in male beetles, i. 370.

THORELL, T., on the proportion of the sexes in spiders, i. 315.

THORNBACK, difference in the teeth of the two sexes of the, ii. 6.

THOUGHTS, control of, i. 101.

THRUSH, pairing with a blackbird, ii. 113; colours and nidification of the, ii. 170.

THRUSHES, characters of young, ii. 185, 269.

THUG, his regrets, i. 94.

THUMB, absence of, in Ateles and Hylobates, i. 140.

THURY, M., on the numerical proportion of male and female births among the Jews, i. 301.

Thylacinus, possession of the marsupial sack by the male, i. 208.

THYSANURA, i. 348.

TIBIA, dilated, of the male Crabro cribrarius, i. 343.

TIBIA and femur, proportions of, in the Aymara Indians, i. 119.

TIERRA del Fuego, marriage-customs of, ii. 373.

TIGER, colours and markings of the, ii. 302.

TIGERS, depopulation of districts by, in India, i. 134.

Tillus elongatus, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. 368.

TIMIDITY, variability of, in the same species, i. 40.

TINEINA, proportion of the sexes in, i. 310.

Tipula, pugnacity of male, i. 349.

TITS, sexual difference of colour in, ii. 174.

TOADS, ii. 25; male, treatment of ova by some, i. 210; male, ready to breed before the female, i. 260.

TOE, great, condition of, in the human embryo, i. 17.

TOMTIT, blue, sexual difference of colour in the, ii. 174.

TONGA Islands, beardlessness of the natives of, ii. 322, 349.

TOOKE, Horne, on language, i. 55.

TOOLS, flint, i. 183; used by monkeys, i. 51; use of, i. 137.

TOP-KNOTS in birds, ii. 74.

Tomicus villosus, proportion of the sexes in, i. 314.

TORTOISE, voice of the male, ii. 331.

TORTURES, submitted to by American savages, i. 95.

Totanus, double moult in, ii. 81.

TOUCANS, colours and nidification of the, ii. 171; beaks and ceres of the, ii. 227.

TOWNS, residence in, a cause of diminished stature, i. 115.

TOYNBEE, J., on the external shell of the ear in man, i. 21.

TRACHEA, convoluted and imbedded in the sternum, in some birds, ii. 59; structure of the, in Rhynchæa, ii. 203.

TRADES, affecting the form of the skull, i. 147.

Tragelaphus, sexual differences of colour in, ii. 288.

Tragelaphus scriptus, dorsal crest of, ii. 282; markings of, ii. 299, 300.

TRAGOPAN, i. 270; swelling of the wattles of the male, during courtship, ii. 72; display of plumage by the male, ii. 91; markings of the sexes of the, ii. 134.

Tragops dispar, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 30.

TRAINING, effect of, on the mental difference between the sexes of man, ii. 329.

TRANSFER of male characters to female birds, ii. 193.

TRANSMISSION, equal, of ornamental characters, to both sexes in mammals, ii. 297.

TRAPS, avoidance of, by animals, i. 49; use of, i. 137.

TREACHERY, to comrades, avoidance of, by savages, i. 88.

Tremex columbæ, i. 365.

TRIBES, extinct, i. 160; extinction of, i. 236.

Trichius, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, i. 368.

TRIMEN, R., on the proportion of the sexes in South African butterflies, i. 310; on the attraction of males by the female of Lasiocampa quercus, i. 312; on Pneumora, i. 358; on difference of colour in the sexes of beetles, i. 367; on moths brilliantly coloured beneath, i. 397; on mimickry in butterflies, i. 412; on Gynanisa Isis, and on the ocellated spots of Lepidoptera, ii. 132; on Cyllo Leda, ii. 133.

Tringa, sexes and young of, ii. 216.

Tringa canutus, ii. 82.

Triphæna, coloration of the species of, i. 395.

TRISTRAM, H. B., on unhealthy districts in North Africa, i. 244; on the habits of the chaffinch in Palestine, i. 307; on the birds of the Sahara, ii. 172; on the animals inhabiting the Sahara, ii. 224.

Triton cristatus, ii. 24.

Triton palmipes, ii. 24.

Triton punctatus, ii. 24, 25.

Troglodytes vulgaris, ii. 198.

TROGONS, colours and nidification of the, ii. 171, 173.

TROPIC-BIRDS, white only when mature, ii. 228.

TROPICS, freshwater fishes of the, ii. 17.

TROUT, proportion of the sexes in, i. 308; male, pugnacity of the, ii. 3.

Trox sabulosus, stridulation of, i. 380.

TRUTH, not rare between members of the same tribe, i. 95; more highly appreciated by certain tribes, i. 100.

TULLOCH, Major, on the immunity of the negro from certain fevers, i. 243.

TUMBLER, almond, change of plumage in the, i. 294.

Turdus merula, ii. 170; young of, ii. 219.

Turdus migratorius, ii. 185.

Turdus musicus, ii. 170.

Turdus polyglottus, young of, ii. 219.

Turdus torquatus, ii. 170.

TURKEY, swelling of the wattles of the male, ii. 72; variety of, with a top-knot, ii. 74; recognition of a dog by a, ii. 110; wild, pugnacity of young male, ii. 48; wild, notes of the, ii. 60; male, wild, acceptable to domesticated females, ii. 119; wild, first advances made by older females, ii. 121; wild, breast-tuft of bristles of the, ii. 179.

TURKEY-COCK, scraping of the wings of, upon the ground, ii. 61; wild, display of plumage by, ii. 87; fighting habits of, ii. 98.

TURNER, Prof. W., on muscular fasciculi in man referable to the panniculus carnosus, i. 19; on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the human humerus, i. 28; on muscles attached to the coccyx in man, i. 29; on the filum terminale in man, i. 30; on the variability of the muscles, i. 109; on abnormal conditions of the human uterus, i. 123; on the development of the mammary glands, i. 209; on male fishes hatching ova in their mouths, i. 210.

Turnix, sexes of some species of, ii. 201, 207.

TURTLE-DOVE, cooing of the, ii. 60.

TUTTLE, H., on the number of species of man, i. 226.

TYLOR, E. B., on emotional cries, gestures, &c., of man, i. 54; on the origin of the belief in spiritual agencies, i. 66; on the primitive barbarism of civilised nations, i. 181; on the origin of counting, i. 181; on resemblances of the mental characters in different races of man, i. 232.

TYPE of structure, prevalence of, i. 211.

Typhœus, stridulating organs of, i. 378; stridulation of, i. 380.

TWINS, tendency to produce, hereditary, i. 133.

TWITE, proportion of the sexes in the, i. 307.

UGLINESS, said to consist in an approach to the lower animals, ii. 354.

UMBRELLA-BIRD, ii. 58, 59.

Umbrina, sounds produced by, ii. 23.

UNITED States, rate of increase in, i. 131; influence of natural selection on the progress of, i. 179; change undergone by Europeans in the, i. 246.

Upupa epops, sounds produced by the male, ii. 62.

URANIIDÆ, coloration of the, i. 396.

Uria troile, variety of, (= U. lacrymans), ii. 127.

URODELA, ii. 24.

Urosticte Benjamini, sexual differences in, ii. 151.

USE and disuse of parts, effects of, i. 116; influence of, on the races of man, i. 247.

UTERUS, reversion in the, i. 123; more or less divided, in the human subject, i. 123, 130; double, in the early progenitors of man, i. 206.

VACCINATION, influence of, i. 168.

VANCOUVER Island, Mr. Sproat on the savages of, i. 239; natives of, eradication of facial hair by the, ii. 348.

Vanellus cristatus, wing tubercles of the male, ii. 48.

Vanessæ, i. 387; resemblance of lower surface of, to bark of trees, i. 392.

VARIABILITY, causes of, i. 111; in man, analogous to that in the lower animals, i. 112; of the races of man, i. 225; greater in men than in women, i. 275; period of, relation of the, to sexual selection, i. 296; of birds, ii. 124; of secondary sexual characters in man, ii. 320.

VARIATION, correlated, i. 30; laws of, i. 113; in man, i. 185; analogous, i. 194; analogous, in plumage of birds, ii. 74.

VARIATIONS, spontaneous, i. 131.

VARIETIES, absence of, between two species, evidence of their distinctness, i. 215.

VARIETY, an object in nature, ii. 230.

VARIOLA, communicable between man and the lower animals, i. 11.

VAURÉAL, i. 29.

VEDDAHS, monogamous habits of, ii. 363.

VEITCH, Mr., on the aversion of Japanese ladies to whiskers, ii. 349.

VENGEANCE, instinct of, i. 89.

VENUS Erycina, priestesses of, ii. 357.

VERMES, i. 327.

VERMIFORM appendage, i. 27.

VERREAUX, M., on the attraction of numerous males by the female of an Australian Bombyx, i. 312.

Vertebræ, caudal, number of, in macaques and baboons, i. 150; of monkeys, partly imbedded in the body, i. 151.

VERTEBRATA, ii. 1; common origin of the, i. 203; most ancient progenitors of, i. 212; origin of the voice in air-breathing, ii. 331.

Vesicula prostatica, the homologue of the uterus, i. 31, 208.

VIBRISSÆ, represented by long hairs in the eyebrows, i. 25.

Vidua, ii. 181.

Vidua axillaris, i. 269.

VILLERME, M., on the influence of plenty upon stature, i. 115.

VINSON, Aug., on the male of Epeira nigra, i. 338.

VIPER, difference of the sexes in the, ii. 29.

VIREY, on the number of species of man, i. 226.

VIRTUES, originally social only, i. 93; gradual appreciation of, i. 165.

VISCERA, variability of, in man, i. 109.

VITI Archipelago, population of the, i. 225.

VLACOVICH, Prof., on the ischio-pubic muscle, i. 127.

VOCAL music of birds, ii. 51.

VOCAL organs of man, i. 58; of birds, i. 59; ii. 163; of frogs, ii. 28; of the Insessores, ii. 55; difference of, in the sexes of birds, ii. 56; primarily used in relation to the propagation of the species, ii. 330.

VOGT, Carl, on the origin of species, i. 1; on the origin of man, i. 4; on the semilunar fold in man, i. 23; on the imitative faculties of microcephalous idiots, i. 57; on microcephalous idiots, i. 121; on skulls from Brazilian caves, i. 218; on the evolution of the races of man, i. 230; on the formation of the skull in women, ii. 317; on the Ainos and negroes, ii. 321; on the increased cranial difference of the sexes in man with race-development, ii. 329; on the obliquity of the eye in the Chinese and Japanese, ii. 344.

VOICE in mammals, ii. 274; in monkeys and man, ii. 319; in man, ii. 330; origin of, in air-breathing vertebrates, ii. 331.

VON BAER, definition of advancement in the organic scale, i. 211.

VULPIAN, Prof., on the resemblance between the brains of man and of the higher apes, i. 11.

VULTURES, selection of a mate by the female, ii. 116; colours of, ii. 229.

WADERS, young of, ii. 217.

WAGNER, R., on the occurrence of the diastema in a Kafir skull, i. 126; on the bronchi of the black stork, ii. 60.

WAGTAIL, Ray’s, arrival of the male before the female, i. 260.

WAGTAILS, Indian, young of, ii. 190.

WAIST, proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, i. 117.

WAITZ, Prof., on the number of species of man, i. 226; on the colour of Australian infants, ii. 318; on the beardlessness of negroes, ii. 321; on the fondness of mankind for ornaments, ii. 338; on the liability of negroes to tropical fevers after residence in a cold climate, i. 243; on negro ideas of female beauty, ii. 346; on Javanese and Cochin Chinese ideas of beauty, ii. 347.

WALCKENAER and Gervais, on the Myriapoda, i. 340.

WALDEYER, M., on the hermaphroditism of the vertebrate embryo, i. 207.

WALES, North, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 301.

WALKER, Alex., on the large size of the hands of labourers’ children, i. 117.

WALKER, F., on sexual differences in the diptera, i. 348.

WALLACE, Dr. A., on the prehensile use of the tarsi in male moths, i. 256; on the rearing of the Ailanthus silk-moth, i. 311; on breeding Lepidoptera, i. 311; proportion of sexes of Bombyx cynthia, B. yamamai, and B. Pernyi, reared by, i. 313; on the development of Bombyx cynthia and B. yamamai, i. 346; on the pairing of Bombyx cynthia, i. 401; on the fertilisation of moths, i. 406.

WALLACE, A. R., on the origin of man, i. 4; on the power of imitation in man, i. 39; on the use of missiles by the orang, i. 52; on the varying appreciation of truth among different tribes, i. 100; on the limits of natural selection in man, i. 137, 158; on the occurrence of remorse among savages, i. 165; on the effects of natural selection on civilised nations, i. 168; on the use of the convergence of the hair at the elbow in the orang, i. 193; on the contrast in the characters of the Malays and Papuans, i. 216; on the line of separation between the Papuans and Malays, i. 218; on the sexes of Ornithoptera Croesus, i. 310; on protective resemblances, i. 322; on the relative sizes of the sexes of insects, i. 346; on Elaphomyia, i. 349; on the Birds of Paradise, i. 269; on the pugnacity of the males of Leptorhynchus angustatus, i. 375; on sounds produced by Euchirus longimanus, i. 381; on the colours of Diadema, i. 388; on Kallima, i. 392; on the protective colouring of moths, i. 394; on bright coloration as protective in butterflies, i. 395; on variability in the Papilionidæ, i. 402; on male and female butterflies inhabiting different stations, i. 403; on the protective nature of the dull colouring of female butterflies, i. 403, 405, 414; on mimickry in butterflies, i. 412; on the mimickry of leaves by Phasmidæ, i. 414; on the bright colours of caterpillars, i. 416; on brightly-coloured fishes frequenting reefs, ii. 17; on the coral snakes, ii. 31; on Paradisea apoda, ii. 74, 78; on the display of plumage by male Birds of Paradise, ii. 88; on assemblies of Birds of Paradise, ii. 101; on the instability of the ocellated spots in Hipparchia Janira, ii. 132; on sexually limited inheritance, ii. 155; on the sexual coloration of birds, ii. 166, 196, 197, 200, 206; on the relation between the colours and nidification of birds, ii. 166, 171; on the coloration of the Cotingidæ, ii. 177; on the females of Paradisea apoda and papuana, ii. 193; on the incubation of the cassowary, ii. 204; on protective coloration in birds, ii. 223; on the hair of the Papuans, ii. 340; on the Babirusa, ii. 264; on the markings of the tiger, ii. 302; on the beards of the Papuans, ii. 322; on the distribution of hair on the human body, ii. 375.

WALRUS, development of the nictitating membrane in the, i. 23; tusks of the, ii. 241, 248; use of the tusks by the, ii. 257.

WALSH, B. D., on the proportion of the sexes in Papilio Turnus, i. 310; on the Cynipidæ and Cecidomyidæ, i. 314; on the jaws of Ammophila, i. 342; on Corydalis cornutus, i. 342; on the prehensile organs of male insects, i. 342; on the antennæ of Penthe, i. 343; on the caudal appendages of dragon-flies, i. 344; on Platyphyllum concavum, i. 356; on the sexes of the Ephemeridæ, i. 361; on the difference of colour in the sexes of Spectrum femoratum, i. 361; on sexes of dragon-flies, i. 361; on the difference of the sexes in the Ichneumonidæ, i. 365; on the sexes of Orsodacna atra, i. 368; on the variation of the horns of the male Phanæus carnifex, i. 370; on the coloration of the species of Anthocharis, i. 393.

WAPITI, battles of, ii. 240; traces of horns in the female, ii. 245; attacking a man, ii. 253; crest of the male, ii. 282; sexual difference in the colour of the, ii. 289.

WARBLER, Hedge-, ii. 198; young of the, ii. 209.

WARBLERS, Superb, nidification of, ii. 169.

WARINESS, acquired by animals, i. 50.

WARINGTON, R., on the habits of the sticklebacks, ii. 2, 20; on the brilliant colours of the male stickleback during the breeding season, ii. 14.

WART-HOG, tusks and pads of the, ii. 265.

WATCHMAKERS, short-sighted, i. 118.

WATER-HEN, ii. 40.

WATERHOUSE, C. O., on blind beetles, i. 367; on difference of colour in the sexes of beetles, i. 367.

WATERHOUSE, G. R., on the voice of Hylobates agilis, ii. 332.

WATER-OUZEL, autumn song of the, ii. 54.

WATERTON, C., on the pairing of a Canada goose with a Bernicle gander, ii. 114; on hares fighting, ii. 239; on the Bell-bird, ii. 79.

WATTLES, disadvantageous to male birds in fighting, ii. 98.

WEALTH, influence of, i. 169.

WEALE, J. Mansel, on a South African caterpillar, i. 416.

WEAPONS, employed by monkeys, i. 51; use of, i. 137; offensive, of males, i. 257; of mammals, ii. 241 et seq.

WEAVER-BIRD, ii. 54.

WEAVER-BIRDS, rattling of the wings of, ii. 62; assemblies of, ii. 101.

WEBB, Dr., on the wisdom teeth, i. 25.

WEDGWOOD, Hensleigh, on the origin of language, i. 56.

WEEVILS, sexual difference in length of snout in some, i. 255.

WEIR, Harrison, on the numerical proportion of the sexes in pigs and rabbits, i. 305; on the sexes of young pigeons, i. 306; on the songs of birds, ii. 52; on pigeons, ii. 109; on the dislike of blue pigeons to other coloured varieties, ii. 118; on the desertion of their mates by female pigeons, ii. 119.

WEIR, J. Jenner, on the nightingale and blackcap, i. 259; on the relative sexual maturity of male birds, i. 261; on female pigeons deserting a feeble mate, i. 262; on three starlings frequenting the same nest, i. 269; on the proportion of the sexes in Machetes pugnax and other birds, i. 306, 307; on the coloration of the Triphænæ, i. 395; on the rejection of certain caterpillars by birds, i. 417; on sexual differences of the beak in the goldfinch, ii. 40; on a piping bullfinch, ii. 52; on the object of the nightingale’s song, ii. 52; on song-birds, ii. 53; on the pugnacity of male fine-plumaged birds, ii. 93; on the courtship of birds, ii. 94; on the finding of new mates by Peregrine-falcons and Kestrels, ii. 104; on the bullfinch and starling, ii. 105; on the cause of birds remaining unpaired, ii. 107; on starlings and parrots living in triplets, ii. 107; on recognition of colour by birds, ii. 110; on hybrid birds, ii. 113; on the selection of a greenfinch by a female canary, ii. 115; on a case of rivalry of female bullfinches, ii. 121; on the maturity of the Golden pheasant, ii. 213.

WEISBACH, Dr., measurement of men of different races, i. 216; on the greater variability of men than of women, i. 275; on the relative proportions of the body in the sexes of different races of man, ii. 320.

WELCKER, M., on Brachycephaly and Dolichocephaly, i. 148; on sexual differences in the skull in man, ii. 317.

WELLS, Dr., on the immunity of coloured races from certain poisons, i. 243.

WESTRING, on the stridulation of Reduvius personatus, i. 350; on the stridulating organs of the Coleoptera, i. 382; on sounds produced by Cychrus, i. 382; on the stridulation of males of Theridion, i. 339; on the stridulation of beetles, i. 379; on the stridulation of Omaloplia brunnea, i. 381.

WESTPHALIA, greater proportion of female illegitimate children in, i. 301.

WESTROPP, H. M., on the prevalence of certain forms of ornamentation, i. 233.

WESTWOOD, J. O., on the classification of the Hymenoptera, i. 188; on the Culicidæ and Tabanidæ, i. 254; on a Hymenopterous parasite with a sedentary male, i. 272; on the proportions of the sexes in Lucanus cervus and Siagonium, i. 313; on the absence of ocelli in female mutillidæ, i. 341; on the jaws of Ammophila, i. 342; on the copulation of insects of distinct species, i. 342; on the male of Crabro cribrarius, i. 343; on the pugnacity of male Tipulæ i. 349; on the stridulation of Pirates stridulus, i. 350; on the Cicadæ, i. 351; on the stridulating organs of the crickets, i. 354; on Pneumora, i. 357; on Ephippiger vitium, i. 355, 358; on the pugnacity of the Mantides, i. 360; on Platyblemnus, i. 361; on difference in the sexes of the Agrionidæ, i. 362; on the pugnacity of the males of a species of Tenthredinæ, i. 364; on the pugnacity of the male stag-beetle, i. 375; on Bledius taurus and Siagonium, i. 375; on lamellicorn beetles, i. 378; on the coloration of Lithosia, i. 396.

WHALE, Sperm-, battles of male, ii. 240.

WHALES, nakedness of, i. 148.

WHATELY, Archb., language not peculiar to man, i. 53; on the primitive civilisation of man, i. 181.

WHEWELL, Prof., on maternal affection, i. 40.

WHISKERS, in monkeys, i. 192.

WHITE, Gilbert, on the proportion of the sexes in the partridge, i. 306; on the house-cricket, i. 352; on the object of the song of birds, ii. 52; on the finding of new mates by white owls, ii. 105; on spring coveys of male partridges, ii. 107.

WHITENESS, a sexual ornament in some birds, ii. 232; of mammals inhabiting snowy countries, ii. 298.

WHITE-THROAT, aerial love-dance of the male, ii. 68.

WIDOW-BIRD, polygamous, i. 269; breeding plumage of the male, ii. 84, 97; female, rejecting the unadorned male, ii. 120.

WIDOWS and widowers, mortality of, i. 176.

WIGEON, pairing with a pintail duck, ii. 114.

WILCKENS, Dr., on the modification of domestic animals in mountainous regions, i. 120; on a numerical relation between the hairs and excretory pores in sheep, i. 248.

WILDER, Dr. Burt, on the greater frequency of supernumerary digits in men than in women, i. 276.

WILLIAMS, on the marriage-customs of the Fijians, ii. 374.

WILSON, Dr., on the conical heads of the natives of North-Western America, ii. 351; on the Fijians, ii. 352; on the persistence of the fashion of compressing the skull, ii. 353.

WING-SPURS, ii. 162.

WINGS, differences of, in the two sexes of butterflies and Hymenoptera, i. 345; play of, in the courtship of birds, ii. 95.

WINTER, change of colour of mammals in, ii. 298.

WITCHCRAFT, i. 68.

WIVES, traces of the forcible capture of, i. 182.

WOLF, winter change of the, ii. 298.

WOLFF, on the variability of the viscera in man, i. 109.

WOLLASTON, T. V., on Eurygnathus, i. 344; on musical curculionidæ, i. 378; on the stridulation of Acalles, i. 384.

WOLVES learning to bark from dogs, i. 44; hunting in packs, i. 75.

WOLVES, black, ii. 294.

WOMBAT, black varieties of the, ii. 294.

WOMEN distinguished from men by male monkeys, i. 13; preponderance of, in numbers, i. 302; effects of selection of, in accordance with different standards of beauty, ii. 355; practice of capturing, ii. 360, 364; early betrothals and slavery of, ii. 366; selection of, for beauty, ii. 372; freedom of selection by, in savage tribes, ii. 372.

WONDER, manifestations of, by animals, i. 42.

WONFOR, Mr., on sexual peculiarities in the wings of butterflies, i. 345.

WOOLNER, Mr., observations on the ear in man, i. 22.

WOOD, J., on muscular variations in man, i. 109, 128, 129; on the greater variability of the muscles in men than in women, i. 275.

WOOD, T. W., on the colouring of the orange-tip butterfly, i. 394; on the habits of the Saturniidæ, i. 398; on the habits of Menura Alberti, ii. 56; on Tetrao cupido, ii. 56; on the display of plumage by male pheasants, ii. 89; on the ocellated spots of the Argus pheasant, ii. 144; on the habits of the female Cassowary, ii. 204.

WOODCOCK, coloration of the, ii. 226.

WOODPECKER, selection of a mate by the female, ii. 116.

WOODPECKERS, ii. 56; tapping of, ii. 62; colours and nidification of the, ii. 171, 174, 223; characters of young, ii. 185, 199, 209.

WORMALD, Mr., on the coloration of Hypopyra, i. 397.

WOUNDS, healing of, i. 13.

WREN, ii. 198; young of the, ii. 209.

WRIGHT, C. A., on the young of Orocetes and Petrocincla, ii. 220.

WRIGHT, Chauncey, on correlative acquisition, ii. 335; on the enlargement of the brain in man, ii. 391.

WRIGHT, Mr., on the Scotch deerhound, ii. 261; on sexual preference in dogs, ii. 271; on the rejection of a horse by a mare, ii. 272.

WRIGHT, W. von, on the protective plumage of the Ptarmigan, ii. 81.

WRITING, i. 182.

WYMAN, Prof., on the prolongation of the coccyx in the human embryo, i. 16; on the condition of the great toe in the human embryo, i. 17; on variation in the skulls of the natives of the Sandwich Islands, i. 108; on the hatching of the eggs in the mouths and branchial cavities of male fishes, i. 210, ii. 20.

XENARCHUS, on the Cicadæ, i. 350.

Xenorhynchus, sexual difference in the colour of the eyes in, ii. 129.

Xiphophorus Hellerii, peculiar anal fin of the male, ii. 9, 10.

Xylocopa, difference of the sexes in, i. 366.

YARRELL, W., on the habits of the Cyprinidæ, i. 309; on Raia clavata, ii. 2; on the characters of the male salmon during the breeding season, ii. 4, 14; on the characters of the rays, ii. 6; on the gemmeous dragonet, ii. 8; on the spawning of the salmon, ii. 19; on the incubation of the Lophobranchii, ii. 21; on rivalry in song-birds, ii. 53; on the trachea of the swan, ii. 60; on the moulting of the anatidæ, ii. 85; on an instance of reasoning in a gull, ii. 108; on the young of the waders, ii. 217.

YELLOW fever, immunity of negroes and mulattoes from, i. 243.

YOUATT, Mr., on the development of the horns in cattle, i. 284.

YURA-CARAS, their notions of beauty, ii. 347.

ZEBRA, rejection of an ass by a female, ii. 295; stripes of the, ii. 302.

ZEBUS, humps of, i. 284.

ZIGZAGS, prevalence of, as ornaments, i. 233.

ZINCKE, Mr., on European emigration to America, i. 179.

Zootoca vivipara, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 36.

ZYGÆNIDÆ, coloration of the, i. 396.

THE END.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, AND CHARING CROSS.

50A, ALBEMARLE STREET, LONDON January, 1871.

MR. MURRAY’S

LIST OF STANDARD WORKS.

AIDS TO FAITH; a Series of Theological Essays. By various Writers. Seventh Edition. 8vo. 9s.

CONTENTS:

Miracles.—DEAN MANSEL.

Evidences of Christianity.—BISHOP OF KILLALOE.

Prophecy—and the Mosaic Record of Creation.—Rev. Dr. M’CAUL.

Ideology and Subscription.—Canon F. C. COOK.

The Pentateuch.—Rev. GEORGE RAWLINSON.

Inspiration.—BISHOP OF ELY.

Death of Christ.—ARCHBISHOP OF YORK.

Scripture and its Interpretation.—BISHOP OF GLOUCESTER AND BRISTOL.

AUSTIN’S (JOHN) LECTURES ON JURISPRUDENCE; or, The PHILOSOPHY OF POSITIVE LAW. Third Edition. Revised by ROBERT CAMPBELL. 2 vols. 8vo. 32s.

————— (SARAH) POLITICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY OF THE POPES OF ROME. Translated from the German of Leopold Ranke. Fourth Edition. With a Preface by DEAN MILMAN. 3 vols. 8vo. 30s.

BARROW’S (SIR JOHN) AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR, including Reflections, Observations, and Reminiscences at Home and Abroad. From Early Life to Advanced Age. Portrait. 8vo. 15s.

————— VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY AND RESEARCH WITHIN THE ARCTIC REGIONS, since 1818. Abridged and Arranged from the Official Narratives. 8vo. 15s.

BARRY’S (ALFRED, D.D.) MEMOIR OF THE LIFE AND WORKS OF SIR CHARLES BARRY, R.A. Second Edition. With Portrait and 40 Illustrations. Medium 8vo. 15s.

BELCHER’S (LADY) MUTINEERS OF THE ‘BOUNTY,’ AND THEIR DESCENDANTS; in PITCAIRN and NORFOLK ISLANDS. With Illustrations. Post 8vo. 12s.

BELL’S (SIR CHAS.) FAMILIAR LETTERS. With Portrait. Crown 8vo. 12s.

BERTRAM’S (JAS. G.) HARVEST OF THE SEA; A CONTRIBUTION TO THE NATURAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY OF THE BRITISH FOOD FISHES. Second Edition. With 50 Illustrations. 12s.

BIBLE COMMENTARY; THE HOLY BIBLE, according to the AUTHORIZED VERSION, A.D. 1611. With an EXPLANATORY and CRITICAL COMMENTARY and a REVISION of the TRANSLATION. By BISHOPS and other CLERGY of the ANGLICAN CHURCH. Edited by F. C. COOK, M.A., Canon of Exeter. Vol. I. The PENTATEUCH. PARTS 1 & 2. Medium 8vo. 30s.

BIRCH’S (SAMUEL) HISTORY OF ANCIENT POTTERY AND PORCELAIN. Egyptian, Assyrian, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman. With coloured Plates and 200 Woodcuts. 2 vols. Medium 8vo. 42s.

BANKES’ (GEORGE) STORY OF CORFE CASTLE, including the Private Memoirs of a Family resident there in the time of the Civil Wars, together with Unpublished Correspondence of the Ministers and Court of Charles I. at York and Oxford. With Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 10s. 6d.

BISSET’S (ANDREW) HISTORY OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF ENGLAND, from the DEATH of CHARLES THE FIRST to the EXPULSION of the LONG PARLIAMENT by CROMWELL. From MSS. in the State Paper Office, &c. 2 vols. 8vo. 30s.

BYRON’S (LORD) POETICAL WORKS. Edited with Notes. Library Edition. With Portrait. 6 vols. 8vo. 45s.

—————————— With Notes and Illustrations. Cabinet Edition. With Plates. 10 vols. Fcap. 8vo. 30s.

—————————— With Portrait and Illustrations. One Volume. Royal 8vo. 9s.

————— LIFE. With his Letters and Journals. By THOMAS MOORE. With Notes and Illustrations. Cabinet Edition. With Plates. 6 vols. Fcap. 8vo. 18s.

————— With Portraits. One Volume. Royal 8vo. 9s.

BLUNT’S (REV. J. J.) LECTURES ON THE RIGHT USE OF THE EARLY FATHERS. Third Edition. 8vo. 9s.

————— UNDESIGNED COINCIDENCES IN THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS: an Argument of their Veracity. With an Appendix, containing Undesigned Coincidences between the Gospels, Acts, and Josephus. Ninth Edition. Post 8vo. 6s.

————— CHRISTIAN CHURCH DURING THE FIRST THREE CENTURIES. Fourth Edition. Post 8vo. 6s.

————— PARISH PRIEST: HIS DUTIES, ACQUIREMENTS, AND OBLIGATIONS. Fifth Edition. Post 8vo. 6s.

————— PLAIN SERMONS PREACHED TO A COUNTRY CONGREGATION. Fifth Edition. 2 vols. Post 8vo. 12s.

BONAPARTE’S (NAPOLEON) CONFIDENTIAL CORRESPONDENCE WITH HIS BROTHER JOSEPH, KING OF SPAIN. Selected and Translated with Explanatory Notes. 2 vols. 8vo. 26s.

BORROW’S (GEORGE) GYPSIES OF SPAIN; their Manners, Customs, Religion and Language. Third Edition. 2 vols. Post 8vo. 18s.

————— BIBLE IN SPAIN; or, The Journeys, Adventures, and Imprisonments of an Englishman in an attempt to circulate the Scriptures in the Peninsula. Fourth Edition. 3 vols. Post 8vo. 27s.

————— LAVENGRO; THE SCHOLAR—THE GIPSY—and THE PRIEST. With Portrait. 3 vols. Post 8vo. 30s.

————— ROMANY RYE; A SEQUEL TO LAVENGRO. 2 vols. Post 8vo. 21s.

BOSWELL’S (JAMES) LIFE OF SAMUEL JOHNSON, LL.D.; including the TOUR to the HEBRIDES. By the RT. HON. J. W. CROKER. With Portraits. Royal 8vo. 10s.

BRAY’S (MRS.) REVOLT OF THE PROTESTANTS IN THE CEVENNES. With some Account of the Huguenots in the Seventeenth Century. Post 8vo. 10s. 6d.

————— LIFE OF THOMAS STOTHARD, R.A. With Personal Reminiscences. With Portrait and Illustrations. 8vo. 21s.

BROGDEN’S (REV. JAS.) ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE LITURGY AND RITUAL OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND AND IRELAND; selected from the Works of eminent Divines of the 17th Century. 3 vols. Post 8vo. 27s.

————— CATHOLIC SAFEGUARDS AGAINST THE ERRORS, CORRUPTIONS, AND NOVELTIES OF THE CHURCH OF ROME. 3 vols. 8vo. 42s.

BULGARIA; NOTES on the RESOURCES and ADMINISTRATION of TURKEY—the CONDITION, CHARACTER, MANNERS, CUSTOMS, and LANGUAGE of the CHRISTIAN and MUSSULMAN POPULATIONS, &c. By S. G. B. ST. CLAIR and CHARLES A. BROPHY. 8vo. 12s.

CAMPBELL’S (LORD) LIVES OF THE LORD CHANCELLORS AND KEEPERS OF THE GREAT SEAL OF ENGLAND, from the Earliest Times to the Reign of George the Fourth. 10 vols. Post 8vo. 60s.

—————————— LIVES OF LORDS LYNDHURST AND BROUGHAM. 8vo. 16s.

————— (SIR NEIL) JOURNAL OF OCCURRENCES, and Notes of Conversations with Napoleon at Fontainbleau and Elba in 1814-15. With a Memoir of that Officer. By his Nephew, REV. A. N. C. MACLACHLAN. With Portrait. 8vo. 15s.

————— (GEORGE) MODERN INDIA. A Sketch of the System of Civil Government. With some Account of the Natives and Native Institutions. Second Edition. 8vo. 16s.

————— INDIA AS IT MAY BE. An Outline of a Proposed Government and Policy. 8vo. 12s.

CASTLEREAGH’S (VISCOUNT) MEMOIRS. CORRESPONDENCE, AND DESPATCHES. Edited by THE MARQUIS OF LONDONDERRY. 12 vols. 8vo. 14s. each.

CATHCART’S (SIR GEORGE) COMMENTARIES ON THE WAR IN RUSSIA AND GERMANY, 1812-13. With Plans. 8vo. 14s.

————— MILITARY OPERATIONS IN KAFFRARIA. Second Edition. 8vo. 12s.

CHALMERS’ (GEORGE) POETICAL REMAINS OF SOME OF THE SCOTTISH KINGS. Post 8vo. 10s. 6d.

CHURCH AND THE AGE. Essays on the Principles and Present Position of the Anglican Church. By various Writers. Second Edition. 8vo. 14s.

CONTENTS:

Anglican Principles.—DEAN HOOK.

Modern Religious Thought.—BISHOP OF GLOUCESTER AND BRISTOL.

The State, The Church, and Synods.—Rev. Dr. IRONS.

Religious Use of Taste.—Rev. R. ST. JOHN TYRWHITT.

Place of the Laity.—Professor BURROWS.

The Parish Priest.—Rev. WALSHAM HOW.

Divines of 16th and 17th Centuries.—Rev. A. W. HADDAN.

Liturgies and Ritual.—Rev. M. F. SADLER.

The Church and Education.—Rev. Dr. BARRY.

Indian Missions.—SIR BARTLE FRERE.

The Church and the People.—Rev. W. D. MACLAGAN.

Conciliation and Comprehension.—Rev. A. WEIR.

CHURTON AND JONES’ (ARCHDEACON) NEW TESTAMENT. With a Plain Explanatory Commentary for Families and General Readers; with more than 100 Illustrations of Scripture Scenes, from Photographs and Sketches taken on the Spot. 2 vols. 8vo. 21s.

CICERO’S LIFE and TIMES, with his CHARACTER as a STATESMAN, ORATOR, and FRIEND; and a Selection from his Correspondence and Orations. By WILLIAM FORSYTH. Third Edition. With 40 Illustrations. 8vo. 10s. 6d.

CLODE’S (C. M.) HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION AND GOVERNMENT OF THE BRITISH ARMY FROM THE REVOLUTION, 1688. 2 vols. 8vo. 42s.

COLCHESTER’S (LORD) DIARY AND CORRESPONDENCE WHILE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, 1802-1817. Edited by HIS SON. With Portrait. 3 vols. 8vo. 42s.

CORNWALLIS’S (MARQUIS) CORRESPONDENCE DURING THE AMERICAN WAR: Administrations in India,—Union with Ireland, and Peace of Amiens. Edited by CHARLES ROSS. Second Edition. With Portrait. 3 vols. 8vo. 63s.

COWPER’S (COUNTESS) DIARY WHILE LADY OF THE BEDCHAMBER TO CAROLINE, PRINCESS OF WALES, 1714-20. Edited by Hon. SPENCER COWPER. Second Edition. Portrait. 8vo. 10s. 6d.

CRABBE’S (REV. GEORGE) POETICAL WORKS; with his Life, Letters, and Journals. By HIS SON. With Notes and Illustrations. Cabinet Edition. With Plates, 8 vols., Fcap. 8vo, 24s.; or, with Illustrations, one volume, Royal 8vo. 7s.

CROKER’S (RT. HON. J. W.) WORKS OF ALEXANDER POPE. With Introductions and Notes by REV. WHITWELL ELWIN. Vols. I. to III. With Portraits. 8vo. 10s. 6d. each.

————— BOSWELL’S LIFE OF SAMUEL JOHNSON, D.D., including their Tour to the Hebrides. Edited with Notes. With Portraits. 1 vol. Royal 8vo. 10s.

————— ESSAYS ON THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 8vo. 16s.

CROWE AND CAVALCASELLE’S HISTORY OF PAINTING IN ITALY, from the Second to the Sixteenth Century. With 100 Illustrations. 3 vols. 8vo. 63s.

—————————— HISTORY OF PAINTING IN NORTH ITALY. With Illustrations. 2 vols. 8vo.

—————————— EARLY FLEMISH PAINTERS. With Illustrations. Post 8vo. 12s.

CUNNINGHAM’S (PETER) GOLDSMITH’S WORKS. Printed from the last Edition, revised by the Author, and edited, with Notes. With Vignettes. 4 vols. 8vo. 30s.

————— JOHNSON’S LIVES OF THE MOST EMINENT ENGLISH POETS. With Critical Observations on their Works. Edited, with Notes. 3 vols. 8vo. 22s. 6d.

————— (J. D.) HISTORY OF THE SIKHS, from the Origin of the Nation to the Battles of the Sutlej. Second Edition. With Maps. 8vo. 15s.

CUST’S (SIR EDWARD) ANNALS OF THE WARS OF THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES, 1700-1815. With Maps. 9 vols. Fcap. 8vo. 5s. each.

————— LIVES OF THE WARRIORS OF THE 17TH CENTURY—The Thirty Years’ War—The Civil Wars of France and England—The Commanders of Fleets and Armies before the Enemy. 1604-1704. 6 vols. Post 8vo. 50s.

DARWIN’S (CHARLES) Journal of Researches into the Natural History of the Countries visited during a Voyage round the World. Tenth Edition. Post 8vo. 9s.

————— ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION; or, the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Fifth Edition. Post 8vo. 14s.

————— FERTILIZATION OF ORCHIDS THROUGH INSECT AGENCY, and as to the good of Intercrossing. With Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 9s.

————— VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION. With Illustrations. 2 vols. 8vo. 28s.

————— DESCENT OF MAN, and on SELECTION in RELATION to SEX. With Illustrations. 2 vols. Crown 8vo. 24s.

DELEPIERRE’S (OCTAVE) HISTORY OF FLEMISH LITERATURE FROM THE TWELFTH CENTURY. 8vo. 9s.

DENISON’S (E. B.) LIFE OF BISHOP LONSDALE. With Portrait. Crown 8vo. 10s. 6d.

DERBY’S (EARL OF) HOMER’S ILIAD RENDERED INTO ENGLISH BLANK VERSE. Seventh Edition. 2 vols. Post 8vo. 10s.

DE ROS’ (LORD) MEMORIALS OF THE TOWER OF LONDON. Second Edition. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 12s.

DEVEREUX’S (W. B.) LIVES OF THE EARLS OF ESSEX IN THE REIGNS OF ELIZABETH, JAMES I., AND CHARLES I. Portraits. 2 vols. 8vo. 30s.

DOUGLAS’ (SIR HOWARD) LIFE AND ADVENTURES. By S. W. FULLOM. 8vo. 14s.

————— TREATISE ON GUNNERY. Fifth Edition. Woodcuts. 8vo. 21s.

————— CONSTRUCTION OF MILITARY BRIDGES AND THE PASSAGE OF RIVERS IN MILITARY OPERATIONS. Plates. 8vo. 21s.

DUCANGE’S MEDIÆVAL LATIN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Illustrated and enlarged by numerous additions, derived from patristic and scholastic authors, the works of the Record Commission, Mediæval Histories, Charters, Glossaries, &c., &c. By E. A. DAYMAN, B.D. 4to. [In Preparation.

DUDLEY’S (EARL OF) LETTERS TO BISHOP COPLESTONE. Second Edition. Portrait. 8vo. 10s. 6d.

DYER’S (THOS. H.) HISTORY OF MODERN EUROPE, from the Taking of Constantinople by the Turks to the Close of the War in the Crimea, 1453-1857. With an Index. 4 vols. 8vo. 42s.

————— LIFE AND LETTERS OF JOHN CALVIN. Compiled from authentic Sources. With Portrait. 8vo. 15s.

EASTLAKE’S (SIR CHARLES) CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LITERATURE OF THE FINE ARTS. Second Edition. 8vo. 12s.

————— MEMOIR; WITH SELECTIONS FROM HIS CORRESPONDENCE, and Additional Contributions to the Literature of the Fine Arts. By LADY EASTLAKE. 8vo. 12s.

————— ITALIAN SCHOOLS OF PAINTING. From the German of KUGLER. Edited, with Notes. Sixth Edition. With 100 Illustrations. 2 vols. Post 8vo. 30s.

EGYPTIANS (ANCIENT): Their Manners and Customs. By SIR J. GARDNER WILKINSON. Fourth Edition. with illustrations. 2 vols. Post 8vo. 12s.

————— (MODERN): Their MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. By E. W. LANE. Fifth Edition. With Illustrations. 2 vols. Post 8vo. 12s.

ELLESMERE’S (LORD) ESSAYS ON HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, GEOGRAPHY, and ENGINEERING. 8vo. 12s.

ELPHINSTONE’S (MOUNT STUART) HISTORY OF INDIA. The Hindu and Mahometan Periods. Fifth Edition. With Notes and Additions by PROFESSOR COWELL. With Map. 8vo. 18s.

ELWIN’S (REV. WHITWELL) WORKS OF ALEXANDER POPE. With Introductions and Notes, and many original Letters now for the first time published. With Portrait. Vols. I to III. 8vo. 10s. 6d. each.

ENGEL’S (CARL) MUSIC OF THE MOST ANCIENT NATIONS; particularly of the Assyrians, Egyptians, and Hebrews; with Special Reference to the Discoveries in Western Asia and in Egypt. Second Edition. With 100 Illustrations. 8vo. 10s. 6d.

FARRAR’S (REV. A. S.) CRITICAL HISTORY OF FREE THOUGHT IN REFERENCE TO THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION. 8vo. 16s.

FEATHERSTONHAUGH’S (G. W.) TOUR THROUGH THE SLAVE STATES OF NORTH AMERICA, from the River Potomac, to Texas and the Frontiers of Mexico. 2 vols. 8vo. 26s.

FERGUSSON’S (JAMES) HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN ALL COUNTRIES. From the Earliest Times. With 1200 Illustrations. VOLS. I. & II. 8vo. 42s. each.

————— Vol. III. The Modern Styles. With 312 Illustrations. 8vo. 31s. 6d.

FERRIER’S (T. P.) CARAVAN JOURNEYS IN PERSIA, AFFGHANISTAN, HERAT, TURKISTAN, AND BELOOCHISTAN, with Descriptions of Meshed, Balk, and Candahar, and Sketches of the Nomade Tribes of Central Asia. Second Edition. With Map. 8vo. 21s.

————— HISTORY OF THE AFFGHANS. With Map. 8vo. 21s.

FORSTER’S (JOHN) HISTORY OF THE GRAND REMONSTRANCE, 1641. With an Introductory Essay on English Freedom under Plantagenet and Tudor Sovereigns. Second Edition. 8vo. 12s.

————— LIFE OF SIR JOHN ELIOT, 1590-1632. With Portrait. 2 vols. 8vo. 30s.

————— CROMWELL, DEFOE, STEELE, CHURCHILL, FOOTE.—Biographies. Post 8vo. 12s.

FORSYTH’S (WILLIAM) LIFE AND TIMES OF CICERO. With Selections from his Correspondence and Orations. Third Edition. With Illustrations. 8vo. 10s. 6d.

FOSS’ (EDWARD) JUDGES OF ENGLAND. With Sketches of their Lives, and Notices of the Courts at Westminster, from the Conquest to the Present Time. 9 vols. 8vo. 126s.

————— BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND, FROM THE CONQUEST TO THE PRESENT TIME, 1066-1870. Condensed from the above work. Medium 8vo. 21s.

GEORGE THE THIRD’S CORRESPONDENCE WITH LORD NORTH, 1769-82. Edited, with Notes and Introduction, by W. BODHAM DONNE. 2 vols. 8vo. 32s.

GIBBON’S (EDWARD) HISTORY OF THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. With Notes by DEAN MILMAN and M. GUIZOT. A new Edition. Edited, with additional Notes incorporating the Researches of recent writers, by WM. SMITH, D.C.L. With Portrait and Maps. 8 vols. 8vo. 60s.

GOLDSMITH’S (OLIVER) WORKS. Edited, with Notes, by PETER CUNNINGHAM, F.S.A. With Portrait and Vignettes. 4 vols. 8vo. 30s.

GRENVILLE’S (GEORGE) PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CORRESPONDENCE WITH HIS FRIENDS AND CONTEMPORARIES, during a period of Thirty Years. Including his Diary of Political Events while First Lord of the Treasury. Edited, with Notes, by W. J. SMITH. 4 vols. 8vo. 16s. each.

GREY’S (EARL) CORRESPONDENCE WITH KING WILLIAM IV. and SIR HERBERT TAYLOR, from November, 1830, to the Passing of the Reform Act in 1832. Edited by HIS SON. 2 vols. 8vo. 30s.

GROTE’S (GEORGE) HISTORY of GREECE, from the Earliest Period to the Close of the Generation contemporary with Alexander the Great. Fourth Edition. With Portrait, Maps, and Plans. 8 vols. 8vo. 112s.

—————————— Cabinet Edition. With Portrait and Plans. 12 vols. Post 8vo. 6s. each.

————— PLATO AND THE OTHER COMPANIONS OF SOCRATES. Second Edition. 3 vols. 8vo. 45s. *** An Index, 8vo. 2s. 6d.

GRUNER’S (LEWIS) TERRA-COTTA ARCHITECTURE OF NORTH ITALY. From careful Drawings and Restorations. With Illustrations, engraved and printed in Colours. Small folio. 5l. 5s.

GUIZOT’S (M.) MEDITATIONS ON CHRISTIANITY, AND ON THE RELIGIOUS QUESTIONS OF THE DAY. 2 vols. Post 8vo. 20s.

GURWOOD’S (COL.) SELECTIONS FROM THE WELLINGTON DESPATCHES AND GENERAL ORDERS. Intended as a convenient Manual for Officers while Travelling or on Service. 8vo. 18s.

GUSTAVUS VASA (LIFE OF). His Exploits and Adventures. With Extracts from his Correspondence. With Portrait. 8vo. 10s. 6d.

HALLAM’S (HENRY) CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND, from the Accession of Henry VII. to the Death of George II. Eighth Edition. 3 vols. 8vo. 30s.

————— HISTORY OF THE STATE OF EUROPE DURING THE MIDDLE AGES. Eleventh Edition. 3 vols. 8vo. 30s.

————— LITERARY HISTORY OF EUROPE. Fourth Edition. 3 vols. 8vo. 36s.

————— HISTORICAL WORKS. With the Author’s latest Corrections and Additions. Containing HISTORY OF ENGLAND—EUROPE DURING THE MIDDLE AGES—LITERARY HISTORY OF EUROPE. Cabinet Edition. 10 vols. Post 8vo. 6s. each.

*** The public are cautioned against editions of Hallam’s Histories recently advertised, which are merely reprints of old editions, which the author himself declared to be full of errors, and do not contain the additional notes, &c.

The only correct editions are published by JOHN MURRAY.

HAMILTON’S (JAMES) WANDERINGS IN NORTHERN AFRICA, BENGHAZI, CYRENE, THE OASIS OF SIWAH, &c. Second Edition. With Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 12s.

————— (W. J.) RESEARCHES IN ASIA MINOR, PONTUS, AND ARMENIA; with some Account of the Antiquities and Geology of those Countries. With Map and Plates. 2 vols. 8vo. 38s.

HANDBOOK TO THE CATHEDRALS OF ENGLAND; a Concise History of each See, with Biographical Notices of the Bishops. By RICHARD J. KING, B.A. With 300 Illustrations. 6 vols. Post 8vo. Containing:—

Southern Division; WINCHESTER, SALISBURY, EXETER, WELLS, ROCHESTER, CANTERBURY, AND CHICHESTER. With 110 Illustrations. 2 vols. Crown 8vo. 24s.

Eastern Division; OXFORD, PETERBOROUGH, ELY, NORWICH, AND LINCOLN. With 90 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 18s.

Western Division; BRISTOL, GLOUCESTER, HEREFORD, WORCESTER, AND LITCHFIELD. With 60 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 16s.

Northern Division; YORK, RIPON, DURHAM, CARLISLE, CHESTER, AND MANCHESTER. With 60 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 2 vols. 21s.

HANNAH’S (REV. DR.) DIVINE AND HUMAN ELEMENTS IN HOLY SCRIPTURE. 8vo. 10s. 6d.

HATHERLEY’S (LORD) CONTINUITY OF SCRIPTURE, as declared by the Testimony of our Lord and of the Evangelists and Apostles. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s.

HEAD’S (SIR F. B.) ROYAL ENGINEER, AND THE ROYAL ESTABLISHMENTS AT WOOLWICH AND CHATHAM. With Illustrations. 8vo. 12s.

————— DEFENCELESS STATE OF GREAT BRITAIN. Contents—1. Military Warfare. 2. Naval Warfare. 3. The Invasion of England. 4. The Capture of London by a French Army. 5. The Treatment of Women in War. 6. How to Defend Great Britain. Post 8vo. 12s.

————— FAGGOT OF FRENCH STICKS; or, Description of Paris in 1851. 2nd Edition. 2 vols. Post 8vo. 12s.

————— DESCRIPTIVE ESSAYS. Contributed to the ‘Quarterly Review.’ 2 vols. Post 8vo. 18s.

HERODOTUS: A New English Version. Edited, with copious Notes, from the most Recent Sources of Information. By GEORGE RAWLINSON, M.A. Assisted by Sir HENRY RAWLINSON and Sir GARDNER WILKINSON. Second Edition. With Maps and Woodcuts. 4 vols. 8vo. 48s.

HESSEY’S (REV. DR.) SUNDAY: its Origin, History, and Present Obligations. Second Edition. Post 8vo. 9s.

HILL (FREDERICK) ON CRIME: its Amount, Causes, and Remedies. 8vo. 12s.

HOMER’S ILIAD, rendered into English Blank Verse. By the EARL OF DERBY. Seventh Edition. 2 vols. Small 8vo. 10s.

HOOK’S (DEAN) CHURCH DICTIONARY: a Manual of Reference for the Clergy—Students—and General Readers. Tenth Edition. 8vo. 16s.

HORACE. A New Edition of the Text. Edited by DEAN MILMAN. With 100 Illustrations. Small 8vo. 7s. 6d.

————— LIFE. By DEAN MILMAN. With Illustrations. 8vo. 9s.

JAMESON’S (MRS.) LIVES OF THE EARLY ITALIAN PAINTERS—and the Progress of Painting in Italy from Cimabue to Bassano. Tenth Edition. With 50 Portraits. Post 8vo. 12s.

JOHNSON’S (SAMUEL) LIFE. By JAMES BOSWELL. Including the Tour to the Hebrides. Edited by the RT. HON. J. W. CROKER. With Portraits. Royal 8vo. 10s.

————— LIVES OF THE MOST EMINENT ENGLISH POETS, with Critical Observations on their Works. Edited, with Notes, by PETER CUNNINGHAM, F.S.A. With Portrait. 3 vols. 8vo. 22s. 6d.

JOHNSTON’S (WM.) ENGLAND AS IT IS: Political, Social, and Industrial, in the Nineteenth Century. 2 vols. Post 8vo. 18s.

JONES AND CHURTON’S (ARCHDEACON) NEW TESTAMENT. Edited, with a PLAIN PRACTICAL COMMENTARY for the use of FAMILIES and GENERAL READERS. With 100 Panoramic and other Views from Sketches and Photographs made on the Spot. 2 vols. Crown 8vo. 21s.

JUNIUS; the Handwriting of Junius professionally investigated. By MR. CHABOT, Expert. With Preface and Collateral Evidence, by the HON. EDWARD TWISLETON. With Facsimiles, Woodcuts, &c. 4to.

KEN’S (BISHOP) LIFE. Second Edition. With Portrait. 2 vols. 8vo. 18s.

KERR’S (ROBERT) GENTLEMAN’S HOUSE; or, How to Plan English Residences, from the Parsonage to the Palace. Third Edition. With Views and Plans. 8vo. 24s.

————— (R. MALCOLM) BLACKSTONE’S COMMENTARIES, adapted to the present state of the Law. Fourth Edition. 4 vols. 8vo. [In the Press.

KING’S (REV. C. W.) ANTIQUE GEMS; their Origin, Use, and Value, as Interpreters of Ancient History, and as illustrative of Ancient Art. Second Edition. With Illustrations. 8vo. 24s.

KIRK’S (J. FOSTER) HISTORY OF CHARLES THE BOLD, DUKE OF BURGUNDY. With Portraits. 3 vols. 8vo. 45s.

KORFF’S (BARON) ACCESSION OF NICHOLAS I., compiled by special command of the Emperor Alexander II. Translated from the Russian. 8vo. 10s. 6d.

KUGLER’S (FRANZ) HISTORY OF PAINTING (THE ITALIAN SCHOOLS). Edited, with Notes, by SIR CHARLES EASTLAKE. Sixth Edition. With Illustrations. 2 vols. Post 8vo. 30s.

—————————— (GERMAN, DUTCH, AND FLEMISH SCHOOLS). Edited, with Notes, by DR. WAAGEN. Second Edition. With Illustrations. 2 vols. Post 8vo. 24s.

LANE’S (EDW. W.) ACCOUNT OF THE MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE MODERN EGYPTIANS. Fifth Edition. With Woodcuts. 2 vols. Post 8vo. 12s.

LAYARD’S (A. H.) TRAVELS AND RESEARCHES AT NINEVEH AND BABYLON. With an Account of the Manners and Arts of the Ancient Assyrians; being the Narrative of a First and Second Expedition to the Ruins of Assyria. With Maps and Illustrations. 3 vols. 8vo. 57s.

LENNEP’S (H. VAN) TRAVELS IN ASIA MINOR. With Illustrations of Biblical Literature and Archæology. With Maps and Illustrations. 2 vols. Post 8vo. 24s.

LEWIS’ (SIR G. C.) ESSAY ON THE GOVERNMENT OF DEPENDENCIES. 8vo. 12s.

LEXINGTON (THE) PAPERS; or, Some Account of the Courts of London and Vienna at the end of the 17th Century. Edited by HON. H. MANNERS SUTTON. 8vo. 14s.

LIDDELL’S (DEAN) HISTORY OF ROME: from the Earliest Times to the Establishment of the Empire. With Chapters on the History of Literature and Art. 2 vols. 8vo. 28s.

LINDSAY’S (LORD) LIVES OF THE LINDSAYS; or, a Memoir of the Houses of Crawford and Balcarres. 3 vols. 8vo. 24s.

LOWE’S (SIR HUDSON) HISTORY OF THE CAPTIVITY OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA. Edited by WILLIAM FORSYTH. With Portrait. 3 vols. 8vo. 45s.

LYELL’S (SIR CHARLES) PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY; or, the Ancient Changes of the Earth and its Inhabitants, as illustrated by Geological Monuments. Tenth Edition. With Illustrations. 2 vols. 8vo. 32s.

————— ANTIQUITY OF MAN FROM GEOLOGICAL EVIDENCES. With Remarks on Theories of the Origin of Species by Variation. Third Edition. With Illustrations. 8vo. 14s.

LYTTON’S (LORD) LOST TALES OF MILETUS. Second Edition. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d.

————— POEMS. A New Edition. Post 8vo. 10s. 6d.

MACDOUGALL’S (COL.) MODERN WARFARE AS INFLUENCED BY MODERN ARTILLERY. With Plans and Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 12s.

MACGREGOR’S (JOHN) CRUISE IN THE ‘ROB ROY’ CANOE ON THE JORDAN, THE NILE, THE RED SEA, LAKE OF GENNESARETH, &c. Third Edition. With Maps and Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 12s.

MAETZNER’S (PROFESSOR) COPIOUS ENGLISH GRAMMAR. A Methodical, Analytical, and Historical Treatise on the Orthography, Prosody, Inflections, and Syntax of the English Tongue. With numerous authorities, cited in the order of historical development. 3 vols. 8vo. [In the Press.

MAHON (LORD). See STANHOPE (EARL OF).

MAINE’S (H. SUMNER) ANCIENT LAW; its Connection with the Early History of Society, and its relation to Modern Ideas. Fourth Edition. 8vo. 12s.

MANSEL’S (DEAN) LIMITS OF RELIGIOUS THOUGHT EXAMINED. Fifth Edition. Post 8vo. 8s. 6d.

MARCO POLO’S TRAVELS. A New English Version. Illustrated by the Light of Modern Travels and Oriental Writers. By COL. YULE, C.B. With Maps and Illustrations. 2 vols. Medium 8vo.

MARRYAT’S (JOSEPH) HISTORY OF MEDIÆVAL AND MODERN POTTERY AND PORCELAIN Third Edition. With Coloured Plates and 240 Woodcuts. Medium 8vo. 42s.

MILMAN’S (DEAN) HISTORY OF THE JEWS, from the EARLIEST PERIOD, continued to MODERN TIMES, with a new Preface and Notes. 3 vols. Post 8vo. 18s.

—————————— OF CHRISTIANITY, from the BIRTH OF CHRIST to the ABOLITION OF PAGANISM in the ROMAN EMPIRE. 3 vols. Post 8vo. 18s.

—————————— LATIN CHRISTIANITY; and of the POPES down to NICHOLAS V. 9 vols. Post 8vo. 54s.

————— CHARACTER AND CONDUCT OF THE APOSTLES CONSIDERED AS AN EVIDENCE OF CHRISTIANITY. 8vo. 10s. 6d.

————— ANNALS OF ST. PAUL’S CATHEDRAL. Second Edition. With Portrait and Illustrations. 8vo. 18s.

————— SAVONAROLA, ERASMUS, and other LITERARY ESSAYS. 8vo. 15s.

————— HISTORICAL WORKS; containing the ‘HISTORY OF THE JEWS,’ ‘EARLY CHRISTIANITY,’ and ‘LATIN CHRISTIANITY.’ With the Author’s latest Additions and Corrections. Cabinet Edition. 15 vols. Post 8vo. 6s. each.

————— POETICAL WORKS; containing ‘Samor,’ ‘Fall of Jerusalem,’ ‘Belshazzar,’ ‘Martyr of Antioch,’ ‘Anne Boleyn,’ &c. With Plates. 3 vols. Fcap. 8vo. 18s.

————— AGAMEMNON OF ÆSCHYLUS AND THE BACCHANALS OF EURIPIDES. With Passages from the Lyric and Later Poets of Greece. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 12s.

————— HORACE; a New Edition of the Text. With 100 Woodcuts. Small 8vo. 7s. 6d.

—————————— LIFE OF. With Illustrations. 8vo. 9s.

MOLTKE’S (BARON) RUSSIAN CAMPAIGNS ON THE DANUBE AND THE PASSAGE OF THE BALKAN, 1828-9. With Plans. 8vo. 14s.

MONGREDIEN’S (A.) TREES AND SHRUBS FOR ENGLISH PLANTATION. A Selection and Description of the most Ornamental which will flourish in the open air. With Classified Lists. With 30 Illustrations. 8vo. 16s.

MOORE’S (THOMAS) LIFE OF LORD BYRON; his Letters and Journals. With Notes and Illustrations. Cabinet Edition. With Plates. 6 vols. Fcap. 8vo. 18s.

—————————— With Portraits. One Volume. Royal 8vo. 9s.

MOTLEY’S (J. L.) HISTORY OF THE UNITED NETHERLANDS, from the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Years’ Truce: with a full view of the English-Dutch struggle against Spain, and of the origin and destruction of the Spanish Armada. Fourth Edition. With Portraits. 4 vols. 8vo. 60s.; or, Cabinet Edition, 4 vols., Post 8vo, 6s. each.

MOZLEY’S (REV. J. B.) TREATISE ON THE AUGUSTINIAN DOCTRINE OF PREDESTINATION. 8vo. 14s.

————— PRIMITIVE DOCTRINE OF BAPTISMAL REGENERATION. 8vo. 7s. 6d.

MURCHISON’S (SIR RODERICK) SILURIA: a History of the Oldest Rocks in the British Isles and other Countries. With a Sketch of the Distribution of Native Gold. Fourth Edition. With Plates and Woodcuts. 8vo. 30s.

NAPIER’S (SIR CHARLES) LIFE AND OPINIONS; chiefly derived from his Journals and Letters. Second Edition. With Portraits. 4 vols. Post 8vo. 48s.

————— (SIR WILLIAM) ENGLISH BATTLES AND SIEGES IN THE PENINSULA. Extracted from his History of the Peninsular War. Fifth Edition. With Portrait. Post 8vo. 9s.

————— LIFE. With Portraits. 2 vols. Post 8vo. 30s.

NELSON’S (ROBERT) LIFE AND TIMES. By REV. C. T. Secretan, M.A. With Portrait. 8vo. 12s.

NEWBOLD’S (LIEUT.) STRAITS OF MALACCA, PENANG, AND SINGAPORE. 2 vols. 8vo. 26s.

NEW TESTAMENT. With a Plain Explanatory Commentary for General Readers. By ARCHDEACON CHURTON, M.A., and ARCHDEACON BASIL JONES, M.A. With 110 authentic Views of Scripture Sites, &c., from Sketches and Photographs taken on the Spot. 2 vols. 8vo. 21s.

NICHOLAS’ (SIR HARRIS) HISTORIC PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. Exhibiting the Origin, Descent, and Present State of every Title of Peerage which has existed in this Country since the Conquest. A New Edition. Edited by W. COURTHOPE. 8vo. 30s.

NICHOLLS’ (SIR GEORGE) HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH,—IRISH,—AND SCOTCH POOR LAWS. 4 vols. 8vo. 54s.

NORTH’S (LORD) CORRESPONDENCE WITH KING GEORGE THE THIRD, 1769-82. Edited, with Notes and Introduction, by W. BODHAM DONNE. 2 vols. 8vo. 32s.

OLD LONDON; its Archæology and Antiquities; A Series of Papers read at the Meeting of the Archæological Institute, July, 1866. By VARIOUS WRITERS. 8vo. 12s.

CONTENTS:

Archæology in its Religious Aspect.—DEAN STANLEY.

An Address.—A. J. BERESFORD HOPE, M.P.

Chapter House of Westminster Abbey.—G. G. SCOTT, R.A.

Sculpture in Westminster Abbey.—R. WESTMACOTT, R.A.

Westminster Hall.—E. FOSS, F.S.A.

Architectural History of the Tower.—G. T. CLARK.

Public Record Office.—JOSEPH BURTT.

London and her Election of Stephen.—Rev. J. R. GREEN.

Royal Picture Galleries.—G. SCHARF, F.S.A.

OWEN’S (LIEUT.-COL.) PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF MODERN ARTILLERY, including ARTILLERY MATERIAL, GUNNERY, and ORGANIZATION AND USE OF ARTILLERY IN WARFARE. With Illustrations. 8vo.

PARKMAN’S (FRAS.) DISCOVERY OF THE GREAT WEST; or, The Valleys of the Mississippi and the Lakes of North America. An Historical Narrative. With Map. 8vo. 10s. 6d.

PEEL’S (SIR ROBERT) MEMOIRS. I. ROMAN CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL, 1828-9. II. FORMATION OF THE NEW GOVERNMENT IN 1834-5. III. REPEAL OF THE CORN LAWS IN 1845-6. Edited by EARL STANHOPE and RT. HON. EDWARD CARDWELL. 2 vols. Post 8vo. 15s.

PERCY’S (JOHN) METALLURGY: or, THE ART OF EXTRACTING METALS FROM THEIR ORES, AND ADAPTING THEM TO VARIOUS PURPOSES OF MANUFACTURE. With numerous Illustrations. 5 vols. 8vo.

I.—FUEL, Wood, Peat. COAL, Charcoal, Coke. FIRE-CLAYS. COPPER, ZINC, and BRASS. 30s.

II.—IRON and STEEL. 42s.

III.—LEAD, including Desilverization and Cupellation. 30s.

IV.—GOLD, SILVER, and MERCURY. [In the Press.

V.—PLATINUM, TIN, NICKEL, COBALT, ANTIMONY, BISMUTH, ARSENIC, &c. [In the Press.

PHILLIP’S (JOHN) RIVERS, MOUNTAINS, AND SEA-COAST OF YORKSHIRE; with Essays on the Climate, Scenery, and Ancient Inhabitants. With 36 Plates. 8vo. 15s.

POPE’S (ALEXANDER) WORKS. Collected in part by the late RT. HON. J. W. CROKER. Edited, with Introductions and Notes, by REV. WHITWELL ELWIN. With Portraits. Vol. I. to III. 8vo. 10s. 6d. each.

POTTERY (ANCIENT): Egyptian, Assyrian, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman. By SAMUEL BIRCH, F.S.A. With Coloured Plates and 200 Woodcuts. 2 vols. Medium 8vo. 42s.

————— (MEDIÆVAL AND MODERN). By JOSEPH MARRYAT. Third Edition. With Coloured Plates and 300 Woodcuts. Medium 8vo. 42s.

————— NOTES ON VENETIAN CERAMICS. By W. R. DRAKE, F.S.A. A Supplement to ‘Marryat’s Pottery.’ Medium 8vo. 4s.

PRINCIPLES AT STAKE. Essays on Church Questions of the Present Day. By various Writers. Second Edition. 8vo. 12s.

CONTENTS:

Ritualism and Uniformity.—BENJAMIN SHAW, M.A.

Increase of the Episcopate.—BISHOP OF BATH AND WELLS.

Powers and Duties of the Priesthood.—Canon PAYNE SMITH.

National Education.—Rev. ALEX. R. GRANT.

Doctrine of the Eucharist.—Rev. G. H. SUMNER.

Scripture and Ritual.—Canon T. D. BERNARD.

The Church in South Africa.—ARTHUR MILLS, M.A.

Schismatical Tendency of Ritualism.—Rev. DR. SALMON.

Revisions of the Liturgy.—Rev. W. G. HUMPHRY.

Parties and Party Spirit.—DEAN OF CHESTER.

RANKE’S (LEOPOLD) HISTORY OF THE POPES OF ROME: Political and Ecclesiastical. Translated from the German, by MRS. AUSTIN. Fourth Edition. With a Preface by DEAN MILMAN. 3 vols. 8vo. 30s.

RASSAM’S (HORMUZD) NARRATIVE OF THE BRITISH MISSION TO ABYSSINIA. With NOTICES of the COUNTRIES from MASSOWAH, through the SOODAN, and back to ANNESLEY BAY, from MAGDALA. With Map and Illustrations. 2 vols. 8vo. 28s.

RAWLINSON’S (REV. GEORGE) MONARCHIES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD; or, The History, Geography, and Antiquities of Chaldæa, Media, Assyria, Babylonia, and Persia. With Maps and Illustrations. 3 vols. 8vo. 42s.

————— HERODOTUS. A New English Version. Edited, with Notes and Essays, Historical, Ethnographical, and Geographical. By SIR GARDNER WILKINSON and SIR HENRY RAWLINSON. Second Edition. With Maps and Woodcuts. 4 vols. 8vo. 48s.

REED’S (E. J.) SHIPBUILDING IN IRON AND STEEL; a Practical Treatise, giving full details of Construction, Processes of Manufacture, and Building Arrangements. With Plans and Woodcuts. 8vo. 30s.

————— IRON-CLAD SHIPS; their Qualities, Performances, and Cost. With Chapters on Turret Ships, Iron-clad Rams, &c. With Illustrations. 8vo. 12s.

REYNOLDS’ (SIR JOSHUA) LIFE. With NOTICES of HOGARTH, WILSON, GAINSBOROUGH, and other ARTISTS, his CONTEMPORARIES. Commenced by C. R. LESLIE, R.A., and continued by TOM TAYLOR. With Portraits. 2 vols. 8vo. 42s.

ROBERTSON’S (CANON) HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH, from the Apostolic Age to the End of the Fifth Council of the Lateran. 4 vols. 8vo.

Vol. I., A.D. 64-590. 18s.

Vol. II., A.D. 590-1122. 20s.

Vol. III., A.D. 1122-1303. 18s.

Vol. IV., A.D. 1303-1517. [In the Press.

ROBINSON’S (REV. EDWARD) BIBLICAL RESEARCHES IN PALESTINE AND THE ADJACENT REGIONS; a Journal of Travels in 1838 and 1852. Third Edition. Maps. 3 vols. 8vo. 42s.

————— PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE HOLY LAND. Post 8vo. 10s. 6d.

SCOTT’S (GILBERT) REMARKS ON GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE, SECULAR AND DOMESTIC, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 8vo. 9s.

SIMMONS (CAPT. T. F.) ON THE CONSTITUTION AND PRACTICE OF COURTS MARTIAL; with a Summary of the Law of Evidence, &c. Sixth Edition, revised and corrected. 8vo. [In the Press.

SMILES’S (SAMUEL) LIVES OF BRITISH ENGINEERS. From the Earliest Times down to the Death of Robert Stephenson, with an Account of their Principal Works, a History of Inland Communication in Britain, and the Introduction and Invention of the Steam Engine. With Portraits and Illustrations. 4 vols. 8vo. 21s. each.

SMITH’S (DR. WM.) DICTIONARY OF THE BIBLE: its Antiquities, Biography, Geography, and Natural History. By various Writers. With Illustrations. 3 vols. Medium 8vo. 5l. 5s.

————— CONCISE BIBLE DICTIONARY, condensed from the above work. With Maps and 300 Illustrations. Medium 8vo. 21s.

————— DICTIONARY OF CHRISTIAN BIOGRAPHY AND ANTIQUITIES: from the times of the Apostles to the age of Charlemagne. With Illustrations. 2 vols. Medium 8vo. [In the Press.

—————————— GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. With Woodcuts. Royal 8vo. 21s.

—————————— GREEK AND ROMAN BIOGRAPHY AND MYTHOLOGY. With Woodcuts. 3 vols. Royal 8vo. 63s.

—————————— GREEK AND ROMAN GEOGRAPHY. With Woodcuts. 2 vols. Royal 8vo. 42s.

————— LATIN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY. With Tables of the Roman Calendar, Measures, Weights, and Money. Eighth Edition (1250 pp.). Medium 8vo. 21s.

————— ENGLISH-LATIN DICTIONARY. Compiled from Original Sources. By WM. SMITH, D.C.L., and THEOPHILUS D. HALL, M.A. (964 pp.) Medium 8vo. 21s.

SOMERVILLE’S (MARY) PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. Sixth Edition, revised. By H. W. BATES. With Portrait. Post 8vo. 9s.

————— SCIENCES. Ninth Edition. With Portrait and Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 9s.

————— MOLECULAR AND MICROSCOPIC SCIENCE. With Illustrations. 2 vols. Post 8vo. 21s.

STANHOPE’S (EARL) HISTORY OF ENGLAND, from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles, 1713-83. Library Edition. 7 vols. 8vo. 93s. Or, Cabinet Edition, 7 vols., Post 8vo, 35s.

————— REIGN OF QUEEN ANNE UNTIL THE PEACE OF UTRECHT, 1701-1713. 8vo. 16s.

————— SPAIN UNDER CHARLES THE SECOND. Second Edition. 8vo. 6s. 6d.

————— LIFE OF BELISARIUS. 8vo. 10s. 6d.

—————————— WILLIAM PITT. With Portraits. 4 vols. 8vo. 24s.

————— MISCELLANIES. 8vo. 5s. 6d.

STANLEY’S (DEAN) SINAI AND PALESTINE IN CONNECTION WITH THEIR HISTORY. Eleventh Edition. With Map. 8vo. 14s.

————— EPISTLES OF ST. PAUL TO THE CORINTHIANS. With Dissertations and Notes. Third Edition. 8vo. 18s.

————— HISTORY OF THE EASTERN CHURCH. Fourth Edition. Plans. 8vo. 12s.

—————————— JEWISH CHURCH. From Abraham to the Captivity. Third Edition. 2 vols. 8vo. 24s.

————— MEMORIALS OF CANTERBURY. Fourth Edition. With Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d.

—————————— WESTMINSTER ABBEY. Third Edition. With Illustrations. 8vo. 21s.

————— ESSAYS ON CHURCH AND STATE. 8vo. 16s.

————— SERMONS PREACHED IN THE EAST DURING A TOUR WITH H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES. With Notices of the Localities Visited. 8vo. 9s.

————— ADDRESSES AND CHARGES OF BISHOP STANLEY. With Memoir. 8vo. 10s. 6d.

STREET’S (G. E.) GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN SPAIN. Second Edition. With Illustrations. Medium 8vo. 30s.

STYFFE (KNUT) ON THE STRENGTH OF IRON AND STEEL. Translated from the Swedish. By CHRISTER P. SANDBERG. With Preface, by DR. PERCY. With Lithographic Plates. 8vo. 12s.

SYBEL’S (VON) HISTORY OF EUROPE DURING THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, 1789-1795. From Secret Papers and Documents in the Archives of Germany, &c. Translated by W. C. PERRY. 4 vols. 8vo. 48s.

TAIT’S (ARCHBISHOP) DANGERS AND SAFEGUARDS; or, Suggestions to the Theological Student under present Difficulties. 2nd Edition. 8vo. 12s.

THOMSON’S (A. S.) STORY OF NEW ZEALAND: PAST AND PRESENT—SAVAGE AND CIVILIZED. With Map and Illustrations. 2 vols. Post 8vo. 24s.

THOMSON’S (ARCHBISHOP) LIFE IN THE LIGHT OF GOD’S WORD. 2nd Edition. Post 8vo. 5s.

TOZER’S (H. F.) RESEARCHES IN THE ISLANDS OF TURKEY, ALBANIA, MONTENEGRO, &c. With Notes on the Classical Superstitions of the Modern Greek. With Map and Illustrations. 2 vols. Crown 8vo. 24s.

TYLOR’S (E. B.) RESEARCHES INTO THE EARLY HISTORY OF MANKIND, and the DEVELOPMENT OF CIVILIZATION. Second Edition. With Illustrations. 8vo. 12s.

————— PRIMITIVE CULTURE; Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custom. 2 vols. 8vo.

UBICINI’S (M. A.) TURKEY AND ITS INHABITANTS. The Moslems, Greeks, Armenians, &c.—The Reformed Institutions, Army, &c., described. 2 vols. Post 8vo. 21s.

WAAGEN’S (DR.) TREASURES OF ART IN GREAT BRITAIN. Being an Account of the Chief Collections of Paintings, Sculptures, Drawings, MSS., Miniatures, &c. 4 vols. 8vo. 54s.

WELLINGTON’S (DUKE OF) DESPATCHES DURING HIS VARIOUS CAMPAIGNS. Edited by COL. GURWOOD. 8 vols. 8vo. 8l. 8s.

————— SUPPLEMENTARY DESPATCHES. Edited by HIS SON. 12 vols. 8vo. 20s. each.

————— CIVIL AND POLITICAL CORRESPONDENCE. Edited by HIS SON. Vols. I. to III. 8vo. 20s. each.

————— SPEECHES ON VARIOUS OCCASIONS. 2 vols. 8vo. 42s.

WHYMPER’S (EDWARD) SCRAMBLES AMONG THE ALPS, 1860-9. Including the First Ascent of the Matterhorn. With Observations on GLACIER PHENOMENA in the Alps and in Greenland. With 100 Maps and Illustrations. Medium 8vo. 21s.

WILKINSON’S (SIR GARDNER) ANCIENT EGYPTIANS; their Private Life, Manners, and Customs, Fourth Edition. With Illustrations. 2 vols. Post 8vo. 12s.

WILLIAM THE FOURTH’S CORRESPONDENCE WITH SIR HERBERT TAYLOR AND EARL GREY, from Nov., 1830, to the Passing of the Reform Act in 1832. 2 vols. 8vo. 30s.

WILSON’S (SIR ROBERT) SECRET HISTORY OF EVENTS DURING THE INVASION OF RUSSIA AND RETREAT OF THE FRENCH ARMY, 1812. Second Edition. With Map and Plans. 8vo. 15s.

WORDSWORTH’S (BISHOP) GREECE—Pictorial, Historical, and Descriptive. With an Essay on Greek Art, by GEORGE SCHARF, F.S.A. Fourth Edition. With 600 Illustrations. Royal 8vo. 21s.

————— TOUR IN ATHENS AND ATTICA. Fourth Edition. With Plates. Post 8vo. 5s.

YULE’S (COL. HENRY) MARCO POLO’S TRAVELS. Illustrated by the light of Modern Travels and Oriental Writers. With Maps and Illustrations. 2 vols. Medium 8vo. 42s.

JOHN MURRAY, 50A, ALBEMARLE STREET.

LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET, AND CHARING CROSS.