Volume X.

By FRANK EVERS BEDDARD, M.A., F.R.S.

NATURE.–"Cannot fail to be of very high value to all students of the Mammalia, especially from the standpoints of morphology and palæontology."

ATHENÆUM.–"Mr. Beddard has produced a volume equal in interest and value to the others in the Cambridge series."

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LONDON: MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD.

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NOTES

References to explanations of the terms used below will be found in the index.

Bull. Soc. Philom. ii. p. 81.

Tableaux méthodiques, p. 61.

Bull. Soc. Philom. p. 113.

Isis, 1821.

Treviranus' Zeitschr. f. Physiol. 1831, p. 190.

δέρη, neck; μύω, close.

Proc. Ac. Philad. p. 209.

Americ. Natural. xxiii. p. 849.

Sarasins' Ergebnisse ... Ceylon, 1887-1890.

Credner's term for all Vertebrates higher than fishes.

Boulenger, P.Z.S. 1888, p 204.

P.Z.S. 1897, p. 577.

Q.J.M.S. xxxviii. 1896, p. 465.

Arch. ges. Physiol. li. 1892, p. 455.

Nat. Sci. i. 1892, p. 185.

C. R. Ac. Sci. cix. 1889, pp. 405, 482.

Orr, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxix. 1889, p. 316.

"Lungenlose Salamandriden," Anat. Anz. 1894, p. 676; 1896, p. 182.

"Nuove ricerche anatomo-fisiologiche intorno ai Salamandridi normalmente apneumoni." Torino, 1894.

Zool. Anz. 1896, p. 33; 1899, p. 545.

Amer. Natural, xxx. 1886, p. 829.

For the mechanism of the frog's respiration, see Gaupp, Arch. Anat. 1896, p. 239.

Boulenger, The Tailless Batrachians of Europe, Ray Soc. 1896.

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xlix. 1889, p. 583.

Amer. Natural, xxv. 1891, p. 753.

Zool. Jahrb. Syst. vi. 1892, p. 447.

Ann. Nat. Hist. (5), xvii. 1886, p. 463.

J. Thiele, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xlvi. 1888, p. 67.

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xlix. 1889, p. 43.

M. Weber, Ann. Jard. Botan. Buitenzorg, Suppl. ii. 1898, p. 5.

For "A Synopsis of the Tadpoles of European Batrachians," see Boulenger, P. Z. S. 1891, pp. 593-627, pls. xlv.-xlvii.; also Bedriaga, "Tableaux synoptiques pour servir à la détermination des larves des Batraciens Urodèles," C. R. Ass. Franç. Sci. ii. 1891, pp. 540-546.

Arch. mikr. Anat. xxix. 1887, p. 1.

Arch. per zool. e per l'anat. comp., Genova, 1861, p. 206.

Ann. sci. nat. (5), vii. 1876.

Mem. Acc. Torino, xxxv. 1883, and Atti Acc. Torino, xvii. 1883, p. 84. See also Woltersdorff, Zool. Garten, 1896, p. 327.

Verh. Ges. Basel, vii. 1882, p. 387.

Barfurth, Arch. Entwickmech. I. 1895, p. 117.

The Horn Scientific Expedition, 1897, p. 155.

Amer. Natural. xxix. 1895, p. 998.

J. Morphol. xi. 1895, p. 375.

P. Z. S. 1895, p. 401.

P. and F. Sarasin, "Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der ceylonesischen Blindwühle, Ichthyophis glutinosa." Ergebnisse naturwiss. Forschungen auf Ceylon, 1887-1890, vol. ii.

"Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Entwicklungsgeschichte und der Anatomie der Gymnophionen," Zool. Jahrb. Anat. x. 1897, p. 389, and xii. 1899, p. 477.

The existence of such a form as Typhlotriton, in the adult of which the eyes become closed up, makes such short diagnoses of the families defective, although there is no doubt about the Desmognathine affinities of this genus. See p. 103.

J. Coll. Japan. i. 1887, p. 269.

J. Morphol. xi. 1895, p. 375.

Amer. Natural. xxxiii. March 1899, p. 231.

Amer. Natural. March, 1899, p. 235.

Zool. Garten, 1896, p. 88.

P. Calif. Ac. (2) v. 1895, p. 776.

Amer. Natural. xxxiii. 1899, p. 691.

Amer. Natural. xxxi. 1897, p. 635.

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxvii. 1877, p. 522; xli. 1891, p. 365; Zool. Anz. 1882, p. 513.

Zoolog. Garten. 1896, p. 114.

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxv. 1875, p. 297. See also Hahn, Rev. Quest. Sci. (2), i. 1892, p. 178.

Amer. Journ. Sci. (2), xlvi. Nov. 1868, p. 364.

Zeitschr. Biol. xxxiv. 1896, pp. 340-396.

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxix. 1877, pp. 324 f., pl. xxii.

Ann. Mus. Genova, xvi. 1880, p. 83.

Journ. Morphol. viii. 1893, p. 269.

Amer. Natural. 1891, p. 1084.

P.Z.S. 1895, p. 150.

See also M. von Chauvin, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxxviii. 1883, p. 671.

E. T. Emerson, Proc. Boston Soc. xxxii. 1905, p. 43.

Nature, lx. 1899, p. 389.

Amer. Natural. xix. 1885, p. 1226.

Proc. Ac. Philad. 1864, p. 181.

The Natural History Review, No. xvii. 1865, p. 97.

Journ. Ac. Nat. Hist. Philad. vi. p. 189.

Beddard, P.Z.S. 1895, p. 841.

Phil. Trans. B. 136, 1896, p. 1.

P.Z.S. 1890, p. 69.

P.Z.S. 1894, p. 101.

Groenberg und Klinckowstroem, "Zur Anatomie der Pipa americana," Zool. Jahrb. Anat. vii. 1894, p. 609.

P.Z.S. 1896, p. 595.

Zool. Garten, 1885, p. 299.

P.Z.S. 1899, p. 790.

Faune Vertebr. Suisse, iii. 1872, p. 587.

Zool. Garten, 1885, p. 299.

For further information, cf. Portschinsky, "Biologie des mouches coprophages et nécrophages, 2me partie. Étude sur la Lucilia bufonivora, parasite des batraciens anoures."–Horae Soc. ent. Ross. xxxii. pp. 225-279 (in Russian). German summary in Zool. Centralbl. v. 1898, pp. 855-859.

Arch. Naturg. xliv. 1868, p. 141.

Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xlii. 1899, p. 3.

Arbeiten Instit. Würzburg, x. 1895, p. 57.

Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xxi. 1883, p. 104.

P.Z.S. 1895, p. 89 (with a sketch of a pond, with nests, in Dr. Goeldi's garden).

P.Z.S. 1895, p. 209.

Arch. Anat. und Phys. 1854, p. 449. Also Boulenger, P.Z.S. 1898, p. 107.

Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xlii. 1899, p. 313.

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xvii. 1886, p. 461.

=Phyllobates (part) Bibron; cf. Boulenger, P.Z.S. 1888, p. 207.

See Günther, Nature, lii. 1895, p. 643.

Quart. Micr. Sci. xlii. 1899, p. 329.

Arch. Naturg. xxxiii. 1867, p. 124.

Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xlii. 1899, p. 309.

Report on the Work of the Horn Scientific Expedition to Central Australia, pt. ii. "Zoology," 1896, p. 164.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (2), iv. 1898, p. 357.

Zool. Anz. xvii. 1894, p. 156.

An. Soc. Espan. i. 1822. See also Howes, P.Z.S. 1888, p. 231.

Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xlii. 1899, p. 307.

S. S. Flower, P.Z.S. 1896, p. 910.

Ibid. p. 909.

Boulenger, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6), iv. 1889, p. 247.

See Boulenger, P.Z.S. 1888, p. 204.

Boulenger has shown (P.Z.S. 1888) that Bibron's species of Phyllobates, hitherto grouped amongst the Cystignathidae, are Ranoids, closely allied to Hylixalus and Prostherapis. The other species now form the Cystignathoid genus Syrrhopus, Cope (cf. p. 212).

P.Z.S. 1895, p. 209.

Cf. p. 273.

Zool. Jahrb. Syst. xii. 1898, p. 89.

Monatsber. Berl. Ac. 1875, p. 204; 1876, p. 714.

Malay Archipelago, 2nd ed. i. 1869, p. 38.

Annotat. Zool. Jap. i. 1897, p. 113.

P.Z.S. 1896, p. 906.

Boulenger, Cat. Batrach. Salientia, p. 22.

Zool. Gart. 1885, p. 299.

Trans. Zool. Soc. xii. 1884, p. 51.

P.Z.S. 1884, p. 573.

British Reptiles, 2nd ed. 1849, p. 110.

Boulenger, "Tailless Batrach. of Europe," pt. ii. p. 287, Ray Society, 1897.

Boulenger, op. cit. p. 278.

Phil. Trans. clxxxvii. 1896, B. p. 23.

Anat. Anz. xix. 1897, p. 201.

Phil. Trans. clxxxvii. 1896, B. p. 23.

Trans. Zool. Soc. xv.

Trans. N. Zealand Inst. x. 1878, p. 222.

Trans. N. Zealand Inst. xiv. 1881, p. 276; cf. also Reischek, op. cit. xiv. p. 274.

Cope, the inventor of this most appropriate name, soon changed it, unnecessarily, into Theromora (μωρός = sluggish), perhaps in order not to emphasise too much their possible Mammalian affinities; while others rashly called them Sauro-Mammalia. For detailed illustrations of Theromorpha reference should be made to Owen, British Fossil Reptiles, 4to, London, 1849-55, and to numerous papers by Seeley, Phil. Trans. 178 (1887), 186 (1895), and by E. T. Newton in Phil. Trans. 184 (1893), 185 (1894).

Cat. Chelonians, Brit. Mus. 1889.

It should be noted that the horny pieces of the carapace are termed "shields" and the bony pieces "plates."

πλευρόν, side; δειρή, neck.

Journ. Morph. xv. 1897, p. 21.

Amer. Natural. xxxii. 1898, p. 929.

Contributions to the Nat. Hist. of the U.S.A., Boston, 1857.

Zool. Garten. 189, p. 260.

Natural History of Selborne.

J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vi. 1837, p. 689.

Presidential Address. Proc. Linn. Soc. 1898. See also Günther, Gigantic Land-Tortoises, Brit. Mus. London, 1877; Gadow, Trans. Zool. Soc. xiii. 1894, p. 313; Rothschild, Novit. Zool., several notes.

Notes Leyden Mus. xvi. 1895, p. 211.

Contributions to the Natural History of the U.S.A., vol. i. 1857, p. 333.

P.Z.S. 1875, p. 2.

Wanderings of a Naturalist in India, Edinburgh, 1867.

Sketches of the Natural History of Ceylon, London, 1861.

Sitzber. Ak. Berlin. 1891, p. 115; 1893, p. 347.

J. Morphol. v. 1891, p. 181.

J. China Asiat. Soc. xiii. 1879, pp. 1-36, with Figs.

Boulenger, Trans. Zool. Soc. xiv. 1898 (read Nov. 1893).

νόθος = spurious.

Zool. Gart. 1889, p. 1.

P.Z.S. 1888, p. 351, and 1891, p. 466.

P.Z.S. 1889, p. 602.

P.Z.S. 1889, p. 452.

F. Mason's Burma, London, 1882.

Sketches of the Nat. Hist. of Ceylon, London, 1861.

P. Ac. Philad. 1864, p. 224, and P. Amer. Ass. xix. 1871, p. 236.

Ann. Nat. Hist. (5) xiv. 1884, p. 117.

Burma, its People and Productions, London, 1882.

Zool. Garten. 1895, p. 232.

Zool. Garten. 1895, p. 257.

P. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. viii. 1883, p. 300.

Tangweera, London, 1899.

Voyage of the Beagle, London, 1845, chap. xvii.

For further anatomical details see Shufeldt, P.Z.S. 1890, p. 148; Boulenger, P.Z.S. 1891, p. 109; and Stewart, P.Z.S. 1891, p. 119.

P.Z.S. 1899, p. 596.

Burma, its People and Productions, London, 1882.

Sketches of the Nat. Hist. of Ceylon, London, 1861.

Organic Evolution. Translation, London, 1890.

Fischer, Zool. Garten. 1884, p. 38.

Zool. Gart. 1882, p. 206.

Denk. Ak. Wien. iv. 1852.

C. R. Ass. Franc. lxxx. 1876, No. 21.

J. de l'anat. physiol. viii. 1872, p. 401.

Morphol. Arbeit. vii. 1897, p. 515.

Arch. Physiol. lxi. 1895, p. 123.

Fischer, Zool. Gart. 1882, p. 4.

For a detailed anatomical account, see West, J. Linn. Soc. xxv. 1895, p. 419; xxvi. 1898, p. 517; and xxviii. 1900.

Clifford Allbutt's System of Medicine, vol. ii. London, 1896, p. 809.

Erpétologic générale, Suites à Buffon, vol. vii. Paris, 1852.

Catalogue of Snakes, British Museum, London, 1849.

Reptiles of British India, Ray Society, 1864.

P. Ac. Philad. 1864, p. 230.

Catalogue of Snakes, British Museum, London, 1893-1896.

Except Oligodon, Dasypeltis and Atractaspis (see. p. 582), in which palatal teeth are restricted to the palatines.

Atlas der Thierverbreitung, pt. v. Gotha, 1887.

W. A. Forbes, P.Z.S. 1881, p. 960.

Burma, its People and Productions, London, 1882.

Rep. Brit. Ass. 1870. Trans. p. 115.

P.Z.S. 1894, p. 669.

Zool. Gart. 1895, p. 330.

Ibid. 1896, p. 85.

The same arrangement occurs in the Colubrine genus Polyodontophis, with about ten species in South-Eastern Asia, Madagascar, the Comoro Islands, and in Central America.

P.Z.S. 1896, p. 715.

P.Z.S. 1887, p. 340.

P.Z.S. 1887, p. 489.

Natural Science, i. 1892, p. 44.

Verbreitung der Kreuzotter in Deutschland. Frankfurt a. M. 1888.

J. Linn. Soc. xxviii.