Appendix D.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES. DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

PREFACE.

When the author left England, in the autumn of 1892, for a winter’s sunshine in Teneriffe, it was by no means her intention to write on the Lepidoptera of that Island. Soon after her arrival, however, she was struck by two things; the want of any sort of interesting out-door occupation (other than somewhat desultory riding expeditions) experienced by her companions in exile, and the absence of any account of the Lepidoptera of the Canary Islands, which would enable collectors to name their specimens. It is her hope that the present publication may be, at least to some extent, the means of remedying these deficiences.

To a detailed description of the Lepidoptera of Teneriffe, so far as they are at present known, an introductory chapter has been added, for the benefit of novices in the study and collection of butterflies and moths.

Those, for whom fresh air and a certain amount of exercise are essential, can hardly find any more health-giving or light interesting occupation than the practical study of Entomology.

This study lends an interest to excursions which might otherwise be tedious, and leads the collector into all sorts of beautiful and picturesque unexplored nooks and corners of the Island, which to the ordinary traveller are quite unknown. Many visitors hardly ever extend their wanderings farther than the Carretera (the one high road in Teneriffe), and have no idea of the many beauties to be seen, or of the interest that may be found in studying the Botany, as well as the Entomology, of this most charming of the “Summer isles of Eden lying in dark-purple spheres of sea.”

All the species and varieties of Teneriffe butterflies, with the exception perhaps of three, are found between the months of November and May; so that anyone staying there for the winter and spring months may procure a tolerably perfect collection; more especially as the different species found in Teneriffe are but twenty-nine, so far as is at present known, all of which are now described. The author has been fortunate enough to add four of these to the number previously known to exist in the Island.

The most complete collection of moths which came under notice is in the possession of Dr. Zorolo, of Villa Orotava, and this numbers about seventy species and varieties. Forty-one moths are described out of some fifty which were collected and studied by the author; and a list of twenty-one others, chiefly small and of little interest to the amateur collector, is appended.

Almost all the facts and particulars relating to the life history of the Lepidoptera are the result of the personal experience of the author, who is also responsible for the drawings from which the illustrations have been reproduced.

It is believed that the Lepidoptera of the other six Islands are largely similar to those of Teneriffe. (See Appendix A.)

The author desires to offer her best thanks to Señor Don Ramon Gomez, of Puerto Orotava, for his kindness and courtesy in placing his large collection of Lepidoptera at her disposal for study and illustration.

The Rev. O. A. Benthall has kindly given information upon specimens which he has netted and observed; and the author is also indebted to Dr. Zorolo, of Yilla Orotava, who has lent one or two rare specimens for illustration. Kind assistance in naming some specimens has been given by A. G. Butler, Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S., and Mr. W. F. Kirby, F.L.S., F.E.S., of the British Museum; and Mr. Bethune Baker, F.E.S., has been good enough to name some of the smaller moths.

A. E. H. W.

November 1893.

INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER.

Many persons who know little or nothing about butterflies may be tempted to make a collection of them when they find themselves in a semi-tropical land, which yields in great profusion such beautiful creatures, whose brilliant colouring when grouped together has so pleasing an effect. To such, a slight sketch of the life of a butterfly may not be unacceptable.

Butterflies and moths belong to the order Lepidoptera or Scale-winged insects. The different stages of growth of these insects are called the--

=Ovum.= =Larva.= =Pupa.= =Imago.= Egg. Caterpillar. Chrysalis. Butterfly.

The body consists of three parts: the head, the thorax, and the abdomen. There are two pairs of wings, the upper and the lower; or, as they are generally called, the fore and the hind wings. These are covered with a downy substance, like feathered scales, which are most beautiful when seen under a microscope, and vary much in form. It is in these that the colouring-matter resides, which gives the beautiful colour to different species. Lepidoptera have six legs; in some, however, the fore-legs are so short and inconspicuous that the insect almost appears to have only four legs. The proboscis or trunk is a long flexible double tube through which the animal sucks the juices of the flowers; it is curled up under the thorax like a watch-spring, and expands at will. It varies much in length both in moths and butterflies. The antennæ are the horns or feelers of the insect, and are believed to contain the organs of smell. They vary much in size and thickness, and are most important as regards the classification of the different species of Lepidoptera. They are generally of considerable length in a butterfly, increasing in thickness at the end till a sort of long knob is formed.

Moths are distinguished from butterflies by a few simple characteristics, which can be seen at a glance.

First, with some few exceptions, of which the Humming Bird Hawk moth is one, moths are always found on the wing at dusk, or at night, whereas butterflies take their flight by day. Secondly, the moth either folds its wings close to its side or else spreads them out flat. The butterfly, when at rest, as a rule keeps its wings straight up, face to face, or else keeps up a fluttering motion, continually putting them in this position. Thirdly, the body of a butterfly is small at the waist, while that of the moth is larger, and of a more uniform size. The antennæ are the most distinctive feature, those of the moth being fine and long, and having no knob at the end. In some species they are short and finely feathered the whole length, terminating in a sharp point; this feature is generally distinctive of the male sex; the Rufescens moth being an example. The Skipper family have antennæ like the butterfly, but the body of a moth.

The butterfly or moth lays its egg (not more than a pin’s head in size) on that particular plant or tree on which the caterpillar, that it will shortly become, feeds. These look of much the same form to the naked eye, but when magnified they are seen to be of many different shapes, some being conical, others round, angular and many sided, &c., &c. The colours also of the eggs are various, but most frequently they are yellow, green, or greenish white. A microscopic examination of these will prove both interesting and instructive.

The caterpillars, as soon as they emerge from the eggs, the time of which varies with different species, at once commence to eat, and continue to do so voraciously till they turn to the pupa state. This being the case, they must be constantly supplied with fresh food when kept in captivity, once certainly, if not twice a day. There are, however, one or two varieties which cease to eat, and lie in a semi-dormant state for some time before taking the form of a chrysalis; the caterpillar of the Exoleta moth is an example of this. The greatest cleanliness, together with good ventilation, freshness of food, and regularity in feeding, are essential to keep all caterpillars in health.

If we watch the creature feeding, we shall observe that it takes the leaf edgeways between its two fore-feet, ceaselessly moving its head up and down, and taking a large piece of leaf at each mouthful. Some moth-caterpillars are night-feeders, and so hide themselves under the thickest leaves on which they feed, or else bury themselves in the earth till night comes again.

Cannibal caterpillars are to be found on the potato-plants; they are of rather a reddish brown colour, from an inch and a half to two inches in length. The author was not very fortunate in rearing them to the moth-stage; it is said that they should be fed on the young larvæ, and possibly the specimens had caterpillars to feed on that were too old. There is room for interesting experiments in Teneriffe on one, if not more, species.

Many of the caterpillars are most beautifully coloured and marked. Those of the Hawk-moth are usually the most brilliant, but, at the same time, they are most delicate, and require the greatest attention as regards freshness of food, ventilation, and cleanliness.

Some larvæ shed their skins twice only, others moult seven times; but the majority effect this change four or five times. This is rather a laborious process for them, and sometimes proves fatal. During the process they cease feeding, but commence again with renewed vigour after the change has taken place. The colourings and markings of the new coat often vary from those of the one cast off, and an experienced entomologist can tell the age of the caterpillar by the colour and texture of the skin in many varieties. When the creature has passed through the larva and arrived at the pupa state, it has at first a soft and tender skin, through which parts of the future butterfly can be clearly seen; this soon hardens, however, and forms a case impervious to rain or other atmospheric influences.

Before taking the pupa form some caterpillars creep into holes and crevices of walls and old buildings, others bury themselves in the earth; some envelop themselves in a tissue of silk which they spin as a silkworm does, and this case is called a cocoon. Other species draw a leaf round their bodies, fastening it together with silk-like threads, and so making a complete shelter for itself. The Aurifera caterpillar is an example of this type, being commonly found in Teneriffe on the potato plant, from the leaf of which it constructs its house. Still further varieties suspend themselves to a bough or leaf head downwards. There are other varieties which suspend themselves from the centre of their bodies by silk-like threads, and use much ingenuity in so doing.

Many caterpillars are smooth, others rough and hairy. The hairy specimens vary much, the hair of some being soft, long, and silky, others having short stubby spikes rather than hairs sparsely dispersed over the body. The hairy species (the Rufescens moth caterpillar being one) use their hairy coats as a slight cocoon, and the hairy coat also, it is said, serves as a protection from birds; at the same time the hairs cause great irritation to the human skin if the caterpillars are handled too freely. The acrid taste of some also protects them from feathered enemies. When the insect has remained in the pupa state for a sufficient length of time, which varies according to species from a couple of weeks to a few months, the process of throwing off its skin is quickly performed. Weather has much influence on the period during which the pupa lies dormant. The Teneriffe winter of 1892-93 was particularly warm, and all specimens emerged to the butterfly stage somewhat earlier than usual.

A few days before the butterfly or moth appears, the pupa becomes less lively, and at last splits its skin down the middle of the back, and the insect squeezes first its head and front legs through the aperture. This aperture soon enlarges, the pupa skin being very dry and giving little resistance, and the creature emerges, its legs clinging to some substance so that the wings are in a suspended position. These are quite small at first and wet, but they expand very quickly, acquire their full size, and become firm and stiff as the animal flutters and crawls about. The insect then emits a quantity of reddish fluid, and in a short time it is able to fly away. The duration of the life of Lepidoptera varies much, most species living a few days or a few weeks, but some hibernate. The flight of Lepidoptera is a very distinctive feature of the different species, the larger, such as the Plexippus, Chrysippus and Pandora, seem to sail through the air, sometimes rising to a great height. The Cardui and Huntera have a much quicker and more jerky flight, and are troublesome to net. A great many of the large moths may be said to rush along, the Convolvuli being a very difficult one to capture, and often escaping when it seems quite within the net. Taking the flight of the majority of moths and butterflies, they seem to be more active and stronger on the wing in Teneriffe than those of the same species in England.

The food of Lepidoptera consists of honey which they take from the flowers, or else a moisture which exudes from trees or plants. Their food is always of a liquid form, and is sucked up through the proboscis or long tongue. The Convolvuli moth hovers at dusk over flowers, inserting its very long tube into the extremity of trumpet-shaped blossoms.

When forming a collection of the Lepidoptera of Teneriffe, it seems a pity that so many insects should be unnecessarily caught and destroyed, and the author would earnestly beg all lovers and collectors of the beautiful creatures to bear this in mind, as some of the rarer varieties may otherwise stand a good chance of being exterminated.

The “muchachos” (Spanish boys) are all too eager to supply any collector with specimens for a few “quartos,” and bring many poor mutilated insects in the hope of finding a purchaser. A refusal to buy the much befingered and dilapidated creatures does not deter them from further pursuit, as they only endeavour to catch a greater quantity in the hope of at last getting a good specimen which will find a buyer. If collectors would only net them themselves, and not encourage the indiscriminate way in which the boys pursue them, it would greatly tend to preserve the different species.

HINTS AND SUGGESTIONS ON NETS, BREEDING-CAGES, ETC.

As some difficulty is experienced in Teneriffe by persons who arrive there without already being provided with materials for collecting Lepidoptera, the description of a few useful expedients resorted to may be of service. A moderate knowledge of the Spanish language is a very useful help towards obtaining any small necessaries, but the Spanish shop-keepers are most obliging, and understand quickly by the help of a very few words what is wanted.

A butterfly-net is one of the first requisites, so some wire must be bought at the tin-smiths, of whom there are several in Orotava. With a little instruction he will make it into a ring about one foot in diameter, with a socket of tin soldered on to it. Into this socket an ordinary walking-stick can be fixed for a handle. The stick is useful to walk with over the rough ground when not required for the net, and the net can be easily carried with other necessaries one has to take on an expedition.

Mosquito-netting answers the purpose of green gauze for the net. Gauze is the best, however, and can be purchased in England, but not in Orotava. The mosquito-netting gets soft and pliable by use, but it is best to scald it in hot water before making it into a net, so as to insure a soft substance in which to catch the fragile creatures without injuring their wings or plumage. The net should be made round at the bottom, and be about a yard in length. Purchase a yard of mosquito-netting; it is sold two yards in width, and the quantity which is not used for the net serves to cover the breeding-cages, which are about to be described.

Another essential is a breeding-cage for caterpillars, and, as several are required if many butterflies and moths are to be reared, the following plan is a good one to adopt. Procure a small wooden box, about 6 or 8 inches long, or even larger, and about 3 inches deep; empty chocolate boxes are serviceable for the purpose. In each corner fix upright, with a couple of tacks, a piece of cane about 8 or 10 inches in length. Over this stretch a piece of mosquito-netting, tacking it to the edge of the box all round, except at one side, where it should be left loose, so as to be fastened down at will with two or three stout pins. The loose side can then be raised to give the caterpillars fresh food, and to remove dirt or refuse. Breeding-cages that one can purchase at any naturalists’ outfitters are made very handily of wood, zinc, and glass, and of course are very durable, but those described above last well for a season, and have the merit of being of no expense.

To procure good moths and butterflies with bright and uninjured plumage, it is best to rear them from the caterpillar stage of development, but as all varieties are not easily found, the net is usually the collector’s first resource. Raising caterpillars from the egg is a very interesting process, but it is rather tedious, and requires more knowledge and experience to meet with success than finding the insects in the next stage of development, and keeping them till they reach the perfect state.

When starting for a day’s ramble butterfly-hunting, one of the great charms seems to be the delightful uncertainty about the sport which may fall to one’s lot, so it is as well to provide for all contingencies, taking the net, poison-box, or bottle, a tin for caterpillars (which should be perforated at the top), a nest of glass-topped pill-boxes for specimens of any butterfly or moth one may wish to take home alive, and envelopes for butterflies when killed in the net. The latter may be made of note-paper, by cutting a long square of paper and folding it in a triangular shape, and then turning up the edges of two sides, so as to make a little bag.

Butterflies travel well placed flat in these envelopes, and should be set directly home is reached. A small cork collecting-box is also useful, together with some insect-pins, in case one gets many specimens, some of which can be pinned into the box preparatory to setting them on the return home.

Insect life is so prolific in Teneriffe, and one sees so many strange and curious animals, that anyone really interested in Entomology is certain to find specimens to bring home, such as the “Praying Mantis,” found frequently on half dead thistles in “barrancos” and on shrubs, the many varieties of large grasshopper, and the gorgeous coloured dragon-flies flitting about and killing butterflies in a rather wholesale manner.

All these insects are of such interest, that it is as well to be provided with various appliances for carrying them on the homeward journey.

As sunshine and brightness prevail in Teneriffe during the winter months, it is not necessary to choose a “likely” day, as in England, in order to have a good day’s sport, indeed there seem to be more butterflies on the wing on the days that are not too brilliant. On the very sunshiny days the butterflies are about in the greatest quantities in the early morning, retiring at noon to more shady or sheltered spots. A nice quiet sheltered little dell, covered with rough herbage and cactus by the sides of the barrancos, is a very favourite spot. The barrancos are dry river-beds, sometimes of great extent, with large boulders and rocks thrown about in wild confusion; generally speaking they are intersected by a path, up which one can ride or walk, leading up the mountains to different villages and hamlets.

Occasionally, during the winter months, a great quantity of water runs down the barrancos, but the supply only lasts a short time, soon drying up, and leaving a few small stagnant pools here and there, and these in turn soon disappear.

Walking over much ground is hard work, as the country is steep, and rough with stones and rocks. I advocate strongly the use of mules, as being the most pleasant mode of locomotion. They are so sure-footed and easy in their quick walk, that one feels far less tired after a long day’s excursion on mule-back up the mountains and barrancos, than by any other mode of locomotion. The muleteer carries all necessaries, together with luncheon, and one is able to stop and alight where fancy dictates or butterflies abound. Mules can be hired at Villa Orotava, the charge being one dollar, or five pesetas, for a short day; beyond this a small gratuity to the muleteer makes him pleased and happy.

There are many completely uncultivated spots up the mountains, intersected by little bye-paths along which the mules can walk; these are perfect “Eldorados” for moths and butterflies, and one must be busy with net and poison-box, not forgetting the tin case in which to place larvæ for the breeding-cage, and especially remembering to carry home some of the plant upon which they feed.

Some of these places are so rough and thick with bramble growth, and vegetation of like nature, that walking is really hard work. The lava-rocks are sharp, and the numerous grasses with hooks, such as the “Amour Sec,” together with the thorns of the prickly pear, make a formidable barrier for the pedestrian. There are, however, no poisonous snakes to dread, no biting animals of any sort larger than flies, so that the inconvenience of the thorns and pricks is all that need be feared.

On returning home from the expedition, all the various wants and requirements of the specimens must be attended to. The caterpillars have to be put into breeding-cages, which should have been already prepared for them. Different kinds which feed on the same plant may be put together. Care must, however, be taken not to put any cannibal species, such as the Armigera, among the others; also moth and butterfly larvæ should be kept separate.

For moth larvæ it is essential to have some fine earth (previously baked to destroy the ants, which are very troublesome) spread on the bottom of the box, from 1 to 2 inches thick. The caterpillars bury themselves in this when they have finished feeding, making for themselves a slight mould of earth, welded together with silk-like threads. Different species, however, vary in their mode of procedure, some making very slight, and others more pronounced cocoons; while yet others make quite an oval shell, choosing only the finest grains of earth with which to construct their houses.

It is said that some sort of dried leaf answers the purpose of earth, and is less likely to injure the moth’s plumage, but the former mode has been found to be perfectly successful. Place the plant on which the animal is to feed in a moist pot of earth, or in a bottle of water, so as to keep it fresh. If the latter mode is adopted, care must be taken that the animal does not drop into the water; so it is best to choose a wide-mouthed bottle, putting a bung with a hole in it as a stopper, and inserting the plant through the hole into the water. The earth should be kept slightly moist, and many people give caterpillars a gentle spray of water occasionally to take the place of dew, which they would have in their natural state. It is a good plan to let them have a little of the early morning sun upon them, as it serves to keep them in health, but they cannot bear the sun of mid-day.

For butterfly larvæ the same procedure is required, except that only a thin sprinkling of earth is wanted at the bottom of the box for the purposes of cleanliness.

When the larva of the butterfly is about to develop to its pupa state, it readily crawls up the box and netting, suspending itself, from the top head-downwards, and the netting serves as a good foot-hold for the butterfly when it appears. If possible the chrysalides should remain as they place themselves until the next stage of development is reached; because, unless they are able to expand their wings while in this position, deformity is likely to ensue.

The majority of butterfly chrysalides are naked, and of an angular form, some being remarkable for the brilliancy with which they are spotted with gold and silver.

The Vanessa family is an example of this, the Vulcania and Huntera being especially brilliant.

Caterpillars of the “Skipper” family make a web-like covering of silk for the reception of the chrysalides, but there has been hitherto only one species of this family found in Teneriffe.

Many caterpillars of various kinds kept during the winter months were very subject to the raids of the Ichneumon fly. This fly lays its egg on the larva, and it is not easily perceived on the animal unless looked for through a magnifying-glass.

The caterpillar lives on, and seemingly thrives, but after it has turned to its pupa state the fly develops, and a fine Ichneumon fly appears in the breeding-cage instead of the expected butterfly. There are large and small varieties of this fly, the former laying only one or two eggs on the caterpillar, the latter a great many, and they emerge from the chrysalis in corresponding numbers. The only remedy seems to be to inspect all larvæ through a magnifying-glass, and to reject any infected specimens. Pieris Cheiranthi is particularly liable to this fly. The red fungus found on the Tithymali moth caterpillar is another disease, but is not very common.

This occurrence is mentioned by Gilbert White in his “Natural History of Selborne,” v. “Observations on Insects and Vermes,” p. 519. Ed. 1813.

Caterpillars should be handled as little as possible while removing them to their fresh food. As a rule, they crawl on to the fresh supply at once, but in the case of very small specimens a camel-hair brush should be used to lift them from one place to another. Many of them emit a fluid when touched. The Tithymali spits out a quantity of green fluid when disturbed.

Butterflies generally seem to be found in the greatest numbers in the barrancos early in the year. When, however, the fields get green and vegetation increases, they desert the barrancos and take more to the fields and country, with the exception of the Argynnis Lathonia, a variety which more particularly frequents barrancos.

The time of appearance of all species takes place from two to four weeks later the higher they are up the mountains. The south part of the island is not so fertile a place for Lepidoptera as the north; perhaps this is owing to the more sparse vegetation on that side.

Many species are found inland, while some are peculiar to the coast. The heights and localites in which all the different kinds are found have been indicated as far as possible in the description of the various species.

KILLING AND SETTING BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS, RELAXING-SPECIMENS, ETC.

Butterflies, when netted, can be easily killed by a prolonged sharp pinch under the thorax before being taken from the net, and do not need to be put into a poison-box. The pinch should be given between the finger and thumb, the wings of the insect being kept in an upright position.

Moths must be put into a poison-bottle or box, and left there from twelve to twenty-four hours. Some varieties die much quicker than others. Various kinds of poison are used for the boxes and bottles, but cyanide of potassium seems most generally approved of by entomologists. To catch moths, many people use the sugaring process. A mixture, made of beer, rum, and coarse sugar or treacle, boiled till it becomes thick like treacle is placed at night on the trunks of trees or on flowers, and a lamp is placed near the sugared plants. True votaries of “sweetness and light,” the moths alight on the sticky mixture, and, becoming stupefied with the beer and rum, as a rule fall to the ground, where they can easily be caught or netted.

Setting-boards are made of strips of wood about one foot or eighteen inches in length, varying in width according to the size of the specimen one wishes to pin out on it. These boards are covered with sheet cork, having a groove down the middle to receive the body of the insect. Some boards have a flat, others a slightly curved surface, and these are covered with white paper. English entomologists generally use curved boards, but foreign collectors prefer the flat setting-boards. These latter seem somewhat preferable.

The good appearance and value of a collection greatly depend on the setting, and for this reason much care and patience is required. The butterfly should be taken between the thumb and finger of the left hand, and an insect-pin inserted in the middle of the thorax, bringing the point slightly sloping backwards and out at the legs. Then having selected a board suitable in size to the specimen, it should be pinned exactly in the middle of the groove, the body being kept quite straight. Two narrow strips of paper, not more than ⅛th of an inch in width, are now required to fasten down the two wings on each side of the groove. Let each strip be pinned in front of the two fore-wings, holding the end of a strip in the left hand; then very gently place the wings, first the fore and then the hind-wing, in position, bringing them forward with a long pin (the point being placed on the wings as near the body as possible) in the right hand. At the same time the strip of paper which is being held in the left hand is gently lowered and fastened with a pin immediately below the hind-wing. Great care must be taken not to injure the plumage by touching it. A second strip of paper is now necessary on each side to pin down the outer edges of the wings; but the first two strips are the most important ones, as they keep the wings in position, and the latter may be very easily added. The antennæ should be straightened and placed under the first two strips of paper, or placed in position by two pins. The paper is fastened along the boards, fixing as many specimens as its length will permit.

Many persons use triangular pieces of card as braces for the butterfly, fixing one or more on each wing, but the strips of paper seem somewhat easier to arrange, and damage the plumage even less than the card, though when either method is adopted the specimen ought not to be damaged in the least. In making a perfect collection of butterflies three specimens should be set up of every variety; the male, the female, and one set with the underside uppermost. It is not usual to set moths the reverse way.

Butterflies must be left on the board to stiffen for ten days or a fortnight; after that they can be removed to the store-box. Moths with large bodies take longer in drying, and must be left for three or four weeks. By touching the end of the body of a specimen gently with a pin it can easily be seen whether it is firm and stiff enough to be removed to the case. If butterflies and moths are not set soon after death they become stiff, and would be useless; but there are several modes of relaxing them, and it may be useful to give a description of the process which is generally adopted. Procure a marmalade-pot or earthenware jar, into which put three inches of sand; pour on the sand enough water to wet it thoroughly, without allowing the water to appear on the surface. It is as well to put a small quantity of carbolic acid with it. The insects to be relaxed should be pinned on to a thick piece of cork, the cork resting on the top of the sand. Close the mouth of the jar with a piece of glass, or something which will make it air-tight. A few hours is often enough to relax specimens, but if left longer they must be carefully watched, as they very soon become mouldy. To keep the insects free from mites, napthaline must be freely used in the store-boxes and cases. Camphor is used by some persons, but napthaline is a far more efficacious preventive of the ravages of parasites.

In packing specimens already set for England, store-boxes will hold a great number if the specimens are judiciously placed one over the other in a sloping manner, great care being taken that they do not touch each other, as the slightest rubbing spoils the plumage.

Don Ramon Gomez, chemist, of Puerto Orotava, Teneriffe, has all necessaries for the collector, such as setting-boards, store-boxes, pins, etc., etc., and is most obliging in packing specimens for England and giving any advice.

Many interesting objects for the naturalist and antiquarian may be seen in his large collection, his Guanche remains being especially deserving of notice.