Appendix Ii

List of filibusters and their vessels on the coasts of French San Domingo in 1684:--

Captain Ship Men Guns

Le sieur Grammont le Hardy 300 52 " capitaine Laurens de Graff " Neptune 210 54 " " Michel la Mutine 200 44 " " Janquais " Dauphine 180 30 " " le Sage le Tigre 130 30 " " Dedran " Chasseur 120 20 " sieur du Mesnil la Trompeuse 100 14 " capitaine Jocard l'Irondelle 120 18 " " Brea la Fortune 100 14 La prise du cap^ne. Laurens -- 80 18 Le sieur de Bernanos la Schitie 60 8 " capitaine Cachemaree le St Joseph 70 6 " " Blot la Quagone 90 8 " " Vigeron " Louse (barque) 30 4 " " Petit le Ruze (bateau) 40 4 " " Lagarde la Subtille 30 2 " " Verpre le Postilion 25 2

(Paris, Archives Coloniales, Corresp. gen. de St. Dom., vol. i.--Memoire sur l'estat de Saint Domingue a M. de Seignelay par M. de Cussy.)

SOURCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

Manuscript Sources in England

Public Record Office:

State Papers. Foreign. Spain. Vols. 34-72. (Abbreviated in the footnotes as S.P. Spain.)

British Museum:

Additional MSS. Vols. 11,268; 11,410-11; 12,410; 12,423; 12,429-30; 13,964; 13,975; 13,977; 13,992; 18,273; 22,676; 36,314-53.

Egerton MSS. Vol. 2395.

Sloane MSS. Vols. 793 or 894; 2724; 2752; 4020.

Stowe MSS. Vols. 305f; 205b.

Bodleian Library:

Rawlinson MSS. Vols. a. 26, 31, 32, 175, 347.

Tanner MSS. Vols. xlvii.; li.

Manuscript Sources in France

Archives du ministere des Colonies:

Correspondance generale de Saint-Domingue. Vols. i.-ix.

Historique de Saint-Domingue. Vols. i.-iii.

Correspondance generale de Martinique. Vols. i.-xix.

Archives du ministere des affaires etrangeres:

Memoires et documents. Fonds divers. Amerique. Vols. v., xiii., xlix., li.

Correspondance politique. Angleterre.

Bibliotheque nationale:

Manuscrits, nouvelles acquisitions. Vols. 9325; 9334.

Renaudat MSS.

Printed Sources

Calendar of State Papers. Colonial series. America and the West Indies. 1574-1699. (Abbreviated in the footnotes as C.S.P. Colon.)

Calendar of State Papers. Venetian. 1603-1617. (Abbreviated in the footnotes as C.S.P. Ven.)

Dampier, William: Voyages. Edited by J. Masefield. 2 vols. London, 1906.

Gage, Thomas: The English American ... or a new survey of the West Indies, etc. London, 1648.

Historical Manuscripts Commission: Reports. London, 1870 (in progress).

Margry, Pierre: Relations et memoires inedits pour servir a l'histoire de la France dans les pays d'outremer. Paris, 1867.

Pacheco, Cardenas, y Torres de Mendoza: Coleccion de documentos relativos al describrimiento, conquista y colonizacion de las posesiones espanoles en America y Oceania. 42 vols. Madrid, 1864-83; continued as Coleccion de documentos ineditos ... de ultramar. 13 vols. Madrid, 1885-1900.

Pointis, Jean Bernard Desjeans, sieur de: Relation de l'expedition de Carthagene faite par les Francois en 1697. Amsterdam, 1698.

Present state of Jamaica ... to which is added an exact account of Sir Henry Morgan's voyage to ... Panama, etc. London, 1683.

Recopilacion de leyes de los reynos de las Indias, mandadas imprimir y publicar por rey Carlos II. 4 vols. Madrid, 1681.

Sharp, Bartholomew: The voyages and adventures of Captain B. Sharp ... in the South Sea ... Also Captain Van Horn with his buccanieres surprising of la Vera Cruz, etc. London, 1684.

Thurloe, John. A collection of the State papers of, etc. Edited by Thomas Birch. 7 vols. London, 1742.

Venables, General. The narrative of, etc. Edited by C.H. Firth. London, 1900.

Wafer, Lionel: A new voyage and description of the Isthmus of America, etc. London, 1699.

Winwood, Sir Ralph. Memorials of affairs of State ... collected from the original papers of, etc. Edited by Edmund Sawyer. London, 1725.

* * * * *

Among the printed sources one of the earliest and most important is the well-known history of the buccaneers written by Alexander Olivier Exquemelin (corrupted by the English into Esquemeling, by the French into Oexmelin). Of the author himself very little is known. Though sometimes claimed as a native of France, he was probably a Fleming or a Hollander, for the first edition of his works was written in the Dutch language. He came to Tortuga in 1666 as an engage of the French West India Company, and after serving three years under a cruel master was rescued by the governor, M. d'Ogeron, joined the filibusters, and remained with them till 1674, taking part in most of their exploits. He seems to have exercised among them the profession of barber-surgeon. Returning to Europe in 1674, he published a narrative of the exploits in which he had taken part, or of which he at least had a first-hand knowledge. This "history" is the oldest and most elaborate chronicle we possess of the extraordinary deeds and customs of these freebooters who played so large a part in the history of the West Indies in the seventeenth century, and it forms the basis of all the popular modern accounts of Morgan and other buccaneer captains. Exquemelin, although he sadly confuses his dates, seems to be a perfectly honest witness, and his accounts of such transactions as fell within his own experience are closely corroborated by the official narratives.

(Biographies of Exquemelin are contained in the "Biographie Universelle" of Michaud, vol. xxxi. p. 201, and in the "Nouvelle Biographie Generale" of Hoefer, vol. xxxviii. p. 544. But both are very unsatisfactory and display a lamentable ignorance of the bibliography of his history of the buccaneers. According to the preface of a French edition of the work published at Lyons in 1774 and cited in the "Nouvelle Biographie," Exquemelin was born about 1645 and died after 1707.)

The first edition of the book, now very rare, is entitled:

De Americaensche Zee-Roovers. Behelsende eene pertinente en waerachtige Beschrijving van alle de voornaemste Roveryen en onmenschliycke wreend heden die Englese en France Rovers tegens de Spanjaerden in America gepleeght hebben; Verdeelt in drie deelen ... Beschreven door A. O. Exquemelin ... t'Amsterdam, by Jan ten Hoorn, anno 1678, in 4º.

(Brit. Mus., 1061. Cf. 20 (2). The date, 1674, of the first Dutch edition cited by Dampierre ("Essai sur les sources de l'histoire des Antilles Francaises," p. 151) is doubtless a misprint.)

(Both Dampierre (op. cit., p. 152) and Sabin ("Dict. of Books relating to America," vi. p. 310) cite, as the earliest separate account of the buccaneers, Claes G. Campaen's "Zee-Roover," Amsterdam, 1659. This little volume, however, does not deal with the buccaneers in the West Indies, but with privateering along the coasts of Europe and Africa.)

This book was reprinted several times and numerous translations were made, one on the top of the other. What appears to be a German translation of Exquemelin appeared in 1679 with the title:

Americanische Seeraeuber. Beschreibung der groessesten durch die Franzoesische und Englische Meer-Beuter wider die Spanier in Amerika veruebten Raubery Grausamheit ... Durch A. O. Nuernberg, 1679. 12º.

("Historie der Boecaniers of Vrybuyters van America ... Met Figuuren, 3 Deel. t'Amsterdam, 1700," 4º.--Brit. Mus., 9555. c. 19.)

This was followed two years later by a Spanish edition, also taken from the Dutch original:

Piratas de la America y luz a la defensa de las costas de Indias Occidentales. Dedicado a Don Bernadino Antonio de Pardinas Villar de Francos ... por el zelo y cuidado de Don Antonio Freyre ... Traducido de la lingua Flamenca en Espanola por el Dor. de Buena-Maison ... Colonia Agrippina, en casa de Lorenzo Struickman. Ano de 1681. 12º.

(Brit. Mus., G. 7179. The appended description of the Spanish Government in America was omitted and a few Spanish verses were added in one or two places, but otherwise the translation seems to be trustworthy. The portraits and the map of the isthmus of Panama are the same as in the Dutch edition, but the other plates are different and better. In the Bibl. Nat. there is another Spanish edition of 1681 in quarto.)

This Spanish text, which seems to be a faithful rendering of the Dutch, was reprinted with a different dedication in 1682 and in 1684, and again in Madrid in 1793. It is the version on which the first English edition was based. The English translation is entitled:

Bucaniers of America; or a true account of the ... assaults committed ... upon the coasts of the West Indies, by the Bucaniers of Jamaica and Tortuga ... especially the ... exploits of Sir Henry Morgan ... written originally in Dutch by J. Esquemeling ... now ... rendered into English. W. Crooke; London, 1684. 4º.

(Brit. Mus., 1198, a. 12 (or) 1197, h. 2.; G. 7198.)

The first English edition of Exquemelin was so well received that within three months a second was published, to which was added the account of a voyage by Captain Cook and a brief chapter on the exploits of Barth. Sharp in the Pacific Ocean. In the same year, moreover, there appeared an entirely different English version, with the object of vindicating the character of Morgan from the charges of brutality and lust which had appeared in the first translation and in the Dutch original. It was entitled:

The History of the Bucaniers; being an impartial relation of all the battels, sieges, and other most eminent assaults committed for several years upon the coasts of the West Indies by the pirates of Jamaica and Tortuga. More especially the unparalleled achievements of Sir Henry Morgan ... very much corrected from the errors of the original, by the relations of some English gentlemen, that then resided in those parts. Den Engelseman is een Duyvil voor een Mensch. London, printed for Thomas Malthus at the Sun in the Poultry. 1684.

(Brit. Mus., G. 13,674.)

The first edition of 1684 was reprinted with a new title-page in 1695, and again in 1699. The latter included, in addition to the text of Exquemelin, the journals of Basil Ringrose and Raveneau de Lussan, both describing voyages in the South Seas, and the voyage of the Sieur de Montauban to Guinea in 1695. This was the earliest of the composite histories of the buccaneers and became the model for the Dutch edition of 1700 and the French editions published at Trevoux in 1744 and 1775.

The first French translation of Exquemelin appeared two years after the English edition of 1684. It is entitled:

Histoire des Aventuriers qui se sont signalez dans les Indes contenant ce qu'ils ont fait de plus remarquable depuis vingt annees. Avec la vie, les Moeurs, les Coutumes des Habitans de Saint Domingue et de la Tortue et une Description exacte de ces lieux; ... Le tout enrichi de Cartes Geographiques et de Figures en Taille-douce. Par Alexandre Olivier Oexmelin. A Paris, chez Jacques Le Febre. MDCLXXXVI., 2 vols. 12º.

(Brit. Mus., 9555, aa. 4.)

This version may have been based on the Dutch original; although the only indication we have of this is the fact that the work includes at the end a description of the government and revenues of the Spanish Indies, a description which is found in none of the earlier editions of Exquemelin, except in the Dutch original of 1678. The French text, however, while following the outline of Exquemelin's narrative, is greatly altered and enlarged. The history of Tortuga and French Hispaniola is elaborated with details from another source, as are also the descriptions of the manners and customs of the cattle-hunters and the freebooters. Accounts of two other buccaneers, Montbars and Alexandre Bras-le-Fer, are inserted, but d'Ogeron's shipwreck on Porto Rico and the achievements of Admiral d'Estrees against the Dutch are omitted. In general the French editor, the Sieur de Frontignieres, has re-cast the whole story. A similar French edition appeared in Paris in 1688, (Brit. Mus., 278, a. 13, 14.) and in 1713 a facsimile of this last was published at Brussels by Serstevens (Dampierre, p. 153). Sabin (op. cit., vi. 312) mentions an edition of 1699 in three volumes which included the journal of Raveneau de Lussan. In 1744, and again in 1775, another French edition was published in four volumes at Trevoux, to which was added the voyage of Montauban to the Guinea Coast, and the expeditions against Vera Cruz in 1683, Campeache in 1685, and Cartagena in 1697. The third volume contained the journal of R. de Lussan, and the fourth a translation of Johnson's "History of the Pirates." (Brit. Mus., 9555, aa. 1.) A similar edition appeared at Lyons in 1774, but I have had no opportunity of examining a copy. (Nouvelle Biographie Generale, tom. xxxviii. 544. The best bibliography of Exquemelin is in Sabin, op. cit., vi. 309.)

Secondary Works

Of the secondary works concerned with the history of the buccaneers, the oldest are the writings of the French Jesuit historians of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Dutertre (Histoire generale des Antilles. Paris, 1667-71), a chronicler of events within his own experience as well as a reliable historian, unfortunately brings his narrative to a close in 1667, but up to that year he is the safest guide to the history of the French Antilles. Labat, in his "Nouveau Voyage aux Isles de l'Amerique" (Paris, 1722), gives an account of eleven years, between 1694 and 1705, spent in Martinique and Guadeloupe, and although of little value as an historian, he supplies us with a fund of the most picturesque and curious details about the life and manners of the people in the West Indies at the end of the seventeenth century. A much more important and accurate work is Charlevoix's "Histoire de l'Isle Espagnole ou de S. Domingue" (Paris, 1732), and this I have used as a general introduction to the history of the French buccaneers. Raynal's "Histoire philosophique et politique des etablissements et du commerce europeen dans les deux Indes" (Amsterdam, 1770) is based for the origin of the French Antilles upon Dutertre and Labat and is therefore negligible for the period of the buccaneers. Adrien Dessalles, who in 1847 published his "Histoire generale des Antilles," preferred, like Labat and Raynal, to depend on the historians who had preceded him rather than endeavour to gain an intimate knowledge of the sources.

In the English histories of Jamaica written by Long, Bridges, and Gardner, whatever notice is taken of the buccaneers is meagre and superficial, and the same is true of Bryan Edwards' "History, civil and commercial, of the British colonies in the West Indies." Thomas Southey, in his "Chronological History of the West Indies" (Lond. 1827), devotes considerable space to their achievements, but depends entirely upon the traditional sources. In 1803 J.W. von Archenholz published "Die Geschichte der Flibustier," a superficial, diffuse and even puerile narrative, giving no references whatever to authorities. (It was translated into French (Paris, 1804), and into English by Geo. Mason (London, 1807).) In 1816 a "History of the Buccaneers in America" was published by James Burney as the fourth volume of "A chronological History of the Discoveries in the South Seas or Pacific Ocean." Burney casts but a rapid glance over the West Indies, devoting most of the volume to an account of the voyages of the freebooters along the coast of South America and in the East Indies. Walter Thornbury in 1858 wrote "The Buccaneers, or the Monarchs of the Main," a hasty compilation, florid and overdrawn, and without historical judgment or accuracy. In 1895 M. Henri Lorin presented a Latin thesis to the Faculty of History in Paris, entitled:--"De praedonibus Insulam Santi Dominici celebrantibus saeculo septimo decimo," but he seems to have confined himself to Exquemelin, Le Pers, Labat, Dutertre and a few documents drawn from the French colonial archives. The best summary account in English of the history and significance of the buccaneers in the West Indies is contained in Hubert H. Bancroft's "History of Central America" (ii. chs. 26, 28-30). Within the past year there has appeared an excellent volume by M. Pierre de Vaissiere describing creole life and manners in the French colony of San Domingo in the century and a half preceding the Revolution. (Vaissiere, Pierre de: Saint Dominigue. (1629-1789). Paris, 1909.) It is a reliable monograph, and like his earlier volume, "Gentilshommes campagnards de l'ancienne France," is written in a most entertaining style. De Vaissiere contributes much valuable information, especially in the first chapter, about the origins and customs of the French "flibustiers."

I have been able to find only two Spanish works which refer at all to the buccaneers. One is entitled:

Piraterias y agresiones de los ingleses y de otros pueblos de Europa en la America espanola desde el siglo XVI. al XVIII., deducidas de las obras de D. Dionisio de Alcedo y Herrera. Madrid, 1883. 4º.

Except for a long introduction by Don Justo Zaragoza based upon Exquemelin and Alcedo, it consists of a collection of extracts referring to freebooters on the coasts of Peru and Chili, and deals chiefly with the eighteenth century. The other Spanish work is an elaborate history of the Spanish navy lately published in nine volumes by Cesareo Fernandez Duro, and entitled:--

Armada espanola desde la union de los reinos de Castilla y de Aragon. Madrid, 1895.

There are numerous chapters dealing with the outrages of the French and English freebooters in the West Indies, some of them based upon Spanish sources to which I have had no access. But upon comparison of Duro's narrative, which in so far as it relates to the buccaneers is often meagre, with the sources available to me, I find that he adds little to what may be learned on the subject here in England.

One of the best English descriptions of the Spanish colonial administration and commercial system is still that contained in book viii. of Robertson's "History of America" (Lond. 1777). The latest and best summary account, however, is in French, in the introduction to vol. i. of "La traite negriere aux Indes de Castille" (Paris, 1906), by Georges Scelle. Weiss, in vol. ii. of his history of "L'Espagne depuis Philippe II. jusqu'aux Bourbons" (Paris, 1844), treats of the causes of the economic decadence of Spain, and gives an account of the contraband trade in Spanish America, drawn largely from Labat. On this general subject Leroy-Beaulieu, "De la colonization chez les peuples modernes" (Paris, 1874), has been especially consulted.

The best account of the French privateers of the sixteenth century in America is in an essay entitled: "Les corsairs francais au XVI^e siecle dans les Antilles" (Paris, 1902), by Gabriel Marcel. It is a short monograph based on the collections of Spanish documents brought together by Pacheco and Navarrete. The volume by E. Ducere entitled, "Les corsairs sous l'ancien regime" (Bayonne, 1895), is also valuable for the history of privateering. For the history of the Elizabethan mariners I have made use of the two works by J. S. Corbett: "Drake and the Tudor Navy" (Lond. 1898), and "The successors of Drake" (Lond. 1900). Other works consulted were:

Arias de Miranda, Jose: Examen critico-historico del influyo que tuvo en el comercio, industria y poblacion de Espana su dominacion en America. Madrid, 1854.

Blok, Pieter Johan: History of the people of the Netherlands. Translated by C. A. Bierstadt and Ruth Putnam. 4 vols. New York, 1898.

Brown, Alex.: The Genesis of the United States. 2 vols. Lond., 1890.

Crawford, James Ludovic Lindsay, 26th Earl of: Bibliotheca Lindesiana. Handlist of proclamations. 3 vols. Aberdeen, 1893-1901.

Dumont, Jean: Corps universel diplomatique. 13 vols. Hague, 1726-39.

Froude, James Anthony: History of England from the fall of Wolsey to the defeat of the Spanish armada. 12 vols. 1870-75. English seamen in the sixteenth century. Lond., 1901.

Gardiner, Samuel Rawson: History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, 1649-1660. 3 vols. Lond., 1894-1903.

Geographical and historical description of ... Cartagena, Porto Bello, La Vera Cruz, the Havana and San Augustin. Lond., 1741.

Gibbs, Archibald R.: British Honduras ... from ... 1670. Lond., 1883.

Hakluyt, Richard: The principal navigations ... of the English nation, etc. 3 vols. Lond., 1598-1600.

Herrera y Tordesillas, Antonio: Historia general de las Indias. 4 vols. Madrid, 1601-15.

Hughson, Shirley C.: The Carolina pirates and colonial commerce. Baltimore, 1894.

Lucas, C. P.: A historical geography of the British colonies. 4 vols. Oxford, 1905. Vol. ii. The West Indies.

Monson, Sir William: The naval tracts of ... Edited ... by M. Oppenheim. Vols. i. and ii. Lond., 1902--(in progress).

Oviedo y Valdes, Gonzalo Fernandez de: Historia general de las Indias. Salamanca, 1547.

Peytraud, Lucien: L'Esclavage aux Antilles francaises avant 1789, etc. Paris, 1897.

Saint-Yves, G.: Les compagnes de Jean d'Estrees dans la mer des Antilles, 1676-78. Paris, 1900.

Strong, Frank: Causes of Cromwell's West Indian expedition. (Amer. Hist. Review. Jan. 1899).

Veitia Linaje, Josef de: Norte de la Contratacion de las Indias Occidentales. Sevilla, 1672.

Vignols, Leon: La piraterie sur l'Atlantique au XVIII^e siecle. Rennes, 1891.

INDEX

Acapulco, 21

Aix-la-Chapelle, peace of, 156

Ajoupa, 68, 79

Albemarle, first duke of, see Monck, George

" second duke of, see Monck, Christopher

Albuquerque, Duke of, 109, 199

Alexander VI., Bull of Pope, 3, 30

Allison, Captain (buccaneer), 224

Antigua, 48, 55, 229

Araya salt-mine, 53-54

Archenholz, J.W. von, 283

Arlington, Earl of, see Bennett, Sir Henry

Arundell, James, 114, 117

Assiento of negroes, 26, 36-7, 103, 184 n.

Association, Island, see Tortuga

Aston, Lord of Forfar, 102

Avery, Captain Henry, 270-71

Aves, Isle d', see Isle d'Aves

Aylett, Captain (buccaneer), 156

Azogues, 22, 101

Azores, 3, 4, 15, 20, 42, 84

Bahama Islands, 2, 237, 238 and n., 271

Bahia, 49

Bancroft, Hubert H., 284

Banister, Major James, 205

Bannister, Captain (buccaneer) 254

Barbacoa, 68

Barbadoes, 47, 50, 67, 74, 85 and n., 87, 92, 99, 104, 120, etc.

Barbuda, 48

Barinas, Marques de, 268

Barker, Andrew, 40

Barlovento, Armada de, 109, 251 n., 261

Barnard, Captain (buccaneer), 111

Barnes, Captain ( " ), 219

Barre, Charles, 215

Barry, Colonel Samuel, 118 and n.

Beckford, Peter, 217

Beeston, Captain (afterwards Sir), William, 97 n., 108 n., 118, 135 and n., 142, 155, 158, 200, 202, 259, etc.

Begon, M. Michel (Intendant of the French Islands), 244, 247 n.

Benavides, Don Juan de, 50

Bennett, Sir Henry (afterwards Earl of Arlington), 100, 122, 128, 132, 133, 142, 143 n., 160, 186, 198, etc.

Berkeley, Sir Thomas, 41

Bermuda, 20, 75, 92, 201

Bernanos, Captain (buccaneer), 274

Bernard, Samuel, 255, 257

Bigford, Captain (buccaneer), 156

"Biscayners," 254-5

Blake, Captain, R.N., 93

Blewfield, Captain (buccaneer), 273

Blot, Captain (buccaneer), 274

Boston (Mass.), 251

Bradley, Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph (buccaneer), 164-5

Brayne, Lieutenant-General William, 96, 114, 127

Brazil, 3, 25, 36, 47, 49 and n., 102

Breda, treaties of, 141

Breha, Captain, see Landresson, Michel

Brenningham, Captain (buccaneer), 273

Brest, corsairs of, 42, 262, 265

Bridges, George W., 283

Browne, Captain James (buccaneer), 217-18

Browne, Richard (buccaneer), 156, 190 n., 195, 196

Buccaneers, cruelties of, 147-50, 153 n., 185 ff.

" customs of, 70-78, 163 n.

" derivation of the word, 66

Buccaneers, laws against, see Laws against privateers and pirates

" numbers of, 124, 240 n., 271

" origins of, 67, 69, 78-80, 125-27

" suppression of, 200 ff.

" vessels of, 75

Buenos Ayres, 10, 22

Bull of Pope Alexander VI., see Alexander VI.

Burney, James, 283

Burough, Cornelius, 99

Butler, Gregory (Commissioner of Jamaica), 85 n.

Byndloss, Colonel Robert, 215, 248, 255

Cabral, Pedro Alvarez, 3

Cachemaree, Captain (buccaneer), 274

Cadiz, 9 n., 12 and n., 13 and n., 16, 20, 22, 25 n., 26, 40, 96 n., etc.

Campeache, city of, 12 n., 22, 107-8, 109, 111, 210, 222, 245

" province of, 21, 107, 137 n., 138, 143, 155, 201, 204, 207, 208, etc.

Campo y Espinosa, Don Alonso del, 157, 158

Canary Islands, 14, 15, 42, 241

Cap Francois, 220, 221, 258, 261, 262 n.

Caracas, 10, 12 n., 15, 16, 22, 50, 154, 222, 240, 242

Cardenas, Alonso de, 52, 53

Carey, Colonel Theod., 129, 130

Carleill, General Christopher, 39

Carleton, Sir Dudley, Viscount Dorchester, 102

Carlile, Captain Charles, R.N., 236

Carlisle, Earl of, see Howard, Charles

Carolinas, 3, 47, 239, 250, 251, 252, 253, 271

Cartagena (New Granada), 9 n., 11, 14 and n., 15, 16, 19, 23, 38, 39, 262, etc.

Cartago (Costa Rica), 136 and n.

Casa de Contratacion, 11, 12, 13 n., 22, 25 and n., 42

Catherine of Braganza, 100

Cattle-hunters, 57-58, 62, 65, 66-69

Cavallos (Honduras), 21

Cayenne (Guiana), 233, 234

Cecil, Robert, Viscount Cranborne and Earl of Salisbury, 32 n., 51

"Centurion," 104, 105, 108 and n.

Chagre, port of, 43, 195, 267

" river, 17 n., 164, 168, 175, 193

Chaloner, Captain, 54

Charles I., King of England, 50, 52, 102

" II., King of England, 97, 100, 101, 103, 109, 110, 117, 119, 120, 121, etc.

" II., King of Spain, 268

" V., Emperor, 10, 13 n., 45, 46

Charleston (Carolina), 252, 253

Charlevoix, Pierre-Francois-Xavier, 58, 62, 70, 78, 81, 245, 246 n., 262 n., 283, 284 n.

Chasse-partie, 73

Chili, 10, 11, 17, 48, 229

Cinquantaines, 63

Clandestine trade, 8 and n., 25-27, 36-38, 102-104

Clarke, Robert (Governor of the Bahamas), 237-8

Clifford, George, Earl of Cumberland, 34, 40, 41

Codrington, Christopher (Deputy-Governor of Nevis), 229

Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, Marquis de Seignelay, 8 n., 9 n.

Coligny, Admiral Gaspard de, 47

Colleton, James (Governor of Carolina), 252

Collier, Edward (buccaneer), 155, 156, 160, 182 n., 190 n., 196

Colombia, U.S. of, see New Granada

Columbus, Christopher, 2, 42

Consulado, 12, 13

Contraband trade, see Clandestine trade

Cooke, Captain (buccaneer), 224

Cooper, Captain (buccaneer), 111, 273

Corbett, Julian S., 286

Cordova, Don Luis de, 242

Cornwallis, Sir Charles, 51, 54

Coro (Venezuela), 98

Cortez, Hernando, 3, 46

Costa Rico, 136 and n.

Cottington, Francis, Lord, 101-2

Council of the Indies, 13 and n., 14, 22, 25 n., 102

"Cour Volant," 155-6, and n.

Coventry, Sir Henry (Secretary of State), 215

Coxon, Captain John (buccaneer), 220, 223, 224, 225 n., 226, 227-8 and n., 235, 237 and n., 238, 245, etc.

Cranborne, Viscount, see Cecil, Robert

Criminals transported to the colonies, 5, 92, 125-6

Cromwell, Oliver, 85, 87-90, 92, 100

Cuba, 2, 19, 21, 23, 26, 32, 42, 46, 49, 77, etc.

Cumana (Venezuela), 16, 53, 98, 267

Cumanagote (Venezuela), 267

Cumberland, Earl of, see Clifford, George

Curacao, 48, 67, 128, 129, 131, 134, 135, 143, 220, 221, etc.

Cussy, Sieur Tarin de (Governor of French Hispaniola), 243-4 and n., 245, 246, 258

Dalyson, Captain William, 99 n.

Dampier, William, 73 n., 108 n., 221 n., 225 n., 228 n., 247 n.

Daniel, Captain (buccaneer), 74

Darien, Isthmus of, 3, 22, 39, 40, 43, 145, 163, 191 n., 225 and n., 226, etc.

Deane, John (buccaneer), 213-14

Dedran, Captain (buccaneer), 274

Dempster, Captain (buccaneer), 154

Deschamps, Jeremie, Seigneur de Rausset (Governor of Tortuga), 116 and n., 117, 119

Deseada, 14, 15, 20

Desjeans, Jean-Bernard, Sieur de Pointis, 262 ff.

Dessalles, Adrien, 283

Diaz Pimienta, Don Francisco, 55, 56 n.

Diego Grillo (buccaneer), 201 and n.

Dieppe, corsairs of, 42, 48

Dominica, 20, 38, 74, 235

"Don Francisco," 207

"Don Juan Morf," 60 and n., 61

Dorchester, Viscount see Carleton, Sir Dudley

Doyley, Colonel Edward (Governor of Jamaica), 91, 96-97, 98, 99 and n., 100, 101, 107, 116, 122, 124, etc.

Drake, Sir Francis, 31, 34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 50, 89 and n., 195, 210, etc.

Ducasse, Jean-Baptiste (Governor of French Hispaniola), 260-61, 262, 263, 265, 266

Ducere, Eduard, 285-6

Duro, Cesario Fernandez, 135 n., 211 n., 243 n., 285

Dutch wars, see War

" West India Company, 47, 49

Dutertre, Jean-Baptiste, 70, 114, 116 n., 118 n., 282, 284

East Indies, see Indies, East

Edmondes, Sir Thomas, 54

Edwards, Bryan, 283

Elizabeth, Queen, 29, 31, 34, 38, 39, 46, 50, 101, 136

Elletson, Robert, 248, 249, 255, 257

Engages, 59, 79-80, 124

Equador, 17, 229

Esmit, Adolf (Governor of St. Thomas), 234-37

" Nicholas (Governor of St. Thomas), 236

Esnambuc, Mons. d', 63

Essex, Captain Cornelius (buccaneer), 224, 226

Estrees, Jean, Comte d', 9 n., 220-221

Everson, Captain Jacob (buccaneer), 228 and n., 254 n.

Everson, Jory (Governor of St. Thomas), 237

Exquemelin, Alexander Olivier, 70, 77, 78, 79, 124, 131 n., 135 n., 136 n., 137 n., 277-82

Fanshaw, Sir Richard, 103, 106, 120, 121, 140, 141

Ferdinand and Isabella, Kings of Spain, 3, 10

Fitzgerald, Philip, 206-7

Fletcher, Benjamin (Governor of New York), 271

Flibustiers, derivation of the word, 66; see Buccaneers

Fload, Captain (Governor of Tortuga), 64 n.

Flores, see Azores.

Florida, 2, 47, 54.

Flota, 20, 38-9, 49, 77, 95, 96 and n., 103, 109, 242; cf. also Treasure fleets

Fontenay, Chevalier de (Governor of Tortuga), 81-84, 113, 116

Fortescue, Major-General Richard, 92, 96, 127

Franquesnay, Sieur de (Governor of French Hispaniola), 222, 244 and n., 247 n.

French wars, see War

French West India Company, 48, 117, 123, 162

Frobisher, Martin, 39

Frogge, William, 174 n., 177 n., 184 n., 186, 196 n.

Fuemayor, Rui Fernandez de, 61 and n.

Gage, Thomas, 16 n., 18, 23, 55 n., 90

Galicia, Company of, 12 n.

Galleons, 14-20, 21, 22, 23, 25 n., 55, 56 n., 62, 76; cf. also Treasure fleets.

Galleons' passage, 15

Gardner, William J., 283

Gautemala, 10, 16, 17 n., 22, 77

Gaves, Don Gabriel de, 60

"Gens de la cote," 69

Gibraltar (Venezuela), 157, 267

Godolphin, Sir William, 103, 160, 186, 197, 198, 199, 207, 208, 209-10

"Golden Hind," 39

Golden Island, 225, 253

Goodly, Captain (buccaneer), 273

Goodson, Vice-Admiral William, 92-96, 98 n., 99, 104

Graff, Laurens-Cornille Baldran, Sieur de, 241-43, 244 n., 245, 246 and n., 248, 258-59, 262 n., 274

Grammont, Sieur de (buccaneer), 73, 221-2, 240-1, 243, 244, 245, 246 and n., 248 and n.

Granada (Nicaragua), 16 n., 136, 138-9, 162, 267, 268

Granjeria de las Perlas (New Granada), 44

Grenville, Sir Richard, 40

Guadaloupe, 14, 20, 48, 67, 131, 282

"Guanahani," 2

Guiana, 10, 41, 47, 54

Guinea, coast of, 36, 37, 38, 235, 241, 270, 272

Guipuzcoa, Company of, 12 n.

"Gunsway," 270

Guy, Captain (buccaneer), 273

Guzman, Gonzalo de, 43

" Don Juan Perez de, see Perez de Guzman.

Hamlin, Captain Jean (buccaneer), 234-6 and n., 251 n.

Hampton, Thomas, 37-38

Haro, Don Francisco de, 183 n.

" Don Luis de, 100

Harris, Captain Peter (buccaneer), 225, 226, 245

Harrison, Captain, (buccaneer), 162

Hattsell, Captain, ( " ), 136

Havana, 14, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 42, 43, 45, etc.

Havre, corsairs, of, 48

Hawkins, Sir John, 31, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 210.

" William, 36

Heath, Attorney-General Sir Robert, 52

Henrietta Island, 55, 59 n.

Henry II., King of France, 53

" IV., " 9 n., 48

" VIII. King of England, 36 and n.

Herdue, Captain (buccaneer), 273

Heyn, Admiral Piet, 49, 96

Hilton, Captain (Governor of Tortuga), 59, 60

Hispaniola, 2, 20 and n. 26, 32, 34, 35, 37, 46, 55, 57, etc.

Holland, Earl of, see Rich, Henry

Holmes, Admiral Sir Robert, 253

Honduras, 50, 107, 208, 211, 223, 226, 234, 249

Hopton, Sir Arthur, 53

Howard, Charles, Earl of Carlisle (Governor of Jamaica), 205, 211, 212, 222-28, 232

" Sir Philip, 255

Humanes, Conde de, 102

Ibarra, Don Carlos, 62 n.

Inchiquin, Earl of, see O'Brien, William

Indian Ocean, pirates in, see Pirates

Indians, see Spain, cruelties to Indians

Indies, Council of the, see Council

" exclusion of foreigners from, see Spain

Indies, East, pirates in, see Pirates

" West, colonisation of, 45-48

" " first English ship in, 34-35

"Indults," 25

Interlopers, see Clandestine trade

Isabella, Queen, see Ferdinand and Isabella

Isle d'Aves, 220 and n., 221, 222, 241

" la Vache, 155, 156, 160, 161, 162, 205, 212, 235, 236 n., 245, etc.

Jackman, Captain (buccaneer), 137, 143

Jackson, Captain William, 50, 67, 85

Jacobs, Captain (buccaneer), see Everson

Jamaica, 2, 19, 46, 50, 57, 73, 77, 85, 86, 90, etc.

" assembly of, 110, 217, 218, 227, 230, 231, 233, 248

" Council of, 104, 106, 107, 111, 118, 132, 159, 196, 202, 203, etc.

James, Captain (buccaneer), 273

" ("President of Tortuga"), 64 n.

James I., King of England, 46, 50, 51, 101 n.

" II., King of England, 253, 255, 257, 258

Jamestown (Virginia), 47

Jenkins, Sir Leoline, 208

Jimenez, Don Jose Sanchez, 139

Jocard, Captain (buccaneer), 274

Johnson, Captain (buccaneer), 202-3

" " R.N., 234

"Judith," 39

Juzgado de Indias, 13 n.

Kingston (Jamaica), 50, 86

Knollys, Francis, 39, 40

Labat, Jean-Baptiste, 70, 73-5, 282, 284, 285

Lagarde, Captain (buccaneer), 274

La Guayra (Venezuela), 240-41

Lancers, see Cinquantaines

Landresson, Captain Michel, alias Breha (buccaneer), 251 and n., 252, 274

Langford, Captain Abraham, 118-19

Las Casas, Bartolome de, Bishop of Chiapa, 32

Laurens de Graff, see Graff.

La Vivon, Mons., 155-6 and n.

Laws against privateers and pirates, 110, 217, 218, 220, 227, 230-31, 251-53, 271

Le Clerc, Captain Francois, 42

Legane (Hispaniola), 124, 258, 261

Legrand, Pierre (buccaneer), 135 n.

"Le Pain," see Paine, Peter

Le Pers (Jesuit writer), 284 and n.

Lerma, Duque de, 9 n.

Leroy-Beaulieu, Pierre-Paul, 1, 285

Le Sage, Captain (buccaneer), 274

Lessone, " ( " ), 224

Levasseur, Mons., 63-66, 78, 80-82, 116

Ley, James, Earl of Marlborough, 52, 53

Lilburne, Robert (Governor of Bahamas), 238-39

Lima (Peru), 16, 17, 25

Linhares, Conde de, 102

Logwood, 201, 208-12, 226, 234, 249

Long, Edward, 127, 283

" Samuel, 226

Lonvilliers, Mons. de, 81

Lorin, Henri, 284

Louis XIV., King of France, 9 n., 116, 219, 257, 258, 266 n.

Ludbury, Captain (buccaneer), 162

Ludwell, Philip (Governor of Carolina), 253

Lynch, Sir Thomas (Governor of Jamaica), 111, 121, 197, 198, 200-205, 209, 213, 216, 232-38, 243, and n., etc.

Lyttleton, Sir Charles (Lieutenant-Governor of Jamaica), 106, 109, 110, 111, 112, 118, 127

Madeira, 42

Maggott, Captain (buccaneer), 224

Maintenon, Marquis de, 222

Maldonado de Aldana, 108

Mansfield, Captain Edward (buccaneer), 73, 131, and n., 134-36, 138, 143, 163 n., 164, 273

"Mansvelt," see Mansfield

Maracaibo (Venezuela), 15, 22, 50, 156-8, 159, 161, 210, 222, 267

Marcel, Gabriel, 285

Margarita Island, 2, 15, 16, 38, 222

" patache, 15, 16, 19 and n.

Margot, Port (Hispaniola), 64, 65, 83, 84, 123

Marie-Anne of Austria, Queen Regent of Spain, 141, 159, 184 n., 198, 199, 208, 211

Markham, William (Governor of Pennsylvania), 271

Marlborough, Earl of, see Ley, James

"Marston Moor," 87, 97, 98 and n., 99

Marteen, Captain David (buccaneer), 134

Martin, 81-82, 83 n.

Martinique, 48, 67, 73, 74, 75, 220, 246 n., 272, 282

"Mary of Guildford," 36 n.

Mary, Queen of England, 259

Massachusetts, 252, 271

Matelotage, 69

Medina Coeli, Duque de, 199

" de los Torres, Duque de, 141

Merida (Yucatan), 210, 245

Mesnil, Captain (buccaneer), 274

Mexico, see New Spain

Michel, Captain (buccaneer), 274

" le Basque (buccaneer), 124, 156

Milton, John (Latin Secretary of State), 89 n.

Mitchell, Captain (buccaneer), 108 n.

Modyford, Colonel Charles, 203

" Sir James, 127, 137, 143 n., 163 n.

" Sir Thomas (Governor of Jamaica), 119-23, 127, 128, 131-35, 136 n., 137 and n., 140, 142, 143 n., 144, etc.

Moledi, Don Patricio, 111

Molesworth, Hender (Lieutenant-Governor of Jamaica), 237 n., 248, 249, 253-54, 255, 257

Molina, Conde de, 158, 197 n.

Mompos (New Granada), 264

Mona, Island of, 20, 34

Monck, Christopher, second Duke of Albemarle (Governor of Jamaica), 255-57

" George, first Duke of Albemarle, 132, 133, 142, 143 n., 154, 159

Montagu, Edward, Earl of Sandwich, 103, 141, 142

Montemayor, Don Juan Francisco de, 82

Montespan, Marquise de, 218 n.

Montserrat, 48, 129

Moralis, Don Pedro de, 105

Moreton, Joseph (Governor of Carolina), 252

Morgan, Captain (buccaneer), 235

" Colonel Blodre (buccaneer), 163 n., 182 n.

" Colonel Edward, 120, 121, 129, 130, 133, 137 n., 143

" Sir Henry (buccaneer and Lieutenant-Governor of Jamaica), 73, 137 and n., 143-96, 204-6, 210, 212-16, 222, 226, 227, 228, etc.

" Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas, 130 n., 137 n.

Morris, Captain John (buccaneer), 137, 143, 161, 182 n., 273

Mosquito Coast, 19, 55, 76, 138, 245

Munden, Captain Robert, 118

Myngs, Captain Christopher, R.N., 98 and n., 99 and n., 105, 106, 107, 108 and n., 109, 121

Nata de los Santos (Darien), 136 n., 191 n.

Nau, Jean-David (buccaneer), 124 and n., 156, 157

Navigation Laws, 99, 101 n., 102, 214, 271

"Navio del Oro," 17

Negro slave-trade, 36-38; cf. also Clandestine trade

Negroes, Assiento of, see Assiento

Netherlands, truce of 1609, 52

" wars of, see War

Nevill, Vice-Admiral John, 264, 265

Nevis, 47, 63, 86, 129, 229

New England, 86, 92, 93, 116, 201, 250, 272

Newfoundland, 35, 265

New Granada, 11, 16, 42, 232

New Providence Island (Bahamas), 237-39

New Spain, 3, 10, 21, 22, 32, 33, 46, 76, 90, 111, etc.

New York, 129, 201, 271

Nicaragua, 19, 76, 137, 162

" Lake, 16, 138

Nimuegen, peace of, 240

Nombre de Dios (Darien), 14 n., 17 n., 40

Norris, Commodore Sir John, 265

O'Brien, William, Earl of Inchiquin (Governor of Jamaica), 257, 259

Ogeron, Bertrand d' (Governor of French Hispaniola), 118, 123-4, 216, 217, 218, 239

Olivares, Conde de, 9 n.

Olonnais (buccaneer), see Nau, Jean-David

Orinoco River, 2, 32 n., 47, 85 n., 111

Oxenham, John, 40

"Oxford," 155

Pain, Captain Thomas (buccaneer), 238 and n., 239, 259

Paine, Peter, 233-34 and n., 238 n.

Panama, city of, 10, 16, 17 and n., 18, 40, 97, 120, 136 n., 139, 140, etc.

" Isthmus of, see Darien

" President of, see Perez de Guzman

Payta (Peru), 17, 188

Penalva, Conde de, 113

Penn, Admiral William, 85 and n., 86, 87, 93, 113

" William (proprietor of Penns.), 271

Pennsylvania, 271

Perez de Guzman, Don Juan (President of Panama), 139, 164, 170 n., 184 n., 186, 191 and n., 192 n.

" Diego, 44

Pernambuco, 49

Perry, Mr. 61 n.

Peru, 3, 10, 11, 16, 17, 22, 25, 32, 42, 46, etc.

Petit, Captain (buccaneer), 274

Petit-Goave (Hispaniola), 118, 119, 124, 221, 241, 242, 243, 244, 247 and n., 248, etc.

Philip II., King of Spain, 14, 30, 31, 34, 37, 39, 40, 46, 101

Philip III., King of Spain, 51

" IV., King of Spain, 9 n., 55, 141

Philippine Islands, 3, 21

"Piece of eight," value of, 77 n.

"Pie de Palo," see Heyn, Admiral Piet and Le Clerc, Francois

Pirates, depredations in the East, 270, 272

" laws against, see Laws

" trials of, 202, 203, 213-15, 218, 226, 228, 229

Pizarro, Francisco, 3, 46

Place, Sieur de la (Deputy-Governor of Tortuga), 117, 124

Plenneville, Clement de, 118

Poincy, Mons. de (Governor of the French West Indies), 63, 64, 80, 81

Pointis, Sieur de, see Desjeans

Pontchartrain, Louis Phelypeaux, Comte de, 262

Port de Paix (Hispaniola), 65, 247 n., 261

Porto Bello, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17 and n., 18, 19, 23, 76, 143-54, etc.

Porto Rico, 2, 20 and n., 22, 31 n., 34, 35, 41, 46, 56, 57, etc.

Port Royal (Carolina), 47, 252

" (Jamaica), 97, 98 and n., 101, 107, 108 and n., 111, 112, 121, 127, 128, etc.

Pouancay, Mons. de (Governor of French Hispaniola), 216, 219, 220, 221, 222, 239, 240, 244, 247, 248, etc.

Prince, Captain Lawrence (buccaneer), 162, 182 n.

Privateers, laws against, see Laws

Providence Company, 55, 59 and n., 60, 61 n., 62, 64 n.

Providence Island, 55 and n., 56 n., 64, 76, 86, 135-7, 139-40, 143, 163 and n., etc.

Puerta de Plata (Hispaniola), 115

Puerto Cabello (Venezuela), 98

" Principe (Cuba), 117, 144 and n., 145, 222

Queen Regent of Spain, see Marie-Anne of Austria

Quito, province of, see Equador

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 34, 40, 41, 47, 89

Rancherias (New Granada), 16, 40

Rausset, Sieur de, see Deschamps

Raynal, Guillaume, Thomas-Francois, 283

Red Sea, pirates in, see Pirates

Rhode Island, 223, 251, 271

Rich, Henry, Earl of Holland, 59

" Robert, Earl of Warwick, 50 and n., 52

Rio Garta, 138

Rio de la Hacha (New Granada), 38, 40, 44, 93, 98 n., 161, 232, 267

Rio Nuevo (Jamaica), 91

Riskinner, Captain Nicholas (Governor of Tortuga), 62

Rivero Pardal, Manuel, 159, 161

Roanoke Island (Carolina), 47

Roatan Island, 76, 138

Robertson, William, 285

Rogers, Captain Thomas (buccaneer), 174 n.

Ronquillo, Don Pedro, 223 n., 243

Row, Captain (buccaneer), 224

Roxas de Valle-Figueroa, Don Gabriel, 82-83

Ruyter, Admiral Michel-Adriaanszoon van, 129

Ryswick, treaty of, 266 n.

Saba, 129, 130 and n.

St. Augustine (Florida), 238, 251, 252

St. Christopher, see St. Kitts

St. Eustatius, 48, 67, 129, 130 and n., 133, 143

St. Jago de Cuba, 21, 42, 44, 91, 100, 104-6, 108 n., 109, 145, 159, etc.

" de la Vega (Jamaica), 50, 85, 86, 234, 237 n.

" de los Cavalleros (Hispaniola), 114-15, 258

St. Kitts, 47, 48, 50, 54, 56, 58, 60, 63, 67, 80, etc.

St. Laurent, Mons. de, 244, 247 n.

St. Malo, corsairs of, 48

St. Martins, 130

St. Thomas, 235-7

Salisbury, Earl of, see Cecil, Robert

Samana, 77 n.

Samballas Islands, 228 n.

"Samson," 36 n.

Sancti Spiritus (Cuba), 134, 135 and n.

San Domingo, city of, 9 n., 21, 22, 35, 37, 38, 39, 42, 43, 60, 86, etc.

" French, see Hispaniola

Sandwich, Earl of, see Montagu, Edward

San Juan de Porto Rico, 21, 40, 41, 49

" d'Ulloa, see Vera Cruz

" River (Nicaragua), 16, 136, 138, 162

San Lorenzo, castle of (Chagre), 164-8, 170 n., 193, 194 and n.

San Lucar, 11, 13, 15, 20

Santa Catalina, see Providence Island

Santa Cruz, 20, 48, 56, 117

Santa Marta (New Granada), 15, 40, 44, 93, 97, 161, 219-20, 226, 267

Santa Marta de la Vitoria (Tabasco), 139 n.

" Tomas (Orinoco), 111, 222

Sasi Arnoldo, Don Christopher, 91, 105

"Satisfaction," 156 n.

Sawkins, Captain (buccaneer), 225, 226

Scaliger, Joseph-Juste, 28

Scelle, Georges, 3, 285

Searle, Daniel (Governor of Barbadoes), 85 n.

Searles, Captain Robert (buccaneer), 122, 131

Sedgwick, Major-General Robert, 96, 104

Seignelay, Marquis de, see Colbert

Seville, 11, 22, 26, 54, 103, 106, 109, 159 n., 207, etc.

Sharp, Captain Bartholomew (buccaneer), 223, 224, 225 n., 228, 229, 245

Shirley, Sir Anthony, 85

"Sloop-trade," 27

Smart, Captain (buccaneer), 273

Smith, Major Samuel, 137, 139, 140

Sore, Jacques, 42, 45

Southey, Thomas, 283

Spain, colonial laws, 5, 10, 12, 13, 24

" colonial system, 1 ff.

" commercial system, 6-13

" cruelties to English mariners, 29, 53-54, 88, 89 n., 207

" cruelties to Indians, 4, 9, 10, 32, 33, 89 n.

" decline of, 1 ff., 46

" discovery and exploration in South America, 2-3

" exclusion of foreigners from Spanish Indies, 24

" privateers of, 207, 211 and n.

" trade relations with England, 101-104

" treaty of 1667 with England, 141

" " 1670 with England, 196-7, 200, 209

" truce of 1609 with the Netherlands, see Netherlands

" venality of Spanish colonial governors, 26 n.

" weakness of Spanish ships, 23

Spragge, Captain, R.N., 254

Stanley, Captain (buccaneer), 140

Stapleton, Sir William (Governor of Leeward Islands), 234, 236, 237

Stedman, Captain (buccaneer), 131 and n.

Style, John, 153 n.

Tabasco River, 138, 139 n.

Tavoga Island, 179, 188

Tavogilla Island, 179, 188

Taylor, John, 102

Terrier, Jean, 42

Thibault, 81-82, 83 n.

Thomas, Dalby, 33

Thornbury, Walter, 284

Thurloe, John (Secretary of State), 104

Thurston, Captain (buccaneer), 201

Tobago, 15, 48, 67, 131, 268

Toledo, Don Federico de, 54, 58

Tolu (New Granada), 97, 267

Tortola, 130

Tortuga, 2, 55, 58-66, 69, 70, 73, 77, 80, 81, 113, etc.

Trade, clandestine, see Clandestine trade

Treasure fleets, 13-24, 31, 85; cf. also Flota and Galleons

Treval, Mons. de, 82

Trinidad, 2, 15, 32 n., 46, 131, 222

"Trompense, La," 233-36, 238 n., 248, 249, 251 n.

" La Nouvelle," 236 n.

Truxillo (Honduras), 21, 22, 50, 77, 138, 222

Turrialva (Costa Rica), 136

Utrecht, Treaty of, 272

Vache, Isle la, see Isle la Vache

Vaisseaux de registre, 11, 22 and n.

Vaissiere, Pierre de, 284

Valladolid (Yucatan), 210

Valle-Figueroa, Don Gabriel Roxas de, see Roxas de Valle-Figueroa

Van Horn, Captain Nicholas (buccaneer), 241-43, 248

Vaughan, John, Lord (Governor of Jamaica), 205, 211, 212-22, 232

Venables, General Robert, 85 and n., 86, 87, 88, 89, 96, 113

Venezuela, 16, 23, 156

Venta Cruz (Darien), 17 n., 164, 170 n., 174 and n., 177 n., 192 n., 193

Vera Cruz (New Spain), 11, 12 n., 14, 21, 22, 38, 49, 103, 109, 111, etc., 241

Veragua, 136 and n.

Vernon, Admiral Edward, 195

Verpre, Captain (buccaneer), 274

Vervins, Treaty of, 48

Viande boucannee, 66

Vigneron, Captain (buccaneer), 274

Villa de Mosa (Tabasco), 138 and n.

Villalba y Toledo, Don Francisco de, 77

Villars, Marquis de, 9 n.

Virgin Islands, 40, 235, 236

Virginia, 47, 51, 54, 112, 129, 201, 207, 272

War between England and France, 1666-67, 131, 141

War between England and Netherlands, 1665-67, 127-41

War between France and Netherlands, 1674-78, 219 ff.

War of the Spanish Succession, 271-72

" Succession of the Palatinate, 258 ff.

Watson, Sir Francis, 257

Watts, Elias (Governor of Tortuga), 114, 116 and n., 117

Watts, Colonel William (Governor of St. Kitts), 130 n.

Weiss, Charles, 285

West Indies, see Indies, West

Whitstone, Sir Thomas (buccaneer), 140, 273

Wilgress, Captain, 201

William III., King of England, 257, 258

Williams, Captain John, alias Yankey (buccaneer), 235, 254 n., 274

" Captain Morris (buccaneer), 122 and n.

Williamson, Sir Joseph (Secretary of State), 213 n., 217

Willoughby, William, Lord (Governor of Barbadoes), 131

Wilmot, Commodore Robert, 261

Windebank, Sir Francis (Secretary of State), 53

Windsor, Thomas, Lord (Governor of Jamaica), 97, 101 and n., 104, 105, 106-7, 111, 117, 118, 137

Winslow, Edward (Commissioner of Jamaica), 85 n.

Winter, Sir William, 40

Witherborn, Captain Francis (buccaneer), 202

Wormeley, Captain Christopher (Governor of Tortuga), 59, 62 and n.

Yallahs, Captain (buccaneer) 201, 211

"Yankey," see Williams, Captain John

Yucatan, 2, 23, 82 n., 208, 210, 211

Zuniga, Don Pedro de, 51