CHAPTER XXXII.

THE CAT’S PLACE IN NATURE: ITS ANCESTRY, CLASSIFICATION, STRUCTURE, AND DISTRIBUTION.

At a very remote period in the history of animal life when the struggle for existence was rife, the carnivorous and predaceous animals (to which the existing cat belongs) occupied a position in the scale of creation as important as the one they hold to-day. We find locked up in the rocks of the tertiary and recent pleistocene formations the bones and teeth of these ancient cats along with those of the animals upon which they lived.

These ancestors of our cat had a tolerably wide geographical distribution, and they apparently differed considerably in size, as do the different members of the existing cat family. The crested cat (F. crestata) was probably as large as a tiger—more recent remains having a closer affinity to existing cats are found plentifully in caves and in the deeper beds of rivers and lakes almost all over the British Islands.

Probably the most remarkable of these extinct cat-like creatures is the Machœrodus, the skulls of which (Fig. II.), with portions of its skeleton, associated with the bones of other animals, have been found in the cave deposits in Brazil, North and South America, India, Persia, many parts of Europe, as well as in the British Islands—viz. Kent’s Cavern, Creswell bone caves, and other places. The skull, which is very typical and cat-like in form, is remarkable for the extraordinary development of the upper canine teeth, which in some species exceed seven inches in length. The Machœrodus was about the size of a lion.

The ancestors of our cat were certainly more specialised in parts of their organisation. The nearer we approach the recent forms a greater uniformity in structure prevails, until we get in the existing cat-like group (Felis) probably the most consolidated and uniform of all the generic mammalia.

FIG. I.—BRAIN OF CAT.

A, Right hemisphere of cerebrum; B, Cerebellum; C, Medulla oblongata; D, Olfactory bulb (nerve of smell); E, Convolution, or Gyrus; F, Fissure. ]

FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS.

Under the generic title of Felis are included over fifty-one distinct species, of which the lion, tiger, leopard, puma, and our common domesticated cat may be taken as representative. They inhabit every region on the earth’s surface, except the extreme northern latitudes, and vary in size from the tiger and lion to the little red-spotted cat of India, which does not exceed fifteen or sixteen inches in length. But it is, as already indicated, very uniform in order as regards structural points. All have well-developed, retractile claws, the only exception being the cheetah, whose claws are only partially retractile; all have five toes on the fore feet, and four on the hind feet; all the teeth are cusped, or pointed, and specialised for flesh-eating, as well as for aggressive purposes. The incisors in front of the upper and lower jaws are small, the four canines well grown and long, with a cutting edge on the inner side; the molars, or cheek teeth, have one to five cusps, points, or lobes. All the members of the family are digitigrade (i.e. use only the extremity of the toes in walking); the tympanic bulla, or ear-bone, is large and prominent; the general form of the skull is rounded and broad across the orbits, or eye-sockets (the latter are, with two exceptions, open or incomplete behind); the clavicle, or collar-bone, is reduced to a short, curved, splint-like bone; in many species it is absent.

The stomach is always simple, intestines relatively short, tongue covered with minute spines. In many species the pupil of the eye contracts in one direction only, thus giving it a linear and upright form. The majority of the species are nocturnal; the habits of the genus are very diverse. The lion apparently prefers the drier, sandy areas covered with short, scrubby vegetation; others prefer the dense forests, and live much in the trees. Many species are found at considerable altitudes, the snow leopard being found at 18,000 feet. All the members of the group can swim, and several species (i.e. the fishing cat of India and Southern China) are adepts at catching fish, but immersion is invariably avoided.

The colours of the different members of the genus Felis vary considerably. It may be a uniform, tawny, pale brown, or a grey—as in the lion, puma, eyra. The tiger is striped transversely; the ocelot has bands or rows of more or less fused spots; the serval and several other species have solid black spots; the leopard, clusters of spots, forming a kind of star; the jaguar has the spots arranged in an open ring. In the clouded leopard of Southern India the markings are composed of irregular groups of lines and spots, merging into the ground colour of the animal’s coat. A black variety of the common leopard is occasionally found in a wild state. Albinos, or white forms, are extremely rare in nature, though quite common in the domesticated cat.

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE CAT.

The natural food of all the cat tribe in a state of nature is carnivorous, and the whole organisation of the group is specialised and adapted for aggressive or, if need be, defensive purposes. The body is compressed laterally, and has a considerable amount of flexibility in it as a whole.

The bony framework or skeleton is light, and, for the purpose of an elementary description, is readily divisible into three parts—viz. (1) the skull; (2) the axial skeleton, comprising the bones of the neck, thorax, loins, and tail; (3) the appendicular skeleton or limbs. The skull is short, rounded, and broad across the orbits or eye-sockets, which are large in proportion to the skull. The posterior rim of the orbit is, with three exceptions, out of the fifty-one species—viz. the fishing cat (F. voverrina), the rusty spotted cat (F. rubiginosa), and the flat-headed cat (F. planiceps)—incomplete or open. The teeth of the fully adult cat should be thirty in number—sixteen in the upper jaw and fourteen in the lower. They are divided by the comparative anatomist into three sets or groups—viz. incisors, canines, premolars, and molars—their number and position being concisely expressed by a dental formula thus:—1 ³⁄₃, C. ¹⁄₁, P.M. ⅔, M. ¹⁄₁. The six incisors in the upper and lower jaw are small, simple-pointed teeth, with a simple fang or root. Then we have a long canine or flesh tooth CC.’, the most important functional tooth the cat has, for with it and its fellow the living, struggling prey is seized, retained, and killed.

FIG. II.—SKULL OF THE GREAT SABRE-TOOTHED CAT.

FROM THE CAVES OF BRAZIL. (Machœrodus Neogœus.) ]

In the upper jaw, immediately after the canine, are three premolars PM. These are the second or permanent series, and succeed the kitten’s milk-teeth. The first one is very small, and has only a single cusp; the second is larger, and has two cusps; the third is the largest, and is sometimes called the “sectorial” tooth. It has three pointed cusps and three fangs, or roots. Immediately behind it, and placed somewhat transversely, is the single true molar. It is a small tooth, of obtuse form, and indefinitely cusped; it has no predecessor in the kitten’s milk set.

FIG. III.—SUPERFICIAL FLEXOR TENDONS OF THE CAT’S LEFT FORE-FOOT

A, Perforatus, or flexor sub-digitorum; B, Perforans, or flexor profundus digitorum. ]

FIG. IV.—BONES AND PRINCIPAL LIGAMENTS OF A CAT’S TOE, SHOWING MECHANISM OF RETRACTILE CLAW.

A, Distal or terminal phalanx; B, Middle; C, Proximal; D, Perforatus tendon; E, Perforans tendon; F, Elastic ligament. ]

FIG. V.—PADS OF CAT’S LEFT FORE-FOOT.

A, Plantar pad; B, Digital pad; C, Pisiform pad. ]

In the lower jaw, immediately after the canine tooth, there are only two premolars (PM. PM’.) in the permanent set which have predecessors, the last tooth (M.) being the only true molar, and having no predecessor in the milk set. Occasionally, in the lower jaw there is a small premolar corresponding to the first premolar of the upper jaw. In the kitten from about six or seven weeks to about five months old, there are only twenty-six teeth, the number and form being very similar to the adult set. The two permanent molars in the upper and lower jaw are absent.

The Axial Skeleton (see p. 354) consists of the bones forming the neck, thorax, loins, and tail. The neck is relatively short, and consists of seven bones—a number almost constant throughout the animal kingdom, the giraffe, the hippopotamus, and the whale having the same number. Succeeding these are the dorsal, or thoracic, vertebræ (thirteen in number), each one supporting two ribs—one on each side. Then follow the seven vertebræ composing the lumbar region. They are stout, thick bones, with long, transverse processes for the attachment of certain muscles supporting the body cavity, etc. No ribs are attached to these bones. Immediately behind are three smaller bones forming the sacrum, to which the pelvis, or hip-bones, are articulated. The terminal bones of the axial skeleton are the tail, or caudal, and vary from nineteen to twenty-one.

The Ribs (thirteen on each side) are extremely light, elastic, and slender. Nine of these on each side join the sternum or breast-bone directly, and are called true ribs; the remainder are free, and terminate in cartilaginous points, which are adherent to the true rib terminations, for support.

The Sternum, or breast-bone, consists of eight bones, from each joint of which springs a rib-like costal cartilage, to which the true ribs are articulated. The cat’s collar-bone or clavicle is very short and rudimentary; it has a slight attachment to the acromion process of the scapula, the other end terminating in the muscles of the chest. It is often absent.

The Appendicular Skeleton includes the fore and hind limbs. The fore limb in the cat, as in the majority of mammals (see plate, p. 355), is a subtriangular flat bone, with a ridge on the outer side for the attachment of certain muscles moving the leg.

In a small hollow on the posterior or lower border is articulated the head of the humerus (4), or arm-bone; its lower or distal end is expanded, and receives the end of the ulna (10), which with the radius (9) forms the bones of the forearm. The wrist or carpal bones (8) include seven small bones, the upper row being attached to the radius, the lower row to the five phalanges of the toes (7); to these latter are articulated the bones of the digits, or fingers.

The terminal bones of the cat’s foot are encased by powerful hooked claws (Fig. III.). When at rest, the claw is brought to the outer side of the middle phalanx by the elastic ligament F, the flexor tendons being relaxed. When the cat is on the point of seizing its prey, the greater power of the flexor tendons stretches the weaker elastic ligament, the claw is brought down, and so a powerful grip is obtained. The under-surface of the cat’s fore and hind feet is protected by certain hardened pads of subcutaneous and fibrous tissue—viz. the plantar pad, giving chief support to the leg, and the digital pads protecting the claws, etc. These pads are, of course, of additional use in aiding the cat’s noiseless and stealthy progression.

FIG. VI.a.—CAT’S SKULL, VIEW FROM ABOVE. ]

FIG. VI.b.—CAT’S SKULL, SIDE VIEW, WITH LOWER JAW IN PLACE. ]

FIG. VI.c.—CAT’S SKULL FROM BELOW, WITHOUT LOWER JAW, SHOWING PALATAL SURFACE. ]

The cat’s hind limb is articulated by a ball and socket joint to the hip-bone or pelvis (20), which is again firmly united to the three bones forming the sacrum D. The thigh-bone or femur (19) sustains the whole body, and has many powerful muscles attached to it concerned in the springing movements so characteristic of the animal; to its lower end is articulated the principal bone of the lower leg, the tibia (13). At the union of these two bones on the anterior side is the knee-cap, or patella (12). On the outer aspect of the tibia is a slender bone, the fibula (18), its outer end being attached to a prominence on the tibia, the lower end to one of the large bones (the astragalus) which form the tarsus of the foot.

The Tarsal bones (14) consist of seven bones, the largest of which is the os calcis (17), or heel-bone, to which powerful muscles are attached. Succeeding the tarsal bones are the four bones forming the metatarsal bones (the fifth or inner toe being absent, though often present in the dog). To these are attached the phalanges of the toes, with the claws, etc., similar to the fore-foot.

FIG. VII.—SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES OF A CAT. ]

1.— Maxillaris.

2.— Caninus, or Nasalis.

3.— Orbicularis.

4.— Temporalis.

5.— Mastoideus.

6.— Cephalo-humeral.

7.— Posterior and anterior portions of Trapezius.

8.— Infraspinatus.

9.— Latissimus dorsi.

10.— Great Oblique.

11.— Prominence of Hip-bone.

12.— Gluteus medius.

13.— Prominence of Thigh-bone, or Femur.

14.— Gluteus maximus.

15.— Muscles concerned in the movements of the Tail.

16.— Fascia lata covering deeper muscles.

17.— Biceps femoralis.

18.— Semi-tendinosus.

19.— Gastrocnemius.

20.— External Saphenous Vein.

21.— Point of Heel, or Os Calcis.

22.— Plantar or Flexor Tendons of Sole of Foot.

23.— Extensor Tendons of Toes.

24.— Internal or Inner Saphenous.

25.— Sartorius.

26.— Rectus abdominis.

27.— Serratus magnus.

28.— Pectoralis major.

29.— Elbow, or Olecranon Process of Ulna.

30.— Flexor carpi ulnaris.

31.— Superficial Extensors of Toes.

32.— Annular or Wrist Ligament.

33.— Extensor communis digitorum.

34.— Flexor carpi radialis.

35.— Extensor carpi radialis.

36.— Triceps.

37.— Scapular deltoid.

38.— Acromion deltoid.

39.— Mastoideus.

40.— Sterno-hyoid.

41.— Parotid Gland.

42.— Masseter Muscle.

43.— External Maxillary Vein.

44.— Zigomaticus.

45.— Zigomaticus labialis.

A better idea of the superficial muscles of the cat is obtained from an examination of the plate than by any technical description. It will be seen that for its size the cat’s muscles are well developed; its kin, the lion and tiger, are known for their prodigious strength in bearing away young oxen, deer, antelopes, etc., upon which they live, as well as for their leaping powers and agility and courage.

Although the cat’s muscles are identical with those of its more powerful relatives, it lives too much in the lap of luxury for them to attain to a proportionate development.

A well-known writer has estimated that there are 500 muscles concerned in the movements of the cat’s body.

The cavity of the cat’s body is separated into two unequal compartments by a muscular partition called the midriff or diaphragm. In the anterior or foremost cavity are the two lungs, and the heart and its blood-vessels; in the larger or most posterior compartment is the stomach, intestines, liver, kidneys, etc. Without a considerable number of diagrams it is difficult to convey in a popular manner some peculiarities of these internal organs. The cat’s tongue (Fig. X.) is, however, very characteristic of the order, and is easily observed. It is supplied with the usual glands common to all mammals—viz. tonsils (B), flattened soft papillæ (C), four circumvallate papillæ (D), conical papillæ (E), and the more minute fungiform papillæ (F). The peculiarity of the cat’s tongue is that the conical papillæ are specialised into horny processes or hooks, as shown in E F, and are of value not only in assisting to clear the flesh from bones, but are of undoubted use in cleaning the animal’s fur. The cat also has the parotid, sublingual, and other glands concerned in the preparation of the food for primary digestion.

FIG. VIII.—SKELETON OF A CAT.

A. CERVICAL OR NECK BONES (7 in number). B. DORSAL OR THORACIC BONES (13 in number, each bearing a rib). C. LUMBAR BONES (7 in number). D. SACRAL BONES (3 in number). E. CAUDAL OR TAIL BONES (19 to 21 in number). ]

1.— Cranium, or Skull.

2.— Scapula, or Shoulder-blade.

3.— Clavicle, or Collar-bone.

4.— Humerus.

5.— Sternum, or Breast-bone.

6.— Phalanges of the Toes.

7.— Metacarpal Bones.

8.— Carpal or Wrist-bones.

9.— Radius.

10.— Ulna.

11.— Costal cartilages, uniting ends of Ribs to Sternum.

12.— Patella, or Knee-cap.

13.— Tibia.

14.— Tarsal Bones.

15.— Metatarsal Bones.

16.— Phalanges of Hind Toes.

17.— Heel-bone, or “Calcis.”

18.— Fibula.

19.— Femur, or Thigh-bone.

20.— Pelvis, or Hip-bone.

The cat’s liver is mainly on its right side; it is divided into several lobes, which give it a complicated appearance as compared with the simpler livers of other animals. The gallbladder is present in the usual position. The cat’s heart is somewhat small for the size of the animal, and is not so pointed at its apex as in other animals; the veins entering the heart, and the branching of the arteries leaving it, are nearly identical with those of closely allied animals. The time required for the complete circulation of the blood throughout the body of the cat is fourteen to sixteen seconds. The pulse, each beat of which corresponds to one contraction of the left ventricle of the heart, may easily be felt on the inner side of the fore-paw, about an inch above the prominence of the radius; it may also be felt at the same place as the horse’s pulse—on the inner side of the lower jaw. There are two other situations on the cat’s body where it may be felt, but to find the exact point requires some intimate anatomical knowledge. The temperature, or normal heat, of the body of the cat is 100° F.; it may, however, be slightly above or below this.

The brain of the cat, following the general structure of the higher mammals, is divided into very similar areas or divisions. The larger or more anterior portion is called the cerebrum (Fig. I., A), and is divided into right and left hemispheres. Its surface is divided into convolutions or gyri (E) by certain shallow fissures, which have received specific names. Very intimately attached to the under-surface of this part of the brain are the olfactory lobes (D), in which are situated certain nerves concerned in the sense of smell. The hinder and smaller part of the brain is called the cerebellum (B), and is much darker in colour than the cerebrum. Its surface is made up of numerous small foldings of its substance, which, on section, look like the branches of a small tree; these branches finally fuse and terminate on the under-side of the base of the brain.

Intimately associated in a most complex manner with the cerebrum and cerebellum is the medulla oblongata (C), an enlarged part of the spinal cord. The brain of the cat, it may be remarked, is not nearly so highly organised as that of the dog.

FIG. best-marked.—THE CAT’S EYE. ]

AT DAY-TIME. │ AT NIGHT-TIME. │ A.—Contracted linear │A.—Expanded and nearly │ pupil. │ circular pupil. │ B.—Iris. │B.—Iris. │ │ │C.—Cat’s eye, showing C.—Nictitating membrane│C.—Nictitating │ the third eyelid or (Plica semilunaris). │ membrane. │ nictitating membrane │ │ fully extended. D.—Opening of the │D.—Opening of Harderian│ Harderian Gland Duct.│ Duct. │

In all the higher mammals the eye can accommodate itself to the varying influence of light. This is mainly done by means of the central black part or pupil (Fig. IX., A). The pupil is merely a hole in the iris, or coloured part of the eyeball (B), and it is by its contraction or expansion that the exact amount of light necessary is admitted to act upon the sensitive retina at the back of the eye. The form of the pupil varies considerably in different animals. In the cat’s eye during bright sunshine it is reduced to a thin vertical line; at dusk it expands to a nearly circular form. This vertical reduction is by no means common to the entire cat family. In very many species the pupil retains a rounded form even when contracted to its minimum.

On the inner angle of the cat’s eye there is a curious semi-transparent fold of skin, called by naturalists the plica semilunaris, or nictitating membrane. In reptiles and birds this is a very important factor in the preservation of the eye from external injuries, and it acts also as a regulator of the admission of light. It is well developed in nocturnal reptiles and birds, and as the cat’s ancestors were doubtless more nocturnal than they are now, it probably was in active use. It is, however, useless now, the cat having no control over it. It is one of many interesting vestigial structures the cat carries about with it of its former ancestry from a lower-organised animal.

THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE CAT FAMILY.

Long-continued and systematic study of the habits of living animals has led to the division of the surface of the world into specific areas, called Zoogeographical regions, of which there are six—viz. (1) Palæarctic region; (2) Ethiopian or African region; (3) Oriental or Indian region; (4) Australian region; (5) Nearctic or North American region; and (6) Neotropical or South American region. The cats of the Old World and of the New World are, with the exception of the debatable northern lynx, specifically distinct. No native cats exist in Australia.

FIG. X.—SURFACE OF THE CAT’S TONGUE.

A.—Epiglottis or upper cartilage of windpipe. B.—Tonsil. C.—Flattened or soft papillæ. D.—Circumvallate papillæ. E.—Horny conical papillæ. E. 1.—The same enlarged. F.—Fungiform papillæ. ]

The Palæarctic region comprises the whole of Europe, part of North Africa, and extends eastward to Kamtchatka, and includes the islands of Japan. There are about twenty-one known species of the cat family inhabiting this extensive area, the best-known being the tiger, which is found in Mongolia; the common leopard, widely distributed in Southern Siberia; the snow leopard, wild cats, the lynx, and many others. The Ethiopian or African region includes the whole of the continent of Africa up to the tropic of Cancer, and the greater part of Arabia and Madagascar. About nine species are known to inhabit this region. The best-known are the lion, leopard, serval, Egyptian cat, caracal lynx, and cheetah. The Oriental or Indian region includes a strip of southern Persia, the whole of India, China, and the Malay peninsula, Borneo, and other islands of the East Indian Archipelago. There are about sixteen species inhabiting this region. The best-known examples of the cat family here are the lion (inhabiting the southern portions of Persia), tiger, leopard, cheetah, clouded leopard, and a great variety of the smaller species.

The Nearctic or North American region includes Greenland and the whole of the continent of North America down to Mexico City and Vera Cruz. There are only seven indigenous species of the cat family, the best-known being the puma, which also extends into the neotropical region, the northern and the bay lynx.

The Neotropical or South American region extends from Vera Cruz in Central America, through the whole of South America to Patagonia. About thirteen well-marked species of the cat family inhabit this region. The better-known species are the puma, jaguar, ocelot, margay, pampas cat, and the curious eeyra.

ROBERT HOLDING.

THE DISEASES OF CATS, AND THEIR TREATMENT.

By HENRY GRAY, M.R.C.V.S.

ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINE.

GIVING MEDICINE. ]

In the treatment of the diseases of the cat, the correct method of administering whatever medicaments are deemed necessary is a most important consideration. To the uninitiated and timid the task is generally a difficult one, and may, in some cases, appear almost impossible; but with a little practice, aided by courage and determination, the difficulties can nearly always be overcome. The administration of medicine, however, is seldom so easy in the case of the cat as in that of the dog.

Some cats are so gentle that the mouth can easily be opened by means of the index finger and thumb of the left hand acting as a wedge between the jaws. The palm of the hand rests on the top of the head, while the finger and thumb gently but firmly press the cheeks at the angle of the jaws inwards, until they intervene between the finger and thumb of the operator and the posterior teeth of the patient.

The jaws being thus kept open, and the head at the same time raised, the right hand of the operator drops the pill or powder at the back of the mouth between the tongue and palate. This having been accomplished, the right hand is passed under the lower jaw, so as to keep the head raised until the animal swallows, while the left hand is withdrawn from its previous position and the jaws allowed to close, thus facilitating the act of swallowing.

For the administration of liquid medicine it is not necessary to open the mouth. The operator grasps the head with his left hand, and taking the spoon in his right he slowly and carefully drops the liquid between the teeth, or into the space between the cheek and teeth, at the angle of the mouth. For the cat, a coffee-spoon is preferable to a tea-spoon, and care must be taken that too much is not poured into the mouth at once. The dose should be administered drop by drop, and time allowed for swallowing.

DISEASES OF THE STOMACH.

=Vomiting=, though a symptom common to many diseases, may be quite natural in some instances, such as over feeding or during the weaning period, when the mother cat eats a lot of animal food and then brings it home and vomits it up for her young kittens to feed upon.

The act consists of ejecting the contents of the stomach up through the gullet and then out of the mouth.

The causes of vomition are various: Worms travelling from the bowel into the stomach, emetics, expectorants, poisons, foreign bodies (as hair, cork, pins, etc.); bad or altered food, blood poisoning, distemper, gastritis, tumours, tuberculosis, jaundice, diseases of the kidneys, etc., may produce it.

It may also occur from parasites in the ear, foreign bodies in the mouth, and as a symptom of brain disease, such as meningitis.

Treatment.—This depends upon the cause, which should be removed if possible. When due to foreign bodies or altered food, an emetic (especially the hypodermic injection of ¹⁄₄₀ to ¹⁄₂₀ grain of apomorphine hydrochloride) would most likely remove the source of trouble. If the foreign body cannot be removed by simple means, an operation may be deemed necessary. If due to inflammation of the stomach, bismuth and aërated soda-water are of great value. Ice and cocaine or chloretone are occasionally useful when these have failed. Sometimes it is necessary to wash the stomach out with mild antiseptics. If of nervous origin, a hypodermic injection of ¹⁄₁₂ to ⅛ grain of morphine, or five-minim doses of tincture of opium or bromide of potassium, given by the mouth, may prove successful. When resulting from tumours or tuberculosis, humanity dictates that the lethal chamber should be called into requisition and the animal put out of its misery. Easily assimilable and non-irritating food only should be given for a few days. Aërated soda-water forms the best drinking fluid.

=Gastritis=, or inflammation of the stomach, is sometimes called gastric fever, and when of a mild type, gastric catarrh. Its causes are variable. It may be due to altered or decomposed food, distemper, microbes of various kinds, large doses of emetics or aperients, mineral poisons, chills, absorption of dressing applied to the skin, or licking the same off. It is also caused by worms, especially the broad-necked tapeworm (Tænia crassicollis), travelling into the stomach and setting up irritation. Again, diseases of the uterus, liver, kidneys, and other organs give rise to gastritis. It frequently rages as an epizöotic, causing considerable mortality in some catteries, especially after cat shows.

Symptoms.—The disease is ushered in by sudden vomiting of the food, followed by the repeated rejection of ropy mucus, and then, if the case is severe, this is succeeded by a thin, clear, greenish-yellow or bloody fluid; saliva flows from the mouth, the thirst is great, especially for cold water, which is generally expelled almost as soon as taken; there is a distressed appearance, restlessness, or a frequent shifting of the posture. As a rule, the animal prefers to lie on its belly full length, with its limbs resting on cold objects.

Pressure on the region of the stomach causes moaning and sometimes vomiting. After the lapse of some time, when a fatal termination is advancing, the eyes appear sunken, the pupils become dilated, the expression is sad, the animal becomes cold and indifferent to his surroundings, the mouth gives off an offensive odour, and the coat is dull, open, and lustreless. The animal dies either in a comatose state or from sudden failure of the heart during a fit of vomiting.

Treatment.—If recognised early, an emetic is sometimes very useful in cutting short the complaint. No food or ordinary water should be allowed until twenty-four to forty-eight hours have elapsed since the last vomiting; but a teaspoonful of Brand’s essence of beef jelly and two to four teaspoonfuls of aërated water should be given every four hours. Bismuth subnitrate or carbonate in five-grain doses may be shaken on the tongue an hour before these two latter are administered.

If this means of treatment should prove ineffectual after twenty-four hours, one may conclude that the disease is of a severe type, and in this case one to five minims of the liquid extract of opium in a little mucilage, or chloretone, ½ to 2½ grains, should be given every three hours. Feeding by means of rectal suppositories, or injection of an ounce of milk containing a little common salt, may be attempted. Finally, if this fail, washing out the stomach with borax or boracic acid, or chinosol and warm water, and a hypodermic injection of bullock’s or sheep’s serum might be tried. In gastric inflammation due to infection the hypodermic injection of quinine hydrochloride or trichloride of iodine will sometimes answer when everything else has failed. Cocaine and orthoform have no advantage over opiates, especially the denarcotised preparations, in soothing the stomach. Ice in small pieces pushed down the throat sometimes answers in assuaging the thirst when the soda-water does not. In the chronic form, doses of ⅛ to ½ grain of calomel or mercury with chalk given with bismuth three times a day are beneficial in many instances.

=Enteritis=, or inflammation of the intestines or bowels, frequently co-exists with gastritis, and then the disease takes on the term of gastro-enteritis. The causes, like those of gastritis, are various. It may be due to infection, bad food, drugs, foreign bodies, chills, distemper, intussusception or irritating enemas, etc. There also seems to be a special contagious type of this disease which frequently causes great mortality in catteries, especially with kittens. Generally the small intestine forms the seat of the disease, which may in rare cases, however, extend the whole length of the bowel, which is sometimes lined with a croupy or diphtheritic membrane.

The symptoms are restlessness, great pain, frequent crying or moaning, offensive and profuse and frequent diarrhœa, the dejections varying in colour and consistence and frequently containing blood, and sometimes vomiting, especially when the stomach is implicated; thirst is intense, food is refused, the animal is cold, haggard, and depressed; its fur is dull, open, and lustreless, and becomes soiled, giving off an abominable odour. When the abdomen is manipulated, the animal cries or moans from the pain caused. If the pupils are dilated and the expression has an anxious appearance, and emaciation is rapid, a fatal termination may be anticipated.

The treatment varies according to the cause. If the case is seen in the early stage a tea- to a dessert-spoonful of castor-oil containing 1 to 2½ minims of liquid extract of opium may be given at once, to clear out any irritating material from the bowels and also to allay pain and irritation; or morphine in ¹⁄₁₅ to ¹⁄₁₂ grain doses may be injected under the skin every four hours. Bismuth salicylate, in five-grain doses, should be dropped on the tongue about the same time. Starch enemas containing liquid extract of opium may also be administered. Boiled milk containing bicarbonate of soda should be given in small and repeated quantities.

Turpentine stupes frequently applied to the abdomen are recommended, but, where this is objected to, the floor of the abdomen may be painted with tincture of capsicum, or tincture of iodine, until soreness is produced, the hair being first clipped off.

In those cases of epizöotic nature, isolation is called for. The food and surroundings should be changed, and the catteries and utensils thoroughly cleansed and disinfected. In the chronic form a powder composed of bismuth salicylate 2 to 5 grains, and β-naphthol 1 to 2½ grains, should be shaken on the tongue three times a day. Milk and rice form the best diet.

=Diarrhœa=, like vomiting, is not a disease of itself, but an expression of many different affections. It may be salutary or otherwise. It may be due to aperients, irritating or indigestible food, microbes, diseases of the bowels, kidneys, and liver. It frequently results from distemper or gastro-enteritis, tuberculosis, intestinal catarrh, and from licking applications put on the skin in the treatment of skin affections. Sour milk, tainted milk or fish, and chills will also induce it. In kittens improper food, especially during hot weather, is a common cause.

The symptoms are a looseness of the dejections from the bowels, which are passed several times a day. The stools vary in colour according to the food taken by the animal, or according to the severity of the cause; they are generally of a very offensive odour, and may contain blood.

Treatment.—If the cause of the diarrhœa is due to irritating food, a dose of castor-oil will be beneficial. When due to catarrh of the bowels, the carbonate, subnitrate, or salicylate of bismuth, in five-grain doses, two or three times a day, is the most appropriate treatment. If it is associated with distemper or typhus, the bismuth salts mentioned above, or tannablin or tannigen, in 2½- to 5-grain doses, are suitable. For chronic diarrhœa, 2½ to 5 grains of salicylate of bismuth, with 1 to 5 grains of β-naphthol, given three times a day on the food, is generally followed by recovery.

Failing this, a mixture composed of dilute sulphuric acid, concentrated infusion of cloves, and concentrated infusion of hæmatoxylin should be tried.

When the diarrhœa is due to irritation of the so-called large or posterior bowel, injections containing starch, laudanum, and tannic acid should be used.

As long as the diarrhœa lasts, no meat or meat infusions should be given, but milk, rice-pudding, bread and milk, and such-like food are suitable.

=Constipation= is an impaction of fæces in the hind bowel, and is generally due to weakness of this portion of gut, or results from a cleanly animal having no place to evacuate its fæces in. Sometimes it is due to a ball of fur, and occasionally foreign bodies, such as cat’s-meat skewers, being swallowed along with the meat by a greedy animal. When due to paralysis of the bowel, which is occasionally seen in young cats, the abdomen becomes distended by the fæces in the bowel. It also occurs as a symptom of spinal paralysis. The non-passage of fæces seen in cats when not well and not taking solid food must not be confounded with constipation.

The symptoms, as a rule, are the non-passage of fæces for some time, distension of the abdomen, and impaction of the bowel with fæces which can be felt by manipulating the abdomen.

Treatment.—A dose of castor-oil and an enema of soapy water or glycerine will generally put matters right. If these means do not succeed, massage or kneading of the bowels, by grasping the abdomen with the hand and alternately compressing and relaxing the grasp, will assist to stimulate the intestines to force on their contents. Of course, this only applies when impaction is due to soft material and not hard foreign bodies, which, in this latter case, should be removed by the fingers or forceps. If any irritation of the mucous membrane, evidenced by frequent straining as if to pass fæces, remains after the bowels have been relieved, an enema of warm salad oil, containing a few drops of liquid extract of opium, will allay it, and prevent straining. In case of the bowel remaining weakened or paralysed so as to bring about a recurrence of the constipation, pills containing ¹⁄₁₆ grain of the alcoholic extract of nux vomica should be administered morning, noon, and night after food.

WORMS, OR INTERNAL ANIMAL PARASITES.

Cats, like all other animals, are liable to be infested with worms, which may not cause any disturbance, unless in great numbers or when another disease is in existence.

The =Common Round-worm= is very prevalent in young kittens, generally when they are living on milk, upon which these worms thrive.

Their natural residence in the cat is in the small intestine, but sometimes they wander from here into the stomach, and set up vomiting and occasionally convulsions.

Treatment.—The worms should be expelled and the animal fed on nutritious and stimulating food, such as raw fish, raw meat, and fresh birds. The milk, to which is added a pinch of salt, should be boiled. The best remedy to expel these worms is santonin given along with or followed by an aperient. The following is a convenient formula:—

Santonin 1 grain. Calomel ½ „

This powder is to be dropped on the back of the tongue of an adult cat after fasting twelve hours, every other morning, until four doses have been given. Half this quantity is suitable for a cat three or four months old, and a quarter for a kitten of a month to six weeks of age.

The commonest =Tapeworm= of the cat is the Tænia elliptica vel felis, with which fifty per cent. or more are affected. It is caused by fleas, lice, and mange-mites which have at some time or another infested the cat.

They do not seem to cause much harm, even when numbering hundreds. In one case that I encountered the cat was in the pink of condition, and yet I found 700 of these worms.

It is a delicate tapeworm with joints resembling a cucumber in outline. The ripe joints, which are often of a reddish tint, frequently become detached, and pass with the fæces, on which they are seen. They are generally termed by fanciers maw-worms.

Treatment.—The worms should be expelled, and fleas, lice, or mange-mites destroyed, so as to prevent a recurrence of the trouble.

Another tapeworm of the cat is the Tænia crassicollis, or broad-necked species. It is seen only in cats that kill and eat rats and mice, in the liver of which the larval form of this parasite resides.

It is a big, coarse tapeworm, measuring eighteen to thirty inches in length, and having no well defined neck.

Treatment.—For the expulsion of tapeworms there are many remedies, the best of which are areca nut, kamala, oil of male fern, pomegranate, and kousso, but as the dose of these in the crude is generally too bulky for the cat, it is advisable to give either of them, with the exception of the male fern, in their alkaloidal form, as:—

Koussein ½ to 2 grains. Kamalin ½ to 2 „ Arecoline ¼ to ½ grain. Pelletierine ¼ to ½ „

Any one of these may be given either in pill or tabloid form, or rubbed up with milk sugar, as a powder on an empty stomach after the animal has fasted at least twelve hours, and repeated every third or fourth morning. A dose of castor-oil or jalap should be given an hour after. The oil of male fern is best administered in a capsule. Powdered pumpkin seed may be sprinkled on the food.

DISEASES OF THE KIDNEYS.

Diseases of the kidneys, such as degeneration, fatty degeneration, parasitic disease, tuberculosis, cancer, acute and chronic Bright’s disease, and calculi are not rare, but, as the space at our command is limited, we only mention them.

=Incontinence=, or the involuntary passage of urine, is usually due to weakness of the bladder, brought about by over-distension. It sometimes results from injury to the spine and calculi.

The treatment that is best suited for this is the administration of ¹⁄₁₆ grain of the alcoholic extract of nux vomica and ½ grain of quinine in a pill three times a day. If there be irritability of the bladder, soda bicarbonate 2 grains and extract of henbane ⅛ grain in a pill should be given.

Retention of urine is generally caused by a calculus or chalky material blocking up the urethra or canal leading from the bladder, and preventing the exit of the fluid. If relief is not given to the bladder—that is, if the obstruction is not immediately removed—the urine decomposes and then sets up inflammation of the bladder, and death takes place from uræmic poisoning.

Symptoms.—The cat seems in pain, and makes ineffectual attempts to pass its urine; it strains to no purpose; it seems restless, getting up, lying down, rolling on its side, swishing its tail, looking towards its side, and crying. After a time the animal becomes drowsy and indifferent. If the abdomen is manipulated, the bladder will be felt to be distended, hard, and painful.

Treatment.—The only rational treatment is to remove the obstruction and pass the catheter immediately, a special silver catheter, half the size of the smallest human catheter, being required for this purpose. If the urine is bloody, it may be necessary to wash out the bladder with a warm solution of boracic acid and alkalis and sedatives, but no meat or meat extracts should be given.

DISEASES OF AIR PASSAGES AND LUNGS.

=A Common Cold=, or coryza, or acute nasal catarrh, or cold in the head, is caused by exposing the cat to the inclement weather, or washing it and not thoroughly drying afterwards. It may also be due to the irritating vapours of chloroform or ether used by inhalation to produce anæsthesia. Letting a cat out in the cold and wet after it has been used to a warm, dry dwelling sometimes results in a cold. It is not contagious, but is frequently mistaken for distemper.

Symptoms.—There is frequent sneezing, and sometimes a cough; a clear watery discharge trickles from the corner of the eyelids and nostrils. After a time this discharge becomes gluey, thick, and yellowish or greenish; the eyelids become partially closed, and the haw protrudes over the front of the eyeball; food is refused, or sparingly eaten; the fur is dull and open; warm or dark corners are sought for; the animal trembles and seems miserable. If the throat is sore, there is a cough; the breathing is wheezy, and a discharge may issue from the angles of the mouth. These symptoms generally pass away in a few days.

Treatment.—Where many cats are kept, an animal suffering from “a cold” should be isolated from the rest as soon as possible, as it is difficult to distinguish a simple case of “catarrh” from the early stage of a case of distemper. A warm place, well ventilated, but free from draughts, is essential.

Raw meat, scraped and given three times a day, is the best diet. Fish, milk, bread and milk, or rice-pudding should be offered.

A small pilule of half a grain of quinine sulphate should be dropped at the back of the mouth three times a day. The nostrils and eyelids should be sponged with a warm solution of boric acid, containing eight grains to the ounce of water, and afterwards smeared with a little white vaseline three times a day. Sanitas or turpentine should be sprinkled on the floor of the room. Great relief is often given by inhaling the fumes of eucalyptus oil dropped into a jug of boiling water.

=Chronic Nasal Catarrh=, sometimes called “feline glanders,” differs from the preceding complaint, inasmuch as it runs a longer and more persistent course; it may, however, follow on simple catarrh which has been neglected. Distemper is one of the commonest causes of it, but it is also seen after diphtheria. It may occur as a symptom of tuberculosis, foreign bodies in the nasal channels, malignant growths, such as sarcoma or cancer attacking the turbinated bones, diseased bone, or teeth, etc.

When neglected, it may last for months or even years, and is frequently incurable.

Symptoms.—There is a persistent gluey, odourless, or sometimes fœtid discharge either of a gelatinous or yellowish appearance, with or without streaks of blood from the nostrils, the outsides of which are sometimes ulcerated. The throat may be swollen; the appetite and general condition of the animal are often preserved. Sometimes there is an abscess in the inner corner of the eye.

Treatment.—In those cases that are due to malignant tumours or tuberculosis, and, in consequence, incurable, merciful destruction of the animal is called for. If due to foreign bodies—as fish-bones, pieces of grass, or food, or to diseased teeth—they should be removed.

Syringing the nostrils, so as to wash the diseased lining membrane of the nasal channels, with some mild antiseptic is the only means to insure success. The mode of procedure is this: A skilled assistant must firmly secure the animal between his hands—that is, he holds the limbs firmly—then the operator grasps the head with his left hand, taking care to keep the mouth shut by means of the thumb and index finger, and steadies it on the table; and with the right hand he carefully and gently passes the pipe of the syringe up one of the nasal channels and then presses out the fluid. When this is finished, the other nostril is served the same.

The following is a suitable formula for the solution to be injected:—

Alum 30 grains. Boric Acid 2 drachms. Liquid Extract of Hydrastis 2 „ Warm Water ½ pint.

This should be used every other day until some benefit is derived from it. If the disease is not amenable after a fortnight’s adoption of this treatment, the following should be substituted:—

Tincture of Iodine (B. P.) 10 minims. Glycerine 6 ounces. Warm Water 1 ounce.

Pills of iron, quinine, arsenic, and such-like, as well as plenty of flesh food along with cod-liver oil, should be given. Fresh air is invigorating, and a change to the seaside sometimes does miracles. Eucalyptus sprinkled about the cat’s box is useful, because it acts not only as an antiseptic, but as a stimulant to the mucous membrane of the nostrils.

=Bronchitis=, or inflammation of the bronchial or air tubes, may occur as a sequel to catarrh or during its course, and may also accompany distemper. It is also due to small worms in the tubes; washing followed by exposure to draughts; medicine, especially light powders, going down the windpipe, etc. It is frequently due to tuberculosis.

Symptoms.—There is a frequent cough, the breathing is wheezy, and sometimes quickened or difficult. The desire for warmth is great; there is shivering, and perhaps a discharge from the eyes and nose. On listening to the chest by means of the stethoscope, wheezing or hissing or bubbling sounds will be heard.

Treatment.—The animal should be kept in a constant temperature of 60° F., and have warm milk and beef administered to it. The throat and sides should be rubbed with oil of mustard. Inhalations of steam are useful when expectoration seems difficult. Kermes mineral (two grains) and powdered squill (one grain) should be given.

=Pneumonia=, or inflammation of the substance of the lungs, may be due to various causes, such as exposure to cold, chills after washing, medicines passing down the windpipe, foreign bodies, blood-poisoning, small worms, and principally distemper or tuberculosis. It may be associated with pleurisy or bronchitis, and is then termed pleuropneumonia or bronchopneumonia respectively; and also sometimes with a purulent collection or tuberculosis, and then it receives the names septic pneumonia or tubercular pneumonia, or phthisis.

Symptoms.—At first there is intense shivering, a great desire for warmth, loss of appetite, dull appearance, dull cough, sickness, difficulty of breathing, which after some days becomes laboured or panting. On auscultation of the chest the characteristic sounds may be heard. At first fine crepitations, then a day or two after the tubular or blowing sounds, and when convalescence sets in the fine crackling or crepitating sounds are heard again. The cough becomes more frequent and the appetite increases. On the other hand, if there be no improvement, the coat becomes dull and open, the eyes sunken, and the pupils dilated; the flanks move up and down like a pump-handle, and the breath becomes fœtid; food is totally refused, and diarrhœa sets in, a fatal termination is to be anticipated.

Treatment.—The animal should be kept in a temperature of 60° F., and fresh air, but no draughts, allowed. The sides are to be rubbed with oil of mustard, or painted with tincture of iodine, or an ointment composed of one part of tartar emetic to eight of lard. Quinine sulphate, ½ grain; alcoholic extract of nux vomica, ¹⁄₁₆ grain; and extract of digitalis, ⅛ grain, in a pill, may be administered every four hours, and nourishing food given. In the case of tubercular pneumonia, which is generally chronic, the animal should be destroyed.

=Pleurisy=, or inflammation of the covering of the lungs or internal lining of the chest cavity, in the cat as well as in the dog, is chiefly due to tuberculosis. It may, however, result from pneumonia, abscess in the lung, cancer, parasites, injuries, foreign bodies, gunshot wounds, cold, etc. It is generally accompanied with a dirty sanious, or clear amber-tinted, or port-wine-coloured fluid, sometimes containing yellowish white strings of lymph floating in it in the chest cavity. One or both sides may be affected. It is usually fatal.

Symptoms.—The cat has an anxious, painful facial expression, and moans, or rather grunts, and sometimes attempts to bite when the chest is touched or made to move; the abdomen is retracted, and the breathing, which is short and jerky, seems to be performed by the flanks. There is a slight or suppressed cough, but this is often absent. The animal wastes away, the coat becomes dull and open and lustreless, and the hairs are easily pulled out. The creature hides under the furniture and refuses its food, and when a fatal termination is at hand, the flanks move up and down like a pump-handle, the breathing becomes difficult and suffocative, the mouth, which is offensive, being opened at every inspiratory and expiratory effort; the tongue becomes purplish, the elbows turn out, the cat assumes a squatting position on all fours, and a fœtid diarrhœa sets in.

Treatment.—Although generally fatal, treatment may be desired to be attempted. The chest should be painted with tincture of iodine or oil of mustard; if there be much pain, a hypodermic injection of morphine will prove useful, and a pill composed of ¼ grain powdered digitalis leaves, ½ grain sulphate of quinine, and 1 grain of iodide of potassium, administered three times a day. When the breathing becomes difficult in consequence of the accumulation of fluid in the chest cavity, it may be deemed advisable to draw the fluid off by means of a trocar. Nourishing liquid food, such as milk, Mosquera’s beef jelly, or eggs, should be given, little and often.

DISTEMPER.

Distemper is a contagious, inoculable fever, due to a specific microbe (the cocco-bacillus, or pasteurella of Lignières), and is similar, if not identical, to that causing distemper in the dog. Krajewsky, Laosson, Lignières, and others have experimentally demonstrated its identity, but I have never observed the cat naturally giving the dog distemper, nor vice versâ, and I believe this is the experience of most veterinary surgeons in this country.

The microbe of distemper—which belongs to the same class of micro-organisms, the pasteurella, that causes influenza in the horse, fowl cholera, swine-fever, guineapig distemper, etc.—is generally found in the blood, which it alters to such a degree as to make so profound an impression on the system as to diminish its natural resistance to the ordinary germs, which become, in consequence, increased in virulence, and cause the various phenomena by which we know the disease. It is difficult to detect in the body after about a week.

The disease varies in severity according to the degree of virulence of the microbe. If this is very virulent, it causes a very acute or septic disease, as is observed in the typhus or gastro-enteric outbreak, which kills off a large number of animals within a few days or even hours. If it is of a milder strength, we get the subacute form with localisations, such as we usually see in distemper. There is also a chronic form, which lasts a long time, and which tries the patience of the owner as well as the vitality of the sufferer. Finally, a chronic wasting or cachectic form is sometimes observed; it resembles the “going light” in birds and other animals, and may be mistaken for starvation, which it simulates very much.

The microbe may exist in a healthy cat’s body for weeks without causing it any disturbance until, perhaps, the animal catches cold, or is depressed in some other manner. However, an apparently healthy animal with this microbe in it may be infective for other cats.

Period of Incubation.—This varies according to the degree of virulence of the microbe and the state of the cat’s system and the surroundings in which it is kept. A very virulent infection has a much shorter period of incubation than a mild infection. Whereas the former may cause distemper in from two to five days, the latter takes from one to three weeks. It seems doubtful whether the specific microbe causes the symptoms we usually see in distemper, or if these are due to a secondary infection resulting from the invasion of the normal microbes of the body, which have become virulent, and prey upon their hosts.

Duration of the Disease.—This, like the period of incubation, varies also according to the degree of virulence of the virus. A very virulent virus kills in a few days or even hours, or the animal recovers very quickly. It is not so with a virus of a milder degree of virulence, which may cause symptoms that take from one to five or six weeks to disappear, if the animal recover. In other cases the disease shows itself in so mild a form that it appears like an ordinary catarrh, and recovery is established within a few days.

In a few instances death takes place suddenly before any premonitory symptoms have had time to develop.

The principal sources of propagation of the infection are cat shows, catteries (especially those belonging to people who exhibit), homes for lost and stray cats, and institutions that take in these animals as boarders. The cat dealer’s shop is not free from blame—many newly purchased kittens develop distemper a few days after purchase, contracted, no doubt, at the dealer’s. Many cases have been traced to the cattery where the female has been sent to stud. Hampers, cages, and persons coming from infected catteries are so many media of contagion. Even if a cat has apparently recovered from the disease, it may still give off infection and contaminate other cats for a variable but uncertain period.

Although the disease may be seen at all times of the year, it is most prevalent during spring and autumn, especially if the weather is changeable and wet.

Moisture of the atmosphere favours the increase of distemper. Wet, following very dry weather, continuous dampness and rain, all predispose an animal to the disease. Where catteries or homes for lost and strays are continuously being washed out and not properly dried, especially in damp weather, before the cats are allowed into the rooms, distemper is very prevalent.

Where too many cats are crowded into a given space, especially if the place is badly lighted and not very well ventilated, this is favourable for the contamination of the inmates.

The mortality varies according to the breed of the animal, its surroundings, and the degree of virulence of the infection. Seasons and periods have also some bearing on it. Commonbred cats allowed to roam out in the open at their will are more likely to recover from the disease, but if confined to cages or in catteries, or in the house, the mortality is quite twenty-five per cent. The long-haired cats are less resistant against it, and as many as fifty percent. die. In the Siamese breed of cats, the fatality is as high as ninety out of every hundred. The younger the animals, the greater the deathrate; yet, on the other hand, if old animals are very fat or anæmic from want of fresh air and exercise, the mortality is just as high.

Many cats are resistant at one time against the infection, others have it in a mild form, and yet others have it severely; but this does not always prevent them from having it again at some future period. My experience is that a cat may frequently have a recurrence of distemper at least two or three times, and then succumb to it.

One season it may appear as a contagious catarrh, another season as an infectious sore throat, and at other times as a bronchitis or pneumonia, and, lastly, as a contagious gastritis or gastro-enteritis. Frequently all these forms may co-exist in a single outbreak, and often a single animal exhibits the whole of these manifestations. For the convenience of description of the symptoms of this multiform malady we divide it into five principal forms, as follow:—

1. The Catarrhal, attacking chiefly the eyes and nostrils.

2. The Pharyngeal or Tonsillar, affecting the region of the throat.

3. The Pulmonary or Chest form.

4. The Abdominal or Gastro-enteric.

5. The Cachectic or Wasting.

The Catarrhal form of distemper is that which is generally seen in the cat, and is the least fatal of any. The first symptoms noticed are a watery discharge from one and sometimes both eyes, the lids of which may be partially or completely closed, so as to hide the front of the eye, and a frequent licking of the upper lip and nose as if they were parched and burning. After a day or so the inner lining of the eyelids may be very much reddened, swollen, and giving rise to a yellow-white or greenish-white thick discharge, which adheres to the lids and seals them together. There may also be shivering fits, a dull open coat, and a great desire for warmth (this being so intense in some cases that the animal frequently gets under the grate when a fire is in it). There is sneezing, followed by a snuffling kind of breathing; the nostrils discharge a thick, ropy, whitish or greenish matter, which clings to their openings, and very often closes them up. When the pharynx or larynx is the seat of catarrh there are frequent fits of coughing. The appetite is diminished or absent, but thirst is, as a rule, great. There may also be seen at times vomiting, diarrhœa, or constipation. Emaciation is gradual and slight, or rapid and great, varying according to the severity of the symptoms.

The breathing is not much altered in the majority of cases, but in a few instances it becomes frequent. The temperature rises a few degrees, but this is variable, and it is sometimes normal. The body and limbs feel cold to the touch, and sometimes give off an offensive odour. The tongue, lips, hard and soft palates, and gums (especially around the teeth) are occasionally ulcerated. Now and again the eyes become the seat of ulceration, which on rare occasions becomes perforated; at other times they become affected with a severe inflammation, which extends to the whole eyeball and destroys this organ. There is at times dulness or drowsiness, and the animal seeks dark corners or gets under the furniture. Many cats from sheer nervousness, especially in strange places, avoid the fire and seek obscure or lofty positions. Recovery generally takes place within a fortnight or three weeks, but death may take place within twenty-four to forty-eight hours from the commencement of the attack.

The Pharyngeal, Tonsillar, or Throat form is the most deadly manifestation of distemper. The first symptom to attract attention is the drivelling of clear, ropy albuminous saliva from the corners of the mouth. The animal crouches upon all four of its limbs; there is a frequent gulping movement, and a sound is emitted from the throat as if there was an attempt to swallow the thick ropy saliva which clings about the mouth and pharynx; the swallowing seems difficult or impossible; food is refused, but thirst is constant, although the animal seems incapable of swallowing; there is a great dulness or depression, and the cat appears indifferent to its surroundings.

On examination of the outside of the throat it is found swollen and painful, the glands are enlarged, and there appears to be a gurgling noise at each inspiration and expiration. On inspection of the mouth and back of the throat, the tongue and pharynx are found to be covered with a thick, ropy, bubbling saliva, the mucous membrane is swollen and congested, and the soft palate is of a pinkish or even dark reddish arborescent appearance, due to the congested state of the small blood-vessels. Sometimes ulcers appear on the hard and soft palates. After a day or so the depression increases, there is a discharge from the eyes and nostrils, which appears at first as a clear viscid fluid, and afterwards becomes yellowish or dirty green in colour, and, if the animal lives long enough, ultimately bloody, in consequence of it irritating the mucous membranes and surrounding skin of the eyes and nose. There may also be a catarrhal or purulent fœtid discharge from one or both ears, but this is quite exceptional, and is mostly seen in cases having a fatal termination.

If the prostration is very great, and there is rapid loss of weight and condition, and the discharge from the mouth, nostrils, and eyes becomes fœtid, coupled with total loss of appetite, and no abatement of the other symptoms, a fatal termination is to be anticipated. Late in the complaint the pharyngeal mucus may become of a dirty colour or sanious; purple spots appear on the tongue, gums, and lips, and there is a moan or cry emitted at each respiratory effort; convulsive movements of the muscles of the temples, shoulders, and thighs set in, and death takes place from intoxication. The temperature rises at first, but when a fatal termination is to be anticipated it falls below the normal.

The Pulmonary or Chest form, although not so frequently seen in the cat as in the dog, may appear from the outset as a distinct localisation, or follow or intervene during an attack of the other forms as a complication. It may or may not be ushered in by shivering fits; the coat becomes dull and open, there is sneezing or coughing, or both; tears run from the eyes, and mucus issues from the nostrils, and there is a great desire for warmth. The temperature is elevated, and varies from 102.5° to 106°, but rarely running a typical course. The cough, when present, is frequent and rattling or harsh, and sometimes dull. On listening to the chest wheezing, rattling, or blowing, or rubbing, or splashing sounds may be heard. Emaciation is either gradual or rapid, thirst is generally great, but the appetite is diminished or absent.

The breathing is either quickened or the inspiratory and expiratory efforts may be prolonged and accompanied or not with a moan or grunt, which is sometimes associated with fluid in the chest cavity, which is known by the pumping or lifting action of the flanks, this effusion in one or both of the pleural sacs being either of a clear greenish or amber-tinted or bloody or dirty yellowish appearance, and sometimes of a fœtid odour. Besides pleurisy, which is only occasionally encountered, there may be pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, or bronchitis, according to the structure of lung involved in this form of distemper. (For a description of these localisations or complications, see under their respective headings.)

The lesions of the lungs may be slight, and yet the symptoms may be severe; on the contrary, the lesions may be extensive, and the resulting symptoms comparatively slight. If the fever remains high, the appetite abolished, the pupils dilated, the breathing plaintive and very rapid, and prostration great, death soon takes place from failure of the heart due to intoxication. In many cases, though, the fever is not intense, and yet death supervenes.

The Abdominal, Gastric, or Gastro-enteric form of distemper is oftener seen than either the pharyngeal or pulmonary form, and may occur as a very acute and rapidly fatal manifestation, or as a chronic disease. It frequently accompanies the other forms. In acute cases there is sudden vomiting of food, quickly followed by a frequently repeated ejection of thick, slimy, and frothy mucus, and ultimately by a thin, watery, serous fluid, which is of an olive-green or yellowish appearance. The thirst is intense, and no sooner is water sipped than it is expelled. There is frequent diarrhœa; the stools at first seem fluid, then become watery, sometimes bloody, and very fœtid. The appetite is suppressed, and the animal becomes cold and indifferent to its surroundings, the facial expression is pinched, the eyes are semi-closed; the coat is dull and open, and on pressure over the region of the stomach pain is evinced by a moan or cry, and death usually takes place in a few hours. There is not as a rule any discharge from the eyes and nostrils.

In the subacute cases, beyond a slight catarrhal discharge from the eyes and nostrils, there may be either vomiting or diarrhœa—often both—and at other instances vomiting and constipation. When the bowels are the principal seat of the disease, vomiting is rare, but diarrhœa is generally persistent. Thirst is great, and food is refused or taken sparingly. The animal is dull, cries if moved or if the abdomen is manipulated; emaciation is rapid, and the animal dies in a state of exhaustion.

In the chronic cases there may or may not be any catarrhal symptoms, but there is a chronic and persistent diarrhœa, and sometimes vomiting. The appetite is capricious or sometimes ravenous, thirst moderate, and emaciation gradual, and liquid fæces may be expelled on the least effort, as by coughing; the fur or pelage around the tail becomes soiled, and, in consequence, the animal gives off an offensive odour.

In some instances the breath becomes fœtid; the teeth, gums, tongue, and lips are covered with a dirty brown or greenish slimy material; and frequently the gum around the neck of the teeth is spongy, and bleeds on the slightest touch. Occasionally the bone into which the teeth are inserted becomes exposed, ulcerated, or necrosed. Ulcers are at times seen on the lips and tongue.

The Chronic Cachectic or Wasting form is sometimes encountered as a chronic wasting malady, not showing many symptoms beyond gradual emaciation, great weakness, intense thirst, ravenous or capricious appetite, and occasionally diarrhœa. At other times the animal goes off its appetite, sits about in a mopish manner, has a staring and dull coat, the mucous membranes are pallid, the haw protruding over the front of the inner portion of the eyeballs, and becomes light in weight.

It very occasionally happens in these wasting cases that the skin becomes the seat of parasitic mange, and, in consequence, gives off an offensive mousy or mouldy odour. If treatment is not skilfully and early adopted, death takes place, and on post-mortem examination the remains simulate those of an animal having died from starvation. It may follow on the other forms of manifestation.

Skin eruptions are rarely noticed in distemper of the cat, but sometimes one sees on kittens a scabby eruption resembling ecthyma, the discharge of which mats the hairs in these young creatures. Female cats, when pregnant, frequently abort—in fact, nearly every cat in this condition in a cattery affected with distemper will miscarry, making it appear as if it were a special contagious disease.

The ears occasionally become the seat of acute catarrh or ulceration, and give rise to an offensive discharge. This complication is mostly associated with the pharyngeal form.

The cornea of the eye is sometimes the seat of ulceration, which generally disappears as the animal recovers. The whole eyeball occasionally partakes of inflammation, which destroys it.

When the eyes of young kittens become the seat of catarrh, the eye is generally destroyed, and consequently the sight is lost. The nervous type, showing itself as excitement, convulsions, chorea, meningitis, or paralysis, although seen, is somewhat rare in this creature.

Death may occur either suddenly from convulsions, or rapidly from intoxication, or slowly from exhaustion.

When due to intoxication, clonic, convulsive, or twitching movements of the muscles of the temples, shoulders, and hind limbs precede, and are even seen shortly after, death. Frequently death takes place without any symptoms of the disease having been noticed. In this case it appears to be due to the rapidity of the formation of the toxin or poison of the microbe, which causes intense shock to the system.

Diagnosis.—In many instances this disease is mistaken for a simple catarrh, diarrhœa, or sore throat—a mistake unfortunate where other cats are concerned. It is true that the first stage of distemper frequently resembles either of these simple complaints, which are not contagious, and generally only affect one out of several animals kept together, and run their course in a few days; whereas in distemper the disease usually runs a prolonged course, is very prostrating, and in many instances fatal, and, beyond all, contagious. On the other hand, it may resemble diphtheria, which is contagious, but has false membranes on the soft palate, pharynx, larynx, and tonsils, which are absent in distemper.

Prognosis.—Distemper is a most treacherous disease, and one of which even an expert cannot foretell the result. Many instances occur in which an animal appears to be on the right road towards recovery, when a relapse suddenly sets in and carries off the poor creature. If the appetite is moderate, the emaciation not rapid or great, the diarrhœa not intense or too frequent, and no complications set in after the end of the first week, recovery may be anticipated. On the other hand, if the weakness be progressive and prolonged, emaciation rapid and great, an offensive odour is given off from the body, eyes sunken in their orbits, pupils dilated, and the facial expression is haggard, death is to be expected. Again, relapses (which are commonly encountered), early youth, obesity, complications, the breed of the animal (such as Siamese and long-haired varieties, especially light-coloured animals), are generally unfavourable towards a certain recovery.

Chronic nasal catarrh, chronic pneumonia or phthisis, and persistent diarrhœa may also give trouble after the distemper has run its ordinary course, and will have to be reckoned with.

Treatment.—An old maxim is, “Prevention is better than cure,” and ought to be carried out as far as possible by isolating all those animals that have been in contact with the infection.

Animals coming from homes for lost and stray cats, cat shows, dealers in cats, should be kept apart from those in the cattery for at least a fortnight, to see if they develop the complaint. The place of isolation should have no communication with the building or house in which the majority of healthy cats are kept. The baskets, cages, clothing, etc., should be thoroughly washed and disinfected before they are used again for sound cats. It ought not to be forgotten that persons who have been in contact with sick animals may carry the infection on their hands or clothes.

When distemper has declared itself in a cattery and the inmates have recovered, the place should be thoroughly scrubbed, disinfected, and afterwards lime-washed or repainted. Boiling water and soda, used with the aid of a scrubbing-brush, is much more reliable to remove infection than many of the so-called disinfectants, which frequently do not destroy the virus, but often injure the cats. After the habitation has been scrupulously cleansed, it may be well to disinfect it with chlorinated lime (1 lb. to the gallon of cold water), which should be brushed all over the floor, walls, partitions, etc. Baskets, hampers, etc., should be served likewise. Metal and earthenware utensils may be boiled in strong soda-water.

Before any cats are again put into the place, the doors and windows should be opened for at least a week, and fresh air and daylight admitted, as they are the best destructors of micro-organisms.

Where valuable cats are kept and the risk of distemper is great, it would be advisable for the owner to have the cats immunised, or rendered proof against the disease, by means of the Pasteurian system of vaccination with the attenuated microbe of distemper, as introduced into practice by Professor Lignières and Dr. Phisalix. Several degrees of strength of the vaccine are used. The animal is at first vaccinated or inoculated with a mild degree of virus, and afterwards with vaccine of gradually increased virulence, so that the most virulent virus (which would quickly kill, or cause the disease in a severe form in an animal not previously inoculated with the milder vaccines) would not produce any disturbance in the vaccinated creature.

Medical or Curative Treatment.—The sick animal should be kept in a well-lighted and well ventilated but not draughty room, which ought to be dry, and kept at a temperature of about 60°. The floor should be covered with a thick layer of fresh pine sawdust, heaps of which should be placed in tins, boxes, or old coal-scuttles for the convenience of the animals.

If the cat is seen in the first stage of the disease, an emetic of ¼ to ½ grain of tartar emetic in a teaspoonful of warm water may be given to clear out the stomach and bronchial tubes. In place of this drug, ¹⁄₃₀ to ¹⁄₂₀ grain of hydrochloride of apomorphine in tabloid form may be injected under the skin. After the emetic has passed off, easily digested and nourishing food, such as milk, should be offered, and, if refused, forced upon the animal. When the appetite is fairly good, ⅛ to ¼ grain of calomel may be given twice a day, but must be stopped as soon as it causes vomiting or intense diarrhœa.

When the appetite is bad, quinine sulphate (½ grain) given three times a day for a lengthened period may be useful in remedying it.

The eyes and nostrils should be bathed three times a day with the following lotion:

Chinosol 3½ grains, Rose-water 8 ounces;

and then smeared with an ointment composed of—

Boracic Acid ½ drachm, Cold Cream 4 drachms.

When the throat is very much inflamed, it should be painted on the outside, after all the hair is clipped off from ear to ear, with tincture of iodine or the ætherial tincture of capsicum, three times a day, until soreness is produced. As it is a difficult job to paint the inside of the cat’s throat, the following powder dropped on the tongue will act in a similar manner:—

Quinine sulphate ½ grain, Borax 2½ grains. To be given morning, noon, and night.

If there is either pleurisy or pneumonia, or both combined, the hair should be cut off over the ribs, and the skin painted with a solution of tartar emetic (composed of 1 drachm of the drug to an ounce of spirit), and then wrapped up with a binder, under which a layer of cotton-wool is placed.

In case there is repeated vomiting, a powder composed of—

Bismuth carbonate 5 grains, Cocaine hydrochloride ⅛ grain,

should be shaken on the tongue every four hours until twenty-four hours have elapsed since the last vomiting took place. If there should be a persistent and profuse diarrhœa, it must be moderated, but not suppressed, by means of 2½ grains of tannigen given morning, noon, and night. When there are any convulsions or much pain, ⅙ to ¼ grain of extract of opium in pill should be administered morning and night.

Light and easily digested food—such as peptonised milk, Mosquera’s beef jelly, Benger’s peptonised food, etc.—should be given in small and repeated quantities during the earlier or active stages of the disease. Later on, in the convalescent stage, scraped raw beef, boiled fish, rice-pudding, etc., may be offered.

Parrish’s chemical food and cod-liver oil, given by some cat-owners during the acute stage of distemper when there is no appetite, are harmful and cruel remedies.

DISEASES OF THE EAR.

The external ear in the cat is short, upright, triangular, pointed, and opens in front. Its apex in some cats—especially Persians—has a tuft of hair growing from the inside. In the outer margin the ear doubles on itself, forming a pouch, in which lumps of dirt, ear-mites, etc., frequently accumulate.

A =Serous Cyst=, or abscess, forms between the skin and cartilage of the inside, and sometimes also of the outside, of the ear or ears.

The ear is swollen, feels tense, has a bluish or reddish tint, but is not very painful. The contents of this swelling are a thin, reddish fluid and a blood clot, which separate the skin from the cartilage and its covering.

It is always associated with ear-mites, and generally results in the ear shrinking and becoming drawn down, which, when both ears are affected, give the animal a peculiar appearance, resembling some wild variety of the cat tribe that usually carries these organs in a semi-pendulous manner.

Treatment.—It can be prevented by keeping the cat’s ears clean and free from ear-mites. When it is present, the cyst should be freely opened (which can be done painlessly by previously injecting a few drops of a 4 per cent. solution of cocaine), the blood clot carefully removed, and the inner surface of the cavity washed out with a 5 per cent. solution of chinosol. The ear must be gently pulled every day to prevent shrinking, and, consequently, deformity.

=True Canker= is an inflammation of the deeper part of the cavity of the ear, accompanied with a chronic fœtid, whitish, cheesy, or gluey discharge, and sometimes ulceration, and, rarely, warty-looking growths. It usually runs a long course, unless skilfully treated, and is liable to recur.

Treatment.—The ear should be carefully washed out with tincture of calendula, and then well dried with cotton-wool, and afterwards have finely sifted boracic powder blown down the cavity. This treatment should be carried out at least every other day until recovery takes place.

Quite 90 per cent. of long-haired varieties and cross-breeds suffer from =Parasitic Canker=. It is seen in kittens a month old, as well as in aged cats, and is conveyable to the dog. The ferret also is liable to it.

It is due to the ear-mite called Symbiotes auricularum, which was first found in the ear of the dog by Professor Hering, of Stuttgart, in 1834, and in the cat by Huber, of Memingen, in 1860.

It resembles the mange and cheese mites in general characters, and is only with difficulty seen with the naked eye. When viewed in strong sunlight, it appears as a small whitish or cinnamon-coloured woolly speck, resembling a grain of meal or flour crawling about on the brownish dirt in the ears. These mites nearly always collect together in large colonies.

There is frequent scratching of the ears with the hind limb. The cat suddenly stops, sits down, inclines its head to one side, and scratches away as if it gave it great pleasure to do so. In some cases, however, it becomes quite frantic, and swears. Frequently there is an abrasion of the skin behind the ears due to this scratching, and occasionally the flap of the ear becomes the seat of a serous abscess, which I have described.

When the mite wanders over the drum of the ear, especially in warm weather, some cats are seized with convulsions, others become delirious, and many reel about as if intoxicated.

Treatment.—The ears should be washed out with warm soap and water, and then well dried with cotton-wool, and afterwards have a liniment composed of oil of stavesacre (2 drachms) and almond oil (6 drachms), mixed together, and poured in every day until all signs of irritation have passed away, care being taken to wipe off the superfluous dressing from the ears after each dressing.

DISEASES OF THE EYE.

In certain respects the eye of the cat differs from that of the other domesticated animals. It resembles the eye of the dog in its shape, which is somewhat rounded and globular. The membrana nictitans, haw, or third eyelid, is not so well developed as in some other animals, as the cat is able to protect the eye with the paw to a considerable extent. The tapetum lucidum is of a brilliant metallic golden yellow or greenish (in Siamese and albino cats pinkish colour), and is so well developed that it probably enables the animal to see better at night, by reflecting the rays of light a second time through the retina.

It is also the cause of the well-known glare of the cat’s eyes in the dark.

The iris, or curtain, is yellowish-green, orange, or golden in most cats; sometimes it is amber-coloured, and in other cases golden, with a tinge of metallic green around the pupillary circumference. Some cats, especially white cats, have the iris of one of the eyes of a bluish white appearance, and the other a golden, amber, or greenish golden colour.

The Siamese cat and many white cats have pale blue or bluish eyes. The shade of the iris generally varies with the colour of the cat’s fur, and is taken into consideration in the judging of points at shows.

The pupil, or opening in the centre of the iris, when widely dilated, is circular in shape, but when contracted it becomes vertically elliptical, and may become so narrow as to appear as a mere thin perpendicular slit.

The optic disc, or entrance of the optic nerve before it expands in the cavity of the eyeball to form the retina, is small, round, and cupped, and of a clear grey colour, and the veins in it can be distinguished from the arteries which radiate from the optic disc. The choroidal vessels are rarely seen, but in the Siamese cat they are seen in the red peripheral zone.

Kittens, like puppies, are, as a rule, born with the eyelids closed, and this condition lasts usually from nine to twelve days, when the membrane joining the two lids together wastes and finally gives way. Sometimes, however, the eyelids do not become separated, or only become so at one part, so that surgical intervention may be necessary to separate the partially or completely closed lids.

I have, on several occasions, seen kittens born with their eyes open, but have not been able to satisfy myself if the condition was due to any prolongation of the period of uterogestation.

The eyelids are sometimes the seat of =ringworm=, =mange=, =follicular scabies=, or =eczema=, and as these affections are usually present in other parts of the body, they can easily be diagnosed by means of the naked eye or the microscope. The best remedy for any of these diseases, when situated on the eyelids, is:—

Yellow oxide of mercury 4 grains. White vaseline 1 ounce.

These ingredients are to be well mixed by a competent chemist, and a small piece, about the size of a pea, is to be well rubbed on the affected part or parts every morning. Care must be taken that no superfluous ointment is left on the hairs, as most cats will rub it off with their paws, which they will immediately lick, and so may become poisoned.

The eyelids occasionally become turned inwards, so that the hairs covering it rub on the glassy portion of the eyeball, and frequently set up irritation, inflammation, and opacity, and a copious discharge of tears. This is termed =entropium=, and requires an operation. When the eyelid is turned outwards from the eyeball, the condition takes the name of ectropium, which rarely calls for any interference, as it does not injure the animal, even if it is unsightly. A very rare anomaly of the eyelid in the cat is when the hairs of it take an unusual direction, and rub on the glassy portion of the eyeball, and, like entropium, set up irritation, inflammation, and smokiness of it. This is termed trichiasis, and requires an operation to remedy it.

The eyelids are also subject to =wounds=, =bruises=, =abscesses=, =warts=, and =Meibomian cysts=, which do not call for special attention. The third eyelid, haw, or membrana nictitans—though, as before stated, it is not so well developed in the cat as in some other animals—is liable, in debilitating diseases, such as distemper, anæmia, etc., to protrude persistently over the inner part of the front of the eyeball. It will, however, resume its normal position as the cat regains strength, and should, therefore, on no account be removed. It frequently becomes inflamed during distemper, catarrh, or ophthalmia, or from injuries, but should not in these cases be removed, as if it were a foreign body or new growth; a simple soothing, antiseptic lotion will put it right as the original disease abates and strength is regained.

Frequently in the cat, as in the dog, just below the inner angle of the eye socket an abscess forms. This is due to pus in the cavity of the jaw bones, called also the antrum of highmore, above the teeth, and is generally caused by some disturbance or disease of the tooth. When the tooth immediately below the abscess is removed, and the abscess cavity is washed out with some astringent, recovery usually takes place. It should, however, be borne in mind that the teeth below the eye are frequently diseased, and no abscess is caused by them.

A =fistula= may form immediately below the inner angle of the eyelids. It results from an abscess which opens, and then heals up, to break out again. This process goes on until a permanent opening or fistula remains, from which a discharge of matter issues. This is connected with some disturbance, or even disease, of the tooth or teeth immediately below it. When the tooth or teeth are removed, and the opening occasionally well washed out with some astringent, it heals up, and no further trouble is seen. However, it is sometimes due to tuberculosis, and the mere removal of teeth does not do away with the fistula. It is mostly mistaken for a lachrymal fistula.

Sometimes the conjunctiva, or the pinkish membrane lining the inner surface of the eyelids and the front of the eyeball, becomes the seat of disease.

A non-inflammatory swelling of it is seen, due to an infiltration of serum. This is called chemosis. It has the appearance of a palish pink swelling all round the eye, which seems sunken in the orbit but does not seem inflamed or painful. It may quickly disappear on dropping a few minims of a 4 per cent. solution of cocaine hydrochloride into the eye. It is liable to recur at some future time.

=Conjunctivitis=, or inflammation of the membrane covering the inner lining of the eyes and the front of the eyeball, is also termed external or simple ophthalmia. It is frequently seen in the cat during distemper, diphtheria, catarrh, or from an injury to, or presence of a foreign body in, the eye.

The animal evidently dreads the light, as the eyelids are partially closed, and the haw is drawn a little way over the front of the eyeball. Tears run down the face, and, if the eyelids are separated, and the internal lining thus exposed, it will be found that it is swollen and reddened from the distension of the small blood-vessels. After a day or two, the discharge alters in character, and instead of being watery, as before, appears as yellowish white thick matter, flowing from or sticking to the inner corner of the eye. The lining membrane may become so swollen that it laps over the lids, and the eyeball seems to have sunk into its orbit.

Sometimes it is associated with the presence on the conjunctiva of small, round, pinkish bodies, the size of a pin’s head, which completely disappear as the affection passes off, leaving the mucous membrane as they found it. Frequently, there are reddish-yellow granulations or greyish-white, semi-transparent, or glistening bodies, of the size of a rape-seed or less, scattered over the conjunctival membrane, or protruding from it.

To these two latter varieties of conjunctivitis the terms of follicular and granular are respectively applied. They both seem contagious.

Treatment.—If the catarrh of the eyes is due to a foreign body, it must be removed. The cat should be kept in a dark, warm place, free from draughts and away from the fire, and the eye bathed with a warm lotion composed of the following ingredients:—

Boracic acid 8 grains. Cocaine hydrochloride 8 „ Rose-water 1 ounce.

If there are any granules on the conjunctiva, the lining membrane of the lids should be everted, after the eye has been cocainised, and painted with a 10 per cent. solution of nitrate of silver or rubbed with a stick of copper sulphate, care being taken that the superfluous material is afterwards washed off with warm water.

The =Purulent Ophthalmia of the New-born= is seen in young kittens as soon as their eyes are opened, or even before, and is a very serious complaint, as it generally attacks the eyeball, which it destroys, and consequently the sight is lost. This disease seems contagious.

There is a bulging of the eyelids, which are glued together. When these are separated, a thick, yellowish matter flows out, the eyes are ulcerated and perforated, the inner surfaces of the eyelids are inflamed, and soon after the contents of the eye protrude as a fleshy mass.

Treatment.—If the eyes are destroyed, the animal should be put into the lethal chamber at once. On the other hand, if there is no ulceration of the eyeball, the eyelids should be separated and the eyes and under-surface of the eyelids constantly irrigated for a quarter of an hour at a time with a warm solution of chinosol. The eyelids must not be allowed to become sealed up, else matter will collect and press on the delicate eyeballs and destroy them. It may be advisable to paint the inside of the eyelids with a 10 per cent. solution of nitrate of silver.

The cornea, or clear, glassy transparent membrane of the front of the eyeball, is frequently involved in the disease just described, or it may become inflamed or ulcerated independent of it.

Inflammation of the cornea, termed =Corneitis=, keratitis, or external ophthalmia, may result from conjunctivitis, injuries, distemper, diphtheria, or disease of the brain or nerves, sunstroke, etc.

It is very prevalent during the cold winds of spring, and in the majority of instances seems to be contagious. It appears in the form of patchy congestion or inflammation, or at a later stage as ulceration.

One or both eyes may be affected. There is a dread of light, a continual flow of tears, and frequent winking of the eyelids, or almost complete closure of them. The cornea, usually glassy and transparent, becomes clouded by a smoky or milky white film, which has a rounded or irregular form.

Blood-vessels, which in the normal state are absent, appear on the cornea, spreading from a part or all round the circumference towards the centre of the eye. If the inflammation is intense and prolonged, the eyeball perforated, and the contents bulge outwards and become rough, dirty, and leathery in appearance, this condition is generally seen either as the result of an injury, or from improper treatment, or neglect of a simple affection of the eye. In distemper the inflammation usually expends itself on some particular spot or spots in one or both eyes. These spots may appear as mere milky white patches, or they may present an appearance which might lead an ordinary observer to the conclusion that a small piece had been dug out of the eye. They may occur either in the centre of the cornea, or a little above it, or sometimes a little towards the outer angle of the eye.

At the outset the cornea at the particular spot or spots in which the inflammation is localised becomes softened, then bulges, and finally gives way, so that a depression or ulcer is left on the eye. Some time after this ulcer becomes filled up with granulations of a dirty red colour, which afterwards become absorbed, when the cure is complete. Frequently two ulcers appear side by side.

Sometimes, when these ulcerations are improperly treated or neglected, or associated with great debility or anæmia, the white speck remains as a permanent blemish, or in the more serious cases the ulcer perforates the eye, and the contents of which bulge and cause what is termed a staphyloma, from its resemblance to a grape, or the whole eye may become involved in the inflammation and be totally destroyed. In these cases of the destroyed or “lost” eyes, the whole eyeball has a greenish-white appearance, and seems to bulge out from the socket in consequence of the general swelling of the organ. It may give way or become ulcerated, giving rise to a continual discharge, and if not removed causes great pain and exhaustion.

Treatment.—The cat should be kept in the dark, and soothing antiseptics applied to the eye.

The solution recommended for conjunctivitis is also very serviceable here. If the eye affection is due to distemper or any other general disease, it is, of course, necessary to treat this disease, in addition to the local applications to the eye. When ulceration takes place, the following drops are recommended:—

Eserine salicylate ½ grain. Distilled water 2 drachms.

To be instilled between the eyelids, by means of an eye-dropper, two or three times a day. If, however, there is much vascularity, the following drops are advisable:—

Atrophine sulphate ½ grain. Cocaine hydrochloride 6 grains. Distilled water 2 drachms.

After all the acute symptoms have passed away, the indolent granulations may require treatment. A suitable application for this purpose is:—

Chinosol 3½ grains. Rose-water 8 ounces.

To bathe the eye, by means of allowing the lotion to drop by squeezing a piece of lint saturated with it between the eyelids several times a day.

When the eye is irretrievably lost, and suppuration commences in the interior of the eye, it is necessary to remove the whole eyeball. However, this should not be performed in the case of distemper until after the original disease abates, else removal of one eye will probably end in destruction of the other.

General Remarks on the Eye.—In all affections of the eyes, a careful examination of them should be made by an experienced qualified veterinary surgeon. As, however, in some out-of-the-way places professional aid is difficult, if not impossible, to obtain, a few brief hints as to general treatment should be useful. Many amateurs, in their anxiety to effect a speedy and complete cure, attempt too much, use powerful and irritating drugs (often also in improper proportions), and frequently, with the best intentions in the world, succeed in permanently injuring or even destroying the sight. It is therefore better, in the absence of professional aid, and especially in the earlier stages of inflammation of the eyes, to trust to mild and palliative treatment, and to “give nature a chance.”

In all cases of recent inflammation, soothing applications should be used, such as warm infusion of poppy-heads or camomile flowers, warm milk, cocaine drops, etc. If the inflammation is associated with increased tension of the eyeball, due to an excessive quantity of fluid within it, or is accompanied by deep ulceration, the increased tension should be reduced by means of the eserine drops.

Lotions containing either lead or silver nitrate should not be used in inflammation of the cornea associated with ulceration, as the former is apt to leave a white spot or patch, and the latter a brown or blackish stain.

Last, but by no means least, animals affected with disturbance of the eyes should be kept in the dark, or at any rate away from the fire or from any glaring light, and should be shielded from draughts. The general health should also be looked to, and nourishing food given.

DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

The cat is very fortunately free from many of the skin complaints that affect the dog. Nevertheless, domestication and improper surroundings—the curses of health—demand a few victims now and again, and hence the much-maligned cat is not exempt from this bane.

The diseases are either contagious and conveyable from one cat to another, or simple and not spread by contact.

The contagious skin diseases are due either to an animal parasite (as in mange) or to a vegetable parasite (as in ringworm).

=Sarcoptic Mange= is a contagious skin disease of the cat due to an animal parasite or mange-mite, termed Sarcoptes minor, var. cati.

It generally attacks ill-fed, neglected, and badly housed cats which are allowed to stray, and is seen chiefly in the autumn. It frequently occurs as an epizöotic, and where no attention is bestowed on the victims it is very fatal.

The adult or mature mite has an almost circular body. When viewed under the microscope, its limbs seem to be under its body. It has eight pairs of legs in the adult and six in the larval stage. In the female the hind legs are provided at the extremities with bristles only; but in the male the central pair of hind legs are provided with suckers, although the outer pair have bristles. It does not excavate a subcutaneous gallery, or burrow, like the mange-mites of other animals, but makes a simple nest, that appears as a minute eminence. The larvæ, nymphæ, and males wander in the midst of the crusts.

It is capable of being transmitted to man, and to the dog, rat, horse, and ox.

Whatever part of the body it first touches, it always goes to the head to do its injurious work. At first small reddish pimples, no larger than a pin’s head or a turnip-seed, appear; these exude a yellowish fluid which dries and forms crusts. The animal scratches, the hair falls off, numerous other scales appear, and become thicker and thicker, until the whole head and ears become encased in a cast of dirty yellowish crusts. The crusts may be absent in young kittens or cats, but slightly adherent scales are seen instead.

After a time the disease spreads to the neck and shoulders, elbows and thighs, or even to the whole body. In kittens or young cats the complaint is more likely to spread to various parts of the body, but in older animals it is generally confined to the head, or head and neck, but may, as in young cats, spread to the other parts or to the whole body, the skin of which, after some time, becomes wrinkled, and gives off a musty odour.

The nostrils and eyes may be blocked up by the thickened crusts, so that the animal can see, or breathe through the nostrils, only with difficulty. The cat hides or strays away, it mopes and seems sad; it becomes emaciated, and indifferent to its surroundings, and finally succumbs to exhaustion or some concurrent disease. It may be associated with ringworm or parasitic ear canker; it is nearly always accompanied by the elliptical tapeworm.

It quickly kills within five or six weeks if no treatment or attention is bestowed on the cat, especially if young; but where it is partially treated, it may linger for months, even years. Cold weather retards its progress, but its energy is renewed in the following spring. It spreads slowly on well-cared-for cats.

Treatment.—The mangy cat should be kept isolated from the healthy animals, and kept away from children. Its basket, bedding, or cage should be boiled, burnt, or thoroughly disinfected. The cat must be carefully dressed with sulphurated lime lotion, which should be applied by means of a piece of lint every day, taking care that the animal is kept warm and well fed.

=Follicular Mange= is due to a caterpillar-shaped mite—the Demodex or Acarus folliculorum, var. cati—which inhabits the sebaceous follicles of the skin. It is sometimes found in the ears, nose, and head of the cat, but rarely causes severe itchiness. It produces pimples and scabs, which are only of short duration, and seldom occasions trouble. It is frequently associated with sarcoptic mange. The parasite is a quarter smaller than that of the dog.

Treatment.—A lotion composed of sulphurated potash (1 drachm), glycerine (½ oz. to 6 parts of rose-water), applied by means of lint to the affected part once a day, generally suffices to cause its disappearance.

=Grey Ringworm=, or Tinea tonsurans, is not a common affection of the cat. It is due to a vegetable parasite or mould, termed the Trichophyton felineum, which attacks the hairs, these becoming much altered and broken, and their ends split up and frayed like a brush. There will be noticed circular or oval bald patches, covered with an abundance of scales, which are of a slaty or greyish appearance, and vary according to the colour of the animal. These are seen on the head and limbs and round the eyelids and mouth, but also on other parts of the body. They may run into one another, and form large patches. There may be itchiness and scratching; and in this latter case the crusts may be covered with blood and resemble eczema.

Treatment.—As this disease is conveyable to other cats, to the horse, ox, dog, and children, the affected animal should be isolated and the patches dressed with tincture of perchloride of iron once every third day. (Whole families, and even a whole school, have been known to become affected with ringworm from a cat.)

=Yellow Ringworm=, or Tinea favosa, or favus, also termed “honeycomb ringworm,” is a commoner disease in the cat than grey ringworm. It is due to a vegetable parasite named Achorion Quinckeanum, which causes at first yellow-coloured crusts that are arranged as cup-shaped masses, which disturb the hairs so that they are shed. These cup-shaped masses resemble a honeycomb in appearance, hence its name. The sulphur-yellow colour after a time changes to a dirty yellow or grey. The patches may be circular or zigzag, and raised above the skin, but the centre is depressed so as to give them a cup-shaped appearance. They vary in size from a pin’s head to a shilling, or larger. They may run into one another, so that the circular form is no longer present. The hairs are stiff and lustreless, and can be easily pulled out. They seem to grow in the centre of the “cups.” After a time the parasite loosens the hair in the follicle, so that it is shed.

It prefers to affect the root of the claws, or the belly, sides of the chest, elbows, head, base of ears, nose, and then spreads all over the body. When it attacks the head, it ensheaths the face and scalp as if clay had been moulded to the parts, so that the eyes become hidden from view.

The cat hides itself, or strays away; it moans or mews, crouches on all fours, and seems utterly miserable. The skin gives off an abominable odour, which resembles mouldy decaying wood in a damp, dark building, or a mousy smell. When the disease is in an advanced stage, the animal dies from exhaustion or some concurrent disease.

It affects old cats as well as young ones, and it is said they contract it from mice and rats, which become affected behind the ears. A week or a fortnight elapses before any symptom appears after infection. Young animals are easily infected, but older ones may resist it. It is transmissible to children and adults, from cat to cat, from man to cat, and from rats and mice to man and cat. It may be associated with mange and parasitic ear canker.

Treatment.—The cat affected with yellow ringworm should be kept away from children and other cats: the affected patches may be painted with the following:—

Salicylic acid 1 drachm. Ether 2 drachms. Spirit of wine ½ ounce. Glycerine 4 drachms. Camphor-water to 3 ounces.

The term =Eczema= is given to all those skin eruptions that are characterised by pimples and vesicles followed by scabs and scales, and accompanied with great itchiness.

It is said to be non-contagious, and as far as the cat is concerned this seems to me to be true. On the other hand, in the dog some of the varieties of eczema appear to be spread by contact. It very often runs a chronic course, and frequently recurs.

It generally affects the back, loins, root of tail, and back of the thighs, although any part of the body may be attacked. There is great itchiness, the animal bites or licks itself, the skin becomes red, pimples the size of a head of a millet seed, or even a small pea, appear; these, after a time, burst, and a fluid issues from them and dries, forming scabs. Sometimes the itchiness is so intense as to cause the animal to bite or lick itself until the skin becomes raw and bleeding. In rare instances it produces a kind of mania for licking, which is followed by epileptiform seizures. The hair falls off, leaving bare patches, or it becomes matted together by the gluey discharge and ultimately sheds itself.

In suckling cats, after sudden deprivation of their offspring, an eczematous eruption may appear on the belly, back, and loins, but it is not, as a rule, severe.

The she-cat, especially of the light-coloured variety, when not allowed to breed, is often troubled with a scattered vesicular eruption, which is too difficult to eradicate, and is very liable to recur.

In the castrated male cat it is very common to find a papular and vesicular eruption, which breaks out every spring and autumn.

The causes of eczema in the cat are an unnatural, sedentary life and an abundance of rich food without any compensatory or sufficient exercise in the fresh air. Hot weather, especially when accompanied by wet, predisposes to it, but the affection is seen also in the cold months of the year.

Treatment.—The animal suffering from eczema should be allowed as much exercise of its functions in the open air as possible. Grass or freshly boiled green vegetables, or asparagus, should be put within its reach. Raw meat, uncooked fish with the bones in, or birds with the feathers on, or bullock’s liver are suitable as ordinary food. Rice-pudding, oatmeal, and milk should not be given.

The treatment of the skin is chiefly local. The itchiness must be allayed. This can be obtained by applying precipitated sulphur (2 drachms), zinc oxide (2 drachms), mixed in olive oil (2 ounces) twice a day to the affected parts. If the eruptions are spread over a wide area, the hair should be cut off close to the skin before applying the dressing. For internal treatment a powder composed of calomel (⅛ to ¼ grain) and bicarbonate of sodium (2½ to 5 grains) should be given twice a day. If the disease runs a chronic course, arsenic bromide or iodide (¹⁄₁₀₀ grain in a pilule) should be given three times a day.

EXTERNAL ANIMAL PARASITES.

The =Cat Flea= (Pulex serraticeps, var. cati).—The cat flea is identical with, but rather smaller than, that of the dog. It differs from the flea of mankind (Pulex irritans) by having black, blunt spines, seven to nine in number, arranged as the teeth of a comb, at the posterior border of the prothorax and at the inferior border of the head. It is a troublesome pest by irritating and disturbing rest. It prefers to attack the cat when she is suckling.

The flea plays an important part in the evolution of the elliptical tapeworm (Tæma elliptica) by harbouring the intermediary cysticercus, the ingestion of which gives rise to the development of this tapeworm in the intestine.

Treatment.—The cat should have powdered pyrethrum well rubbed into its skin, and then combed out, care to be taken that the combings are burnt. The crevices or corners of the cat’s house should be sprinkled with oil of turpentine, or Sanitas powder.

Fortunately for the cat, it is affected with only one variety of louse, the =Cat Louse= (Trichodectes subrostratus), which differs from the flea in being wingless and not jumping from but only quitting the cat by accident. It has three-articled antennæ; the head has five sides to it; the body is oval, and in the female notched behind. Its colour is yellowish-brown.

It is not a blood-sucker, but attacks the hair and eats the epidermis, preferably that of the head, neck, back, and limbs, where it causes intense itching. It develops rapidly upon poorly fed, weak, or debilitated animals. There is, besides itchiness, loss of hair, scurfiness, and nits (eggs) in more or less large numbers, which by their presence indicate that the skin has not received sufficient attention. The nits, or eggs, are attached to the hair.

Treatment.—The hair may be sprayed with equal parts of vinegar and concentrated infusion of quassia. Moreover, should the animal lick itself after this dressing is applied, it will act as a tonic. Raw meat, or fish, cod-liver oil, etc., should be given.

PAINLESS DESTRUCTION OF CATS.

A knowledge of how painlessly to destroy a cat’s life is very important to the owner of a cat who is not in reach of a veterinary surgeon—the proper person to undertake this duty under ordinary circumstances.

The most humane method is to place the animal in a small air-tight box, into which has been placed previously two to four drachms of chloroform on a sponge or piece of lint or cotton-wool, which produces at first anæsthesia or painless sleep, and afterwards death from failure of the respiration and heart. It does not cause a suffocative feeling or sensation like coal gas, or spasm, as does prussic acid. Care must be taken not to take the cat out of the box too soon, or else life, not quite extinct, may return.

INDEX.

Abscess of the Ear, 369; of the Eye, 371

Abyssinian Cats, 297, 301

Albinos, 351

Alice in Wonderland, 15

Alice through the Looking-glass, 15

Amateur Cat Photography, 332

America: Cat Fancy, 30, 303; “Any Other Colour” Persians in, 235; Brown Tabby Persians, 227, 229; Cats’ Homes in, 33; Difficulties of Showing, 324; Fanciers, 304; Judging, 317; Literature, 31; Short-haired Cats, 286; Shows, 327; Smoke Persians, 184; Stud Cats, 305; Stud Cats’ Register, 309; Wild Cats at Shows, 322

American Cat Clubs, 30

Anæsthetics, 257

Anatomy of Cat, 351

Ancestry of Cat, 350

Angora Cats, 98

Animal Worship, 2

“Any Other Colour” Persians, 233; in America, 235; Fanciers, 234; Mating, 233

Appendicular Skeleton of Cat, 353

Archangel Cats, 275, 279

Armitage, Miss, on Siamese Cats, 260

Armorial Bearings and Cats, 13

Arnold, Matthew, 11

Art, The Cat in, 15

Artificial Foods for Kittens, 338

Artificial Foster-mother, 340

Artificial Heat in Cattery, 54

Asphalt Floor for Cattery, 51

Assam, 122

Atab, 215

Atlantic Cat Club, 27, 304; Silver Tabby Winners, 176

Australia, Origin of Cats in, 300; Wild Cats, 323

Axial Skeleton of Cat, 352

Backgrounds in Cat Photography, 332

Balding, Mrs., on Chinchilla Persians, 144

Barker, Mr. E. M., on Brown Tabby Persians, 227

Basalt Cat Statues, 5

Battersea Dogs’ Home, 19

Beal, Miss, on Cream Persians, 206; on Tortoiseshell Persians, 210

Bedding, 52; at Shows, 80

Beds for Queens in Kit, 40

Bennet, Mrs., 68

Bentham, J., 11

Beresford Cat Club, Chicago, 27, 30; Blue Short-hairs Classification, 280; Neuters, 239; Stud Book, 309

Beresford, Lady Marcus, 28; Cattery, 101; on Siamese Cats, 261

Berlin Museum, 5

Bible, Reference to Cat in, 2

Black Persians, 112; Coats, 113, 117; Colour Breeding, 345; Eyes, 112, 116; Mr. R. Little on, 117; Mating, 115, 344; Dr. Roper on, 115

Black Short-haired Cats, 289

Black-and-White Club, 26, 117

Black-and-White Persians, 233

Bladder, Distension of the, 361

Blue Persian Cat Society, 26, 30; Objects, 129; Pedigree Form, 87

Blue Persians, 125; Catteries, 131; Mrs. Clarke on, 107; Eyes, 127; Fanciers, 128, 131; Kittens, 110, 127; Mr. T. B. Mason on, 127; Mating, 107, 126; Points, 126, 130

Blue Short-haired Cats, 275; British, 276; Mrs. Carew Cox on, 278; Coat, 279; Fanciers, 277; Canon Girdlestone’s Breed, 279; Mrs. James on, 265; Mating, 279; Place of Origin, 288; Points, 277, 281; Russian, 276, 291

Blue Smokes, 126

Blue-and-White Persians, 233

Board School Essay on Cats, 25

Boarding Houses for Cats, 195

Body of Cat, 351

Bolton, Mr. G., on Manx Cats, 245

Bones and Principal Ligaments of Cat’s Toe, 352

Bones in Structure of Cat, 352

Bonny, Mrs., on Short-haired Cats, 285

Bordeaux Museum, 6

Boston, U.S., Cats’ Home, 34

Botanic Gardens National Cat Club Shows, 27

Bougeant, Father, 12

Boulak Museum, 3

Brain of Cat, 350, 356

Brand’s Essence, 45

Breast-bone of Cat, 353

Breeding, 38, 347; in America, 316, 324; “Any Other Colours”, 233; Black Persians, 112, 115; Blue Persians, 107, 126; Blue Short-hairs, 279; Brown Tabby Persians, 228; Chinchillas, 152, 160; Colour, 344, 349; Cream Persians, 204; Darwin on, 152; Financial Aspect, 26; Manx Cats, 250; Markings, 74; Orange Persians, 190; Pedigree Cats, 152; Red Tabby Short-hairs, 288; Short-hairs, 284, 291, 294; Siamese Cats, 256, 258; Silver Persians, 144; Silver and Chinchillas, 143; Silver Tabbies, 169, 172; Smoke Persians, 182; Tortoiseshells, 209, 295; White Persians, 119

Brighton, Massachusetts, Cats’ Home, 34

Brindled Cat, 216

British Cat Club, 27, 274

British Museum, 5

Broken Colours, 30, 231

Bromide, 46

Bronchitis, 363

Brooke, Mr. H. C., on Manx Cats, 250

Brooklyn Cattery, 306

Brough, Mrs. Parker, on Siamese Cats, 263

Brown, Mrs. Peter, 68

Brown Tabby Persians, 215; in America, 227, 229; Mrs. Barker on, 227; Classification, 217; Colour Breeding, 347; Mrs. Drury on, 222; Kittens, 225; Markings, 216; Mating, 228; Points, 228; Sables, 217, 224, 229; Miss Southam on, 218; White Lip, 224; Miss Whitney on, 224

Brown Tabby Short-haired Cats, 288, 291

Bubastes, 3

Bull, Messrs., Travelling Basket, 60

Bunny Cat, 301

Burial Customs, 6

Burma, 300

Burmese Cats, 300

Buying and Selling Cats, 86

Caffre Cat, 297

Cairo, Cats’ Home, 35

California, Cat Fancy, 316

Cambyses Tradition, 5

Cameras, Photographic, in Cat Photography, 332

Camphaleyne, 55

Canada, Cat Fancy, 315

Canadian Cats, 315

Canker, 369

Carbonate of Soda, 45

Carroll, Lewis, 14

Castor-oil, 360

Cat Club, The, 26; Annual Shows, 95, 163; Foundation, 28; Medal, 133; Register, 78; Registration, 29, 62; Stud Book, 29

Cat Clubs and Societies, List of, 26

Cat Family, The, 350

Cat Fancy, 25, 90

“Cat Journal,” American Paper, 89, 306

Cat louse, 376

Cat-o’-nine-tails, 19

Cat Photography, 332; Grouping, 334; Isochromatic Plates, 336; Length of Exposure, 335

Cats, 1, 18; Action of the Claws, 353; Amateur Photography, 338; Anatomy, 351, 354; Ancestry, 350; on Armorial Bearings, 13; in Art, 15; Average Age at Death, 20; Black, 114; Brain of, 350; Buying and Selling, 86; Care and Management, 37; Catteries, 50; of Celebrated People, 10; Classification, 350; “Cold Storage” Breed, 24; Common Brown Tabby, 229; Dentition, 99, 352; Diseases, 358; Domesticated, 6; Earliest Egyptian Representation, 5; in Egypt, 2, 297; Emblem of Moon, 4; Exhibiting, 61; Feeding in Illness, 358; Foreign Names for, 18; Friendships with Dogs, 322; Generic Family Name, 350; Geographical Distribution, 350; Head on Pasht, 3; in Heraldry, 12; in history, 8; Homeless in London, 32; Household, 19; Housing of, 49; Insurance, 66; Intelligence, 18, 20; Judging, 70; Longevity, 20; Long-haired Foreign, 17; Mating, 38; Medical Treatment, 31, 271, 373; in Middle Ages, 8; the Hon. Mrs. McLaren Morrison on, 105; Mummy, 1; Neckbones, 352; in Nursery Rhymes, 14; Painless Destruction, 376; Pedigree, 27; Performing, 24; Place in Nature, 350; Points, 96; in Public Offices, 22; Reproduced in Ware, 16; Ribs, 352; Senses of Smell and Hearing, 20; Short-haired English, 17; Skeleton, 355; Stray, 33; Structure, 350; Superstitions, 13, 115; Toy, in British Museum, 5; Utility of, 22; Vertebræ, 352; Washing, 37; when Travelling, 58; Worship in Egypt, 2

Cats’ Home, Dublin, 33

Cats’-meat, 24

Catteries, 49, 101, 131; American, 304; Appliances, 55; at Battersea Home, 33; Lady Marcus Beresford’s, 102; Miss Beal’s, 206; Breeding Rooms, 52; Brooklyn, 306; Miss Cartmell’s, 192; Cazenovia, 307; Cleanliness, 44, 55; Mrs. Collingwood’s, 105; Lady Decies’, 101; Disinfectants, 55; Distemper, 364, 368; Drainage, 51; Earth Tins, 57; Feeding in, 37; Feeding Utensils, 56; Flooring, 51; Hart Park, Staten Island, 307; Mrs. Hawkins’, 262; Heating, 54, 57; Mrs. Herring’s, 106; Mrs. James’, 180; Miss A. Leake’s, 170; Lethal Box, 56; Littering Nests, 52; Linden, Indianapolis, 315; Millerton, New York, 307; Mrs. Neate’s, 195; Old Ford, 305; Dr. Ottolengui’s, 305; Owena, 313; Photographing in, 332; Pioneer, Toronto, 315; Plan of, 51; Playing Room, 52; Portable, 55; Ridgefield, New Jersey, 306; Runs, 54; Sleeping Boxes, 52; Siamese Cats, 261; Miss Southam’s, 220; Mrs. Spencer’s, 261; Mrs. McKenzie Stewart’s, 104; Stud Houses, 54; Treatment of Kittens in 338; Ventilation, 52; Mrs. G. Walker’s, 159; Worcester, Mass., 306

Cazenovia, U.S., 307

Cement Floor for Cattery, 51

Challenge Trophy for Chinchilla Kittens, 151

Champfleury, M., on Cats of Egypt, 5; on Cats in Heraldry, 13; in Nursery Rhymes, 14

Charity, Cat Shows in Aid of, 28

Cheeks of Cat, 96

Cheetah, The, 350

Chemosis, 371

Chest of Cat, 96

Chesterfield, 11

Chicago Cat Club, 27, 30, 309; on Hairless Cats, 298

Chicago Cat Fanciers, 310; Home, 34, 313; Shows, 312

China, 6, 300

Chinaware, 16

Chinchilla Cat Club, The, 26, 30, 151; Standard of Points, 154

Chinchilla Persians, 137; Mrs. Balding on, 144; Colour, 154, 346; Eyes, 346; Mating, 143, 160; Points, 141, 154, 160; Show Cats, 147

Chinese Cat, 300

Chintz Cats, 210, 212

Chocolate Siamese Cat, 256

Christmas Cards, Cats on, 25

Chronic Nasal Catarrh, 362

Cincinnati Cat Shows, 314

Clan Chattan, 13

Clarke, Mrs. S. F., on Breeding Blue Persians, 107

Classes, Definition of, 28

Classification at Shows, 78

Clavicle of Cat, 351

Claws of Cat, 350, 353

Cleanliness in Catteries, 44

Cleveland Shows, 314

Clouded Leopard, 351

Coat of Cats, 37, 98, 113, 340; Abyssinian Cat, 301; Black Persian, 117; Chinchilla, 154; Cream Persian, 201; in Exhibiting, 61, 62; in Illness, 45; in Judging Long-haired Classes, 72; Manx Cat, 245, 251; Neuters, 238; Orange Persian, 190; Preparing for Photography, 333; Short-hairs, 270, 282, 289; Silver Persians, 140, 165, 174; Smoke Persians, 178, 184; Stud Cats, 47; White Persians, 118, 124

Cochran, Miss H., on “Any Other Colour” Persians, 233; on Cream Persians, 205; on Neuters, 239; on Siamese Cats, 265

Cod-liver Oil, 39, 261

Cold Storage Breed of Cats, 24

Collar-bone of Cat, 351

Collingwood, Mrs., 105

Colour Breeding, 344; Black Cats, 345; Chinchillas, 346; Crossing for, 344; Eyes, 345; Smokes, 346; White Cats, 354

Colour of Eyes, 96

Common Cold, 362

Common Round-worm, 361

“Concerning Cats,” by H. Winslow, 34

Condition, Importance of, 97

Conjunctivitis, 371

Connecticut Cat Fancy, 308

Constipation, 40, 360

Cope, Miss, on Silver Tabbies, 173

Cornea, Inflammation of the, 372

Corneitis, 372

Cougar, The, 322

Cough 362

Cowper, 11

Cox, Mrs. Carew, on Blue Short-hairs, 278; on Siamese Cats, 266

Cream or Fawn Persians, 201; Miss H. Cochran on, 205; Colour Breeding, 348; Mrs. D’Arcy Hildyard on, 204; Markings, 201; Mating, 204, 207; Mr. Norris on, 203; Noted Cats, 203; Points, 201

Cremation, 32

Crested Cat, 350

Crossing (see Breeding and Mating)

Crystal Palace National Cat Club Shows, 27

Cusp of Tooth, 352

Cyprus Cat, 8, 216

Darwin, 152, 211

D’Aveunes, M. P., 13

Deafness, 118, 121

Dental Formula for Cat, 321

Dentition, 99

Detroit Cat Fancy, 313

Devil as Black Cat, 8

Diagrams: Bones and Principal Ligaments of Cat’s Toe, 352; Brain of Cat, 350; Eye, 356; Pad of Cat’s Left Fore-foot, 352; Points of Cat, 96; Skeleton of Cat, 355; Skull of Cat, 353; Skull of Machœrodus Neogœus, 351; Superficial Flexor Tendons of Cat’s Left Foot, 352; Superficial Muscles of Cat, 354; Surface of Cat’s Tongue, 357

Diana, Goddess, 6

Diarrhœa, 39, 42, 360; in Enteritis, 358; in Kittens, 46; in Pneumonia, 363; Rice-water to Check, 339

Dibdin, 13

Diet, 37, 39; in Illness, 373

Diphtheria, 362

Diseases: of the Ear, 369; Eye, 370; Kidneys, 361; Skin, 373

Disinfectants, 55

Distemper, 339, 362; Curative Treatment, 368; Diagnosis and Prognosis, 368; Mortality from, 365; Various Forms, 365

Distension of the Bladder, 361

Dogs’ Cemetery, 35

Drainage of Catteries, 51

Dublin Cats’ Home, 33

Dumas, 11

Dyer, Thistleton, 19

Ear: of Cat, 96; Abyssinian Cat, 298; Blue Short-hairs, 278; Chinese Cats, 300; Diseases, 369

Ear-bone of Cat, 350

Ear-Mites, 370

Ear tufts, 96; in Chinchillas, 154; Silver Tabbies, 172; Smoke Persians, 178

Ectropium, 371

Eczema, 46, 375

Egypt, 1; Animal Worship, 2; Cat-faced Goddess, 3; Earliest Cat Representations, 5; Home for Cats, 35; Mahommedan Cat Cult, 4; Mummies, 2; Old Cat Pictures, 5; Modern Cats in, 34; Symbolic Eye in Cat Images, 5

Egyptian Cat, 297

Electricity in Black Cats, 114

Ellen M. Gifford’s Sheltering Home for Animals, 34

Enemas, 360

Enteritis, 358; Treatment for, 360

Entropium, 371

Epilepsy, 8

Evacuations in Illness, 45, 364

Exhibiting, 61

Eye: of Cat, 96, 344, 351; Black Persian, 112, 116; Blue Persian, 126; Blue Short-hairs, 278; Brown Tabby Persian, 216; Chinchillas, 154; Cream Persians, 201; Colour Breeding, 345; Diseases of the, 370; in Distemper, 365, 367; General Remarks, 373; Horopollo on, 4; Illustrated, 356; in Judging, 74; Kittens, 42, 338; Maltese Cats, 320; Manx Cats, 245; Orange Persians, 189, 199; Siamese Cats, 257, 267; Silver Persians, 139, 166, 172, 174; Smokes, 180, 183; Tabby Short-hairs, 294; Tortoiseshells, 210; White Persians, 118; White Short-hairs, 289

Eyelids, Diseases of the, 371

Face and Nose of Cat, 96

Faking, 66, 323

Fanciers, 27; in America, 304; “Any Other Class,” 234; Blue Persian, 123; Blue Short-hairs, 277; Brown Tabby Persian, 217; in California, 310; in Canada, 315; in Chicago, 309, 313; in Detroit, 313; Maine Cats, 330; Manx Cats, 247; Neuters, 240; in New York, 306; in Ohio, 314; Orange Persians, 191; Short-hairs, 285, 293; Siamese Cats, 256, 258; Silvers, 143, 168, 288; Smokes, 180; Tortoiseshell, 287; White Persians, 119

Fawe Strain, 115

Feeding of Cats, 24, 37; Utensils, 56

Feet of Cat, 353

Felis, Generic Title, 350

Female Cats, 38; Eczema in, 375; Splaying, 47, 237

“Field and Fancy”: on Brown Tabbies, 229; on Orange Persians, 109; on Smokes, 185

Fish as Food, 37; for Kittens, 338

Fishing Cat, 351

Fistula of Eyelids, 371

Fits in Kittens, 46

Flea, The Cat, 44, 376; Cause of Tapeworm, 361

Flooring for Cattery, 51

Folk-lore, 13, 114, 115

Follicular Mange, 374

Food, 37, 39, 373

Foreign Cats, 297; Judging, 301

Fore-limb of Cat, 353

Forestier-Walker, Miss, on Siamese Cats, 257, 267

Fossil Cat Remains, 350

Foster-mother, 42, 157; Dosing, 158; for Siamese Kittens, 268; Mr. Ward’s Artificial, 340

France, Cat in, 6; on Signboards, 13

Freeman’s Scientific Food, 37

Frill of Persians, 178, 189

Fur of Cat, 7, 40; Condition, 97; in Exhibiting, 62; in Illness, 45; of Neuters, 47; of Persians, 96, 98, 138

“Fur and Feather”: on Eyes, 141; on Neuters, 239; on Showing, 90; on Siamese Cats, 256

Gall-bladder of Cat, 356

Gastritis, 358

Gastro-enteritis, 358

Gautier, Bon, 11

Gelded Cats, 237

Gelding, 47, 237

Geoffroy’s Cat, 297, 302

Geographical Distribution of Cat Family, 350

Gestation, 38

Gloss on Coat, 97

Goethe, 11

Gordon Cottage, 32

Gotwalts, Mrs., 307

Government Cats, 22

Gowanda, U.S., 304

Grass, Necessity of, 108

Great Britain, Cats in, 6

Greeks and Cats, 6

Grey Ringworm, 374

Graymalkin, 216

Hairless Cats, 298

Hana, 5

Hardy, Mrs. P.: Travelling Basket Designed by, 58; on Treatment of Cats in Illness, 134

Hart Park, New Brighton, 307

Hawkins, Mrs., 232; on Siamese Cats, 262

Hay as Bedding, 338

Heart of Cat, 356

Heating Cattery, 54

Heliopolis, 4

Heraldry, Cats in, 12

Herring, Mrs., 106

Hildyard, Mrs. D’Arcy, on Cream Persians, 204; on Orange Persians, 198

Hind limb of Cat, 353

Homes for Stray and Starving Cats, 32; Boarding, 35; in Chicago, 313; in Dublin, 33

Homing Instinct, 21

Hooker, Mrs. J. J., 330

Horseflesh, 24, 37

Hot-water Bottle, 39, 57

House, Mr. C. A.: on Judging, 74; on Silver Breeding, 143; on Silver Tabbies, 175

Housing of Cats, 49

Howel the Good, 6

Hugo, Victor, 11

Hunt, Miss M., on White Persians, 121

Hyde Park, Dogs’ Cemetery, 35

Ice in Sickness, 358

Illness, Symptoms of, 44

In-breeding, 90, 156, 184, 341, 348

India: Domestic Cats, 298; Fables of, 6

Indianapolis, 314

Inflammation of the Stomach, 358

Inoculation for Distemper, 368

Instinct, 21

Insurance, 66

Iris of Cat’s Eye, 370

Isle of Man, 245, 249

Isochromatic Plates in Photography, 336

Italy, 6

James, Mrs. H. V., on Blue Short-hairs, 276; on Smokes, 180

Japan, 300; Tailless Cats of, 246

Japanese Cats, 300

Jay, Miss, on Judging, 132

Jennings, Mr. J., on Classification, 99; on Russian Cats, 275

Johnson, Dr., 11

Jones, Mr., Brown Tabbies of, 330

Judge, 180

Judging, 68; in America, 317; Blue Persians, 126, 131; Blue Short-hairs, 277; Foreign Cats, 301; Mr. House on, 74; Miss Jay on, 132; Long-haired Classes, 71; Mr. T. B. Mason on, 74; Neuters, 242; Points to Note, 70; Self Colours, 72; Siamese Cats, 265; Silver Persians, 162; Tabbies, 72, 295

Jung, Mr. H. E., 286

Katzen Family, 13

Kidneys, Diseases of the, 361

King, His Most Gracious Majesty the, 219, 240

King James of Scotland, 8

Kircher, A., 6

Kittens, 38, 40, 122, 175, 337; Black Persian, 116; Blue Persians, 110, 127, 345; Blue Short-hairs, 276, 279; Boarding-out System, 343; Breeding, 340; Brown Tabbies, 216, 225; Chinchilla, 346; Chinchilla Challenge Trophy, 151; Cleanliness, 44, 340; Colour Breeding, 345; Danger of Damp to, 340; Defective Digestion, 343; Destruction of Sickly, 341; Distemper, 367; Eyes, 42, 370; Feeding, 42, 158, 338, 339; Foster-mothers, 268, 340; Fur, 99; Handling, 340; Illness, 45; Insects in, 44; Maltese, 320; Manx, 249; Mismarked, 234; Orange Persian, 190, 194, 199; Outdoor Exercise, 339; Pairs at Shows, 65; Persian, 337; Photographing, 333; Purulent Ophthalmia, 372; Sale of, 46, 343; Selection, 91; Show, Northern Club, 93; Siamese, 257; Silvers, 140, 155, 173; Smokes, 179, 346; Teeth, 352; Treatment after Birth, 40, 337; Weaning, 44, 159; Weight, 339; White Persian, 121

Label for Travelling Basket, 60

Labour, Treatment during, 41

Ladies Kennel Association, 93

Lady Decies’ Cattery, 101

Lambert, M. Eugène, 16

Landor, Mr., 88

Leake, Miss A., on Silver Tabbies, 170

Lebrun, Mme., 15

Leopard, The, 350

“Les Chats,” 5

Lesdiguières, Mme. de, 10

Lethal Boxes and Chambers, 19, 32, 343, 376

“Lettres sur les Chats,” 11

Lice, 361

Lignières, Prof., 368

Lime-water, 158, 339

Lion, The, 350, 351; and Cat in Legend, 1; Colour, 351

Liston, R., 11

Literature on Cats, 31

Litter Classes, 68

Little, Mr. R., on Black Persians, 117

Liver, of Cat, 356

Locke, Mrs. C., on White Persians, 123

London Institution, Camden Town, 32

Long-haired Cats, 98

Lord Mayor’s Chain, 216; in Silver Tabbies, 170, 174

Louisville Cat Club, 27

Louvre, The, 5

Lusus, 6

Lynx, The, 322

Maau, 5

Machœrodus, 350

Maine Cats, 321, 325, 328; Brown Tabbies, 328; Fanciers, 330; Neuters, 331; Shows, 303

Male Cats, 47; Training on Leads, 340

Maltese Cats, 275, 320; Kittens, 320; Markings, 20; Points, 321

Mange, 374

Mange Mites, 361, 374

Manx Cat Club, 27, 30, 249

Manx Cats, 244; Mr. G. Bolton on, 245; Mr. H. C. Brooke on, 250; Coat, 245; Fanciers, 247; Kittens, 249; Mating, 250; Origin, 251; Points, 245, 250; Types, 246; Verses on, 252

Markings of Coats, 74, 319; in Brown Tabbies, 228; Maltese, 320; Orange Persians, 187; Short-hairs, 283, 288, 290, 295; Siamese Cats, 257; Silver Persians, 138, 165, 169

Martin, Mrs., on Silver Persians, 160

Mason, Mr. T. B.: on Blue Persians, 127; on Judging, 74; on Short-hairs, 290

Maternal Instinct in Cat, 22

Mating, 38, 316; “Any Other Colours,” 233; Best Age for Queens, 109; Black Persians, 112, 115; Blue Persians, 107, 126; Blue Short-hairs, 279; Brown Tabbies, 228; Chinchillas, 152, 160; Cross-breeding, 334; Diet during, 38; Hints on, 91; Manx Cats, 250; Orange Persians, 190, 193; Pedigree Cats, 152; Short-hairs, 284, 288, 291, 294; Siamese, 256, 258; Silvers, 143, 144, 172, 175; Smokes, 182; Stud Cats, 47; Stud Fees, 91; Tortoiseshells, 209, 214, 295; White Persians, 119

Maynard, Rev. R., on Silver Tabbies, 167

Meat, Raw, as Food, 37; for Kittens, 338

Medal, Cat Club, 133

Medicine, 39, 135, 358; Bromide, 38; for Diarrhœa, 40; for Show Cats, 67; in Teething, 46; Worm Powders, 38, 361

Meibomian Cysts, 371

Melox, 339

Melrose, Mass., Cattery, 306

Middle Ages, Cat Fables, 8, 10

Midland Counties Cat Club, 27, 29, 94

Milk, Condensed, 43, 338

Milk, Cows, 41, 158; in Enteritis, 358; for Kittens, 41, 338

Millerton, N.Y., 307

Milton, J., 14

Mind, Swiss Painter, 15

Mivart, G., 11

Mohr au Chat, 13

Moncrieff, 11

Montreal Cats’ Home, 34

Moon, Cat Emblem of, 4

Morgan, Mrs., 32

Morris Refuge for Homeless and Suffering Animals, 34

Morrison, Mrs. McLaren, 105

Mountain Lion, The, 322

Mouse in Arabian Legend, 1

Muezza, 10

Mummies, Cat, 1, 4; Kitten, 3

Muscles of Cat, 355

Naples, 6

Nasal Catarrh, 362

Nasal Discharge, 362

National Cat Club, 26; Championship Show, 94; Classes, 27, 301; Manx Cat Judging, 251; Objects in View, 27; Register, 78; Registration, 29, 62; Stud Book, 27; Varieties recognised by, 63

Neate, Mrs., on Orange Persians, 195

Neck of Cat, 96; Neck Bones, 352

Neuter Cats, 47, 237; in America, 331; Miss H. Cochran on, 239; Fanciers, 240; Persian, 47, 127; Points, 238, 242; Ring Class at Richmond Show, 68; Short-haired, 241; Showing, 83; Training, 340

New York: Cat Fancy, 35, 306; First Show, 303

Nield, Mrs., on Silver Persians, 155

Nine, Number, 19

Normal Temperature of Cat, 356

Norris, Mr. F., on Cream Persians, 203

Northern Counties Cat Club, The, 26, 29; Kitten Show, 93

Norton, Mrs. L., Cats’ Refuge, 34

Nunneries, Cats in, 10

Nursery Rhymes, 14

Ocelot, The, 297, 302, 322; Colour, 321

Ohio, Cat Fancy, 314

Old Deer Park, Richmond, 67

Old Fort Cattery, 305

Old and New London, 13

Ophthalmia, 371; External, 372

Opiates, 359, 360

Orange and Cream Cat Club, 199

Orange, Cream, Fawn, and Tortoiseshell Society, 26, 30, 188

Orange Persians, 187; Colour Breeding, 196, 348; Fanciers, 191; Mrs. D’Arcy Hildyard on, 198; Markings, 187, 193; Mating, 190, 193, 196, 198; Mrs. Neate on, 195; Points, 188; Mrs. Vidal on, 192

Orange-and-White Persians, 233

Orange Tabby Short-hairs, 291; Mating, 294

Origin of Cat, 1

Ottolengui, Dr., 305

“Our Cats,” Serial, 17; on Classification of Short-hairs, 285; First Number, 31; on Manx Cats, 247

“Our Cats,” Work by H. Weir, 16

Outdoor Exercise for Kittens, 339

Owena Cattery, 313

Pacific Cat Club, 27

Pads on Cat’s Foot, 353

Painless Destruction of Cats, 376

Pampas Cats, 323

Parasites, External, 376; Internal, 361

Parasitic Canker, 370

Pasht, 3

Patent Foods for Cats, 37, 45, 131, 339

Paw of Cat, 97

Pedigree Cats, 27; Mating of, 152, 175, 340

Peluse, 5

Pennant, on Wild Cats, 7

Pens, Sleeping: in Cattery, 51; in Shows, 65

Persian Cats, 98; in America, 325; Breeding of Kittens, 340; at Cat Club Shows, 95; Coats, 37, 99, 340; Colour of Eyes, 112; Ear tufts, 96, 154, 172, 178; Imported, 113; In-breeding, 99; Photographing, 333; Rearing Kittens, 337; Sensitiveness to Damp, 340; Showing, 62, 76, 100; Tail, 97; Toe tufts, 97

Pets, Neuters as, 48

Pettit, Mrs., on White Persians, 122

Philadelphia Cats’ Home, 34

Phisalix, Dr., 368

Phthisis, 363

Pierce, Mrs. E. R., on Maine Cats, 325

Pioneer Cattery, Toronto, 315

Pittsburg Cattery, 304

Plasmon Powder, 135

Pleurisy, 363

Plica Semilunaris in Cat’s Eye, 357

Plutarch, 4

Pneumonia, 45, 363

Points of Cat, 97, 333; in Selecting Stud Cats, 341

Popular Superstitions, 13

Portable Hutch, 56

Portier, Mme., 68

Pottsdown Cattery, 307

Prizes at Shows, 28, 79, 85; Special, 76

Pulse of Cat, 356

Puma, The, 350

Purulent Ophthalmia of the New-born, 372

Queen, Her Most Gracious Majesty the, 32, 240

Queens, 38; Feeding, 42; Handling, 39; in Season, 38; Selection of Stud Cat, 340; Visiting, 39, 91

Quinine Sulphate, 362

Rail, Cats Travelling by, 66

Raphael of Cats, The, 15

Raw Meat for Kittens, 338

Red-spotted Cat of India, 350

Red Tabby Cats, 194, 288

Red Tortoiseshell Persians, 208

Registration: Cat Club, 29; National Cat Club, 27, 62; at Shows, 78

Repplier, Miss A., 24

Ribs of Cat, 352

Rice, 37, 339

Rice-water, 339

Richelieu, Cardinal, 10

Ridgefield Cattery, 306

Ring, Judging in, 70; Ring Class National Cat Club Shows, 83

Ringworm, 374

Robinson, Mrs. C., on Siamese Cats, 259

Romans and Cats, 6

Ronner, Mme. H., 16

Roper, Dr., on Black Persians, 115

Russia, 279

Russian Cats, 279

Sable Cat, 347

St. John, Festival of, 8

Salubrene, 55

Salvo, 31; Worm Powders, 38

Sancho, an Old Friend, 36

Sandy Show, 92

Sanskrit Writings, 1

Santonin, 361

Saratoga Cattery, 305

Sarcoptic Mange, 374

Scott, Sir W., 11

Scottish Cat Club, 27, 29; Annual Show, 94

Sectorial Tooth, 352

Selection in Breeding, 152, 340

Self Blues, 125, 137

Self Silvers, 137, 161

Serval, The, 351

Sessa, M., 13

Shaded Silvers, 137, 161

Shakespeare, W., 11

Shelley, P. B., 11

Short-haired Cat Club, The, 26

Short-haired Cat Society, The, 275

Short-haired Cats, 17, 98, 274; in America, 286, 321; Black, 289; Blue, 288; Blue, in America, 321; Mrs. Bonny on, 285; Broken Colours, 282; Brown Tabby, 288, 294; Clubs for, 30; Coat, 282; Fanciers, 274, 285, 293; Judging, 295; Mr. Jung on, 286; Mr. T. B. Mason on, 290; Markings, 283; Mating, 284, 291; Neuters, 241; Points, 282; Red Tabby, 288; Russian Blues, 291; Showing, 62; Silver Tabby, 287; Spotted Tabby, 284; Tabby, 291, 294; Tortoiseshell, 284, 295; H. Weir on, 285; White, 289

Shoulder and Fore arm of Cat, 96

Showing, 97, 116, 129; in America, 324

Shows, 25, 67, 85; Abyssinian Cats at, 301; in America, 304, 319, 327; “A.O.C.” Class, 233; Bedding at, 80; Best Time for Persians, 76; blood-poisoning Persian Classes, 112; California, 316; Chinchilla Class, 137; Classification, 64, 78, 169, 188; Cleveland, U.S., 314; Connecticut, 308; Crystal Palace (1871), 17; Danger of Distemper, 364; Despatch of Prizes, 85; Disqualifications, 66; Entries and Fees, 64, 65; “Faking” for, 66; Feeding at, 66, 81; Financial Aspect of, 86, 90; Foreign Cats, 301; Illness at, 81; Judging Books, 82; Kittens, Litter Classes, 65; Local, 92; Management, 75; Mixed, 75; Naming of Cats, 63; National Cat Club, 27, 94; Neuters, 237; New York, 304; Ohio, 314; Open Judging, 84; Pedigree Particulars, 63; Penning, 80; Persians, 100; Prize Tickets, 80; Registration, 78; Sales, 84; Selling Classes, 82; Shaded Silver Class, 161; Short-haired Cats, 274, 285, 290; Silver Persians, 142, 162; Smoke Persians, 178; Special Prizes, 76; Specialist Societies and, 76; Training Exhibits for, 61, 62; “Variety” Class, 231; Various, 28; Veterinary Surgeon at, 81

Siam, 257; Chocolate Cat of, 256; Common Cat of, 264; Royal Cat of, 254

Siamese Cat Club, The, 26, 30, 255, 259

Siamese Cats, 254, 271; in America, 271; Miss Armitage on, 260; Breeding, 272; Lady Marcus Beresford on, 261; Mrs. Parker Brough on, 263; Chocolate Colour, 256; Miss Cochran on, 265; Mrs. Carew Cox on, 266; Delicacy, 254; Eyes, 272; Fanciers, 256, 258; Feeding, 264; Fighting Propensities, 272; Freaks, 272; Mrs. Hawkins on, 262; Judging, 265; Kittens, 257, 268; Legends, 257, 260; Markings, 257; Mating, 256, 258, 262; Origin of Title “Royal,” 259; Points, 255, 259, 265; Recognised Varieties, 266; Mrs. C. Robinson on, 259; Mrs. Spencer on, 261; Superstitions, 268; Throat Complaints, 269; Voice, 254, 272; Miss Forestier-Walker on, 257, 267

Signboards, Cat on, 13

“Silver Lambkin” Challenge Trophy, 151

Silver Persians, 137, 161; Coats, 140; Fanciers, 143; Kittens, 139, 158; Markings, 138; Mrs. Martin on, 160; Mating, 143; Mrs. Nield on, 155; Points, 137, 141; Queens, 157; Specialist Club, 30; Mrs. Wellbye on, 160

Silver and Smoke Persian Cat Society, 26, 30, 143, 151

Silver Society, 141, 151; Smokes Defined by, 182

Silver Tabby Persians, 165; Colour, 170; Miss Cope on, 163; Fanciers, 168; Mr. House on, 175; In-breeding, 348; Miss Leake on, 170; Mating, 172, 175; Points, 162, 166, 170, 174; H. Weir on, 165

Silver Tabby Short-haired Cats, 287, 291; Fanciers, 288

Sinkins, Mrs., on Smoke Persians, 187

Sires, Choice of, 38

Skeleton of Cat, 351; Diagram, 355

“Skellingthorpe Patrick,” 345

Skin, Diseases of the, 373

Skull of Cat, 96, 351, 353

Sleeping Boxes, 52

Smoke Persians, 178; in America, 184; Colour Breeding, 346; Eyes, 180, 183, 346; Fanciers, 180; “Field and Fancy” on, 185; Mrs. H. V. James on, 180; Kittens, 346; Markings, 346; Mating, 179, 182, 184, 346; Points, 178, 180, 182; Mrs. Sinkins on, 184; Mrs. Stead on, 185

Snow Leopard, The, 351

Soda-water, 258

Somatose, 135

Soul of Animals, 36

South American Dwarf Cats, 300

Southdown Cats, 186

Specialist Clubs, 30; and Midland Counties Cat Club, 94; and Shows, 76

Specialists, Veterinary, 31

Spencer, Mrs., on Siamese Cats, 261

Speos, 3

Splaying, 47, 237

Sporting Instinct, 22

Spratt’s Biscuits, 37

Staphyloma, 373

Statuary, 13

Stead, Mrs., on Smoke Persians, 185

Sternum of Cat, 353

Stewart, Mrs. Mackenzie, 104

Stomach of Cat, 351

Stray Cats, Homes for, 32

Structure of Cat, 350, 351

Stud Cats, 47, 109; in America, 30, 305; Blue Persians, 125, 130; Chinchillas, 148; Fees for, 47, 91; Food, 47; Mating, 47; Orange Persians, 191, 193; at Shows, 84; Siamese, 258, 265; Silver Persians, 144, 168; Tortoiseshell, 284; White Persians, 122

Sulphate of Iron, 196

Sun, Need of, for Health, 49, 342

Superficial Flexor Tendons, 352

Superficial Muscles of Cat, 354

Superstitions, 144

Surface of Cat’s Tongue, 357

Swinburne, 11

Syringing Nasal Passages, 362

Tabby Cat, 2, 215; Harrison Weir on, 216

Tabby Persians, 165; Colour Breeding, 347

Tabby Short-haired Cats, 291; Colour Breeding, 349; Mating, 294

Tabby and White Persians, 233

Tags, 331

Tail or Brush, 97; in Eastern Cats, 245; Siamese Cats, 254, 257, 264, 266; Silver Persians, 172, 174; Smoke Persians, 178; Terminal Bones in, 352

Tailless Cats, 245

Tapeworm, 361

Tarsal Bones of Cat, 354

Taxation of Cats, 19

Techau, 5

Teeth of Cat, 350; as Guide to Age, 99; of Kittens, 352

Terminal Bones of Cat’s Foot, 353

Thebes, 3; Paintings, 5

Thomas, Mrs. G., 330

Tiger, The, 350, 351

Tiger Cat, 219

Toe tufts, 97; in Blue Persians, 126; in Chinchillas, 154; in White Persians, 118

Toes of Cat, 350

Tongue of Cat, 351, 355; Diagram, 357

Tortoiseshell Persians, 208, 211; Miss M. Beal on, 210; Colour Breeding, 345, 349; Mating, 209, 211; Points, 209, 210; Scarcity of Males, 209

Tortoiseshell Short-haired Cats, 287; Fanciers, 287; Markings, 295; Mating, 295

Tortoiseshell-and-White Persians, 212; Mating, 214

Tortoiseshell-and-White Short-haired Cats, 295

“Touch not the cat, but the glove,” 13

Travelling Baskets, 38, 58, 65

Trichiasis, 371

Trick Training, 24

True Canker, 369

“Twenty Lookes over all the Roundheads of the World,” 8

Undigested Food, 46, 360

Unreasonable Buyers, 89

Urine, Incontinence of, 361

Vegetables as Food, 37

Ventilation, 52, 338

Vertebræ of Cat, 352

Veterinary Surgeon at Shows, 80

Victoria, H. R. H., Princess of Schleswig-Holstein, 27, 105, 119, 151

Vidal, Mrs. G. H., on Orange Persians, 192

Vomiting, 358

Wain, Louis, 16; on Eyes, 167; on Neuters, 242

Walker, Mrs. G. H., 159

Ward, Mr., 31; Artificial Foster-mother, 42, 340; Lethal Box, 56

Washing Cats, 37, 124

Water, 37

Waterfowl, 5

Weaning Kittens, 159

Weir, Harrison, 10; on Angoras, 98; on Black Cats, 114; on Blue Persians, 128; on Cat Proverbs, 15; on Curious Markings, 233; “Our Cats,” by, 16; President N.C.C., 26; on Russian Cats, 275; on Short-hairs, 284, 285; on Siamese Cats, 272; on Silver Tabbies, 165; on “Tabby Cat,” 216; on Tortoiseshell-and-White Persians, 213

Wellbye, Mrs., on Silver Persians, 160

Westlake, Mrs., on White Persians, 123

Whately, Archbishop, 18

White Persians, 118; in America, 304; Breeding, 344; Cleaning Coat, 124; Deafness, 123; Fanciers, 119; Miss M. Hunt on, 121; Kittens, 121; Mrs. C. Locke on, 123; Mrs. Westlake on, 123

White and Black Persians, 233

White Short-haired Cats 289

Whitney, Miss, on Brown Tabbies, 224

Whiskers, of Cat, 97; of Silver Tabbies, 172, 174

Wild Cats, 7, 13; in America, 322; Anatomy of, 100; European, 297

Winslow, Miss H., 34

Wire Netting, 108

Witchcraft, 8, 19

Worcester, Mass., Cattery, 306

Wordsworth, W., 11

Worms, 38; Gastritis caused by, 358; in Kittens, 44; Medicines, 361; in Siamese Cats, 268; Treatment, 361; Vomiting caused by, 358

Yellow Ringworm, 375

“Zaida,” 102, 144

PRINTED BY CASSELL & COMPANY, LIMITED, LA BELLE SAUVAGE, LONDON, E. C.

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125 bought in the other, fearing I brought in the other, fearing I should lose her should lose her

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