Appendix M

THE KULLMER STAR FINDER

The star finder shown in the picture was invented by Dr. C. J. Kullmer, of Syracuse, N. Y., and has been highly praised by many great astronomers.

You should own one if possible, for you do not need to know anything about the stars to operate it. It is mounted on the principle of a big telescope, but it is a naked eye instrument, an arrow taking the place of the telescope.

The finder is placed on a table, or other level surface, with the dial facing north. Then the pointer and dial are set for the day and hour when you want to find the position in the sky of a certain constellation. The indicator is turned to the name of the constellation on the dial, and this also tells the direction to set the arrow.

This is all there is to it and the arrow points right at the group of stars you want, whether they are above the horizon or not.

The finder can be used for many purposes, and it is a wonderful aid in making out in the sky the path of the stars, Sun, Moon and planets, and when they rise and set. In fact, it is a complete observatory on a small scale. Its cost is only $5.00.

APPENDIX N

THE ELLIS SEASONAL TWILIGHT CHART

A useful chart, designed by Miss E. Rebecca Ellis, of Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass. It makes clear the changes in the lengths of the day, the phenomena of the seasons, etc. Its price is $1.00.

APPENDIX O

THE CAMP FIRE SKY MAP

This map, prepared by Prof. R. S. Dugan of Princeton University, shows the constellations as far south as the Southern Cross and is adjustable for the time of night, date, and for the latitude. Full instructions are given for its use. It is used in many schools and colleges. It is sold by the Camp Fire Stores Co., price 19 cents.

DEFINITIONS OF SOME WORDS AND TERMS USED IN THIS BOOK

=Action.= The way in which a thing works.

=Affect.= To act upon; to change; to be moved or influenced by.

=Almanac.= A pamphlet or book containing tables showing the days of the year; also the time the Sun and Moon rise and set; the conjunctions, eclipses and other information concerning the things in the sky. The word almanac is supposed to be derived from the Arabic article al and the verb manac, which means to count.

=Angular measurements.= See Appendix B.

=Aphelion.= The point where a planet or a comet is farthest away from the sun.

=Apparent.= To seem real. The daily motion of the Sun round the Earth is only apparent, for we know it is the Earth which turns round on its axis instead.

=Arc.= See Appendix B.

=Arc of circle.= See Appendix B.

=Aspect.= (1) Any curious appearance of an object, especially if the object changes in appearance. (2)The figure formed by a planet with the stars of the constellation which it is in.

=Astrologer.= One who forecasts the life of a person on the supposition that the stars control it.

=Astronomer.= One who is skilled in seeing the stars and who knows them.

=Atom.= A very small particle of matter. See Molecule; Matter.

=Attract.= To pull toward. The attraction of the Sun and the Earth for each other is due to gravitation.

=Attraction.= A force which pulls one body to another.

=Attraction of Gravitation.= A force which pulls all bodies to each other.

=Auditory nerve.= A nerve that carries the impressions of sound which reach the ear to the brain.

=Aurora borealis.= The Northern Lights. A glowing light effect which takes place in the Arctic Circle. It can often be seen from our Northern States and sometimes from the Southern States. The same kind of lights appear in the Antarctic Circle. These Southern Lights are called Aurora Australis.

=Axes.= Plural of axis.

=Axis.= An imaginary line on which a body turns.

=Axis of rotation.= An imaginary line round which anything turns or spins.

=Axle.= A wood or metal rod on which one or more wheels turn, or it may turn with the wheel or wheels.

=Badge of merit.= A badge awarded by the organization of Boy Scouts to members who can show a certain amount of skill in doing certain things. See Appendix A.

=Band.= (1) A flat strip of any material, or (2) such a strip whose ends are joined together.

=Beam.= Rays of light which are parallel. See Ray.

=Bearing.= (1) A piece of metal, or a bit of agate or other jewel, on which a pivot, spindle or shaft turns. (2) A direction as found by the Sun or stars, or by the compass, sextant or other means.

=Body.= Any separate and distinct amount of matter when held together. The Sun and Moon are heavenly bodies.

=Degree.= (1) The 360th part of a circle. (2) Indicated by this sign °.

=Device.= (1) An apparatus or instrument or any part thereof. Any arrangement for producing a given result.

=Diagram.= A sort of shorthand picture of an apparatus or part of an apparatus. It is used to show in the simplest and clearest manner the construction of an apparatus.

=Diameter.= See Appendix B.

=Direct line.= A straight line.

=Disk.= (1) A circular plane or flat surface. Since the Sun, Moon and planets seem to be flat their surfaces are called disks. (2) Flat and circular like a coin.

=Dog days.= So called from the fact that Sirius, the Dog Star, rises at the same time as the Sun.

=Ecliptic.= See Appendix B.

=Elastic.= (1) A body that will stretch and return to its original size. (2) A thin piece of rubber.

=Ellipse.= See Appendix B.

=Equator.= See Appendix B.

=Equatorial.= Having to do with or affected by the equator.

=Equatorial telescope.= A telescope so mounted that its principal axis is parallel with the axis of the earth and moved by clockwork so that it will follow a star.

=Evening Star.= A planet which can be seen in the west just after the sun sets.

=Fixed.= (1) Fastened securely. (2) The stars are called fixed because they never seem to change their positions.

=Forecast.= A prediction of some future event. A forecast may be founded on fancy or on fact. A horoscope of a person is a forecast based on the fancy of an astrologer. A weather forecast is founded on the action of a barometer, and even then the forecast is uncertain enough. Forecasts of the time of eclipses, the return of comets and the like are founded on cold scientific facts and hence come true at exactly the calculated time.

=Frequency.= How often an event occurs.

=Gas.= That form of matter which is like air. Some gases remain in the gaseous state at ordinary temperatures. Gases have a tendency to expand without limit. See Vapor.

=Generate.= To produce. To set up; as a battery generates a current; the Sun generates power.

=Gravitation.= The force which attracts all bodies near the Earth to it and all bodies to each other.

=Heavens.= The sky. The space as far as the eye can see about the Earth. The space in which the stars and their planetary systems move.

=Horizontal.= See Fig. 185.

=Horoscope.= A forecast of the future of a person made by an astrologer who pretends to read the future from the aspect or position of the planets and stars.

=Hyperbola.= See Fig. 129.

=Hypothesis.= See Idea.

=Idea.= A notion of a plan or scheme which may be more or less vague. =Supposition.= A clearer conception of a plan or scheme which is based on such facts as may be thought of. =Hypothesis.= A plan or scheme assumed to be true and carefully reasoned out from all the facts obtainable. =Theory.= A plan or scheme which has been proved true by experiment, examination or comparison.

=Illusion.= An image which deceives the eye. The other senses can also be deceived by illusions.

=Impact.= Coming together of two objects.

=Impress.= To form on, or to affect, as light waves impress a dry plate.

=Indicate.= To show. To point out.

=Indicator.= That which points out or shows something.

=Limb.= The edge of the Sun, Moon or Planets.

=Lore.= Learning on any subject.

=Lunar.= Of, or having to do with the Moon.

=Magnetic lines of force.= The direction of the force of magnetism acting in and around a magnet.

=Magnetic storm.= The Earth is a great magnet and sometimes when sun spots of unusual size or numbers appear, the magnetic lines of force of the Earth are violently affected. This is called a magnetic storm.

=Mass.= (1) Amount of matter. (2) A lot of molecules or particles of matter brought and held together.

=Matter.= The substance of which a thing is formed. A molecule of matter is made up of atoms, and a mass is a lot of molecules held together by some attractive force.

=Mercury.= (1) The name of the planet nearest the Sun. (2) A silver white liquid metal.

=Molecule.= The smallest part of matter that can exist separately without the substance it forms being destroyed.

=Morning Star.= A planet which can be seen in the east just before the Sun rises.

=Morse code.= A telegraph code of dots and dashes invented by Samuel F. B. Morse. The Morse Code is used for telegraph and heliograph signaling.

=Motion.= Anything that changes position. There are two kinds of motion (a) simple motion and (b) compound motion. Simple motion can be either translated or rotary, while compound motion is both translated and rotary, so that while a body is being translated, or moved through space, it is also rotating on its axis. The Sun and planets, then, have compound motions.

=Nature.= Everything contained in space that has not been shaped by human hands.

=Nautical almanac.= The American Nautical Almanac is a book of the stars published by the Bureau of Navigation of the United States. It is published three years in advance and is sold by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C., at 30 cents per copy. This is designed chiefly for the use of navigators of ships. It gives the exact positions of the Sun, Moon and planets and much other astronomical information. It is based upon the calculations made by the United States Naval Observatory; these are printed in the Nautical Almanac, and on this all other almanacs are based.

=Northern lights.= See Aurora Borealis.

=Obscured.= Hidden from sight.

=Official Handbook of the Boy Scouts.= A book published by the organization of Boy Scouts and which contains the rules and regulations of that organization and the requirements they must meet in order to win merit badges.

=Offset.= To equal; to balance.

=Opposition.= See Appendix.

=Optic Nerve.= The nerve that carries the impression of light received by the eye to the brain.

=Orbit.= The path followed by a body. Atoms have orbits as well as the stars. The paths followed by planets and comets round the Sun.

=Parabola.= See Fig. 129.

=Parallel.= See Appendix B.

=Particle.= A bit of matter. A particle may be a bit of matter which can be seen or it may mean an amount so small that it cannot be seen.

=Pencil.= A group of rays from the same source of light. See Beam. See Ray.

=Pendulum.= A body suspended from a fixed point and free to swing.

=Perihelion.= The point where a planet or a comet is nearest the Sun. As the orbit of a planet is an ellipse and the Sun is in one of the foci—that is near one end—a planet comes nearest to the Sun when at this end of the ellipse; and when the planet is at the other end of its orbit, it is farthest away. See Aphelion.

=Period.= A certain interval of time which is marked by a repeated occurrence. The period of the Earth round its axis is about 24 hours. Its period around the Sun is 365¼ days.

=Periodic.= Recurring regularly; as a periodic comet.

=Perpendicular.= See Appendix B.

=Phase.= One of the peculiar aspects of a heavenly body; as the phases of the Moon, or the phases of Venus.

=Pivot.= A pin, spindle or shaft on which a wheel, lever or device rotates or is rotated.

=Plane.= A level surface, as a table top.

=Point.= A sharp end. A starting place.

=Pores.= Minute spaces which separate the molecules of a substance.

=Position.= The place of a thing when compared to the places of other things.

=Precede.= To go ahead of. That which is before.

=Precession.= The act of going ahead or preceding. When a revolving body such as a spinning top or the Earth is acted upon by forces which tend to change the direction of its axis. This change in the direction of its axis is called precessional motion. The pole of the equator of the Earth makes a complete turn round the pole of the ecliptic in a little over 25,000 years and this change in the direction of the axis of the Earth causes the points of the equinox, that is the places where the ecliptic and the equator cross each other to move slowly from west to east and this is termed the precession of the equinoxes.

=Prediction.= To foretell; to forecast. Predictions may be based on fancy or founded on fact.

=Principal.= The chief one; the most important.

=Principle.= The cause of a result. That on which a thing is based.

=Process.= (1) The way of working. (2) The course of procedure.

=Produce.= In astronomy the word produce means the lengthening of a line. It is a mathematical term.

=Protractor.= See Fig. 98.

=Quarter circle.= See Appendix B.

=Ray.= (1) A single line of light or heat. (2) The path of light and heat.

=Relative position.= The position of a thing when compared with the position of something else. See Position.

=Revolution.= The turning of a thing completely round on its axis.

=Revolve.= (1) To turn completely round a circle. (2) To turn on an axis, as a top, or the Earth.

=Rigid.= Firm, that which cannot be easily moved out of its place.

=Ring.= See Appendix B.

=Rise.= To come into sight above the horizon, as the Moon rises.

=Rotate.= To turn completely round on an axis like a top or the Earth.

=Rotary.= Turning completely round on an axis, like a top or the Earth.

=Roughly.= Not exactly; nearly enough for practical purposes.

=Schedule.= (1) A tabulated statement giving items concerning a subject. (2) A timetable of any kind.

=Seeing.= To look at. The word seeing in starcraft means to observe the stars. Good seeing is to observe the stars when the atmosphere is perfectly clear.

=Seems.= Something which apparently is true and yet is not necessarily true.

=Sensation.= The action of one of the senses when excited by some change in matter. Light falling on the retina of the eye produces the sensation of light and color in the brain.

=Set.= To sink from sight below the horizon; as the Sun sets.

=Sight.= The power to see. See Sighting.

=Sighting.= To get the eye and two other objects, such as a telescope and a star, in a line, as to sight Jupiter with a telescope.

=Sign.= A mark, figure or letter which astronomers have agreed to use to represent certain stars, aspects of stars, parts of the zodiac, etc.

=Solar.= That which is of, or has to do with the Sun.

=Spring stars.= The stars which can be seen best during the spring months.

=Star chart.= A map of the positions of the stars.

=Starcraft.= Useful knowledge of the stars. Skill shown in making the stars serve useful purposes.

=Star finder.= A device of any kind which will enable an unskilled person to find the planets or constellations.

=Star-lore.= Learning concerning the mythology of the stars.

=Summer stars.= The stars which can best be seen during the summer months.

=Supposition.= See Idea.

=Tangent.= See Appendix B.

=Tangent line.= See Appendix B.

=Telegraph code.= The alphabet of dots and dashes.

=Test.= To try out. To examine, compare or make an experiment which will give a needed proof.

=Theory.= See Idea.

=Thumb tack.= A short, thin, sharp-pointed tack with a large flat head which permits it to be easily pushed into a board with the thumb. It is used by draftsmen for fastening paper to drawing boards.

=Tilting.= Leaning from a vertical or plumb line. The axis of the Earth is tilted from the perpendicular 23½ degrees; this throws its equator out of plane with that of the sun, and the circle through the Earth that is in plane with the Sun is called the ecliptic.

=Transparent.= Said of any substance through which light can pass easily. Anything that may be seen through.

=Twinkle.= To blink. To flash with varying brightness. The twinkling of stars is caused by the atmosphere.

=Uniform.= Being the same all through or all along.

=Vapor.= A gas produced from a liquid or a solid and which returns to its original form at ordinary temperatures. See Gas.

=Vertical.= See Appendix B.

=Vibration.= A to-and-fro movement, as the vibration of a particle of matter. A constant to-and-fro movement over the same line.

=Visible.= That which the eye can see.

=Wane.= To gradually grow smaller. Said of the Moon.

=Wax.= To gradually grow larger. Said of the Moon.

=Winter Stars.= The stars which can best be seen during the winter months.

=Wireless Messages.= Messages which are sent and received by wireless telegraph stations.

=Wireless system.= An apparatus for sending and receiving messages by wireless telegraph.

=Your meridian.= The line running due north and south in the sky directly over your head. A meridian of this kind is called a celestial meridian.

=Zodiacal lights.= A faint glowing light which may be seen above the western horizon just after twilight during the clear evenings of winter and spring. It can also be seen just before daybreak during the clear mornings of summer and autumn.

INDEX

Air, thickness of, around Earth, 125. Air waves, 125. Alcor, in the Big Dipper, 11. and Mizar through a glass, 150. Aldebaran in Taurus, 26, 28. Almanac, 171. how to read, 182. Old Farmers’, 184. signs in, 183. use of, for finding planets, 61. Alpha Centauri nearest star, 118. Alphabet, Greek, 197. Morse, 39. Andromeda, great nebula in, 119. Annular eclipse of the Sun, 112. Antares in Scorpio, 180. Apennines on the Moon, 146. Apparent noon, 154. Apparent solar day, 154. Apparent time, 152. Aquarius, the Water Bearer, constellation of, 63. the Water Man, 173. Aquila, the Eagle, 201. Arab test for eyesight, 11. Arc defined, 194. Arctic day and Sun, 87. Arcturus in Boötes, 28. Aries, the Ram, 63, 175. Aristarchus on the Moon, 146. Ass’s Colts in Cancer, 176. Asteroids, 47, 54. Astrologer’s horoscopes, 180. Atoms, vibration of, 123. Auditory nerve, 125. Autumn, 74. Autumnal equinox, 178. Auriga, Capella in, 24. Auriga, the Charioteer, 23. constellation of, 23. of the Greeks, 24. the Shepherd, 24.

Barometer, a simple, 35. Barometric pressure, 35. Belt of Orion, 21. Beta Pegasi, 18. Betelgeux in Orion, 28. Big Dipper, the, 2, 4. Alcor in the, 11. how to tell time by the, 12. Mizar in the, 11. pointer stars of, 10. position of, in autumn, 3. in summer, 11. in spring, 10. in winter, 9. through a telescope, 149. Boötes, the Bear Leader, 201. Boxing the compass, 78. Boy Scout, merit badge for, 193. Boy Scouts’ Handbook, 193. Brain of a genius, 192. Bull of Light, the, 26. Burning lens, 37.

Camera, how it is made, 185. Cancer, the Crab, 176. Candle flame, 30. Canis Major, constellation of, 28, 201. Canis Minor, the Little Dog, 201. Capella, how to find the North with, 24. Cardinal points of a compass, 78. Cassiopeia of the Arabians, 16. constellation of, 14. Castor and Pollux in Gemini, 176. Cave man, how he marked time, 152. Central time, 160. Centrifugal force, 58, 90. Chromosphere, the Sun’s, 32. Chronograph, how made and used, 162. Chronometer, use of, to find longitude, 85. Circle defined, 194. Colored stars, 202. Colored sun glasses, 30. Colors, how they are made, 123, 129. Combustion, what it is, 123. Comet, breaking up of, 116. coma of a, 113. Halley’s, 115. how to find a, 112. nucleus of a, 113. tail of a, 113, 116. Comets, laws of, 114. number of, 116. paths of, 113. speed of, 115. Compass, boxing the, 78. cardinal points of a, 78. dial, mariner’s, 78. how to make a simple, 77. mariner’s, 78. pocket, 78. Concave lens, 134. Constellations: Aquarius, the Water Bearer, 63. Aquila, 201. Aries, the Ram, 63, 173, 175. Auriga, 23. Big Dipper, 6. Boötes, 201. Cancer, the Crab, 176. Canis Major, 28, 201. Cassiopeia, 14. Cygnus, 201. Flying Horse, 19. Gemini, the Twins, 63, 176. Great Bear, 6. Great Square of Pegasus, 17. having first magnitude stars, 201. Libra, the Balance, 178. Little Bear, 16. Little Dipper, 15. Leo, the Lion, 177. Lyre, 201. Mighty Orion, 20. Northern Cross, 202. Pisces, the Fishes, 63, 174. Pleiades, 26. Plough, 6. Sagittarius, the Archer, 180 Scorpio, the Scorpion, 180. Taurus, the Bull, 24, 175. Ursa Major, 6. Ursa Minor, 17. Virgo, the Virgin, 177. what they mean, 14. Zodiac, 168. Convex lens, 133. Copernicus on the Moon, 148. Corona of the Sun, 33. Crescent Moon, 93. Cycle of the Seasons, 75. Cygnus, the Swan, 201.

Dark stars, 206. Day, solar, 154. when it begins and ends, 152. Definitions of words used in starcraft, 213. Degrees, dividing a circle into, 156. Earth divided into, 81. protractor for measuring, 79. Denebola in Leo, the Lion, 177. Dial of mariner’s compass, 79. Diameter defined, 194. Difference between true North Pole and magnetic North Pole, 88. Dipping needle, how to make a, 79. Dog Star, 8. Double stars, 204.

Earth, 47, 54. cross section of, 67. divided into degrees, 81. divided into standard meridians, 158. from the Moon, view of, 104. a great magnet, 77. in the making, 66. Moon eclipsed by, 107. and Moon joined together, 89. orbit of, an ellipse, 70. precession of the, 173. proof it is round, 67. shadow of, 109. thickness of air around, 125. tilts on its axis, 69. travels round the Sun, 70. turning of, makes day and night, 69. turning in orbit makes the seasons, 72. turns on its axis, proof that, 68. umbra of, 135. when cooled off, 66. Earth-shine, 93. Eastern time, 158. Eclipse, annular of the Sun, 112. Eclipse, defined, 113, 194, 195. of the Moon, 107. partial, of the Sun, 112. seeing an, 107. of the Sun by Moon, 110. for next 30 years, 112. total, of the Sun, 112. Ecliptic, the, 46, 69, 72, 170. Ellipse, 113. Ellis seasonal twilight chart, 201. Epsilon in Lyra through a glass, 150. Equation of time, 155, 207. Equator, crossing the ecliptic, 72. defined, 194. Equinox, autumnal, 178. vernal, 178. Ether, what it is, 123, 125, 127. Evening star, Venus, 50. Experiment, Foucault’s pendulum, 68. in centrifugal force, 90. making star trails, 68. showing, eclipse of Sun, 110. how Moon cracked, 145. Moon eclipsed by Earth, 107. Moon’s crescent, 95. Moon’s day and year, 94. Moon’s phases, 98. reflection of light, 131. refraction of light, 132. with a bell, 125. with candle to show the seasons, 73. with cardboard zodiac, 170. with spinning top, 72. with water waves, 124. Eye, a camera, 127. how it sees, 127. human, 8. light and, 129. Eyesight, star tests for, 197.

Finding, the North Star, 2. the North with Pegasus, 19. Fireballs, 116. First magnitude stars, 200. Fixed stars, 7. Flying Horse, constellation of, 19. Focal length of a lens, 134. Focus of lens, 133. Forecasting the weather by barometer, 35. Forecasting weather by signs, 36. Foucault’s pendulum experiment, 68. Fraunhofer’s lines, 190. Frequency of vibrating atoms, 123. Friction, 60.

Gemini, the Twins, constellation of, 63, 176. Geometrical figures, 195. Gibbous Moon, 93. Girl in the Moon, 147. Gravitation defined, 59. Great Bear, 5. Great Square of Pegasus, constellation of, 17. Greek alphabet, 197. Greenwich time, 86. Grimaldi on the Moon, 94, 147. Guardian stars of the Little Dipper, 16.

Handbook of Boy Scouts, 193. Harvest and Hunter’s Moon, 98. Heat, how it travels, 123. Heat, what it is, 122, 129. Heliograph, how to make and use a, 40, 41. Horizon, a good, 153. Horizon glass, 84. Horizontal line defined, 194. Horoscopes, astrologer’s, 180. Horse and Rider, 11. Hours, dividing a circle into, 157. How a camera is made, 185. How the cave man marked time, 152. How the eye sees, 127. How to find, Aries, the Ram, 174. a comet, 113. constellations of the Zodiac, 169. focus of a lens, 133. longitude 86. the North Star, 83. with dipping needle and protractor, 82. with sticks and pail of water, 83. power of a telescope, 143. How to get Sun time, 153. How to know, the stars, 14. you are at the North Pole, 87. How to look at the Sun, 148. How to make, a cheap telescope, 140. pinhole telescope, 138. simple compass, 77. simple dipping needle, 79. star finder, 1. star trails, 187. How the Moon makes the tides, 99. How a photograph is made, 185. How a prism bends light, 133. How to read the almanac, 182. How a spectroscope is made, 191. How the stars shine, 121. How the stars were made, 119. How a telescope works, 139. How to tell, time by the Big Dipper, 12. a true meteorite, 117. How time is sent, by telegraph, 163. by wireless, 165. How to use a prism, 188. How we see light, 126. Hyades in Taurus, 175. Hyperbola, 113.

Imaginary Sun time, 155. Index mirror, 84. Invisible stars, 206.

Jupiter, 47, 61. nine moons of, 52. seeing, 51. through a telescope, 149.

Kullmer star finder, 209.

Latitude, how to find, by protractor and dipping needle, 82. with sextant, 84. with sticks and pail of water, 83. Lens, concave, 134. convex, 133. how to find focus of a, 133. Leo, the Lion, 177. Libra, the Balance, 178. Light, defined, 122. how made, 122. how it passes through glass, 130. how it travels, 123. how we see it, 126, 129. reflection of, 131, 132. refraction of, 132. speed of, 188. what makes the colors in, 123. wave-lengths of, 123, 130. Little Bear, constellation of, 16. Little Dipper, constellation of, 15. Local time, 86, 155. Longitude, how to find it, 86. meridians of, 86. use of sextant to find, 84. Lyra, the Lyre, 201.

Magellan’s voyage, 67. Magnet, Earth a great, 77. Magnet, steel bar, 76. Magnetic lines of force, 76. Magnetic North Pole and true North Pole, 76, 88. Magnetic storms, 34. Magnitude of stars, 199. Man in the Moon, 93. Mariner’s compass, 78. Mars, 47, 49. is it peopled? 49. through a telescope, 149. Mean length, defined, 154. Mean solar time, 154. Mean time, 152. Mercury, 47, 48, 61. phases of, 48. through a telescope, 148. Meridian defined, 18. prime, 156. your, 61. zero, 156. Meridians, fixed, 157. of longitude, 85. standard, 86, 156. Meteorites, kinds of, 117. tests for, 117. Meteors, and meteorites, 116. orbits of, 116. Merit badge for starcraft, 193. Milk dipper in the Milky Way, 181. Milky Way, stars of the, 117, 118. through a glass, 150. Mizar in the Big Dipper, 11, 150. Moon, 89. Apennines on the, 146. aspects of the, 94. Copernicus on the, 148. crescent, 93. day and year of the, 94. and Earth joined together, 89. eclipse of the, 107. eclipse of Sun by the, 110. gibbous, 93. Grimaldi on the, 94, 147. Harvest and Hunter’s, 99. how it cracked, 144. if you were on it, 101. imitating volcanoes on the, 91. Man in the, 93. motions of the, 94. old, in the new Moon’s arms, 93. other things about the, 106. phases of the, how made, 94, 95, 96. photographing the, 188. seas on the, 144. seeing the, with the naked eye, 92. telling time by the, 105. through a telescope, 144. time marked by the, 151. a trip to the, 101. Tycho on the, 144. volcanoes on the, 91. weather, and the, 105. where it came from, 90. Moon girl, 146. Morning star, Venus, 50. Morse Code, 39. Motions of the Moon, 94. Mountain time, 160.

Naked eye aids, 139. Naked eye view of the Moon, 93. Nebula, 114, 118. of Orion, great, 119. Nebular hypothesis, 119. Nebulæ, different forms of, 119. Neptune, the outpost planet, 47, 53. seeing, 53. through a telescope, 149. North, to find, by a watch, 45. with Capella, 24. with Orion, 23. with Pegasus, 19. North magnetic pole, 76. North Pole, 8. explorers at the, 87. how to know you are at, 87. shadows at, 88. true, and magnetic North Pole, 76, 88. North Star, 1, 2, 4. how to find, 1, 2. how to find latitude of, 83. sighting the, 2. through a glass, 150. Northern Cross, 202. Northern Lights, 34.

Old Farmers’ Almanac, 184. Old Moon in the new Moon’s arms, 93. Opera glasses, 140. Optic nerve, 126. Orion, of the Arabians, 22. belt of stars of, 21. constellation of, 20. finding the North with, 23. the Great Hunter, 20. Great Nebula of, 119. sword of stars of, 22.

Pacific time, 160. Parabola, 113. Partial eclipse of the Sun, 112. Pegasus, the Flying Horse, 19. Pendulum illustrating Sun’s attraction, 59. Penumbra, 135. Perpendicular line defined, 194. Phases, of Mercury, 48. of Venus, 50. Photograph, how made, 185. Photographing the Moon, 188 the stars, 185. Photographing the Sun, 187. Photosphere of the Sun, 32. Pinhole sunshade, 30. Pinhole telescope, 30, 138. Pisces, the Fishes, constellation of, 63, 174. Plane, defined, 55. Planet, how to plot position of a, 61. Planetesimal hypothesis, 119, 120. Planets, eggshell experiment to show motions of, 57. first aid to remembering, 57. how held in space, 57. how to know the, 47. names and sizes of, 47. path of, 170. plane of, 55. round the Sun, position of, 54. the Sun’s kiddies, 46. through a telescope, 148. use of almanac for finding, 61. why they spin, 60. Pleiades, in Taurus, 26. through a glass, 150. Plotting the position of a planet, 61. Plough, the, 5. Pointer stars of the Big Dipper, 10. Polar nights, 71. Polaris, the Pole Star, 4. Pole Star, the, 4, 8. Precession of the Earth, 173. Prime meridian, 156. Prism, 132. forming a spectrum, 134. how to use, 188. Produce, defined, 8. Prominences of the Sun, 31. Protractor, showing degrees, 81. showing degrees latitude, 82.

Radius defined, 194. Railroad time, 156. Reflection of light, 131. Regulus in Leo, the Lion, 177. Rigel in Orion, 28. Right angle defined, 194. Ring defined, 194.

Sagittarius, the Archer, 180. Saturn, 47. seeing, 52. through a telescope, 149. Scorpius, the Scorpion, 180. Seasonal twilight chart, Ellis, 201. Seasons: autumn, 74. spring, 74. summer, 75. winter, 74. cycle of the, 75. Earth turning round Sun makes the, 72. experiment to show the, 73. Seeing, an eclipse, 107. the Moon with naked eye, 92. the stars, 121. Sextant, how to use it, 84. Shadow of, the Earth, 109. the Penumbra, 135. the Umbra, 135. Shadows, 135. at the North Pole, 88. Shooting the Sun, 84. Shooting stars, 116. Sighting the North Star, 2. Signalling with the Sun’s rays, 38. Signs, in the almanac, 183. of the Zodiac, 168. Sirius, the Dog Star, 8, 118. Sky, things in the, 107. Smoked Sun glasses, 30. Solar day, 154. apparent, 154. Solar noon, 153. Solar spectrum, 189. Solar system, in perspective, 56. top view of, 55. Solar time, 152. mean, 154. Solstice, summer, 176. winter, 181. Sound waves, 125. South Pole, 26. Spectroscope, 189. how made, 191. Spectrum, 133. solar, 189. Spring, 74. Spyglass, 136. stars seen through, 144. Standard meridians, 86, 156. Standard time, 155. zone system of, 156. Standard time meridians in United States, 159. Starcraft, merit badge for, 193. Star finder, how to make a, 1. Kullmer, 209. Star tests for eyesight, 197. Star time, 160. Star trails, how to make, 187. Stars, colored, 202. constellations having first magnitude, 201. double, 204. first magnitude, 200. how made, 119. how they shine, 121. invisible or dark, 206. magnitude of, 199. near the Sun’s path, 62. photographing, 185. seeing, 121. through a telescope, 149. variable, 205. what they are made of, 188. of the Zodiac, 166. Straight line defined, 194. Summer, 75. Summer solstice, 176. Sun, annular eclipse of the, 87. arctic, 87. attraction of, illustrated, 59. brightest star, 29. hot gases of, 121. chromosphere of, 32. core of, 32. corona of, 33. cross section of, 34. eclipse of, by the Moon, 110. how to see, 29. layers of flame of, 31. lighting a fire with, 37. from the Moon, view of, 104. stars near the, 62. partial eclipse of the, 112. path of the, 46, 170. photographing the, 187. photosphere of, 32. positions of planets round the, 54. prominences of, 31. rays of, signalling with, 38. shooting the, 84. surface of, 32. time marked by, 151. through a telescope, 148. weather and, 34. what it is made of, 30. Sun dial, how to make a simple, 42. Sun spots, 31. effects of, on the Earth, 33. Sun time, 152. how to set, 153. imaginary, 155. Sword of Orion, 22.

Tangent defined, 58, 194. Taurus, Aldebaran in, 26. constellation of, 24, 63, 175. of the Egyptians, 26. Telescope, 136. astronomical, 138. with convex lenses, 142. defined, 136. discovery of, 136. equatorial, 188. how to make a cheap, 140. how to make a pinhole, 138. how it works, 139. kinds of, 137, 139. magnifying power of, 143. Mars through a, 149. Mercury through a, 148. Moon through a, 144. Neptune through a, 149. opera glass, 141. pinhole, 30. planets through a, 148. Saturn through a, 149. seeing the stars through a, 144. of sextant, 84. simple, 140. stars through a, 149. Sun through a, 148. Uranus through a, 149. Venus through a, 148. Telescope lens, mounting for, 140. Test for eyesight, Alcor, 11. Tides, high and low, 100. how the Moon makes, 99. spring and neap, 101. Time, apparent, 152. at different cities, 161. by the Moon, telling, 105. by the stars, 160. central, 160. to change star, into solar, 163. correct, 161. how obtained, 162. distributed by telegraph, 161. by wireless, 161. eastern, 158. equation of, 155, 207. Greenwich, 86. how sent by telegraph, 163. how to tell, by the Big Dipper, 12. imaginary Sun, 155. local, 86, 155. marked by the Moon, 151. by the Sun, 151. mean, 152. solar, 154. mountain, 160. o’ day, 151. Pacific, 160. railroad, 156. standard, 155. Sun, 154. what is it? 151. zone system of standard, 156. Time ball, how made and worked, 164. Time meridians in United States, standard, 159 Total eclipse of the Sun, 110. Transit of a star, 162. Transit instrument, 162. Trapezium defined, 20, 21. True North Pole, 76. Tycho on the Moon, 144.

Umbra of the Moon, 135. Uranus, Herschel’s planet, 47, 53. seeing, 53. through a telescope, 149. Ursa Major, constellation of, 6. Ursa Minor, constellation of, 16.

Vanishing Man in the Moon, 146. Variable stars, 205. Venus, 47, 61. phases of, 50. seeing, 50. through a telescope, 148. Vernal equinox, 178. Vertical line defined, 194. Vesta, an asteroid, 54. Vibrating atoms, 123. Vibrations of bell, number of, 125. Virgo, the Virgin, 177. Volcanoes, how they were made, 91. on the Moon, 91.

Waves, air, 125. in the ether, 127. length of light, 123. sound, 125. speed of, 126. of water, experiment with, 124. Weather, forecasting, by the barometer, 35. by signs, 37. Weather, and the Moon, 105. Sun and the, 34. Winter, 74. Winter solstice, 181. Wireless, time distributed by, 161. Wireless receiving sets, 165.

Zero meridian, 156. Zodiac, as invented by the ancients, 167. as we know it today, 167. constellations of, 168. experiment with a cardboard, 170. how to find the constellations of the, 169. signs of the, 168. stars of the, 166. what it is, 166. Zone system of standard time, 156.