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UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

Volume 12, No. 3, pp. 181-216, 49 figs.

February 19, 1960

The Baculum in Microtine Rodents

BY SYDNEY ANDERSON

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE 1960

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, Robert W. Wilson

Volume 12, No. 3, pp. 181-216, 49 figs. Published February 19, 1960

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Lawrence, Kansas

PRINTED IN THE STATE PRINTING PLANT TOPEKA, KANSAS 1960

28-774

The Baculum in Microtine Rodents

SYDNEY ANDERSON

INTRODUCTION

Didier (1943, 1954) has described the bacula of several Old World microtines, and other rodents. Argyropulo studied (1933a, 1933b) five species of Cricetinae and Microtus socialis. Ognev (1950) illustrated numerous species of Eurasian microtines. Hamilton (1946) figured and described the baculum of 11 species of North American microtines. Hibbard and Rinker (1942, 1943) figured the baculum of Synaptomys cooperi paludis and of Microtus ochrogaster taylori. Dearden (1958) studied the baculum in two Asiatic species of Lagurus, in six subspecies of Lagurus curtatus of North America, and in six other species of microtines of other genera.

The baculum can be preserved easily with standard study skins, and is potentially useful in interpreting relationships on any taxonomic level, and especially in determining the relationships of species within a genus, if used together with other structures.

The anatomical orientation of the baculum needs comment because some confusion exists in the literature, especially concerning the use of the terms ventral and dorsal. The urethra lies on the anatomically ventral side of the penis, and of the baculum. In the center of the penis lies a single corpus cavernosum penis, shown in cross section proximal to the baculum in Figure 1c. Dorsally an artery, thinner walled than the ventral urethra, ends in a somewhat reticulate sinus surrounding primarily the middle part of the baculum within the bulbous glans penis. The corpus cavernosum penis (the structure has no median septum, at least distally) terminates with the baculum and is closely knit to it. The site of this bond is evident in the tuberosities and sculpturing of the base of the baculum.

The part of the penis enclosing the baculum, when not erect, is folded back as shown in Figures 1a and 1b. As a result the anatomically ventral surface faces upwards, or at least posterodorsally. The use of the term ventral in this account refers to the anatomically ventral side, that is to say to the side of the baculum facing the urethra.

The baculum in microtines consists of an elongate stalk, having a laterally, and to a lesser extent dorsoventrally, expanded base and an attenuate distal shaft. Usually, three digitate processes of cartilaginous material in which additional ossifications may occur arise from the terminus of the shaft. The proportions and curvature of the stalk vary as do the proportions of the terminal ossifications to each other and to the stalk. In some species one or more of the digital processes are frequently completely unossified.

Preserved specimens of Microtus arvalis, Microtus agrestis, Microtus orcadensis, Microtus nivalis, Microtus guentheri, Microtus subterraneus, Clethrionomys glareolus, and Ellobius lutescens were provided by Prof. Robert Matthey of Lausanne, Switzerland. J. Knox Jones, Jr. carefully saved the bacula with specimens of Microtus fortis and Clethrionomys rufocanus from Korea. Dr. W. B. Quay, Department of Zoology, University of California, supplied specimens of Synaptomys cooperi, Phenacomys intermedius, and Microtus oregoni. Dr. Franklin Sturges and Mr. John W. Goertz, Museum of Natural History, Oregon State College, Corvallis, have provided specimens including bacula of Clethrionomys occidentalis, Microtus oregoni, and Microtus townsendii. Dr. Randolph L. Peterson and Mr. Bristol Foster, Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology, Toronto, Canada, provided specimens of Phenacomys intermedius. Dr. J. N. Layne, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida, presented me with a baculum of Microtus parvulus.

I am indebted to all of these persons for their aid, and to various collectors for the Museum of Natural History, who preserved bacula with specimens. Many of these specimens were obtained through the assistance of the University of Kansas Endowment Association and the National Science Foundation.

METHODS

Bacula were obtained from fresh specimens, specimens preserved in alcohol or formalin, and dried study skins. The processing of bacula has been discussed by Hamilton (1946), Friley (1947), White (1951), and Dearden (1958). The methods used to preserve bacula for my study differed some from any of those reported. The terminal part of each penis including the baculum imbedded in the glans penis was removed in its entirety and placed in a vial. The catalogue number was kept with each specimen at all times. A two per cent solution of potassium hydroxide was added. All specimens were examined at least once a day. If tissues other than the glans penis were present they were removed with forceps when softened usually at the end of one day. Several drops of Alizarin red-S stain in a saturated alcoholic solution were added to the 3 to 5 ccs. of KOH solution in each vial. Solutions were replaced if they became turbid enough to obstruct observation of the clearing penis. After one day the solution containing stain was removed and replaced with two per cent KOH solution without stain. When the glans became sufficiently cleared that the stained baculum could be seen easily, the solution was replaced by glycerin in which clearing was completed. The time required for the entire process varied from one day to more than two weeks depending on the size of the specimen and on its condition. Fresh specimens clear more rapidly than dried specimens, and those that are dried more rapidly than those that are preserved. A three or four per cent solution of hydroxide will hasten the process, but more frequent observation is required to prevent excessive maceration.

Specimens were then examined in a shallow dish containing glycerin under a binocular microscope. The baculum can be viewed from any desired direction. The method described above leaves the baculum intact within the glans penis; therefore its orientation can be determined relative to the thick walled urethra and the thin walled dorsal artery that extends onto the dorsal side of the baculum. The ventral curvature of the penis proximal to the baculum, and the distal extension, characteristic of most species, of the dorsal border of the glans (both shown in Figure 1) are other features aiding in correctly orienting cleared specimens. The digitate processes are not so often injured, lost, or displaced when the method described above is used as they are when the penis is dissected. Specimens were stored in glycerin in glass shell vials having polyethylene stoppers. A small card bearing the name, number, locality, and other data was placed in each vial. A specimen thus enclosed can be kept indefinitely, or removed and mounted in balsam as described by White (1951:631) or in plastic as described by Dearden (1958:541) and thus stored in the vial containing the skull of the specimen.

Drawings were made on millimeter ruled paper while the baculum was viewed under a binocular microscope with a square ruled eyepiece.

Unless otherwise noted all specimens listed are in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History. Catalogue numbers are cited. Measurements are accurate to within less than one-tenth of a millimeter. Proportions as stated in the text are approximations, accurate to within one-twelfth (8.33 per cent). The range of variation is unknown for some species. Mention is made if maturity is known or suspected to differ in specimens being compared.