Part 71

Phaps erythroptera Giebel (part), Thes. Ornith., 3, 1877, p. 89 (Marianne).

Phaps xanthura Giebel, Thes. Ornith., 3, 1877, p. 91 (Marianne).

Phaps yapensis Giebel, Thes. Ornith., 3, 1877, p. 91 (Uap).

Phlegoenas virgo Reichenow. Journ. f. Ornith., 1885, p. 110 (Type locality, Palau-Inseln, error = Guam).

Phlogaenas erythroptera Oustalet, Le Nat., 1889, p. 261 (Mariannes).

Phlegoenas pampusan Wiglesworth, Abhandl. und Ber. Zool. Mus. Dresden, no. 6, 1890-1891 (1891), p. 55 (Marianne); Oustalet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (3), 7, 1895, p. 224 (Saypan, Guam, Rota).

Phlogoenas yapensis Salvadori, Cat. Birds British Mus., 21, 1893, p. 593 (Uap); Oustalet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (3), 7, 1895, p. 227 (Mackensie); Bolau, Mitteil. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, 1898, p. 68 (Yap); Dubois, Syn. Avium, 2. 1904, p. 772 (Uap).

Phlogoenas pampusan Salvadori, Cat. Birds British Mus., 21, 1893, p. 602 (Marianne).

Phlegoenas xanthonura Hartert, Novit. Zool., 5, 1898, p. 60 (Guam, Saipan); Wheeler, Report Island of Guam, 1900, p. 13 (Guam); Matschie, Journ. f. Ornith., 1901, p. 113 (Guam, Saipan); Safford, Amer. Anthro., 4, 1902, p. 711 (Guam); idem, Osprey, 1902, p. 68 (Mariannas); idem, The Plant World, 7, 1904, p. 264 (Guam); idem, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb., 9, 1905, p. 78 (Guam); Cox, Island of Guam, 1917, p. 20 (Guam).

Phlogoenas xanthonura Seale, Occ. Papers Bernice P. Bishop Mus., 1, 1901, p. 42 (Marianas); Reichenow, Die Vögel, 1, 1913, p. 331 (Mariannen); Bryan, Guam Rec., vol. 13, no. 2, 1936, p. 24 (Guam).

Phlegoenas xanthonura xanthonura Kuroda, in Momiyama, Birds Micronesia, 1922, p. 54 (Guam, Rota, Saipan).

Phlegoenas xanthonura yapensis Kuroda, in Momoyama, Birds Micronesia, 1922, p. 54 (Yap).

Gallicolumba xanthonura Mathews, Syst. Avium Australasianarum, 1, 1927, p. 75 (Marianas, Mackenzie); Hand-list Japanese Birds, rev., 1932, p. 189 (Pagan, Almagan, Saipan, Tinian, Rota, Mackenzie); Mayr, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 828, 1936, p. 4 (Marianne); Peters, Check-list Birds World, 3, 1937, p. 136 (Marianne, Yap); Hand-list Japanese Birds, 3d ed., 1942, p. 211 (Yap, Assongsong, Pagan, Almagan, Saipan, Tinian, Rota); Strophlet, Auk, 1946, p. 538 (Guam); Wharton, Ecol. Monogr., 16, 1946, p. 174 (Guam); Baker, Condor, 49, 1947, p. 125 (Guam).

Gallicolumba canifrons yapensis Mathews, Syst. Avium Australasianarum, 1, 1927, p. 74 (Yap).

Terricolumba xanthonura Yamashina, Tori, 10, 1940, p. 677 (Assongsong).

Gallicolumba xanthonura xanthonura Mayr, Birds Southwest Pacific, 1945, p. 290 (Marianas, Yap); Watson, The Raven, 17, 1946, p. 41 (Guam); Stott, Auk, 1947, p. 526 (Saipan); Baker, Smithson. Misc. Coll., vol. 107, no. 15, 1948, p. 61 (Guam, Rota Yap).

Gallecolumba xanthonura xanthonura Downs, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 49, 1946, p. 96 (Tinian).

Geographic range.--Micronesia: Mariana Islands--Asuncion, Pagan, Almagan, Saipan, Tinian, Rota, Guam; Caroline Islands--Yap.

Characters.--Adult male: Forehead, face, chin, throat, and upper breast white, lightly washed with pale buff; crown, occiput, sides of head, and nape rusty brown to dark brown; rest of upper parts dark bronze-olive; feathers of mantle and upper wing-coverts broadly edged with metallic purple-violet; primaries, under wing-coverts and axillaries brown; tail, lower breast and rest of underparts dark brown; bill and feet dark brown.

Adult female: Resembles adult male, but smaller and with underparts colored between "ochraceous-tawny" and "cinnamon brown" instead of dark brown and white; head and neck darker and with more rufous than underparts; remainder of upper surface resembles underparts but with striking olive green sheen, especially on upper wing-coverts; primaries brown but outer webs lighter; tail rufous-brown, with a broad, black subterminal band.

The male type of plumage in the adult female is: breast light drab tinged with light brown and darkening anteriorly; crown resembles that of normal female although darker and becoming lighter and grayer on neck and nape; shoulder and wing-coverts compare favorably with that of adult male although lighter and with yellowish tinge; back bronzed olive-green as in normal female but mantle with a few purplish feathers characteristic of male; abdomen near "olive brown" with buffy-brown edges to feathers.

Immature male: Resembles adult male, but head and nape darker brown; throat and upper breast may be more brown and less white.

Immature female: Resembles adult female, but with more rufous coloring; olive-green sheen on feathers reduced in amount or absent.

Measurements.--Measurements are found in table 28.

TABLE 28. MEASUREMENTS OF Gallicolumba xanthonura

===================+==========+=========+========+===========+======== SUBSPECIES | Number | Wing | Tail | Culmen | Tarsus -------------------+----------+---------+--------+-----------+-------- G. x. xanthonura |43 males | 146 | 102 | 22.0 | 32 | |(139-153)|(97-111)|(21.0-23.0)| (31-33) | | | | | |31 females| 136 | 94 | 20.5 | 30 | |(131-141)|(90-98) |(20.0-21.5 | (28-32) | | | | | G. x. kubaryi | 7 males | 157 | | 23.0 | 35 | |(152-160)| |(20.5-23.5)| (33-35) | | | | | | 7 females| 148 | | 23.0 | 33 | |(145-151)| |(22.5-23.5)| (32-34) -------------------+----------+---------+--------+-----------+--------

There is little difference in the measurements of specimens from Guam, Rota, Tinian, Saipan, and Asuncion. No specimens from Yap were available for examination.

Weights.--The NAMRU2 party obtained weights of this ground dove from Guam as follows: seven adult males 119-154 (130); seven adult females 96-150 (118).