Part 2

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Lawrence, Kansas

PRINTED BY FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS 1951

22-8131

The Avifauna of Micronesia, Its Origin, Evolution, and Distribution

ROLLIN H. BAKER

CONTENTS

PAGE

INTRODUCTION 5

DESCRIPTION OF MICRONESIA 5 Climate 8 Soils 9 Surface water 9 Vegetation 10

GAZETTEER OF THE ISLANDS OF MICRONESIA 11 Mariana Islands 11 Palau Islands 13 Caroline Islands 14 Marshall Islands 15

ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORATION IN MICRONESIA 16

CHECK-LIST OF THE BIRDS OF MICRONESIA 21

DISCUSSION OF THE AVIFAUNA 28 Oceanic Birds 28 Inshore Oceanic Birds 29 Offshore and Pelagic Oceanic Birds 30 Faunal Components 30 Migratory Shore Birds 32 Original Homes of the Shore Birds that Visit Micronesia 32 Routes of Migration 34 Populations of Shore Birds in Micronesia 37 Land and Fresh-Water Birds 42 Polynesian Component 44 Melanesian Component 44 Moluccan and Celebesian Components 45 Philippine Component 45 Palearctic Component 46 Speciation 48 Time of Colonization 50 Factors Causing Dispersal 52 Analysis of Speciation 55

CONSERVATION OF THE AVIFAUNA OF MICRONESIA 58

THE FUTURE OF ORNITHOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN MICRONESIA 60

METHODS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 60

ACCOUNTS OF THE KINDS OF BIRDS IN MICRONESIA 63

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 340

BIBLIOGRAPHY 343

FIGURES IN TEXT

FIGURE PAGE

1. The islands of Micronesia. 6

2. The Mariana Islands. 12

3. The Palau Islands. 13

4. The Caroline Islands. 15

5. The Marshall Islands. 16

6. Routes of migration used by shore birds in the Pacific. 34

7. Avifaunal regions of the central Pacific. 43