wunder · Library

PART I.

The Asteroids · Daniel Kirkwood — chapter 1 of 2 · ~10,791 words · public domain

THE ASTEROIDS, OR MINOR PLANETS BETWEEN MARS AND JUPITER.

1. Introductory.

PLANETARY DISCOVERIES BEFORE THE ASTEROIDS WERE KNOWN.

The first observer who watched the skies with any degree of care could not fail to notice that while the greater number of stars maintained the same relative places, a few from night to night were ever changing their positions. The planetary character of Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn was thus known before the dawn of history. The names, however, of those who first distinguished them as "wanderers" are hopelessly lost. Venus, the morning and evening star, was long regarded as two distinct bodies. The discovery that the change of aspect was due to a single planet's change of position is ascribed to Pythagoras.

At the beginning of the seventeenth century but six primary planets and one satellite were known as members of the solar system. Very few, even of the learned, had then accepted the theory of Copernicus; in fact, before the invention of the telescope the evidence in its favor was not absolutely conclusive. On the 7th of January, 1610, Galileo first saw the satellites of Jupiter. The bearing of this discovery on the theory of the universe was sufficiently obvious. Such was the prejudice, however, against the Copernican system that some of its opponents denied even the reality of Galileo's discovery. "Those satellites," said a Tuscan astronomer, "are invisible to the naked eye, and therefore can exercise no influence on the earth, and therefore would be useless, and therefore do not exist. Besides, the Jews and other ancient nations, as well as modern Europeans, have adopted the division of the week into seven days, and have named them from the seven planets; now, if we increase the number of planets this whole system falls to the ground."

No other secondary planet was discovered till March 25, 1655, when Titan, the largest satellite of Saturn, was detected by Huyghens. About two years later (December 7, 1657) the same astronomer discovered the true form of Saturn's ring; and before the close of the century (1671-1684) four more satellites, Japetus, Rhea, Tethys, and Dione, were added to the Saturnian system by the elder Cassini. Our planetary system, therefore, as known at the close of the seventeenth century, consisted of six primary and ten secondary planets.

Nearly a century had elapsed from the date of Cassini's discovery of Dione, when, on the 13th of March, 1781, Sir William Herschel enlarged the dimensions of our system by the detection of a planet--Uranus--exterior to Saturn. A few years later (1787-1794) the same distinguished observer discovered the first and second satellites of Saturn, and also the four Uranian satellites. He was the only planet discoverer of the eighteenth century.

2. Discovery of the First Asteroids.

As long ago as the commencement of the seventeenth century the celebrated Kepler observed that the respective distances of the planets from the sun formed nearly a regular progression. The series, however, by which those distances were expressed required the interpolation of a term between Mars and Jupiter,--a fact which led the illustrious German to predict the discovery of a planet in that interval. This conjecture attracted but little attention till after the discovery of Uranus, whose distance was found to harmonize in a remarkable manner with Kepler's order of progression. Such a coincidence was of course regarded with considerable interest. Towards the close of the last century Professor Bode, who had given the subject much attention, published the law of distances which bears his name, but which, as he acknowledged, is due to Professor Titius. According to this formula the distances of the planets from Mercury's orbit form a geometrical series of which the ratio is two. In other words, if we reckon the distances of Venus, the earth, etc., from the orbit of Mercury, instead of from the sun, we find that--interpolating a term between Mars and Jupiter--the distance of any member of the system is very nearly half that of the next exterior. Baron De Zach, an enthusiastic astronomer, was greatly interested in Bode's empirical scheme, and undertook to determine the elements of the hypothetical planet. In 1800 a number of astronomers met at Lilienthal, organized an astronomical society, and assigned one twenty-fourth part of the zodiac to each of twenty-four observers, in order to detect, if possible, the unseen planet. When it is remembered that at this time no primary planet had been discovered within the ancient limits of the solar system, that the object to be looked for was comparatively near us, and that the so-called law of distances was purely empirical, the prospect of success, it is evident, was extremely uncertain. How long the watch, if unsuccessful, might have been continued is doubtful. The object of research, however, was fortunately brought to light before the members of the astronomical association had fairly commenced their labors.

On the 1st of January, 1801, Professor Giuseppe Piazzi, of Palermo, noticed a star of the eighth magnitude, not indicated in Wollaston's catalogue. Subsequent observations soon revealed its planetary character, its mean distance corresponding very nearly with the calculations of De Zach. The discoverer called it Ceres Ferdinandea, in honor of his sovereign, the King of Naples. In this, however, he was not followed by astronomers, and the planet is now known by the name of Ceres alone. The discovery of this body was hailed by astronomers with the liveliest gratification as completing the harmony of the system. What, then, was their surprise when in the course of a few months this remarkable order was again interrupted! On the 28th of March, 1802, Dr. William Olbers, of Bremen, while examining the relative positions of the small stars along the path of Ceres, in order to find that planet with the greater facility, noticed a star of the seventh or eighth magnitude, forming with two others an equilateral triangle where he was certain no such configuration existed a few months before. In the course of a few hours its motion was perceptible, and on the following night it had very sensibly changed its position with respect to the neighboring stars. Another planet was therefore detected, and Dr. Olbers immediately communicated his discovery to Professor Bode and Baron De Zach. In his letter to the former he suggested Pallas as the name of the new member of the system,--a name which was at once adopted. Its orbit, which was soon computed by Gauss, was found to present several striking anomalies. The inclination of its plane to that of the ecliptic was nearly thirty-five degrees,--an amount of deviation altogether extraordinary. The eccentricity also was greater than in the case of any of the old planets. These peculiarities, together with the fact that the mean distances of Ceres and Pallas were nearly the same, and that their orbits approached very near each other at the intersection of their planes, suggested the hypothesis that they are fragments of a single original planet, which, at a very remote epoch, was disrupted by some mysterious convulsion. This theory will be considered when we come to discuss the tabulated elements of the minor planets now known.

For the convenience of astronomers, Professor Harding, of Lilienthal, undertook the construction of charts of all the small stars near the orbits of Ceres and Pallas. On the evening of September 1, 1804, while engaged in observations for this purpose, he noticed a star of the eighth magnitude not mentioned in the great catalogue of Lalande. This proved to be a third member of the group of asteroids. The discovery was first announced to Dr. Olbers, who observed the planet at Bremen on the evening of September 7.

Before Ceres had been generally adopted by astronomers as the name of the first asteroid, Laplace had expressed a preference for Juno. This, however, the discoverer was unwilling to accept. Mr. Harding, like Laplace, deeming it appropriate to place Juno near Jupiter, selected the name for the third minor planet, which is accordingly known by this designation.

Juno is distinguished among the first asteroids by the great eccentricity of its orbit, amounting to more than 0.25. Its least and its greatest distances from the sun are therefore to each other very nearly in the ratio of three to five. The planet consequently receives nearly three times as much light and heat in perihelion as in aphelion. It follows, also, that the half of the orbit nearest the sun is described in about eighteen months, while the remainder, or more distant half, is not passed over in much less than three years. Schroeter noticed a variation in the light of Juno, which he supposed to be produced by an axial rotation in about twenty-seven hours.

The fact that Juno was discovered not far from the point at which the orbit of Pallas approaches very near that of Ceres, was considered a strong confirmation of the hypothesis that the asteroids were produced by the explosion of a large planet; for in case this hypothesis be founded in truth, it is evident that whatever may have been the forms of the various orbits assumed by the fragments, they must all return to the point of separation. In order, therefore, to detect other members of the group, Dr. Olbers undertook a systematic examination of the two opposite regions of the heavens through which they must pass. This search was prosecuted with great industry and perseverance till ultimately crowned with success. On the 29th of March, 1807, while sweeping over one of those regions through which the orbits of the known asteroids passed, a star of the sixth magnitude was observed where none had been seen at previous examinations. Its planetary character, which was immediately suspected, was confirmed by observation, its motion being detected on the very evening of its discovery. This fortunate result afforded the first instance of the discovery of two primary planets by the same observer.

The astronomer Gauss having been requested to name the new planet, fixed upon Vesta, a name universally accepted. Though the brightest of the asteroids, its apparent diameter is too small to be accurately determined, and hence its real magnitude is not well ascertained. Professor Harrington, of Ann Arbor, has estimated the diameter at five hundred and twenty miles. According to others, however, it does not exceed three hundred. If the latter be correct, the volume is about 1/20000 that of the earth. It is remarkable that notwithstanding its diminutive size it may be seen under favorable circumstances by the naked eye.

Encouraged by the discovery of Vesta (which he regarded as almost a demonstration of his favorite theory), Dr. Olbers continued his systematic search for other planetary fragments. Not meeting, however, with further success, he relinquished his observations in 1816. His failure, it may here be remarked, was doubtless owing to the fact that his examination was limited to stars of the seventh and eighth magnitudes.

The search for new planets was next resumed about 1831, by Herr Hencke, of Driessen. With a zeal and perseverance worthy of all praise, this amateur astronomer employed himself in a strict examination of the heavens represented by the Maps of the Berlin Academy. These maps extend fifteen degrees on each side of the equator, and contain all stars down to the ninth magnitude and many of the tenth. Dr. Hencke rendered some of these charts still more complete by the insertion of smaller stars; or rather, "made for himself special charts of particular districts." On the evening of December 8, 1845, he observed a star of the ninth magnitude where none had been previously seen, as he knew from the fact that it was neither found on his own chart nor given on that of the Academy. On the next morning he wrote to Professors Encke and Schumacher informing them of his supposed discovery. "It is very improbable," he remarked in his letter to the latter, "that this should prove to be merely a variable star, since in my former observations of this region, which have been continued for many years, I have never detected the slightest trace of it." The new star was soon seen at the principal observatories of Europe, and its planetary character satisfactorily established. The selection of a name was left by the discoverer to Professor Encke, who chose that of Astræa.

The facts in regard to the very numerous subsequent discoveries may best be presented in a tabular form.

TABLE I.

The Asteroids in the Order of their Discovery.

3. Remarks on Table I.

The numbers discovered by the thirty-five observers are respectively as follows:

Palisa 60 Peters 47 Luther 23 Watson 22 Borelly 15 Goldschmidt 14 Hind 10 De Gasparis 9 Pogson 8 Paul Henry 7 Prosper Henry 7 Chacornac 6 Perrotin 6 Coggia 5 Knorre 4 Tempel 4 Ferguson 3 Olbers 2 Hencke 2 Tuttle 2 Foerster (with Lesser) 1 Safford (with Peters) 1 and Messrs. Charlois, Cottenot, D'Arrest, De Ball, Graham, Harding, Laurent, Piazzi, Schiaparelli, Schulhof, Stephan, Searle, and Tietjen, each 1

Before arrangements had been made for the telegraphic transmission of discoveries between Europe and America, or even between the observatories of Europe, the same planet was sometimes independently discovered by different observers. For example, Virginia was found by Ferguson, at Washington, on October 4, 1857, and by Luther, at Bilk, fifteen days later. In all cases, however, credit has been given to the first observer.

Hersilia, the two hundred and sixth of the group, was lost before sufficient observations were obtained for determining its elements. It was not rediscovered till December 14, 1884. Menippe, the one hundred and eighty-eighth, was also lost soon after its discovery in 1878. It has not been seen for more than nine years, and considerable uncertainty attaches to its estimated elements.

Of the two hundred and seventy-one members now known (1887), one hundred and ninety-one have been discovered in Europe, seventy-four in America, and six in Asia. The years of most successful search, together with the number discovered in each, were:

Asteroids. 1879 20 1875 17 1868 12 1878 12

And six has been the average yearly number since the commencement of renewed effort in 1845. All the larger members of the group have, doubtless, been discovered. It seems not improbable, however, that an indefinite number of very small bodies belonging to the zone remain to be found. The process of discovery is becoming more difficult as the known number increases. The astronomer, for instance, who may discover number two hundred and seventy-two must know the simultaneous positions of the two hundred and seventy-one previously detected before he can decide whether he has picked up a new planet or merely rediscovered an old one. The numbers discovered in the several months are as follows:

January 13 February 23 March 19 April 35 May 21 June 13 July 14 August 28 September 46 October 28 November 26 December 5

This obvious disparity is readily explained. The weather is favorable for night watching in April and September; the winter months are too cold for continuous observations; and the small numbers in June and July may be referred to the shortness of the nights.

4. Mode of Discovery.

The astronomer who would undertake the search for new asteroids must supply himself with star-charts extending some considerable distance on each side of the ecliptic, and containing all telescopic stars down to the thirteenth or fourteenth magnitude. The detection of a star not found in the chart of a particular section will indicate its motion, and hence its planetary character. The construction of such charts has been a principal object in the labors of Dr. Peters, at Clinton, New York. In fact, his discovery of minor planets has in most instances been merely an incidental result of his larger and more important work.

NAMES AND SYMBOLS.

The fact that the names of female deities in the Greek and Roman mythologies had been given to the first asteroids suggested a similar course in the selection of names after the new epoch of discovery in 1845. While conformity to this rule has been the general aim of discoverers, the departures from it have been increasingly numerous. The twelfth asteroid, discovered in London, was named Victoria, in honor of the reigning sovereign; the twentieth and twenty-fifth, detected at Marseilles, received names indicative of the place of their discovery; Lutetia, the first found at Paris, received its name for a similar purpose; the fifty-fourth was named Alexandra, for Alexander von Humboldt; the sixty-seventh, found by Pogson at Madras, was named Asia, to commemorate the fact that it was the first discovered on that continent. We find, also, Julia, Bertha, Xantippe, Zelia, Maria, Isabella, Martha, Dido, Cleopatra, Barbara, Ida, Augusta, and Anna. Why these were selected we will not stop to inquire.

As the number of asteroids increased it was found inconvenient to designate them individually by particular signs, as in the case of the old planets. In 1849, Dr. B. A. Gould proposed to represent them by the numbers expressing their order of discovery enclosed in a small circle. This method was at once very generally adopted.

5. Magnitudes of the Asteroids.

The apparent diameter of the largest is less than one-second of arc. They are all too small, therefore, to be accurately measured by astronomical instruments. From photometric observations, however, Argelander, Stone, and Pickering have formed estimates of the diameters, the results giving probably close approximations to the true magnitudes. According to these estimates the diameter of the largest, Vesta, is about three hundred miles, that of Ceres about two hundred, and those of Pallas and Juno between one and two hundred. The diameters of about thirty are between fifty and one hundred miles, and those of all others less than fifty; the estimates for Menippe and Eva giving twelve and thirteen miles respectively. The diameter of the former is to that of the earth as one to six hundred and sixty-four; and since spheres are to each other as the cubes of their diameters, it would require two hundred and ninety millions of such asteroids to form a planet as large as our globe. In other words, if the earth be represented by a sphere one foot in diameter, the magnitude of Menippe on the same scale would be that of a sand particle whose diameter is one fifty-fifth of an inch. Its surface contains about four hundred and forty square miles,--an area equal to a county twenty-one miles square. The surface attractions of two planets having the same density are to each other as their diameters. A body, therefore, weighing two hundred pounds at the earth's surface would on the surface of the asteroid weigh less than five ounces. At the earth's surface a weight falls sixteen feet the first second, at the surface of Menippe it would fall about one-fourth of an inch. A person might leap from its surface to a height of several hundred feet, in which case he could not return in much less than an hour. "But of such speculations," Sir John Herschel remarks, "there is no end."

The number of these planetules between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter in all probability can never be known. It was estimated by Leverrier that the quantity of matter contained in the group could not be greater than one-fourth of the earth's mass. But this would be equal to five thousand planets, each as large as Vesta, to seventy-two millions as large as Menippe, or to four thousand millions of five miles in diameter. In short, the existence of an indefinite number too small for detection by the most powerful glasses is by no means improbable. The more we study this wonderful section of the solar system, the more mystery seems to envelop its origin and constitution.

6. The Orbits of the Asteroids.

The form, magnitude, and position of a planet's orbit are determined by the following elements:

1. The semi-axis major, or mean distance, denoted by the symbol a.

2. The eccentricity, e.

3. The longitude of the perihelion, π.

4. The longitude of the ascending node, ☊.

5. The inclination, or the angle contained between the plane of the orbit and that of the ecliptic, i.

And in order to compute a planet's place in its orbit for any given time we must also know

6. Its period, P, and

7. Its mean longitude, l, at a given epoch.

These elements, except the last, are given for all the asteroids, so far as known, in Table II. In column first the number denoting the order of discovery is attached to each name.

TABLE II.

Elements of the Asteroids.

-----------------+--------+---------+--------+----------+----------+-------- Name | a | P | e | π | ☊ | i -----------------+--------+---------+--------+----------+----------+-------- 149. Medusa | 2.1327 | 1137.7d | 0.1194 | 246° 37´ | 342° 13´ | 1° 6´ 244. Sita | 2.1765 | 1172.8 | 0.1370 | 13 8 | 208 37 | 2 50 228. Agathe | 2.2009 | 1192.6 | 0.2405 | 329 23 | 313 18 | 2 33 8. Flora | 2.2014 | 1193.3 | 0.1567 | 32 54 | 110 18 | 5 53 43. Ariadne | 2.2033 | 1194.5 | 0.1671 | 277 58 | 264 35 | 3 28 254. Augusta | 2.2060 | 1196.8 | 0.1227 | 260 47 | 28 9 | 4 36 72. Feronia | 2.2661 | 1246.0 | 0.1198 | 307 58 | 207 49 | 5 24 40. Harmonia | 2.2673 | 1247.0 | 0.0466 | 0 54 | 93 35 | 4 16 207. Hedda | 2.2839 | 1260.7 | 0.0301 | 217 2 | 28 51 | 3 49 136. Austria | 2.2863 | 1262.7 | 0.0849 | 316 6 | 186 7 | 9 33 18. Melpomene | 2.2956 | 1270.4 | 0.2177 | 15 6 | 150 4 | 10 9 80. Sappho | 2.2962 | 1270.9 | 0.2001 | 355 18 | 218 44 | 8 37 261. Prymno | 2.3062 | 1278.4 | 0.0794 | 179 35 | 96 33 | 3 38 12. Victoria | 2.3342 | 1302.7 | 0.2189 | 301 39 | 235 35 | 8 23 27. Euterpe | 2.3472 | 1313.5 | 0.1739 | 87 59 | 93 51 | 1 36 219. Thusnelda | 2.3542 | 1319.4 | 0.2247 | 340 34 | 200 44 | 10 47 163. Erigone | 2.3560 | 1320.9 | 0.1567 | 93 46 | 159 2 | 4 42 169. Zelia | 2.3577 | 1322.3 | 0.1313 | 326 20 | 354 38 | 5 31 4. Vesta | 2.3616 | 1325.6 | 0.0884 | 250 57 | 103 29 | 7 8 186. Celuta | 2.3623 | 1326.2 | 0.1512 | 327 24 | 14 34 | 13 6 84. Clio | 2.3629 | 1326.7 | 0.2360 | 339 20 | 327 28 | 9 22 51. Nemausa | 2.3652 | 1328.6 | 0.0672 | 174 43 | 175 52 | 9 57 220. Stephania | 2.3666 | 1329.8 | 0.2653 | 332 53 | 258 24 | 7 35 30. Urania | 2.3667 | 1329.9 | 0.1266 | 31 46 | 308 12 | 2 6 105. Artemis | 2.3744 | 1336.4 | 0.1749 | 242 38 | 188 3 | 21 31 113. Amalthea | 2.3761 | 1337.8 | 0.0874 | 198 44 | 123 11 | 5 2 115. Thyra | 2.3791 | 1340.3 | 0.1939 | 43 2 | 309 5 | 11 35 161. Athor | 2.3792 | 1340.5 | 0.1389 | 310 40 | 18 27 | 9 3 172. Baucis | 2.3794 | 1340.6 | 0.1139 | 329 23 | 331 50 | 10 2 249. Ilse | 2.3795 | 1340.6 | 0.2195 | 14 17 | 334 49 | 9 40 230. Athamantis | 2.3842 | 1344.6 | 0.0615 | 17 31 | 239 33 | 9 26 7. Iris | 2.3862 | 1346.4 | 0.2308 | 41 23 | 259 48 | 5 28 9. Metis | 2.3866 | 1346.7 | 0.1233 | 71 4 | 68 32 | 5 36 234. Barbara | 2.3873 | 1347.3 | 0.2440 | 333 26 | 144 9 | 15 22 60. Echo | 2.3934 | 1352.4 | 0.1838 | 98 36 | 192 5 | 3 35 63. Ausonia | 2.3979 | 1356.3 | 0.1239 | 270 25 | 337 58 | 5 48 25. Phocea | 2.4005 | 1358.5 | 0.2553 | 302 48 | 208 27 | 21 35 192. Nausicaa | 2.4014 | 1359.3 | 0.2413 | 343 19 | 160 46 | 6 50 20. Massalia | 2.4024 | 1365.8 | 0.1429 | 99 7 | 206 36 | 0 41 265. Anna | 2.4096 | 1366.2 | 0.2628 | 226 18 | 335 26 | 25 24 182. Elsa | 2.4157 | 1371.4 | 0.1852 | 51 52 | 106 30 | 2 0 142. Polana | 2.4194 | 1374.5 | 0.1322 | 219 54 | 317 34 | 2 14 67. Asia | 2.4204 | 1375.4 | 0.1866 | 306 35 | 202 47 | 5 59 44. Nysa | 2.4223 | 1377.0 | 0.1507 | 111 57 | 131 11 | 3 42 6. Hebe | 2.4254 | 1379.3 | 0.2034 | 15 16 | 138 43 | 10 47 83. Beatrix | 2.4301 | 1383.6 | 0.0859 | 191 46 | 27 32 | 5 0 135. Hertha | 2.4303 | 1383.8 | 0.2037 | 320 11 | 344 3 | 2 19 131. Vala | 2.4318 | 1385.1 | 0.0683 | 222 50 | 65 15 | 4 58 112. Iphigenia | 2.4335 | 1386.6 | 0.1282 | 338 9 | 324 3 | 2 37 21. Lutetia | 2.4354 | 1388.2 | 0.1621 | 327 4 | 80 28 | 3 5 118. Peitho | 2.4384 | 1390.8 | 0.1608 | 77 36 | 47 30 | 7 48 126. Velleda | 2.4399 | 1392.1 | 0.1061 | 347 46 | 23 7 | 2 56 42. Isis | 2.4401 | 1392.2 | 0.2256 | 317 58 | 84 28 | 8 35 19. Fortuna | 2.4415 | 1394.4 | 0.1594 | 31 3 | 211 27 | 1 33 79. Eurynome | 2.4436 | 1395.2 | 0.1945 | 44 22 | 206 44 | 4 37 138. Tolosa | 2.4492 | 1400.0 | 0.1623 | 311 39 | 54 52 | 3 14 189. Phthia | 2.4505 | 1401.1 | 0.0356 | 6 50 | 203 22 | 5 10 11. Parthenope | 2.4529 | 1403.2 | 0.0994 | 318 2 | 125 11 | 4 37 178. Belisana | 2.4583 | 1407.8 | 0.1266 | 278 0 | 50 17 | 2 5 198. Ampella | 2.4595 | 1408.9 | 0.2266 | 354 46 | 268 45 | 9 20 248. Lameia | 2.4714 | 1419.1 | 0.0656 | 248 40 | 246 34 | 4 1 17. Thetis | 2.4726 | 1420.1 | 0.1293 | 261 37 | 125 24 | 5 36 46. Hestia | 2.5265 | 1466.8 | 0.1642 | 354 14 | 181 31 | 2 17 89. Julia | 2.5510 | 1488.2 | 0.1805 | 353 13 | 311 42 | 16 11 232. Russia | 2.5522 | 1489.3 | 0.1754 | 200 25 | 152 30 | 6 4 29. Amphitrite | 2.5545 | 1491.3 | 0.0742 | 56 23 | 356 41 | 6 7 170. Maria | 2.5549 | 1491.7 | 0.0639 | 95 47 | 301 20 | 14 23 262. Valda | 2.5635 | 1496.4 | 0.2172 | 61 42 | 38 40 | 7 46 258. Tyche | 2.5643 | 1499.8 | 0.1966 | 15 42 | 208 4 | 14 50 134. Sophrosyne | 2.5647 | 1500.3 | 0.1165 | 67 33 | 346 22 | 11 36 264. Libussa | 2.5672 | 1502.4 | 0.0925 | 0 7 | 50 23 | 10 29 193. Ambrosia | 2.5758 | 1510.0 | 0.2854 | 70 52 | 351 15 | 11 39 13. Egeria | 2.5765 | 1510.6 | 0.0871 | 120 10 | 43 12 | 16 32 5. Astræa | 2.5786 | 1512.4 | 0.1863 | 134 57 | 141 28 | 5 19 119. Althea | 2.5824 | 1515.7 | 0.0815 | 11 29 | 203 57 | 5 45 157. Dejanira | 2.5828 | 1516.1 | 0.2105 | 107 24 | 62 31 | 12 2 101. Helena | 2.5849 | 1518.0 | 0.1386 | 327 15 | 343 46 | 10 11 32. Pomona | 2.5873 | 1520.1 | 0.0830 | 193 22 | 220 43 | 5 29 91. Ægina | 2.5895 | 1522.1 | 0.1087 | 80 22 | 11 7 | 2 8 14. Irene | 2.5896 | 1522.1 | 0.1627 | 180 19 | 86 48 | 9 8 111. Ate | 2.5927 | 1524.8 | 0.1053 | 108 42 | 306 13 | 4 57 151. Abundantia | 2.5932 | 1525.3 | 0.0356 | 173 55 | 38 48 | 6 30 56. Melete | 2.6010 | 1532.2 | 0.2340 | 294 50 | 194 1 | 8 2 132. Æthra | 2.6025 | 1533.5 | 0.3799 | 152 24 | 260 2 | 25 0 214. Aschera | 2.6111 | 1541.1 | 0.0316 | 115 55 | 342 30 | 3 27 70. Panopea | 2.6139 | 1543.6 | 0.1826 | 299 49 | 48 18 | 11 38 194. Procne | 2.6159 | 1545.4 | 0.2383 | 319 33 | 159 19 | 18 24 53. Calypso | 2.6175 | 1546.8 | 0.2060 | 92 52 | 143 58 | 5 7 78. Diana | 2.6194 | 1548.5 | 0.2088 | 121 42 | 333 58 | 8 40 124. Alceste | 2.6297 | 1557.6 | 0.0784 | 245 42 | 188 26 | 2 56 23. Thalia | 2.6306 | 1558.4 | 0.2299 | 123 58 | 67 45 | 10 14 164. Eva | 2.6314 | 1559.1 | 0.3471 | 359 32 | 77 28 | 24 25 15. Eunomia | 2.6437 | 1570.0 | 0.1872 | 27 52 | 188 26 | 2 56 37. Fides | 2.6440 | 1570.3 | 0.1758 | 66 26 | 8 21 | 3 7 66. Maia | 2.6454 | 1571.6 | 0.1750 | 48 8 | 8 17 | 3 6 224. Oceana | 2.6465 | 1572.6 | 0.0455 | 270 51 | 353 18 | 5 52 253. Mathilde | 2.6469 | 1572.9 | 0.2620 | 333 39 | 180 3 | 6 37 50. Virginia | 2.6520 | 1577.4 | 0.2852 | 10 9 | 173 45 | 2 48 144. Vibilia | 2.6530 | 1578.4 | 0.2348 | 7 9 | 76 47 | 4 48 85. Io | 2.6539 | 1579.2 | 0.1911 | 322 35 | 203 56 | 11 53 26. Proserpine | 2.6561 | 1581.1 | 0.0873 | 236 25 | 45 55 | 3 36 233. Asterope | 2.6596 | 1584.3 | 0.1010 | 344 36 | 222 25 | 7 39 102. Miriam | 2.6619 | 1586.3 | 0.3035 | 354 39 | 211 58 | 5 4 240. Vanadis | 2.6638 | 1588.0 | 0.2056 | 51 53 | 114 54 | 2 6 73. Clytie | 2.6652 | 1589.3 | 0.0419 | 57 55 | 7 51 | 2 24 218. Bianca | 2.6653 | 1589.3 | 0.1155 | 230 14 | 170 50 | 15 13 141. Lumen | 2.6666 | 1590.5 | 0.2115 | 13 43 | 319 7 | 11 57 77. Frigga | 2.6680 | 1591.8 | 0.1318 | 58 47 | 2 0 | 2 28 3. Juno | 2.6683 | 1592.0 | 0.2579 | 54 50 | 170 53 | 13 1 97. Clotho | 2.6708 | 1594.3 | 0.2550 | 65 32 | 160 37 | 11 46 75. Eurydice | 2.6720 | 1595.3 | 0.3060 | 335 33 | 359 56 | 5 1 145. Adeona | 2.6724 | 1595.4 | 0.1406 | 117 53 | 77 41 | 12 38 204. Callisto | 2.6732 | 1596.4 | 0.1752 | 257 45 | 205 40 | 8 19 114. Cassandra | 2.6758 | 1598.8 | 0.1401 | 153 6 | 164 24 | 4 55 201. Penelope | 2.6764 | 1599.3 | 0.1818 | 334 21 | 157 5 | 5 44 64. Angelina | 2.6816 | 1603.9 | 0.1271 | 125 36 | 311 4 | 1 19 98. Ianthe | 2.6847 | 1606.7 | 0.1920 | 148 52 | 354 7 | 15 32 34. Circe | 2.6864 | 1608.3 | 0.1073 | 148 41 | 184 46 | 5 27 123. Brunhilda | 2.6918 | 1613.2 | 0.1150 | 72 57 | 308 28 | 6 27 166. Rhodope | 2.6927 | 1613.9 | 0.2140 | 30 51 | 129 33 | 12 2 109. Felicitas | 2.6950 | 1616.0 | 0.3002 | 56 1 | 4 56 | 8 3 246. Asporina | 2.6994 | 1619.9 | 0.1065 | 255 54 | 162 35 | 15 39 58. Concordia | 2.7004 | 1620.8 | 0.0426 | 189 10 | 161 20 | 5 2 103. Hera | 2.7014 | 1621.8 | 0.0803 | 321 3 | 136 18 | 5 24 54. Alexandra | 2.7095 | 1629.1 | 0.2000 | 295 39 | 313 45 | 11 47 226. Weringia | 2.7118 | 1631.2 | 0.2048 | 284 46 | 135 18 | 15 50 59. Olympia | 2.7124 | 1631.7 | 0.1189 | 17 33 | 170 26 | 8 37 146. Lucina | 2.7189 | 1637.5 | 0.0655 | 227 34 | 84 16 | 13 6 45. Eugenia | 2.7205 | 1639.0 | 0.0811 | 232 5 | 147 57 | 6 35 210. Isabella | 2.7235 | 1641.7 | 0.1220 | 44 22 | 32 58 | 5 18 187. Lamberta | 2.7272 | 1645.0 | 0.2391 | 214 4 | 22 13 | 10 43 180. Garumna | 2.7286 | 1646.3 | 0.1722 | 125 56 | 314 42 | 0 54 160. Una | 2.7287 | 1646.4 | 0.0624 | 55 57 | 9 22 | 3 51 140. Siwa | 2.7316 | 1649.0 | 0.2160 | 300 33 | 107 2 | 3 12 110. Lydia | 2.7327 | 1650.0 | 0.0770 | 336 49 | 57 10 | 6 0 185. Eunice | 2.7372 | 1654.1 | 0.1292 | 16 32 | 153 50 | 23 17 203. Pompeia | 2.7376 | 1654.5 | 0.0588 | 42 51 | 348 37 | 3 13 200. Dynamene | 2.7378 | 1654.6 | 0.1335 | 46 38 | 325 26 | 6 56 197. Arete | 2.7390 | 1655.8 | 0.1621 | 324 51 | 82 6 | 8 48 206. Hersilia | 2.7399 | 1656.5 | 0.0389 | 95 44 | 145 16 | 3 46 255. Oppavia | 2.7402 | 1656.6 | 0.0728 | 169 15 | 14 6 | 9 33 247. Eukrate | 2.7412 | 1657.7 | 0.2387 | 53 44 | 0 20 | 25 7 38. Leda | 2.7432 | 1659.6 | 0.1531 | 101 20 | 296 27 | 6 57 125. Liberatrix | 2.7437 | 1660.0 | 0.0798 | 273 29 | 169 35 | 4 38 173. Ino | 2.7446 | 1660.8 | 0.2047 | 13 28 | 148 34 | 14 15 36. Atalanta | 2.7452 | 1661.3 | 0.3023 | 42 44 | 359 14 | 18 42 128. Nemesis | 2.7514 | 1666.9 | 0.1257 | 16 34 | 76 31 | 6 16 93. Minerva | 2.7537 | 1669.0 | 0.1405 | 274 44 | 5 4 | 8 37 127. Johanna | 2.7550 | 1670.3 | 0.0659 | 122 37 | 31 46 | 8 17 71. Niobe | 2.7558 | 1671.0 | 0.1732 | 221 17 | 316 30 | 23 19 213. Lilæa | 2.7563 | 1671.4 | 0.1437 | 281 4 | 122 17 | 6 47 55. Pandora | 2.7604 | 1675.1 | 0.1429 | 10 36 | 10 56 | 7 14 237. Cœlestina | 2.7607 | 1675.5 | 0.0738 | 282 49 | 84 33 | 9 46 143. Adria | 2.7619 | 1676.6 | 0.0729 | 222 27 | 333 42 | 11 30 82. Alcmene | 2.7620 | 1676.6 | 0.2228 | 131 45 | 26 57 | 2 51 116. Sirona | 2.7669 | 1681.1 | 0.1433 | 152 47 | 64 26 | 3 35 1. Ceres | 2.7673 | 1681.4 | 0.0763 | 149 38 | 80 47 | 10 37 88. Thisbe | 2.7673 | 1681.5 | 0.1632 | 308 34 | 277 54 | 16 11 215. Œnone | 2.7679 | 1682.0 | 0.0390 | 346 24 | 25 25 | 1 44 2. Pallas | 2.7680 | 1682.1 | 0.2408 | 122 12 | 172 45 | 34 44 39. Lætitia | 2.7680 | 1682.1 | 0.1142 | 3 8 | 157 15 | 10 22 41. Daphne | 2.7688 | 1682.8 | 0.2674 | 220 33 | 179 8 | 15 58 177. Irma | 2.7695 | 1683.5 | 0.2370 | 22 6 | 349 17 | 1 27 148. Gallia | 2.7710 | 1684.8 | 0.1855 | 36 7 | 145 13 | 25 21 267. Tirza | 2.7742 | 1687.6 | 0.0986 | 264 5 | 73 59 | 6 2 74. Galatea | 2.7770 | 1690.3 | 0.2392 | 8 18 | 197 51 | 4 0 205. Martha | 2.7771 | 1690.4 | 0.1752 | 21 54 | 212 12 | 10 40 139. Juewa | 2.7793 | 1692.4 | 0.1773 | 164 34 | 2 21 | 10 57 28. Bellona | 2.7797 | 1692.7 | 0.1491 | 124 1 | 144 37 | 9 22 68. Leto | 2.7805 | 1693.5 | 0.1883 | 345 14 | 45 1 | 7 58 216. Cleopatra | 2.7964 | 1708.0 | 0.2492 | 328 15 | 215 49 | 13 2 99. Dike | 2.7966 | 1708.3 | 0.2384 | 240 36 | 41 44 | 13 53 236. Honoria | 2.7993 | 1710.7 | 0.1893 | 356 59 | 186 27 | 7 37 183. Istria | 2.8024 | 1713.4 | 0.3530 | 45 0 | 142 46 | 26 33 266. Aline | 2.8078 | 1718.5 | 0.1573 | 23 52 | 236 18 | 13 20 188. Menippe | 2.8211 | 1730.7 | 0.2173 | 309 38 | 241 44 | 11 21 167. Urda | 2.8533 | 1760.4 | 0.0340 | 296 4 | 166 28 | 2 11 81. Terpsichore | 2.8580 | 1764.8 | 0.2080 | 49 1 | 2 25 | 7 55 174. Phædra | 2.8600 | 1766.6 | 0.1492 | 253 12 | 328 49 | 12 9 243. Ida | 2.8610 | 1767.5 | 0.0419 | 71 22 | 326 21 | 1 10 242. Kriemhild | 2.8623 | 1768.7 | 0.1219 | 123 1 | 207 57 | 11 17 129. Antigone | 2.8678 | 1773.9 | 0.2126 | 242 4 | 137 37 | 12 10 217. Eudora | 2.8690 | 1774.9 | 0.3068 | 314 41 | 164 10 | 10 19 158. Coronis | 2.8714 | 1777.2 | 0.0545 | 56 56 | 281 30 | 1 0 33. Polyhymnia | 2.8751 | 1780.7 | 0.3349 | 342 59 | 9 19 | 1 56 195. Euryclea | 2.8790 | 1784.2 | 0.0471 | 115 48 | 7 57 | 7 1 235. Caroline | 2.8795 | 1784.7 | 0.0595 | 268 29 | 66 35 | 9 4 47. Aglaia | 2.8819 | 1786.9 | 0.1317 | 312 40 | 40 20 | 5 1 208. Lachrymosa | 2.8926 | 1796.9 | 0.0149 | 127 52 | 5 43 | 1 48 191. Kolga | 2.8967 | 1800.8 | 0.0876 | 23 21 | 159 47 | 11 29 22. Calliope | 2.9090 | 1801.0 | 0.0193 | 62 43 | 4 47 | 1 45 155. Scylla | 2.9127 | 1815.7 | 0.2559 | 82 1 | 42 52 | 14 4 238. Hypatia | 2.9163 | 1819.0 | 0.0946 | 32 18 | 184 26 | 12 28 231. Vindobona | 2.9192 | 1821.7 | 0.1537 | 253 23 | 352 49 | 5 10 16. Psyche | 2.9210 | 1823.4 | 0.1392 | 15 9 | 150 36 | 3 4 179. Clytemnestra| 2.9711 | 1870.6 | 0.1133 | 355 39 | 253 13 | 7 47 239. Adrastea | 2.9736 | 1873.0 | 0.2279 | 26 1 | 181 34 | 6 4 69. Hesperia | 2.9779 | 1877.0 | 0.1712 | 108 19 | 187 12 | 8 28 150. Nuwa | 2.9785 | 1877.5 | 0.1307 | 355 27 | 207 35 | 2 9 61. Danaë | 2.9855 | 1884.2 | 0.1615 | 344 4 | 334 11 | 18 14 117. Lomia | 2.9907 | 1889.1 | 0.0229 | 48 46 | 349 39 | 14 58 35. Leucothea | 2.9923 | 1890.6 | 0.2237 | 202 25 | 355 49 | 8 12 263. Dresda | 3.0120 | 1909.3 | 0.3051 | 308 49 | 217 56 | 1 27 221. Eos | 3.0134 | 1910.7 | 0.1028 | 330 58 | 142 35 | 10 51 162. Laurentia | 3.0241 | 1920.8 | 0.1726 | 145 52 | 38 15 | 6 4 156. Xantippe | 3.0375 | 1933.7 | 0.2637 | 155 58 | 246 11 | 7 29 241. Germania | 3.0381 | 1934.0 | 0.1013 | 340 7 | 272 28 | 5 30 256. Walpurga | 3.0450 | 1940.8 | 0.1180 | 240 17 | 183 35 | 12 44 211. Isolda | 3.0464 | 1942.2 | 0.1541 | 74 12 | 265 29 | 3 51 96. Ægle | 3.0497 | 1945.3 | 0.1405 | 163 10 | 322 50 | 16 7 257. Silesia | 3.0572 | 1952.5 | 0.2555 | 54 16 | 34 31 | 4 41 133. Cyrene | 3.0578 | 1953.0 | 0.1398 | 247 13 | 321 8 | 7 14 95. Arethusa | 3.0712 | 1965.9 | 0.1447 | 32 58 | 244 17 | 12 54 202. Chryseis | 3.0777 | 1972.1 | 0.0959 | 129 46 | 137 47 | 8 48 268. ---- | 3.0852 | 1973.9 | 0.1285 | 184 48 | 121 53 | 2 25 100. Hecate | 3.0904 | 1984.3 | 0.1639 | 308 3 | 128 12 | 6 23 49. Pales | 3.0908 | 1984.7 | 0.2330 | 31 15 | 290 40 | 3 8 223. Rosa | 3.0940 | 1987.9 | 0.1186 | 102 48 | 49 0 | 1 59 52. Europa | 3.0955 | 1988.0 | 0.1098 | 106 57 | 129 40 | 7 27 245. Vera | 3.0985 | 1992.1 | 0.1950 | 25 29 | 62 37 | 5 10 86. Semele | 3.1015 | 1995.1 | 0.2193 | 29 10 | 87 45 | 4 47 159. Æmilia | 3.1089 | 2002.2 | 0.1034 | 101 22 | 135 9 | 6 4 48. Doris | 3.1127 | 2005.9 | 0.0649 | 70 33 | 184 55 | 6 31 196. Philomela | 3.1137 | 2006.8 | 0.0118 | 309 19 | 73 24 | 7 16 130. Electra | 3.1145 | 2007.7 | 0.2132 | 20 34 | 146 6 | 22 57 212. Medea | 3.1157 | 2008.8 | 0.1013 | 56 18 | 315 16 | 4 16 120. Lachesis | 3.1211 | 2014.0 | 0.0475 | 214 0 | 342 51 | 7 1 181. Eucharis | 3.1226 | 2015.4 | 0.2205 | 95 25 | 144 45 | 18 38 62. Erato | 3.1241 | 2016.9 | 0.1756 | 39 0 | 125 46 | 2 12 222. Lucia | 3.1263 | 2019.0 | 0.1453 | 258 2 | 80 11 | 2 11 137. Melibœa | 3.1264 | 2019.1 | 0.2074 | 307 58 | 204 22 | 13 22 165. Loreley | 3.1269 | 2019.6 | 0.0734 | 223 50 | 304 6 | 10 12 251. Sophia | 3.1315 | 2024.1 | 0.1243 | 77 7 | 157 6 | 10 20 24. Themis | 3.1357 | 2028.1 | 0.1242 | 144 8 | 35 49 | 0 49 152. Atala | 3.1362 | 2028.6 | 0.0862 | 84 23 | 41 29 | 12 12 10. Hygeia | 3.1366 | 2029.1 | 0.1156 | 237 2 | 285 38 | 3 49 259. Aletheia | 3.1369 | 2029.3 | 0.1176 | 241 45 | 88 32 | 10 40 227. Philosophia | 3.1393 | 2031.6 | 0.2131 | 226 23 | 330 52 | 9 16 147. Protogenea | 3.1393 | 2031.6 | 0.0247 | 25 38 | 251 16 | 1 54 171. Ophelia | 3.1432 | 2035.4 | 0.1168 | 143 59 | 101 10 | 2 34 209. Dido | 3.1436 | 2035.9 | 0.0637 | 257 33 | 2 0 | 7 15 31. Euphrosyne | 3.1468 | 2039.0 | 0.2228 | 93 26 | 31 31 | 26 27 90. Antiope | 3.1475 | 2039.7 | 0.1645 | 301 15 | 71 29 | 2 17 104. Clymene | 3.1507 | 2042.7 | 0.1579 | 59 32 | 43 32 | 2 54 57. Mnemosyne | 3.1510 | 2043.0 | 0.1145 | 53 25 | 200 2 | 15 12 250. Bettina | 3.1524 | 2044.3 | 0.1302 | 87 28 | 26 12 | 12 54 252. Clementina | 3.1552 | 2047.1 | 0.0837 | 355 8 | 208 19 | 10 2 94. Aurora | 3.1602 | 2052.0 | 0.0827 | 48 46 | 4 9 | 8 4 106. Dione | 3.1670 | 2058.6 | 0.1788 | 25 57 | 63 14 | 4 38 199. Byblis | 3.1777 | 2069.0 | 0.1687 | 261 20 | 89 52 | 15 22 92. Undina | 3.1851 | 2076.3 | 0.1024 | 331 27 | 102 52 | 9 57 184. Deiopea | 3.1883 | 2079.4 | 0.0725 | 169 22 | 336 18 | 1 12 176. Idunna | 3.1906 | 2081.6 | 0.1641 | 20 34 | 201 13 | 22 31 154. Bertha | 3.1976 | 2088.5 | 0.0788 | 190 47 | 37 35 | 20 59 108. Hecuba | 3.2113 | 2101.0 | 0.1005 | 173 49 | 352 17 | 4 24 122. Gerda | 3.2177 | 2108.2 | 0.0415 | 203 45 | 178 43 | 1 36 168. Sibylla | 3.3765 | 2266.2 | 0.0707 | 11 26 | 209 47 | 4 33 225. Henrietta | 3.4007 | 2277.8 | 0.2661 | 299 13 | 200 45 | 20 45 229. Adelinda | 3.4129 | 2302.9 | 0.1562 | 332 7 | 30 49 | 2 11 76. Freia | 3.4140 | 2304.1 | 0.1700 | 90 49 | 212 5 | 2 3 260. Huberta | 3.4212 | 2311.5 | 0.1113 | 313 22 | 168 48 | 6 18 65. Maximiliana | 3.4270 | 2317.2 | 0.1097 | 260 36 | 158 50 | 3 29 121. Hermione | 3.4535 | 2344.2 | 0.1255 | 357 50 | 76 46 | 7 36 87. Sylvia | 3.4833 | 2374.5 | 0.0922 | 333 48 | 75 49 | 10 55 107. Camilla | 3.4847 | 2376.0 | 0.0756 | 115 53 | 176 18 | 9 54 175. Andromache | 3.5071 | 2399.0 | 0.3476 | 293 0 | 23 35 | 3 46 190. Ismene | 3.9471 | 2864.3 | 0.1634 | 105 39 | 177 0 | 6 7 153. Hilda | 3.9523 | 2869.9 | 0.1721 | 285 47 | 228 20 | 7 55 -----------------+--------+---------+--------+----------+----------+--------

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The Asteroids · The Wunder Library — complete classics, free to read, with narration.