Section Ii.--Club of Antennæ Distinctly Segmented All Round.

Key to Genera.

a. Eye developed.

a^1. No comb on head.

a^2. Pygidium not projecting backwards; frons with tubercle Ceratophyllus.

b^2. Pygidium strongly convex, projecting backwards; frons without tubercle Pygiopsylla.

b^1. Two spines at angle of genæ Chiastopsylla.

b. Eye vestigial or absent.

a^1. Abdomen without comb.

a^2. Hind edge of tibiæ with about eight short and several long bristles, which do not form a comb.

a^3. Fifth segment in fore and mid tarsi with five, and in hind tarsus with four bristles Neopsylla.

b^3. Fifth segment in fore and mid tarsi with four, and in hind tarsus with three lateral bristles, there being an additional pair of bristles in all the tarsi on the ventral surface in between the first pair Ctenophthalmus.

b^2. Hind edge of tibiæ with about twelve short and three long bristles, the short ones forming a kind of comb Ctenopsylla.

b^1. Abdomen with at least one comb Hystricopsylla.

Genus. *Pulex*, Linn.

*Pulex irritans*, L., 1758.

Male 2 to 2·5 mm. in length, females about 4 mm.; reddish or dark brown; head without bristles; thoracic and abdominal rings of bristles on the dorsal aspect, and small hairs directed backwards at the posterior margin. The barrel-shaped white eggs are deposited in cracks in the boards, sweepings, spittoons, etc.; they produce legless larvæ consisting of fourteen segments, which, after about eleven days, are transformed into pupæ; after another eleven days the flea emerges.

Fleas live in human dwellings all over the world, and periodically pass on to persons to suck their blood. They may deposit their eggs on very uncleanly individuals, and even undergo development, therefore it is possible to find larvæ and pupæ on such persons.

The dog flea, Pulex serraticeps, is easily distinguished from the flea of man by the large thick bristles on the posterior margin of the first thoracic ring (fig. 384).

Genus. *Xenopsylla*, Glink.

*Xenopsylla cheopis*, Rothschild.

This is the common rat flea of tropical countries. Rothschild says: “Although practically cosmopolitan, it cannot apparently flourish in temperate and cold climates.”

Bull. Ent. Res., 1911, i, pt. 2, p. 92.

In the male the bristles of the flap-like process of the clasper all slender; in the female the narrow portion of the receptaculum seminis long. Originally discovered in Egypt.

This is apparently the chief plague flea. The Indian Plague Committee have proved that this flea is easily infected when fed on plague rats, and that the bacillus multiplies rapidly in the flea’s stomach and that the fleas may remain infective for fifteen days. How the flea infects man does not apparently seem to have been proved, as it does not do so through its bite, but the excrement is highly infective. It is probable that this poisoned fæcal matter gets to the wound caused by the piercing mouth.

*Xenopsylla brasiliensis*, Baker,

occurs on rats in West Africa and has been introduced into Brazil.

Genus. *Ctenocephalus*, Kolen.

Includes the cat and dog fleas. The dog flea, C. canis, Dugès, is found on the dog all over the world, but especially in temperate climates. It also occurs on rats. Man is often badly bitten by this insect and it overruns houses. The eggs are laid on rugs, carpets and dust and dirt and amongst dogs’ hair, but are not fastened to it and fall anywhere. The ova may hatch in about fifty hours and the larvæ live for seven days and then spin their cocoons amongst dust and dirt. The pupal stage lasts about eight days.

The cat flea (C. felis) is widely distributed over the world, and occurs on many mammals beyond the cat, and is also found on rats.

Genus. *Hoplopsyllus*, Baker.

A genus found in North America related to Pulex, but at once recognized by the prothorax bearing a comb.

*Hoplopsyllus anomalus*, Baker,

which is found on the ground squirrel (Citellus beecheyi) in California, and according to Rothschild once found on the rat, has been proved to carry the plague bacillus and to play an important part in plague infection in California.

“Report United States Public Health, 1909,” xxiv, No. 29.

Genus. *Ceratophyllus*, Centis.

*Ceratophyllus fasciatus*, Bosc.

This flea is also found on the rat in Europe and will attack man. It is a plague carrier. It has eighteen to twenty teeth on the prothoracic comb and no black spines on the head. The genus Ceratophyllus of Centis has a pronotal comb and three ante-pygidial chætæ on each side. Two other specimens recorded: C. londiniensis, Rothsch., and C. anisus, Rothsch. The former on rats and mice in London, the latter on Felis sp. from Japan and Mus norvegicus in California.

Genus. *Ctenopsylla*, Kolen.

This genus contains a very abundant rat and mouse species, C. musculi, Dugès, which is widely distributed over the globe.

Genus. *Hystrichopsylla*, Tasch.

Large hairy fleas, with no eyes and one or more combs on the abdomen. In the Mediterranean area one species, H. tripectinata, Tirah, is common on rats and mice, and also in the Azores. Several others occur on rats and mice. For information concerning these the reader is referred to Rothschild’s papers.

*Pulex pallipes* is another species found on the rat and man.

*Systematic, Anatomical, and Biological Remarks on Mosquitoes.*

Mosquitoes come in the Nematocera, one of the sub-orders of the Diptera, and are divided into numerous families, of which, however, the Culicidæ are of most interest to us here. Other families as the Psychodidæ and Chironomidæ are also of considerable importance, vide following pages. The head is small, the facetted eyes are placed laterally, but there are no accessory eyes (ocelli). In front of the eyes are situated the comparatively long antennæ, the differences of which strongly mark the distinction of sex.

The antennæ are composed of fifteen or sixteen segments. In the male they are covered with long whorl-like hairs, while in the female the antennal hairs are short--differences that are perceptible even with the naked eye. The proboscis, which is longer than the antennæ, protrudes from the inferior aspect of the head and is composed of the following parts (figs. 387 and 388): Two grooved half tubes, facing one another, of which the upper one is the upper lip (labrum) and the lower one the lower lip (labium), which represents a pair of coalesced maxillæ. Within the tube formed by the labrum and labium are the mandibles and maxillæ, transformed into instruments for piercing, and a single puncturing organ, the hypopharynx. On the right and left, next to the proboscis, are placed the straight five-jointed palpi, the final joint of which is thickened in the male. In biting, the labrum, which is swollen at its free end, is not introduced into the wound like the other mouth parts, but is bent backwards. The labium and hypopharynx push direct into the skin; the maxillæ and mandibles, however, which are needle-like and serrated at the tips, penetrate with a saw-like movement. [The swollen free end of the labrum really means the labellæ, two articulated pieces, supposed by some to be the labial palpi. In most species the mandibles are not serrated at their ends.--F. V. T.] The saliva is introduced into the wound through the lumen of the hypopharynx, while the blood is sucked up by the mosquito in the groove of the labium.

The three thoracic segments are soldered together. The central one carries the membranous wings on the sides of the dorsal surface; the posterior somite carries the small halteres (rudimentary posterior wings). There are three pairs of long slender legs on the lower side.

† [This should read Anopheles maculipennis, Meig.; there was no type of A. claviger.--F. V. T.]

The abdomen has no limbs, is composed of eight (rarely nine) distinct segments; the sexual and anal orifices are at the posterior end, the stigmata on the sides. The intestinal canal (fig. 389) is composed of three principal divisions; the anterior part reaches as far as the front pair of legs, and consists of the œsophagus, which is provided with two small lateral diverticula. [At the commencement of the œsophagus are one or more diverticula, which vary in size; they contain air, food and bacteria.--F. V. T.] The mid gut reaches as far as the fifth and sixth abdominal ring; in front it is thin, and has numerous small supra-œsophageal ganglia; the posterior part is, however, more dilated. Four or five Malpighian tubes, the excretory organs, discharge at the place where the mid gut passes into the terminal gut.

The pair of salivary glands have one common excretory duct leading into the hypopharynx.

These glandular bodies are situated in the thorax; each consists of three slightly serpentine tubules, the dorsal and ventral tubes being long, the central one shorter. The above-named characteristics apply to both genera Culex and Anopheles, but in the genus Culex is smaller, Anopheles larger. [In Anopheles the ends of the ducts in the lobules are dilated, whilst in most of the genera the ducts are the same size all along. The lobules may bifurcate, and in Psorophora there are five lobules.--F. V. T.] The legs of the genus Culex are about the same length as the whole body; in Anopheles they are double that length. In Anopheles the palpi and proboscis are of equal length; in Culex the condition is different, according to sex. In the male the palpi are longer than the proboscis; in the female considerably shorter and the number of segments diminished. The venation of the wings exhibits further points of differentiation, as also their adornment, though this last sign is not by any means always conclusive; most species of the genus Culex have unspotted wings, whilst those of Anopheles are usually spotted. More important is the fact that in Culex the abdomen is decorated with small scales, similar to those on butterflies, whereas there are small bristles on the abdomen of Anopheles. [This cannot be said to be a character by which an Anopheline may be told from a Culicine, for in such common Anopheline genera as Cellia and Neocellia we get plenty of scales on the abdomen.--F. V. T.] An experienced observer can, however, separate the two genera by the difference in size and their manner of resting. When settled they either touch the resting place with all the legs or only with the four anterior legs. In consequence of the different length of the legs, the body of Culex approaches the resting place more closely; moreover, Culex holds the abdomen parallel or at an acute angle to the resting surface, whereas Anopheles carries the abdomen directed upwards (at an angle of about 145°) and holds the head down. Both genera, however, usually only rest on the four anterior legs, and then, as has long been known, Culex carries the third pair directed towards the dorsum, while those of Anopheles hang down.

In regard to the differentiation of the species, I must refer you to the special literature, and content myself by observing that about 150 species of Culex and about fifty species of Anopheles have been described, of which fifty about four are found in Europe. [The number of known Anophelines now is more--100 species--of other Culicidæ over 700.--F. V. T.] According to our present knowledge it appears that the entire genus Anopheles can transmit malaria to man; this observation has been confirmed in Anopheles claviger, Fabr.; A. maculipennis, Meig.; A. bifurcatus, L.; A. superpictus, Grassi; A. pseudopictus, Gr., all of which are found in Italy, Germany, etc., as well as in the tropics. Moreover, in A. costalis, Loew; A. funestus, Giles (Africa); A. quadrimaculatus, Say (North America), and A. rossii, Giles; the latter is perhaps identical with A. superpictus, Gr., as well as with A. culicifacies (India). [Anopheles maculipennis and A. claviger are the same. Certainly neither maculipennis nor bifurcatus has been found in the tropics. Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Say, is the same as A. maculipennis. There is no evidence that all Anophelines carry malaria, but there is much to show that certain species only are capable of so doing. A list of known carriers is given later.--F. V. T.]

Compare Ficalbi, E., “Venti spec. di zanzare (Culicidæ) ital...,” Bull. Soc. ent. ital., 1899, xxxi; abstracted in Centralbl. f. Bakt., Par. u. Infektionsk., 1900, xxviii, p. 397.

Everyone is aware that mosquitoes swarm at sunset in fine weather, and then seek out human beings and other warm-blooded animals to take food. In this regard, however, the sexes differ, for it is almost without exception that the females only suck blood, while the males subsist on the juices of plants (blossoms or fruits). After sucking, and when night has fallen, the mosquitoes find a place of refuge, for which purpose they utilize the grasses or foliage of trees and bushes, or inhabited or uninhabited rooms of houses, also cellars, stables, verandahs, etc., where they also pass the day.

Both males and females may be kept alive in captivity for a long time if given fruits, or even only sugar and water.

The period required for digestion varies according to the temperature. It takes two days in summer, and may take up to ten days or more in cool weather. After digestion is complete more food is taken up, this being necessary [in some species only--F. V. T.] for the maturing of the sexual products in the female.

It is still unknown under what circumstances copulation takes place; in any case, sooner or later the females are fecundated, and when the ova have become mature, and the season is not too far advanced, they seek a suitable place in which to deposit them. These are larger or smaller, permanent or temporary, collections of standing water, pools, puddles, lakes, pits, water in rain-water barrels, basins, etc. Nevertheless, certain kinds prefer certain waters; thus Anopheles (claviger) maculipennis and several of the Culices seek stagnant water overgrown with swamp vegetation and decomposing vegetable matter; A. bifurcatus and certain Culices, clear water with some vegetation (such as fountains and the lakes in gardens and parks); Culex pipiens has a preference for rain-water barrels, even though the water be dirty and evil-smelling. [I have found the larvæ of Anopheles bifurcatus living in great numbers in ponds and lakes completely overgrown with floating water-weeds, and those of Culex pipiens in liquid manure.

The act of copulation in many species is now known. The female Culex has three receptaculæ seminalis, while the female Anopheles has one receptaculum seminis.

It is certain that the females perish immediately after depositing the ova; but this does not always hold good, as a part of them survive for a few days. The males die soon after copulation.

Sexual Organs of the Mosquito.--The female has a pair of ovaries, opening into a single tube by the ovarian tubes; into the single tube opens a duct coming from the spermathecæ, and also a mucous gland. The spermathecæ store up the male cells. The male organs consist of two testes joined by ducts (vasa deferentia) to the ejaculatory duct formed by their union. Each vas deferens is joined by a short tube with the sac-like vesicula seminalis.--F. V. T.]

There is also a difference in the manner in which Culex and Anopheles deposit their ova. Culex deposits two to three hundred eggs in compact heaps that float on the water, and in which the eggs stand perpendicularly one next the other; whereas Anopheles maculipennis deposits only three or four up to twenty eggs, united in groups that float horizontally on the water; the eggs of A. bifurcatus, again, are arranged in star-like groups. The eggs are about 0·75 mm. in length, and assume a dark hue soon after being laid. The development only occupies a few days. The young larvæ grow rapidly, changing their integument several times; the larvæ also differ in the various genera, though they have a general resemblance (figs. 391 and 392).

The long legless larva has a flattened head, a fairly broad, rectangular, or trapeziform thorax, on which there are bristles, and an abdomen distinctly segmented, and on the segments of which there are also lateral bristles. The situation of the stigmata marks the difference between the two genera. Though in both genera the stigmata are at the posterior end and on the dorsal surface, they are in Anopheles close to the surface of the body; in Culex, however, they are on the free end of a long tube (siphon).

The position of the larva in the water also differs. The larva of Anopheles lies almost horizontally beneath the surface of the water, the posterior border of the penultimate abdominal segment, upon which the stigmata are situated, being on the surface; whereas the larva of Culex hangs head downwards perpendicularly in the water, the point of the siphon only touching the surface.

In about a fortnight the larva is fully grown and becomes a pupa. The pupa (fig. 393), which moves in jerky movements, remains in the water, but partakes of no food. In shape it somewhat resembles a tadpole, that is to say, it consists of a bulky anterior portion, on the surface of which the head, with its appendages, is recognizable, and a more slender segmented abdomen. Above, on the thorax, there are two small trumpet-shaped breathing tubes for the conveyance of air to the tracheal system. After three or four days the perfect mosquito hatches out, remains a short time on the surface of the water until its chitinous integument is hardened, and then flies away.

The females that are fertilized in the autumn hibernate in sheltered spots in the open air, or in houses, cellars, under stairs, in stables, barns, etc., and are the progenitors of the first generation of the following year.

In accordance with the climate of a country, or the kind of weather of a year, the conditions in regard to the manner of life and the duration of the development of the mosquito vary. At all events, the life-history of the mosquito elucidates many points relating to malaria which were hitherto not understood.

*Culicidæ or Mosquitoes.*

The importance of these insects to man is very great. They not only produce painful bites, which may become inflamed and give rise to a considerable amount of œdema, but they are more important on account of the part they play in the distribution of various diseases. Culicidæ may not only carry disease germs, but act as intermediate hosts for certain parasites, such as some of the Anophelina for malarial parasites, Culex for Filariæ, and Stegomyia for yellow fever, etc.; the last-named is in any case the distributor of that fatal disease. It is therefore very necessary to know the life-history, habits and characters of these pests.

Mosquitoes exist in almost all parts of the world from the Arctic circle to the tropics; temperate regions suffer from them less than the two extremes, but even there they form not only a source of great annoyance but of danger as malaria and possibly now and again yellow fever carriers. A few years ago comparatively few species were known, now some 800 odd have been described. Their number will probably not stop far short of 1,000, in spite of the fact that many have been described under different names, yet really the same species. Some are purely domestic, others entirely sylvan; the former, as we might expect, often have a very wide distribution, having been taken from place to place in boats and trains. The more rapid transport becomes, the greater becomes the possibility of this wide distribution of many species increasing, and the spread of other species from their natural home to foreign parts by sea and then by trains further inland.

All Culicidæ are aquatic in their larval and pupal stages. Almost all small collections of water, both natural and artificial, may form breeding grounds for these pests. Some even breed in pitcher plants and many in bromelias. The favourite resorts for the larvæ of Anophelina are small natural collections of water, such as puddles, ditches and small pools around swamps; certain species (A. maculipennis, etc.) live in rain barrels as well. They may also occur in the sluggish water at the edges of rivers or even in mid river, where the flow is checked by masses of water weeds (Myzomyia funesta, etc.). The Stegomyias prefer artificial collections of water, but also occur in natural pools. The yellow fever species (S. fasciata) prefers small collections, such as in barrels, pots, jars, etc. Culex occur in all manner of places--rain barrels, tanks, cisterns, ponds and ditches. Some of the South American species of Culex, Wyeomyia, Joblotia, etc., breed in the collections of water at the base of bromelia leaves. Very few Culicid larvæ live in salt water except in Australia, where Dr. Bancroft has found them in salt water of specific gravity 1·040 (Mucidus alternans and Culex annulirostris). Other salt water mosquitoes are known in America. The food of the larvæ is very varied; the majority appear to feed upon confervæ, small crustacea and insects; some are cannibals, readily devouring others of their own kind. The larger larvæ of Megarhinus, Psorophora, Toxorhynchites and Mucidus are extremely ravenous and devour one another.

“Wald Mosquitoes und Wald Malaria,” Dr. Lutz, Centralbl. f. Bakt., Par., u. Infektionsk., i Abt. Orig., xxxiii, No. 4.

There are two main types of larvæ, the Anopheline and Culicine; in the former there is no respiratory siphon, in the latter the siphon is long or moderately long. The head offers certain marked peculiarities which are of specific value; this especially applies to the Anophelina, in which the frontal hairs are of great service in distinguishing the larvæ, whilst in Culex the number and position of the spines at the base of and on the siphon are characteristic. The position assumed by the larvæ in the water also varies in the different groups; most of the Anophelines lie horizontally, most of the Culicina and Ædeomyina hang head downwards. The pupæ also vary, but not to the same extent; the chief differences to be noticed are in the form of the two respiratory trumpets.

Information sent me by Dr. Grabham shows this statement to be not quite correct, as the frontal hairs may vary in different stages of the same larva. This he has shown in Cellia albipes, Theob., and I have noticed it in a Nyssorhynchus from Africa.

The eggs, which may be laid separately (Anopheles maculipennis, Stegomyia fasciata, Joblotia nivipes, etc.), or in rafts (Culex pipiens, C. fatigans) or in chains (Pseudotæniorhynchus fasciolatus), present a great variety of forms. The most peculiar are shown in fig. 395 (Tæniorhynchus, Culex, Stegomyia, Anopheles, Psorophora).

As in all insects, they differ very materially in each species of one genus. Those best known are the Anopheline eggs.

The eggs always float on the surface of the water; immersion soon destroys them, but many may occur in mud and can resist desiccation.

Characters of Adult Culicidæ.--The chief characters by which true mosquitoes, or Culicidæ, are known are the following:--

(1) Wings always with the veins covered with scales; the longitudinal veins, usually six in number (in one genus seven); the costal vein carried round the border of the wing.

(2) Head, thorax and abdomen usually, but not always (Anopheles, etc.), covered with scales.

(3) Mouth parts formed into a long piercing proboscis.

As a rule the males may be told from the females by their antennæ being plumose, whilst in the females they are pilose (vide fig. 394), but this does not invariably hold good, for in Deinocerites, Theobald, and Sabethes, Desvoidy, and others, they are pilose in both sexes. The labial palpi are very variable in regard to their form and the number of segments; in the Anophelina they are long in both sexes, as long or nearly so as the proboscis, more or less clubbed in the males; in Culicina, Joblotina and Heptaphlebomyia, they are long in the males, short in the females; in Ædeomyina, short in both sexes.

Scales.--The most important structural peculiarities in Culicidæ are the scales, which form the chief and most readily observed characters for separating genera and species. The importance of scale structure has been recently ignored by some workers, who are probably right academically, but as a means of separating groups, and so more easily running down a species, the practical man is strongly advised to follow this method. As to what a genus is, is purely a matter of personal opinion. If one examines any recent standard work on entomology one will find a species being placed in varied genera by the varied authorities.

The head, thorax, abdomen and wings are in nearly all cases clothed with squamæ of varied form, of which the following are the main types (fig. 397):--

(1) Flat, spade-shaped scales (a). (2) Narrow curved scales (e). (3) Hair-like curved scales (d). (4) Spindle-shaped scales (f). (5) Small spindle-shaped scales (g). (6) Upright forked scales (h) and (i). (7) Twisted upright scales (j). (8) Inflated or pyriform scales (k). (9) Mansonia scales (b). (10) Small broad asymmetrical scales (c).

Various other varieties are found on the wings, such as:-- (1) Narrow linear lateral scales. (2) Narrow lanceolate scales. (3) Broad lanceolate scales. (4) Elongated, broad, truncated scales (= Pseudotæniorhynchus-like scales). (5) Pyriform scales. (6) Asymmetrical broad or Tæniorhynchus scales. (7) Flat spade-like scales.

Heart-shaped scales occur on the wings of Etiorleptiomyia.

The wings have a series of scales along the middle line of the veins, and also lateral scales to all or nearly all the veins. The wing is also fringed by a series of scales (fig. 396), which, however, are of little systematic importance; the so-called “border scales” (b.s.) vary, however, to some extent, and are useful characters in separating some of the Tæniorhynchus.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF Culicidæ.

SECTION A.--Proboscis formed for piercing; metanotum nude. Scutellum simple. I. Wings with six-scaled longitudinal veins. A. Palpi long in the male. α. Palpi long in both sexes, clavate in ♂ Anophelina. I. First submarginal cell as long or longer than the second posterior cell. Antennal segments without dense lateral scale tufts.

{ {Wing scales { { lanceolate Anopheles, Meigen. { {Wing scales { { mostly long { { and narrow Myzomyia, Blanchard. {Prothoracic {Wing scales { lobes { as above, { simple; no { but fourth { flat head { long vein Thorax and { scales { near base abdomen { { of third and Neomyzomyia, Theobald. with hair- { { outstanding like scales{ { scales on { { prothoracic { { lobe { {Wing scales { { partly large { { and inflated Cycloleppteron, Theobald. { Prothoracic lobes mammil- { lated; some flat head { scales. Basal lobe of ♂ { genitalia of two segments Stethomyia, Theobald. Prothoracic lobes with dense outstanding scales Feltinella, Theobald. Thorax with some narrow curved scales; abdomen hairy Pyretophorus, Blanchard. Wing scales small and lanceolate. Wing scales broad and lanceolate Myzorhynchella, Theobald. Thorax with hair-like curved scales, some narrow curved ones in front; abdomen with apical lateral scale tufts, scaly venter; no ventral tuft Arribalzagia, Theobald. Thorax with hair-like curved scales; abdominal scales on venter only, with a distinct ventral apical tuft Myzorhynchus, Blanchard. Much as above, but abdomen with long spine-like dense lateral tufts Chrystia, Theobald. Thorax with very long hair-like curved scales; abdomen pilose, except last two segments which are scaly; dense scale tufts on third femora; wings with broadish, blunt, lanceolate scales Lophoscelomyia, Theobald. {Abdominal scales as { lateral dorsal patches { of small flat scales; Thorax and { thoracic scales narrow abdomen { and curved, or spindle- { shaped Nyssorhynchus, Blanchard. with scales {Abdomen nearly completely { covered with irregular { scales and with lateral Cellia, Theobald. { tufts {No lateral scale tufts Neocellia, Theobald. Thoracic scales hair-like except a few narrow curved ones in front; abdominal scales long, broad and irregular Kerteszia, Theobald. Thorax with hair-like curved scales and some broad straight scales, others spatulate on sides. Abdomen covered with fine hairs except last three segments, which are scaly. Tufts of scales on hind femora. Wing scales lanceolate Manguinhosia, Cruz. Antennal segments with many dense scaly tufts Chagasia, Cruz. Antennæ with outstanding scales on second segment, more appressed ones on the first. At least one segment of abdomen with long flat more or less spatulate scales Calvertina, Ludlow.

II. First submarginal cell very small Bironella, Theobald. With a distinct cylindrical tubercle projecting obliquely from the prothoracic region Dactylomyia, Newstead and Carter. Scutellum trilobed. First submarginal cell much smaller than the second posterior cell; proboscis long and bent Megarhininæ. Palpi long in both sexes Megarhinus, Rob. Desvoidy. Last segment of ♂ palpi blunt. Last segment of ♂ palpi long and pointed Ankylorhynchus, Lutz.

The following genera of Anophelites have been founded by James†:--

† Records of Indian Museum, 1910, iv, No. 5, p. 98.

(1) Abdomen with hairs but no scales. Thorax with dorsum with long narrow curved scales, which form on the anterior promontory a thick bunch projecting over the neck. Prothoracic lobes with a tuft of rather broad true scales, upright forked scales of head of usual broad expanding type: Patagiamyia, James. Includes Gigas, Giles, and Lindesayi, Giles. Both seem to me typical Anopheles.

(2) Abdomen as above; Thorax very similar. Prothoracic lobes with hairs, no scales. Upright forked scales of head rod-shaped: Neostethopheles, James. Includes Atkenii, James; Immaculatus, Theobald; Culiciformis, James and Liston. These seem to me to be true Anopheles.

(3) Abdomen with hairs and scales on dorsum of each segment; ventrally there are six scaly tufts on the apices of six segments. Thorax with scales and a tuft of outstanding ones on prothoracic lobes: Christophersia, James. Type Halli, James. Very close to if not identical with Cellia.

(4) Head with narrow curved scales lying rather flat upon head and flat lateral scales, upright forked ones behind. Central lobe of scutellum with tuft of narrow curved scales, lateral lobes with large flat oval scales; male palpi longer than proboscis, two large apical segments with long projecting hairs: Leslieomyia, Christophers. Type Leslieomyia tæniorhynchoides, Christophers, from Amritsar, India.

(5) Abdomen with first six or seven segments with hairs only, eighth and seventh (?) with scales, also genital processes. Thorax with hairs and narrow curved scales sharp pointed, blunt-ended broad scales on each side of anterior third. No tufts of scales on prothoracic lobes. Head usual type of upright forked scales: Nyssomyzomyia, James. Type Rossii, Giles.

β. Palpi short in the female Toxorhynchites, Theobald. First submarginal cell longer than the second posterior cell Culicinæ. Legs more or less densely scaly; head not entirely clothed with flat scales; all the legs densely scaly. Wings with large pyriform scales Janthinosoma, Arribalzaga. Head entirely clothed with flat scales. Legs uniformly scaled with flat scales. Head and scutellar scales all flat and broad. Palpi of ♀ short, of ♂ thickened apically and tufted Stegomyia, Theobald. Palpi of ♀ longer than in Stegomyia and in ♂ long and thin, acuminate, simple Desvoidea, Blanchard. Head scales mostly flat, but a median line of narrow curved ones; scutellar scales flat on mid lobe, narrow curved on lateral lobes and palpi longer than proboscis Macleayia, Theobald. Head scales mostly flat, irregular, narrow curved ones behind; mid lobe scutellum with flat scales, lateral with narrow curved; ♂ palpi shorter than proboscis Catageiomyia, Theobald. Head scales mostly flat, but a few narrow curved ones in middle in front; scutellar scales all flat Scutomyia, Theobald. Head scales all flat; scutellar scales all narrow curved Skusea, Theobald. Head with flat scales, except a small median area of narrow curved ones; scutellar scales all narrow curved Howardina, Theobald. Head with all flat scales except a thin line of narrow curved ones behind; scutellar scales all narrow curved Danielsia, Theobald. Head with small flat scales over most of surface, with median line and line around eyes of narrow curved ones; scutellar scales bluntly spindle or club-shaped Hulecoetomyia, Theobald. Head and scutellar scales narrow curved. Wing scales long, narrowly lanceolate, collected in spots; palpi clubbed in ♂; five-jointed and rather long in ♀ Theobaldia, Neveu-Lemaire. Wing scales (lateral) long and narrow, and ♀ palpi three-jointed, ♂ not clubbed and hairy Culex, Linnæus. Wing scales at apex of veins dense and rather broad, femora swollen; small dark species Melanoconion, Theobald. Wings with short, thick, median scales and short, broadish lateral ones on some of the veins; scales mottled; fork-cells rather short Grabhamia, Theobald. Wings with dense, broadish, elongated, truncated scales Pseudotæniorhynchus, Theobald. Wings with broad, short, asymmetrical scales Tæniorhynchus, Arribalzaga. Head covered with rather broad, flat, spindle-shaped scales; scutellum with small flat scales to mid lobe Gilesia, Theobald. Head clothed with flat, irregularly disposed scales all over, with patches of narrow curved ones; ♂ palpi clubbed Acartomyia, Theobald. Abdomen with projecting flat lateral scales with deeply dentate apices; wings not ornamented Lasioconops, Theobald. Wings ornamented; scutellum with flat and narrow curved scales Finlaya, Theobald.

γ. Palpi short in ♂ and ♀ Ædeomyina. Wings unornamented. Antennæ pilose in ♂ and ♀; second joint very long Deinocerites, Theobald. Antennæ plumose in the ♂. Head clothed with narrow curved and flat scales. Mid-lobe of scutellum with six border- bristles. Scutellum with narrow curved scales. Palpi in ♀ four-jointed, in ♂ two- jointed Ædes, Meigen. Mid-lobe of scutellum with four border bristles. Scutellum with flat scales. Head clothed with flat scales only. Fork-cells normal length. Mid-lobe of scutellum with four border- bristles. Palpi of ♀ two-jointed Verallina, Theobald. Palpi of ♀ five-jointed, metallic Hæmagogus, Williston. Fork cells very small or small. Scutellar scales flat. First submarginal cell longer than the second posterior cell; no flat scales on mesothorax Ficalbia, Theobald. First submarginal cell smaller than the second posterior cell; flat scales on mesothorax Uranotænia, Arribalzaga. Scutellar scales narrow curved. First submarginal cell as in Uranotænia Mimomyia, Theobald. Wings ornamented with Mansonia-like scales Ædeomyia, Theobald.

SECTION B.--Metanotum ornamented with chætæ, squamæ or both. α. With chætæ only. Proboscis longer than whole body; lateral wing scales Tæniorhynchus-like Phoniomyia, Theobald. Proboscis as long as whole body in ♀ } frons drawn out into a prominence; } Binotia, Blanchard = wing scales rather broad and long } Runchiomyia, Theobald. Proboscis not as long as the whole body; lateral vein scales narrow Wyeomyia, Theobald. Proboscis not as long as whole body, swollen apically; wing scales long and broad Dendriomyia, Theobald.

β. Metanotum with squamæ and chætæ. Palpi short in ♂ and ♀. Proboscis straight in ♀ and ♂; legs with scaly paddles Sabethes, Rob. Desvoidy. Venation like Sabethes. Legs simple Sabethoides, Theobald. Venation like Culex Goeldia, Theobald. Proboscis in ♂ elbowed, with two scaly tufts Limatus, Theobald. Palpi long in ♂, short in ♀ Joblotina, Blanchard.

II. Wings with seven-scaled longitudinal veins: Culex type Heptaphlebomyia, Theobald.