Part 2

The wood of the almond is very hard and strong, enabling the tree to bear the weight of heavy crops where pruning has been given proper attention during the formative period of the young tree. As with other fruit trees, the almond is subject to heart-rot and care should always be exercised to prevent the checking and cracking of large wounds and consequent infection with decay organisms. The hardness of the wood makes it the finest kind of fuel, and when old orchards are being dug up the returns from the sale of wood often more than pay for the expense of digging and cutting up the trees and burning the brush.

The nuts are of two general classes—sweet and bitter almonds. The former is primarily the almond of commerce, though the latter is used largely in the manufacture of almond oil and almond flavoring, as well as in the manufacture of prussic acid. The bitter almond is also used largely in nurseries as a rootstock upon which to bud the almond and some other fruits.

For a long time there has been considerable evidence to show that some varieties are always self-sterile while a few are sometimes self-fertile. Work done in 1916 and 1917 by Tufts shows that practically all varieties are self-sterile and that some of the self-sterile varieties are also inter-sterile. In these tests the principal commercial varieties were used. Blossoms of each variety were pollenized with pollen from its own blossoms and from each of the others. Checks were for natural pollination with each variety. The important results of this work are briefly summarized as follows:

The Nonpareil and I.X.L. are inter-sterile, although both are inter-fertile with the Ne Plus Ultra.

The Languedoc and Texas are inter-sterile.

The I.X.L. and Peerless are practically inter-sterile.

The California has proved the best pollenizer thus far tested, for all varieties that bloom near it.

The Drake is inter-fertile with the Nonpareil, I.X.L., Ne Plus Ultra, Peerless and Jordan, the only ones tested.

The I.X.L. is inter-fertile with the Drake, Jordan, California, Languedoc, Ne Plus Ultra and Texas.

The Ne Plus Ultra is inter-fertile with the California, Drake, I.X.L., Languedoc and Nonpareil.

REQUIREMENTS

While the almond is in many ways an easy tree to grow where conditions are favorable, it is more particular in its requirements than most common orchard fruits, and the grower may find it difficult to produce a good, thrifty tree unless he chooses the proper location. Very often it will grow well and make a fine healthy tree, but owing to unfavorable conditions, will not bear regularly, if it all.

CLIMATE

Heat.—Where the conditions of soil and moisture are favorable the almond will endure the intense heat of the interior valleys and even of the Imperial Valley, provided it is pruned properly to shade the main branches so as to prevent sunburn. Where trees, by severe pruning, are opened up suddenly to the intense heat of the summer sun, almonds will sunburn, but if the necessary opening up is done gradually, the bark will become inured to the new conditions without danger. The nuts grow and ripen more satisfactorily in the greater heat of the interior than along the coast.

Frost.—The almond tree is hardy and will endure fully as much cold as the hardiest peach without injury. Trees are found growing well in Illinois, Ohio, New York and other Eastern states. In very favorable seasons they may even bear fruit, though this happens very seldom, due to the extremely early habit of blooming before the spring frosts are over. The first warm weather seems to start the trees into bloom, especially where the enforced dormant season of winter is very long.

The blossoms, on the other hand, are very tender. There is a great range in the degree of frost which will cause injury, depending largely on the condition of the tree during the time that the fruit buds are forming and developing, as well as on the duration and severity of the frost. Buds and blossoms on trees which have been forced into premature dormancy, either by lack of moisture or by severe attacks of red spider, are much more susceptible to frost than those on trees which have continued growth late enough in the fall to provide for the proper development and maturity of the buds. After differentiation of fruit buds commences in the summer, the almond leaves should remain on the tree until late into the fall in order to strengthen and develop the fruit buds and store up the elaborated food material for the use of the buds in their normal development through the winter. Studies of almond buds gathered from healthy trees which held their leaves until late fall frosts at Davis, showed the first evidence of differentiation between fruit and flower buds commencing about August 18, while the flower was not completely developed until February 18 following. During the intervening time development proceeded unchecked through the winter even though the tree was apparently dormant. During the time the crop is ripening on the trees, little is done toward storing food material for the buds. If the leaves turn yellow or drop soon after harvest, the trees do not have the opportunity of storing a sufficient supply of plant food for their normal requirements and the buds are insufficiently nourished during the winter period. The resulting buds are weakened and the indications are that they are unable to endure unfavorable climatic conditions in the spring, such as light frosts, continued cold weather or sudden changes from warm to cold weather.

The most tender stage in the blossoming and development of the young fruit seems to be immediately following the dropping of the calyx lobes from the young fruit as it first commences to swell rapidly. The blossom becomes more and more tender as it opens out and reaches the above stage. After the young fruit has attained the size of a pea it rapidly becomes more resistant to low temperatures. Blossoms with the petals exposed but not yet opened have been known to stand temperatures of 24 degrees F. and blossoms with petals beginning to fall have stood 28 degrees F. No records are available as to the duration of these temperatures. In other cases, blossoms with the petals falling have been killed by temperatures of 30 and 31 degrees F. It must be remembered in this connection that the almond blooms earlier than other orchard fruits and, therefore, is often subjected to much more severe frosts than occur during the blooming period of the later fruits. The greatest injury is likely to occur when a frost follows one or more days of warm weather. When the mean temperature both day and night remains low, frosts that might otherwise kill the flowers or setting fruit do no harm. This is what occurred in February, 1917, at the University Farm, when repeated frosts at blooming time did no harm whatever.

In determining the desirability of a location in regard to its freedom from frost, the possibility of adequate air drainage is an important item. For this reason the lands along the lower foothills immediately above the floor of the valleys are ordinarily much less subject to frost—because the cold air is free to drain away to the lower levels. Generally the lands along the banks of streams which have been built up higher than the other lands of the Great Valleys through which they flow, are less subject to frost by reason of the natural flow of the cold air from them to the lower lands adjacent. For the same reason the planting of almonds in the lower lands of the valleys, no matter how large the valleys may be, should be avoided, unless the locality has been thoroughly tested for a long period of years and has proved to be an exception to the rule because of some peculiar situation with favoring air currents or air drainage, such as might exist near a natural draw in the hills where the settling of the cold air in some portions of the adjacent valley might be prevented. Such locations are generally confined to very small areas. Oftentimes an opening or draw in the hills may serve as an outlet for the drainage of much colder air from considerably higher elevations beyond, and then the danger from frost is very greatly increased. This is very common where cañons act as drains to conduct the cold air from the high Sierras to the valleys below.

Variable weather conditions, and especially as regards temperature in the spring after growth commences, are highly undesirable. Warm weather immediately followed by cold tends to produce sour-sap, fruit drop and kindred physiological ills. Oftentimes crops have been lost where no frosts occurred after blooming commenced, simply due to sudden changes in the weather. However, it is highly probable that the greater portion of the trouble with fruit dropping, when of the size of peas or larger, is due to improper pollination. When the soil is not sufficiently well drained at such a time, the sour-sap effect is greatly augmented.

Humidity.—Foggy or moist weather during ripening or harvesting is highly objectionable. The nuts do not dry out rapidly enough on the trees to prevent the growth of molds and consequent darkening of the shells. The nuts then require much heavier bleaching to brighten them properly for the demands of the market. The damp weather prevents the rapid and thorough drying-out of the kernel; the sulphur fumes are absorbed by the moist kernel and it sometimes becomes rancid before it is six months old.

Much damp weather in the spring encourages the growth of “shot-hole” fungus in the blossoms and fruit, often causing the loss of a considerable portion of the crop; the loss of leaf surface from the fungus infection is sometimes so great as to materially affect the vigor and vitality of the tree.

Rainfall.—It is impossible to state any definite amount of rainfall which will or will not maintain the trees and enable them to bear regular crops of nuts, for so much depends not only on the variation in rainfall in different sections and in different years, as regards distribution throughout the year, but also on the time and intensity of the fall, the character of the weather following the rains and the ability of the soil to receive and retain the rain that falls. Ordinarily, however, with the above factors favorable, it is conceded that where the winter rainfall averages sixteen inches, almonds can generally be grown without supplementing the water supply by irrigation, if the orchardist exercises reasonable care to conserve the moisture for the use of the trees. Where the rainfall is inadequate some means of irrigation must be found to make up the deficit.

In some sections the annual rainfall varies greatly from year to year. Often it falls in such a way that a large proportion of it is lost in the surface run-off. In many places the soil is so leachy that it is incapable of holding sufficient water for the use of the trees throughout the summer, much of the winter rainfall being lost in the underground drainage. Under either of these conditions, 40 inches of rainfall might not be sufficient. Very often winter rains are followed by desiccating winds so that a considerable portion of the rain which falls is lost by evaporation before anything can be done to hold it.

Continued rainy, damp and cold weather at the time of blooming is apt to sour the pollen or actually wash it away and thus prevent the fertilization of the blossoms, without which a crop is impossible. Bees and other insects are the principal means of accomplishing the pollination of almonds and such weather prevents them from working.

SOIL

The almond is a deep-rooting tree and draws heavily upon the plant-nourishing elements of the soil. In ripening the large number of seeds which it is required to do, the tree must draw upon a considerable area of soil in order to supply the large amount of mineral matter that is needed to develop and mature the seeds. Analyses of almonds, as compared with other commonly grown fruits and nuts, made by Colby, show that the almond leads in the total quantity of mineral matters withdrawn from the soil. Colby further states that “The stone fruits fall much below the almond in total ash (mineral matter) excepting the olive, the ash of which, however, is largely silica (nearly eight-tenths), an ingredient so plentifully distributed in all soils that it is of no pecuniary value.” Table I illustrates this statement.

These figures suggest the necessity of having a deep, rich, well-drained soil for best results. For this reason and because of the deep-rooting habit of the almond, the soil should be at least ten or twelve feet deep.

Hardpan.—Compacted substrata in the soil, whether they be hard clay layers or cemented layers of silicious, ferruginous or calcareous origin, are objectionable. They not only prevent the roots from foraging to a considerable depth as they normally tend to do, but they prevent proper drainage and aeration of the soil. If such layers are comparatively thin, that is, not more that two or three feet thick at the most, they may be shattered with dynamite so as to allow the moisture, air and roots to penetrate to the better soil below. Hardpan, therefore, should be avoided where it is too thick to be broken up or where it is not underlaid by desirable soil.