Appendix Ii

TABLE I (p. 25)

This table is based on documents relating to the following manors:--

1. Northumberland.

Acklington (1567, Northumberland County History, vol. v. pp. 367-8); Buston (1567, ibid., vol. v. p. 209); Thirston (1567, ibid., vol. vii. pp. 305-6); Birling (1567, ibid., vol. v. pp. 200-1); Amble (1608, ibid., vol. v. p. 281); Hexham (1608, ibid., vol. iii. pp. 86-104).

2. Lancashire.

Warton (Hen. VIII., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 19, No. 7, ff. 79-87); Whyttington (Hen. VIII., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 19, No. 7, ff. 47-9); Ashton (Hen. VIII., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Portf. 19, No. 7, ff. 69-72); Overton (4 Eliz. R.O. Duchy of Lanc., Special Commission, No. 67); Widnes (10 Eliz. R.O. Duchy of Lanc., Special Commission, No. 181); Cartmel (Hen. VIII.(?) R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 22, No. 75); Rochdale (1626, from information kindly supplied by Lieut.-Colonel Fishwick of Rochdale, from a Survey in the Chetham Library, Manchester), Lands of Cockersand Abbey (1501, Chetham Miscellanies, vol. iii.).

3. Staffordshire.

Barton (Ph. and M.(?) R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 14, No. 70); Burton Bondend (1597, R.O. Land Rev. Misc. Bks., vol. 185, ff. 70-74); Drayton Basset (1579, R.O. Land Rev. Misc. Bks., vol. 185, ff. 54-68); Wotton in Elishall (1 Ed. VI., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 14, No. 83); Agarsley (1611, R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Duchy of Lancs., Bdle. 8, No. 29).

4. Leicestershire.

Ulverscroft Priory (31 Hen. VIII., R.O. Land Rev. Misc. Bks., vol. 182, f. 35); Broughton Astley (Eliz. R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Bdle. 10, No. 4); Barkby (Hen. VIII., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Roll 382); Stapleford (10 Eliz., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Duchy of Lanc., Portf. 6, No. 15); Priory of Launde (31 Hen. VIII, R.O. Land Rev. Misc. Bks. 182, f. 1); College of St. Mary, Leicester (1595, R.O. Rentals, Duchy of Lanc. 6/12); Garradon Abbey (Hen. VIII., R.O. Augm. Off., Misc. Bks. 403, f. 123); Kibworth Beauchamp (1 & 2 Ph. and M., R.O. Land Rev. Misc. Bks. 182, f. 284); Kibworth Harcourt (1636, Merton MSS., Book labelled Kibworth and Barkby, 1636).

5. Northamptonshire.

Duston (3 Eliz., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Portf. 13, No. 23); Yelvertoft (11 Eliz., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Portf. 13, No. 52); Warmington and Eaglethorpe (30 Eliz., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Portf. 13, No. 21); Brigstock (4 James I., R.O. Land Rev. Misc. Bks., vol. 221, f. l); Higham Ferrers (8 James I., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Portf. 13, No. 34); Paulspurie, alias Westpury (32 Hen. VIII., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, vol. 419, f. 3).

6. Norfolk.

Ormesby (7 Hen. VIII., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 22, No. 18); Barney (29 Hen. VIII., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 26, No. 57); Great Walsingham (29 Hen. VIII., ibid.); Gunthorpe (29 Hen. VIII., ibid.); Skerning (Ed. VI., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 3, No. 23); Metherwolde (1575, R.O. Duchy of Lanc., Rentals and Surveys, Bdle. 7, No. 29a); Brisingham (31 Eliz., R.O. Misc. Bks., Land Rev., vol. 220, f. 220); Aylsham (James I., R.O. Misc. Bks., Augm. Off., vol. 360, f. 1); Scratbye Bardolphes (date uncertain, R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 12, No. 52); Burghe Vaux (1620, R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 12, No. 52); Castons (c. 1620(?), R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 12, No. 52 p. 10d); Massingham (Hen. VIII.(?), R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 30, No. 25); Northendall (date uncertain, R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Roll 478, m. 3); Drayton Hall (date uncertain, R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 20, No. 53); East Dereham (1649, R.O. Parliamentary Surveys, Norfolk, No. 10); West Lexham (1595, Holkham MSS., West Lexham MSS., No. 87); Longham Hall and Gunton (1611, Holkham MSS., Tittleshall Bks., No. 62); Longham and Watlington (1611, Holkham MSS., Tittleshall Bks., No. 62); Watlington and Priors (1611, Holkham MSS., Tittleshall Bks., No. 62); Billingford (1565, Holkham MSS., Billingford and Bintry MSS., Bdle. No. 9); Foxley (1568, Holkham MSS., Billingford and Bintry MSS., Bdle. No. 9); Peakhall (1578, Holkham MSS., Tittleshall Bks., No. 12); Wellingham (1611, Holkham MSS., Tittleshall Bks., No. 62); Tittleshall Newhall (Holkham MSS., Tittleshall Bks., No. 62). I have included one manor (R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 3, No. 21), of which I have mislaid the name.

7. Suffolk.

Snape (Hen. VIII., R.O. Misc. Bks., Treas. of Receipt, vol. 163, f. 187); Ashfield (Hen. VIII., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 14, No. 85); Otley (Hen. VIII., R.O. Misc. Bks., Treas. of Receipt, vol. 163, f. 145); Rodstrete and Brimdishe (Ed. VI., R.O. Misc. Bks., Augm. Off., vol. 414, f. 19-22); Dennington (Ed. VI., R.O. Misc. Bks., vol. 414, f. 22b); Harrolds in Cretingham (Ed. VI., R.O. Aug. Off., vol. 414, f. 25b); Stratford juxta Higham (17 James I., R.O. Duchy of Lanc., Rentals and Surveys, 9/13); Denham (date uncertain, R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 27, No. 32); Dunstall (date uncertain, R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 27, No. 32); Dalham (date uncertain, R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 27, No. 32); Kentford (date uncertain, R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 27, No. 32); Nedham (date uncertain, R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 27, No. 32); Desnage Talmaye, and Cressness[?] in Gaseleye (date uncertain, R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 27, No. 32); Higham (date uncertain, R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 27, No. 32).

8. Wiltshire, Somerset, and Devon.

All are contained in the Surveys of the Lands of William, Earl of Pembroke, published by the Roxburgh Club, and edited by Straton, 1565-1573. There are twenty-seven manors in Wiltshire, four in Somersetshire, and one in Devonshire.

9. Hampshire.

Crondal, and Sutton Warblington (Crondal Records, Part I., Baigent).

10. Ten other manors in the South of England.

Castle Combe (Wilts, 1454, Scrope, History of Castle Combe); Ibstone (Bucks, 1483, Merton MSS., No. 5902); Cuxham (Oxford, 1483, Merton MSS., No. 5902); Malden (Surrey, 1496, Merton MSS., Survey of Malden); Aspley Guise (Bedford, 1542, from information kindly supplied by Mr. G.H. Fowler, of Aspley Guise); Ewerne (Dorset, 1568, Topographer and Genealogist, vol i.); Edgeware (Middlesex, 1597, All Souls Estate Maps); Kingsbury (Middlesex, 1597, All Souls Estate Maps); Gamlingay Merton (Cambridge, 1601, Merton Estate Maps); Gamlingay Avenells (Cambridge, 1601, Merton Estate Maps).

* * * * *

The chief criticisms which may be made upon this table are:--

(i) Some of the documents from which the figures are taken are separated from each other by a very long interval of time, so that they do not all represent approximately the same stage of agrarian development. This is a disadvantage. It is possible, for example, that, if the manor of Rochdale could be examined in 1526 instead of in 1626, it would be found that the proportion of copyholders to leaseholders was higher than it is at the later date. This defect, however, is perhaps not so great as to outweigh the value of the general picture of the relative proportion of different classes given by the table. A great majority of the documents from which it is compiled belong to the sixteenth century, and are dated as follows: Those of 10 manors are of an uncertain date, those of 3 fall between 1450 and 1485, of 2 in the reign of Henry VII., of 19 in that of Henry VIII., of 5 in that of Edward VI., of 3 in that of Philip and Mary, of 60 in that of Elizabeth, of 13 in that of James I., of 2 in that of Charles I., of 1 in 1649.

(ii) The lists of tenants given by the surveyors may sometimes not be exhaustive. I am not sure, for example, that all the freeholders on the manor of Crondal, or all the leaseholders at Gamlingay Merton and Gamlingay Avenells, are recorded.

(iii) It is sometimes not clear under what category a tenant should be entered. When there is no clue at all I have entered such tenants as "uncertain." In some cases, however, though there is no entry by the surveyor, there are indications that the tenants are freeholders, customary tenants, or leaseholders, and, when that is so, I have grouped them in the table according to the probabilities of the case. But I do not doubt that I have made some mistakes.

(iv) A special word must be said about Norfolk and Suffolk. In these counties it is quite common to find the same tenant holding both by free and by customary tenure. When this is so, I have entered him both under "freeholders" and under "customary tenants" in the table. This means, of course, that the numbers entered for these two counties in the table exceed the number of individual landholders. As, however, my object was to ascertain the distribution of different classes of tenures, this course, though not satisfactory, seemed the best one to follow. In other counties a similar difficulty hardly ever occurs, a fact which is of some interest as showing the relatively advanced agrarian conditions of Norfolk and Suffolk. In the few cases in which it does occur I have followed the same plan as I have for those two counties.

TABLE II. (pp. 32 and 33)

This table is based on documents relating to the undermentioned manors. The sources from which the information is taken are given in the explanation of Table I., and I therefore do not repeat them.

1. Norfolk.

Metherwolde, Northendall, Brisingham, Massingham, Skerning Billingford.

2. Suffolk.

Ashfield, Stratford juxta Higham, Kentford, Dunstall.

3. Staffordshire.

Drayton Basset, Barton, Burton Bondend.

4. Lancashire.

Warton, Overton, Widnes.

5. Northamptonshire.

Paulespurie, Brigstock, Higham Ferrers, Duston.

6. Wiltshire.

South Newton.

7. Leicestershire.

Barkby.

I have thought it worth while to insert this table, but I am not satisfied with it. (i) I am inclined to think that, as stated in the text, fuller information would show that medium-sized holdings of between 20 and 60 acres were more common than it suggests. It is plain that surveyors often could not locate the properties of freeholders, and the larger the property the harder their task. (ii) Even where the holding is set out by the surveyor, one cannot always form an accurate judgment of its size. For example, rights of common, though often expressed in acres, are often expressed in some other way, e.g. in the terms of the number of beasts which the tenant may graze; and, again, a man is sometimes said to hold so many acres "cum pertinentiis." What I have done is simply to enter the acreage as given in the surveys. In some cases, therefore, the size of the holding is certainly underestimated.

TABLE III. (p. 48)

The figures in this table are an analysis of the figures given under the heading of "Customary Tenants" in Table I., and the source from which they are taken will be found by looking at the explanation of that table given above. As I have pointed out in the text, it is probable that not all the "Tenants at Will" should have been entered as "Customary Tenants" in that table. I hope that any error which may have arisen through their inclusion under that heading there may be neutralised by setting them out here. It will be seen that they are not numerous.

TABLE IV. (pp. 64 and 65)

This table is based on documents relating to the undermentioned manors. The sources from which the information is taken are given, with a few exceptions (see below), in the explanation of Table I.

1. Wiltshire and Somerset.

South Newton, Byshopeston, Washerne, Knyghton, Donnington, Estoverton and Phipheld, Wynterbourne Basset (all in Wilts), South Brent and Huish (Somerset).

2. Suffolk.

Stratford juxta Higham, Ashfield, Snape, Desnage Talmaye, Chaterham Hall (the last Hen. VIII. R.O. Misc. Bks., Treas. of Receipt, vol. 163, ff. 109-114).

3. Norfolk.

Barney, Great Walsingham, Gunthorpe, Brisingham, Aylsham, Ormesby, Northendall, and one manor, the name of which I have mislaid (see explanation of Table I.).

4. Staffordshire.

Barton, Wotton in Elishall, Agarsley.

5. Lancashire.

Ashton, Whytyngton, Warton, Widnes.

6. Northamptonshire.

Higham Ferrers, Brigstock.

7. Leicestershire.

Launde Priory, Barkby, Kibworth.

8. Northumberland.

High Buston, Acklington, Birling, Thirston, Preston, East Chirton, Middle Chirton, Whitney, Monkseaton, Eardon (the last six all 1539, Northumberland County History, vol. viii. p. 230, ff.).

9. Nine manors elsewhere in South of England.

Crondal, Sutton Warblington, Edgeware, Kingsbury, Aspley Guise, Gamlingay Merton, Gamlingay Avenells, Salford, Weedon Weston (two last from surveys on back of All Souls Maps).

In this table are included a few landholders as to whose tenure I am not certain. It has the defect stated in connection with Table I., that in a considerable number of instances the holdings of tenants are not fully expressed in terms of acres, and that therefore it probably somewhat underestimates their area. On the other hand, the holdings of the customary tenants are usually set out by the surveyors much more fully than those of the freeholders.

TABLE V. (p. 107)

1. Northumberland and Lancashire.

Acklington, Birling, High Buston, Thirston, Whytyngton.

2. Wiltshire and Dorsetshire.

South Newton, Estoverton and Phipheld, Winterbourne Basset, Washerne, Donyngton, Byshopeston, Knyghton, Ewerne (the last in Dorsetshire, Topographer and Genealogist, vol. i. There are only three customary tenants on this manor, and only one is represented in the table, as the use made by the others of their land is not ascertainable).

3. Bedfordshire, Northamptonshire, Staffordshire, Leicestershire.

Salford, Weedon Weston, Wotton in Elishall, Kibworth Harcourt.

In connection with this table the following points should be noticed:--

(i) I am not certain that all the tenants represented in it are customary tenants. But with one or two exceptions the holdings of all are not larger than those of the customary tenants on other manors, so that there is no reason to suppose that their agricultural economy differed from that usually followed by the latter.

(ii) More serious, the figures are not completely accurate. I have entered under each denomination, "arable," "meadow," or "pasture," land so entered by the surveyor. In some cases, however, the character of the land is not specified. E.g. it is described simply as a "close," or a tenant is said to hold so many acres of arable "with appurtenances." Further, tenants frequently possess rights of pasture which are not expressed in terms of acres, but are either measured by the number of beasts which they may graze, or are not measured at all (e.g. "catalla sine extento"). In the latter case, which does not affect any except the Wiltshire manors, I have not attempted to form any estimate, but have simply taken their holdings as stated by the surveyor. When there is no clue to the character of the land, I have omitted it. When it is plain that the land falls under a special denomination, though this is not specified in the survey, I have placed it under that denomination in my table. E.g. at Donyngton nearly every tenant holds "unum clausum noviter extractum de communia," and together they hold in such "closes" 132 acres. I have entered these as "pasture."

TABLE VI. (pp. 115-117)

1. Ingoldmells, Lincolnshire: Massingberd, Ingoldmells Court Rolls, Preface, p. vii. I quote the words of the editor, "In 1086 the annual value of the manor of Ingoldmells was £10.... In 1295 the rents of the free and bondage tenants were £51, 17s. 1d.... In 1347 the same rents were £61, 9s. 4d., and in 1421 they were £71, 10s. 3d.... But in 1485 £3, 7s. 4d. had to be deducted for lost rents ... from a total of £72, 6s. 8d.... When the manor was sold in 1628 by Charles I., the reserved rent ... was only £73, 17s. 2d.... It is therefore clear that at Ingoldmells the tenants appropriated virtually the whole of the increase in the value of the land."

2. Crondall, Hampshire: Baigent, Crondal Records, Part I., pp. 135 and 383.

3. Sutton Warblington, Hampshire: ibid., pp. 141 and 383. At the later date Sutton Warblington appears to have been treated as part of the manor of Crondal, though still itself called a manor.

4. Birling, Northumberland: Northumberland County History, vol. v.

5. Acklington, Northumberland: ibid., vol. v.

6. High Buston, Northumberland: ibid., vol. v. (Tenants at will and copyholders only).

7. Amble, Northumberland: ibid., vol. v.

8. Aspley Guise, Bedfordshire. These figures were kindly supplied me by Dr. G.H. Fowler of Aspley Guise as the result of his researches in the Record Office into the history of the manor.

9. South Newton, Wiltshire: Roxburghe Club, Surveys of Lands of William, first Earl of Pembroke, edited by Straton. Note (a) The manor of South Newton included the parishes of Childhampton, Stoford, Little Wishford, and North Ugford. I have dealt here only with the Parish of South Newton, (b) The figures relate only to the customary tenants, and do not include the payments of freeholders and convencionarii. I have obtained the figure of £8, 3s. 11-1/2d. by adding together the tenants' money payments and the value of their works, which are set down in terms of money. But I am not sure that it is correct. I have omitted the payments of fowls (made at both dates) and the small payments for church shot and maltsilver.

10. Cuxham, Oxfordshire: Merton MSS., Nos. 5902 and 5905.

11. Ibstone, Buckinghamshire: ibid., Nos. 5902 and 5209. (In the earlier rental freeholders as well as customary tenants, and in the later possibly leaseholders as well, are included.)

12. Malden, Surrey: Merton MSS. MSS. both headed "Maldon, Thorncroft, and Farleigh 1841," and giving extracts from early court rolls and rentals.

13. Kibworth, Leicestershire: Merton MSS., Nos. 6375 (Rental), 6362, and 6356 (ministers' accounts). The earliest entry is the payments of the copyholders only: the two later entries are "rents of assize."

14. Standen, Hertfordshire: R.O. Mins. Accts., Gen. Ser., Bdle. 868, No. 17; Bdle. 869, No. 8; Bdle. 869, No. 15; Bdle. 870, No. 4. The earliest entry is "Rents assized £18, 17s. 3d. Lands let at will of lord 60s." The second, third, and fourth give the total income.

15. Feering, Essex: R.O. Mins. Accts., Gen. Ser., Bdle. 841, No. 5; Bdle. 841, No. 23; Mins. Accts., Hen. VIII., No. 951. The first two entries are totals of quarterly rents paid at Christmas, Easter, Birth of St. John the Baptist, and Michaelmas. The last is "assized rent." It is possible, therefore, that the apparent diminution is due to the earlier rentals having included payments not given in the last.

16. Appledrum, Sussex: R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Rolls 643, 644, and Mins. Accts., Gen. Ser., Bdle. 1019, No. 15.

17. Minchinhampton: R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Rolls 237 and 241. In the earlier documents the "total rent yearly" is given as £41, 14s. 4d., and the "sum total of works" as £4, 15s.

18. Langley Marish, Berkshire: R.O. Mins. Accts., Gen. Ser., Bdle. 761, No. 4, and Bdle. 762, No. 5; Land Rev. Misc. Bks., vol. 188, f. 196ff. The first entry is the sum total of rents paid quarterly, together with 7s. 4d. of a custom called "vaccage," and 13s. 4d. of common fine at view of frank pledge. (Exactly the same items are entered in the following year.) The second entry is "profits and issues of the manor," and is headed "account of the manor for 83 days," but the similarity of the figure with that of the earlier date makes it hard to believe that the "profits" relate to less than one quarter of the year. The third entry is made up of rents of free and customary tenants, demesne lands held by copy, and customary rents called "Hedage" and "Duply," producing 23s. 3-1/2d.

19. Lewisham, Kent: R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Roll 361; Misc. Bks., Treas. of Receipt, vol. 174, f. 1-34; Misc. Bks., Aug. Off., vol. 414, f. 33-4. The first entry is "Rent of the tenants of the manor of Lewisham," the second "Rental of the lordship of Lewisham." The third "Rent of free tenants £17, 12s. 10-1/2d., Rent of tenants per dimissionem £72, 9s. 8-1/2d., Rents of tenants at will 9d."

20. Cuddington, Surrey: R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Rolls 669 and 624, Aug. Off., Misc. Bks., vol. 414, f. 3-16. The first entry is "Rents belonging to the manor at the terms of Easter and Michaelmas," i.e. it is for half a year only, and therefore I have ventured to double it. The second and third entries consist of the annual rent of all classes of tenants.

21. Isleworth, Middlesex: R.O. Mins. Accts., Gen. Ser., Bdle. 916, Nos. 11, 21, and 25. The figures at each date refer to the assized rent. At the two earlier dates the assized rent is given for all four quarters of the year. At the last date it is given only for the Michaelmas quarter. In order to make comparison possible, I have given the rents for the Michaelmas quarter throughout. The full entries for the two earlier dates are: 1314-15, £15, 5s. 6d. at Christmas, £17, 1s. 9-3/4d. at Easter, £15, 5s. 6d. at June 24, £21, 16s. 10d. at Michaelmas, works sold 22s. 1-1/2d; 1386-7, £14, 13s. at Christmas, £16, 19s. 7d. at Easter, £13, 13s. at June 24, £23, 3s. 10-1/2d. at Michaelmas, works sold 106s. 10d.

22. Wootton, Oxfordshire: R.O. Misc. Accts., Bdle. 962, No. 20; Bdle. 963, No. 14; Aug. Off., Misc. Bks., vol. 414, f. 38b. At the two earlier dates the figures given are the assized rents of free and bond tenants and cotarii, at the last date they are the rents of free and customary tenants. At that time there was also a rent of 30s. 8-1/2d. from assarts, and a rent of £13, 0s. 11d. from tenants by demission. I have omitted the last two items as there is nothing comparable to them in the earlier entries.

23. Speen, Berkshire: R.O. Mins. Accts., Gen. Ser., Bdle. 750, No. 22; Misc. Bks. Land Revenue, vol. 187, f. 97-101. At the earlier date the figures refer to the assized rents, at the later date to the rents of free tenants, customary tenants, and "firms."

24. Schitlington, Bedfordshire: R.O. Mins. Accts., Gen. Ser., Bdle. 741, Nos. 16, 19, and 27. At the first date the figures refer to the assized rent, and include "Tallage of the vill £10." At the second date they cover the same entries as at the first. At the last date they refer to the rent as it appears in the Rental. At this time there are certain additional entries, viz., "Firm of land £8, 5s. 0-1/4d., Firm of the manor £4, 15s. 4d., Increase of Rent [of a mill(?)] 13s. 4d., Increase of Rent of 1 messuage, 1 virgate with croft and meadow 13s. 7-1/2d." These I have omitted.

25. Cranfield, Bedfordshire: R.O. Mins. Accts., Gen. Ser., Bdle. 740, Nos. 18, and 25; Mins. Accts., Hen. VIII., No. 4. At the first two dates the figures include rents of free and native tenants and ferm of lands. At the last date the entry is "Rent of the vill, as by the rental, £72, 2s. 1-3/4d."

26. Holywell, Huntingdonshire: R.O. Mins. Accts., Gen. Ser., Bdle. 877, No. 17, Bdle. 878, No. 1. At the first date the entries include rents assized, and certain miscellaneous items such as "Hewesilver," "Heringsilver," "Brensilver"; at the later date "Rents assized of free and villein tenants £4, 19s. 8d., customary rent lately in works and in new rent £15, 6s. for 17 virgates paying 18s. each, £6, 15s., for 25 cotmen paying 9s. each, 6s. 8d. increment of rent."

The suggestion that it might be of interest to try to discover how far rents were stationary over long periods came to me from reading the article by Maitland on "The History of a Cambridgeshire Manor" in E. H. R., vol. ix., where he points out that copyholders must have enjoyed a considerable unearned increment. The table of rents explained above is unsatisfactory, because of the difficulty of finding a basis for the comparison of payments at different periods. Thus at the earlier dates there are the tenants' works, and (occasionally) tallages to be considered; at the later the rent obtained from leasing the demense. The variety of the sources of manorial revenue makes it impossible to discover a common form to which the payments on all manors can be reduced. The ideal would be to take the villeins' payments and works in (say) the fourteenth century, and to compare them with the payments of the copyhold tenants in the sixteenth century. But since the commonest entry is simply "rents of assize," which included the rents of freeholders as well as of customary tenants, this simple procedure is often impossible.

While the table given on pages 115-117 is certainly not what could be desired, I am inclined to think its inaccuracies do not lie in the direction of exaggerating the fixity of rents, but rather, if anything, in underestimating it, because (i) when a total rent is given for the fifteenth or sixteenth century, without further particulars, it probably often included the rent paid by the farmer of the demesne, which at the earlier period was non-existent, (ii) at the later period the total rent often included payments made for new encroachments in the waste. When this is evidently the case, as at Wootton, and the amount of the new payments is stated, I have omitted them, my object being to compare, when possible, the rents paid by customary tenants at different periods. But often it is not possible to make such an allowance, and therefore I am disposed to think that the figures for the later dates are more likely to be weighted with irrelevant items than are the figures for the earlier dates. This makes the comparatively slow increase in the rents of some manors all the more worthy of notice.

TABLE VIII (p. 212)

1. Norfolk.

Massingham Priory (two farms, Hen. VIII., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 24, No. 4, f. 46); Wymondham (Hen. VIII., R.O. Augm. Off., Misc. Bks. 408, f. 25); Marshams (Marham(?), Hen. VIII., Augm. Off., Misc. Bks. 408, f. 19); Thetford (Hen. VIII., Augm. Off., Misc. Bks. 408, f. 22); Bockenham (Hen. VIII., R.O. Augm. Off., Misc. Bks. 408, f. 9-10); Langley (Hen. VIII., R.O. Augm. Off., Misc. Bks. 399, f. 228-9); Walsingham (Hen. VIII., R.O. Augm. Off., Misc. Bks. 399, f. 201); Brisingham (31 Eliz., R.O. Misc. Bks. 220, f. 236); Farfield (31 Eliz., ibid.); Wighton (17 Eliz., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Duchy of Lanc, Bdle. 7, No. 34); Peakhall (1575, Holkham MSS., Tittleshall Bks., No. 12); West Lexham (1575, Holkham MSS., West Lexham MSS., No. 87); Foxley (1568, Holkham MSS., Billingford and Bintry MSS., Bdle. No. 9); Sparham (1590, Holkham MSS., Sparham MSS., Bdle. No. 5); Billingford (between 1564 and 1606, Holkham MSS., Billingford and Bintry MSS., Bdle. No. 9); Fulmordeston (1614, Holkham MSS., Map No. 59).

2. Wiltshire.

South Newton, Estoverton, Wynterbourne Basset, Byshopeston, Donnington, Knyghton, Domerham, Burdonsball, Foughlestone, Brudecomb, Westoverton, Sutton Maundeville, Stockton, Albedeston, Chalke, Bulbridge, Dichampton, Patney, Wyley, Berwick St. John, Remesbury, Staunton, Chilmerke (all 1565-73, Roxburgh Club, Surveys of Lands of William, First Earl of Pembroke).

3. Manors in other counties.

Ashton (Lancs., Hen. VIII., R.O. Rentals and Surveys, Gen. Ser., Portf. 19, No. 7, ff. 69-72); Prestwood (Staffs., R.O. Misc. Bks. Land Rev., vol. 185, ff. 155b-7); Gamlingay Merton (Cambridgeshire, 1601, Merton Estate Maps); Gamlingay Avenells (ibid.); Salford (Bedfordshire, 1595, All Souls Estate Maps); Weedon Weston (Northants, c. 1595, ibid.); Edgeware (Middlesex, 1597, All Souls Estate Maps); Kingsbury (Middlesex, 1597, ibid.); Greenham (Bucks, 1595, ibid.); Crendon (Bucks, c. 1595, ibid.); Harlesden Farm (Middlesex, 1599, ibid.); Land in the Parish of Hendon (Middlesex, c. 1599, ibid.); Whadborough (Leicestershire, 1620, ibid.).

The fact that this table is compiled from documents of different dates makes it impossible to use it as an index of the size of the large leasehold farms at any one period in the sixteenth century. Nor can I hope to have escaped errors of calculation. I hope, however, it may be of some use in illustrating the considerable scale on which some farms were conducted.

TABLES IX, X, and XI (pp. 218, 225-226 and 227)

The farms from which these tables are compiled are included in the list given in explanation of Table VIII. (with one exception, Ewerne in Dorsetshire, Topographer and Genealogist, vol. i.), and it is therefore unnecessary to set them out in detail here. The figures as to arable, pasture, and meadow on the demesne of 41 monasteries are taken from Savine, "English Monasteries on the Eve of the Dissolution," Oxford Studies in Social and Legal History, vol. i. p. 172.

TABLE XIII (p. 300)

This table is compiled from documents relating to the undermentioned manors. When the reference has already been given I do not repeat it here:--23 manors in Wilts, Somerset, and Devon, Roxburghe Club, Surveys of Lands of William, First Earl of Pembroke. West Lexham (Norfolk), Sparham (Norfolk), East Dereham (Norfolk), Wighton (Norfolk), Stockton Socon (Norfolk, 1649, R.O. Parly. Surveys, Norf. No. 14); Aldeburgh (Suffolk, Hen. VIII., R.O. Misc. Bks., Treas. of Receipt, vol. 163); St. Edmund (Suffolk, 1650, R.O. Parly. Surveys, Suff. No. 14); Dodnash (Suffolk, Hen. VIII., R.O. Misc. Bks., Treas. of Receipt, vol. 163, f. 79); Chatesham, Suffolk (Hen. VIII., R.O. Misc. Bks., Treas. of Receipt, vol. 163, f. 91); Falkenham (Suffolk, Hen. VIII., R.O. Treas. of Receipt, vol. 163, f. 181); Stratford juxta Higham (Suffolk), Mettingham (Suffolk, Victoria County History, chapter on Social and Economic History); Mark Soham (Suffolk, ibid.); Bushey (Herts, 7 Eliz., from Court Rolls lent me by the late Miss Toulmin Smith); Ewerne (Dorset, 1567, Topographer and Genealogist, vol. i.); Corton (Somerset, ibid.); Rolleston (Staffs., ibid.); Hewlington (Denbighshire, 4 Eliz., Wrexham Library, Ancient Local Records, vol. ii.); Holt (Denbighshire, ibid.); Wotton in Elishall (Staffs.); Burton Bondend (Staffs.); Agarsley (Staffs.); High Furness (Lancs., 28 Eliz., R.O. Duchy of Lancs., Special Commissions, No. 398); Crondal (Hants); Edgeware (Middlesex); Kingsbury (Middlesex); Malden (Surrey, Merton MSS., book labelled Malden, Thorncroft, and Farleigh); Thorncroft (Surrey, ibid.); Farleigh (Surrey, ibid.); 14 manors in Northumberland (Northumberland County History, vol. viii., p. 238); Bradford (Somerset, Selden Society, vol. xii., Leadam, Select Cases in the Court of Requests); Shepton Mallet, Somerset (Calendar of Proceedings in Chancery, temp. Eliz. H.h. i. 27); Newton Tracye (Devon, ibid., H.h. 23, 17); Chudlye (Devon, ibid., L.l. 8, 31); Powlton (Wilts, ibid., M.m. 13); Kibworth Harcourt (Leicestershire, Merton MSS., book containing extracts from Merton Court Rolls); Barkby (Leicestershire, ibid.).

* * * * *

NOTE.--(i) The names of the manors from which Dr. Savine takes his figures are not given. Consequently his information and mine may sometimes overlap, (ii) The MSS. book from which the customs of Farleigh, Thorncroft, and Malden are taken is dated 1841, but it purports to give customs based on ancient court rolls. The same applies to the information as to Kibworth Harcourt and Barkby.

GENERAL INDEX

Abbeys, see Monasteries

Act of Parliament, Enclosure by in 18th century, 183-184

Acts of Parliament-- Statute of Merton, 1235, 87, 180, 248, 371-372 15 Hen. VI. c. 2, sanctioning export of corn, 113, 197 23 Hen. VI. c. 5, sanctioning export of corn, 113, 197 3 Ed. IV. c. 2, restricting import of corn, 113, 197 4 Hen. VII. c. 14, against depopulation, 11, 353 6 Hen. VIII. c. 5, against depopulation, 353 7 Hen. VIII. c. 1, against depopulation, 353 25 Hen. VIII. c. 13, against depopulation, 354 27 Hen. VIII. c. 25, for relieving impotent beggars, 269 1 Ed. VI. c. 2, legalising enslavement of vagabonds, 44, 269 2 and 3 Ed. VI. c. 12, giving good titles to Duke of Somerset's tenants, 294, 365 3 and 4 Ed. VI. c. 3, re-enacting Statute of Merton with amendments, 371-372 5 and 6 Ed. VI. c. 5, against depopulation, 354 2 and 3 Phil, and M. c. 2, against depopulation, 354 5 Eliz. c. 2, Statute of Artificers, 23, 45, 100, 353 14 Eliz. c. 5, directing compulsory assessment for relief of poor, 269 18 Eliz. c. 3, directing provision of materials for setting unemployed to work, 269 31 Eliz. c. 7, requiring cottages to be let with 4 acres of land attached, 277, 354 35 Eliz. c. 7, against depopulation, but repeating clauses in previous Acts forbidding conversion to pasture, 354 39 Eliz. c. 1, against depopulation, 354-355 39 Eliz. c. 2, against depopulation, 354-355 4 Jac. I. c. 11, for enclosure of certain parishes in Herefordshire, 395 21 Jac. I. c. 28, continuing certain Acts and repealing others, 355

Action of trespass-- copyholders' remedy by, 289 freeholders' remedy by, 248

Administration-- of land by peasants, 102, 159-161, 244-246. See also Agriculture, Commons, Communism of Acts against Depopulation-- difficulty of, 377-386 irregularity of, 391-393 occasional effectiveness of, 386-387, 390-392 opposition of landlords to, 367-368, 370, 397-398 petition of rebels for, 335, 337

Administrative Courts, see Council, Courts

Administrative interference-- with economic matters, 355-357 with enclosures-- under Henry VII., 359-360 " Henry VIII., 360-362 " Edward VI., 362-372 " Elizabeth, 372-374 " James I., 374-375 " Charles I., 376-377 final cessation of, 397-400

Admission fines, see Fines

Agrarian changes, the-- causes of, 6-7, 12-13, 185-200 contemporary accounts of, 6-8 general effect of, 403-404 localities most affected by, 153-154, 182, 262, 405 of fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, 11-12, 79-95, 136-147, 161-162 of sixteenth century, 6-8, 147-173, 213-230, 301-310 of eighteenth century, 34, 183-184, 406 part played by capitalist farmers in, 200-202, 213-266 part played by peasants in, 136-173 reaction of on peasantry, 7-8, 231-280 resistance of peasants to, 302-304, 317-340 See also Agriculture, Enclosure, Land, Pasture

Agreements to enclose, 151-153, 156-158, 180-182

Agriculture-- capitalist, 6-7, 200-204, 210-230 cattle, importance of to, 113-115, 239-242 changes in methods of, see Agrarian changes commercial development, effect of on, 185-188, 195-197 common rights, importance of to, 238-242 communal elements in, 128-131, 159-161, 205-207, 243-246 corn growing, part played by in, 105-112 corn laws, effect of on, 112-113, 197 custom, effect of on, 75-78, 124-131, 292-301 enclosure by peasants, effect of on, 152-153, 158, 169-173 enclosure by manorial authorities, effect of on, 216-223 farmer of demesne, part played by in, 201-204, 210-230 for market, 214-216 for subsistence, 111-112 improvements in, 110-111, 170-172 markets, effect of on, 196-197, 214-215 mediæval, not incompatible with change, 75-97, 172, 404-405 methods of-- in Cornwall, 262, 405 " Devonshire, 167, 262, 405 " Essex, 167, 262, 405 " Kent, 167, 262, 405 " Lancashire, 63, 65 " Midlands, 65, 167, 192 " Norfolk, 63, 65, 405 " Northumberland, 63, 65, 189-192 " Suffolk, 63, 262 " Somerset, 110-111, 171, 262, 405 " Staffordshire, 63, 65 " Wiltshire, 63, 65, 212 on demesne farms, 200-230 " monastic estates, 382-383 " peasants' holdings, 105-115 open field system of, see Open field system pasture farming instead of, see Pasture rise in prices, effects of on, 197-200, 304-310 social importance of, 341-347 speculation, effects of on, 381-383 views as to, of Clarkson, 5, 189-190 " " Fitzherbert, 5, 109, 112, 117-118, 150, 151-152, 242 " " Norden, 5, 108, 110-111, 118, 150, 151, 171, 308 woollen industry, effects of on, 6, 195-197

Alien, see Immigration

Alienation of land, effect of free, 86, 138-139 fines on, 127 See also Speculation

Apprenticeship, effect of on marriage, 104-106

Arable land-- backbone of peasants' livelihood, 105-108 common rights, necessary for cultivation of, 239-242 conversion of to pasture, 223-230, 232-233, 258 corn yielded by acre of, 110-111 enclosure of for better cultivation by large farmers, 10, 221-224 enclosure of for better cultivation by peasants, 151-153, 162-164 estimated number of persons maintained by holding of, 261 proportion of to pasture and meadow in Staffordshire, 392-393 proportion of to pasture and meadow on demesne farms, 225-228 proportion of to pasture and meadow on peasants' holdings, 107 reconversion of pasture to-- Acts for, 353-355 by Royal Commissions, 359-360, 366-367, 374-375 " Council, 360-361 " Justices of Assize, 376 " Justices of Peace, 386, 418-420 " landlords, 390-391

Aristocracy-- acquisition of monastic estates by some of the, 380-384 attack of on Somerset's land policy, 367-368, 370-372 contrast between mediæval and that of sixteenth century, 191-194 growth of commerce, effect of, on the, 187-188, 191-194 Harrington's account of social changes in the, 38, 191 landholding peasants not an, 100-102 part played by in Pilgrimage of Grace, 322-324 relations of to tenants in North and South contrasted, 188-191 Tudor policy, effect of on powers of the, 188-195 unpopularity of administrative Courts with the. 397-400 See also Index of Persons, Bath, Brudenell, Darcy, Derby, Englefield, Harrington, Herbert, St. John, Shrewsbury, Saye and Sele, Somerset, Warwick, Willoughby, Wolsey, Yorke, Leicester, Northumberland.

Assessment-- of subsidies, 169, 344-347 " enclosed land, 169 " wages, 23, 100, 308

Assize-- Justices of, disputes as to land referred to by Council, 373, 375-376 " " punishment of depopulating landlords by, 375-376, 419-420 rents of, 118

Assize of Novel Disseisin-- establishment of by Henry II., 122 remedy of freeholders by, 248

Authorities-- manorial, see Manorial authorities, the

Authority-- part played by in organisation of manor, 92, 128-129 tendency of to stereotype manorial arrangements, 75-78, 92-93

Bailiffs, 82, 123, 209

Barton land, division of among peasants, 95

Beasts-- importance of for plough, 240-242 number of kept by peasants, 113

Black Death, see Great Plague

Bodger, the, 349

Bondage, see Villeinage

Bondman, see Villeinage

Bord land, 95

Border-- agrarian conservatism on, 63-66, 188-191 copyholders on, 188-191 military importance of numerous tenantry on, 188-191 substitution of leases for copies on, 301-304

Border tenure-- Coke's remarks upon, 299 Customs involved in, 299 decision of Courts as to, 299 discussion by Long Parliament as to, 191 effect of Union of Crowns on, 190-191 service with horse and harness, an incident of, 190

Boundaries-- importance of to commoners, 241 uncertainty of, 235-236

Bovate, see Virgate

Canon Law, the, as to usury, 307

Capital-- accumulation of by peasants, 82-83, 118 dealings in on money market, 186 investments of in farm stock, 6, 113-115, 170-172, 220 " " " joint-stock companies, 186 " " " land, 7

Capitalists-- appearance of among peasants, 71, 81-84, 136-139 farming on a large scale by, 6-7, 200-204, 210-230 loans by, 108-110 purchase of land by small, 78-95 results of growth of small, 95-97, 136-139 signs of appearance of large, 215 See also Demesne land, Farmers, Enclosure, Pasture

Catholic-- conspiracy, supposed complicity of peasants in, 329 " fear of, reason for popular agrarian policy, 340-341 landlords, special measures suggested for, 341 revolts, parties in, 318-319, 323-324

Cattle, see Agriculture, Beasts, Common Land

Chancery, see Court

Chevage, 53

Childwite, still paid in seventeenth century, 54

Classes of landholders, see Peasants

Collective bargain by peasants with lord, 130, 295

Combinations-- among peasants, 131, 330-331 to reduce rents and prices, and to break down enclosures, illegal, 371

Commerce-- attention given by Tudor governments to, 185-186, 197 backwardness of in North, 190 effect of in breaking down equality of peasants' holdings, 66, 84-85 engaged in by aristocracy, 187-188 expansion of in fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, 185-186, 196 influence of on social conditions and land tenure, 187-188, 196-197

Commission of sewers, 395

Commissions, Royal-- activity of Hales in connection with, 167, 366-368, 371 " " Laud in connection with, 399, 420-421 " " Somerset in connection with, 362-370 anger of landlords at, 367-368, 370 appointment of on enclosure and depopulation in 1517, 261, 359 " " " " 1548, 261, 366 " " " " 1566, 261, " " " " 1607, 261, 375 " " " " 1632, 261, 376 " " " " 1635, 261, 376 " " " " 1636, 261, 376 causes of appointment of, 358 counties visited by, 366 disappointment of peasants with, 319, 366 effects of in checking depopulation, 391-393, 419-420 evidence before, how collected, 263, 366-367 " " interpretation of, 263-265 fines imposed by, 391, 419-420 fiscal motives for, under Charles I., 391 statistics derived from, as to average area of enclosures, 154-155 " " " " acreage enclosed, value of, 262-265 " " " " population displaced, value of, 262-265

Commons-- grant made by Lords to the, 335 "information and petition against the oppressors of the poor commons," 366 proclamation of the, 323-324 prosperous condition of, 132-135

Commons, House of, see Parliament

Common field system, see Open field system

Common Land-- administration of, by Manorial Courts, 159-162, 244-246 " " at Burnham, 245 " " " Southampton, 245-246 " " " Wootton Basset, 251-252 beasts kept on by peasants, 113-114 colonising of by evicted tenants, 277-279 demands of Norfolk rebels as to, 335-336 division of by peasants, 157 enclosure of by peasants, 157, 169-170 " " manorial authorities, 219-221 " " Johnson on unimportance of, 9 importance of, reasons for, 239-242 " " Clarkson on, 189 " " Fitzherbert on, 242 " " Hales on, 4, 239-240 " " Hamberstone on, 240, 241 improvement of by capitalists, 394-395 monopolising of by large farmer, 220-221, 242-243 overstocking of, 170-172, 242-243 sale of at Burnham, 245 stinting of, 160, 241 view taken in seventeenth century as to, 394-396 See also Common, Bights of, Meadow land, Pasture, Waste

Common Law-- complaints of landlords as to interference of government with, 397-398 complaints of Long Parliament as to interference of government with, 399 doctrine of as to Rights of Common, 246-250 ineffective remedy offered to customary tenants by, 358, 400 protection of copyholders by, 289, 291, 296 tenants at will at, 289

Common meadow, see Meadow land

Common pastures, see Pasture

Common waste, see Waste

Common, rights of-- Bracton on, 247 Coke on, 248 communal element in, 244-246 compensation for loss of, 243 copyholders' remedy for loss of, 248-249, 287-301 cottagers' claim to, 247 difficulty of poor in enforcing, 252-253 dispute as to at Coventry, 250-251 " " " Wootton Basset, 251-253 Fitzherbert on, 249 freeholders' remedy for loss of, 248-249 legal theory as to common appendant, 247 " " " " appurtenant, 247 " " " " in gross, 247 " " " " par cause de vicinage, 247 Maitland on, 244 peasants' view of, 243-246 not conferred by residence, 247 tenements attached to, 247 sicut quantitatem tenuræ, 241 Vinogradoff on, 244 See Common Land, Copyholders, Meadow land, Pasture, Waste

Communism-- denounced by landlords, 324, 384 elements of in manorial arrangements, 159-161, 206-207, 243-246 practical nature of in demands of rebels in sixteenth century, 338 theoretical nature of in demands of Diggers, 338 views as to, of Maitland, 244 " " " Vinogradoff, 244

Community, the village, see Manor

Commutation, see Labour services

Competitive rents, see Rents

Consolidation of holdings, see Holdings

Conversion to pasture, see Pasture

Copyholders-- act to give security to, on Somerset's demesne lands, 294, 365 attitude of, to State, 122-124 cases as to, 296 compelled to surrender copies for leases, 301-304 customs affecting, at Aldeburgh, 411-412 customs affecting, at Bushey, 126-127 dependence of on custom of manor, 124-131, 292-301 effect on of fall in value of money, 304-310 fines paid by, 305-307 labour services rendered by, 52-53 marks of personal villeinage among, 53-54 on new land, 289-290, 293-294 preponderance of over other classes shown by statistics, 25, 48 rights of common enjoyed by, 248-258 rents of fixed by custom, 115-121 surplus enjoyed by, 119-121 subletting of land by, 81 tenure of, changes in, in sixteenth century, 1-2, 310-311 " definition of, 47 " demands of rebels as to, 334-337 " duration of, statistics as to, 300 " fines incidental to, certain or uncertain, statistics as to, 300 " origin in villein tenure, 50 " protected by custom of manor, 129-131, 292-297 " " " Court of Chancery, 289, 291-292, 294-295, 398 " " " Courts of Common Law, 289, 291, 294-295 " " " Court of Requests, 362, 367, 397 " " " Court of Star Chamber, 360 " " " Council, 296, 359, 373-374, 397 " theories as to, of Ashley, 290-292 " " " Coke, 289, 299 " " " Fitzherbert, 288-289 " " " Kitchin, 289 " " " Leadam, 289-290 " " " Norden, 47 " " " Savine, 287, 292, 297, 300 See also Customary tenants, Manor

Corn-- consumed at home, 111-112 export of encouraged, 113 export of discouraged, 197 import of checked, 113 loans of, 109 output of per acre, 110-111 trade in, 111

Corn-growing-- backbone of peasants' livelihood, 105-112 commercial policy towards, 112-113, 197 conditions making profitable, 110-113 in Norfolk, 111-112 pastures broken up for at Coventry, 20 proposals for encouragement of, 416-417 unemployment caused by abandonment of, 232-233 wastes to be reclaimed for, 394-395

Corn laws, see Corn

Cottagers-- commons used by, 247 driven from enclosed into open field villages, 277-279 loss of commons by, 7 statistics as to among freeholders, 31-33 " " " customary tenants, 63-66

Cottages-- Act requiring four acres to be attached to, 277, 354 erection of on waste, 277-278

Council-- Agrarian policy of under Charles I., 391, 399 attack on Somerset by, 370, 380 grantees of monastic estates members of, 380 intervention of to protect peasants, 357-359, 361-362, 372-376, 391, 399 of the North, 355, 374, 398 of Wales, 355, 373 returns made by Justices to, 356, 375-376, 386, 419-420

Court of Chancery-- cases heard in by Wolsey, 397-398 petitions to from peasants, 294 protection of customary tenants by in fifteenth century, 289, 291-292

Court of Manor-- agricultural arrangements of village controlled by, 159-162, 244-246 cases of villeinage heard in, 292 customs enforced by, 125 enclosers fined by, 161-162 pastures stinted by, 170, 241 villein land transferred in, 78-79, 86

Court of Requests-- cases before as to copyholds, 362 " " " fold-courses, 374, 397 " " " rack-renting, 285, 390 " " " villeinage, 42 constitution of, 357 Hall on, 357 popularity of with poorer classes, 357 powers of curtailed by prohibitions, 399 Somerset's use of, 367 unpopularity of with landlords, 397-398

Court of Star Chamber-- abolition of in 1641, 399 cases before, as to breach of peace, 374 " " " copyholds, 359, 360 " " " enclosure, 360, 391, 421 " " " villeinage, 43 constitution of, 357 denounced in Grand Remonstrance, 399 Sir Thomas Smith on, 358 unpopularity of with landlords, 397-398

Court Leet-- of Coventry, 20, 162, 181, 249, 251 of Southampton, 162, 170, 241, 245-246

Court Rolls-- evidence of, as to enclosure, 159 " " " encroachments on waste, 87-89 " " " land speculation, 75, 78-81 " " " tenure of copyholders, 362 " " " villeinage, 43

Courts of Common Law, see Common Law.

Cultivation, see Agriculture

Cultivators, see Peasants

Crown, the, see Council, Court, and Index of Persons

Crown tenants-- at Wheatley 302, 413-415 in Wales, 298, 302 on Northumbrian border, 190-191, 299

Custom of the Manor, the, see Copyholders, Manor

Customary-- of Aldeburgh, 411-412 " Bushey, 126-128 " High Furness, 101

Customary Court, see Court of Manor

Customary tenants-- statistics of, 24-26, 48 see also Copyholders

Dairy farming, 215

Day work of copyholders, 52-53

Demesne land-- absent from some northern manors, 203 acreage of farms on, 212-213 added to peasants' holdings, 93-95, 204-209 changes in use of after Great Plague, 93-95, 204-209 conversion to pasture of, 223-228 customary routine of agriculture on, 217, 228-229 difficulty of discriminating between peasants' land and, 95 effect of division of among peasants, 91-93 foundation of large farm in sixteenth century, 202-203 gradual consolidation of, 221-223, 254-256 insecurity of copyholders on, 289, 293-294 leased to capitalist farmer, 210-212 leased to smallholders, 94-95, 204-205 leased to village community, 205-207 lying in compact blocks, 221-223, 254-256 lying in scattered strips, 221-222 peasants' land merged in, 257-258 progress of enclosure on, 216-223 proportion of manorial area formed by, 259 rents paid for, 256 rights of common over, 234 statistics as to use of, 225-226 unemployment caused by enclosure of, 232-233

Depopulation-- Commissions of Inquiry into, see Commissions counties most affected by, 8-9, 153-154, 262-263, 404-405 contemporary accounts of, 6-8 effect of on pauperism, see Poor Law individual instances of, 257, 260-261 proposals for checking, 416-417 statistics of Royal Commissions as to, 261-265 Statutes against, see Acts of Parliament views of Gay as to exaggerated accounts of, 10-11, 263-265

Diggers, 321, 337-338

Dissolution of monasteries, see Monasteries

Domesday Book-- large extent of arable land in, 228 liberi homines and sochemanni in, 27

Domesday of Enclosures-- classes entered in as enclosing, 154-155 enclosing by villata in, 156 size of enclosures in, 154-155 See also Enclosures

Economic rent, see Rent, Copyholders

Education obtained by some peasants, 134-135

Enclosure-- by agreement, between individuals, 162-165 " " better cultivation produced by, 169-172 " " early progress of in East and South-West, 167-168, 405 " " Fitzherbert on, 150, 152-153, 171 " " Hales on, 151, 167, 171 " " Lee on, 151 " " Moore on, 167 " " Norden on, 150, 151, 171 " " no harm resulting from, 152-153, 172-173 " " of arable land, 157, 162-165 " " of meadow and pasture, 157, 161-162 " " of whole village, 156-158 " " opposed by Court of Manor, 159-162 " " peasants' approval of, 168-170 by manorial authorities, attitude of Government to, see Acts, Council, Court " " " counties most affected by, 8-9, 182, 262-263 " " " in Middle Ages, 180-182 " " " motives for, 185-200 " " " of arable land, 221-223 " " " of eighteenth century, 183-184 " " " of meadow and pasture, 219-221 " " " of peasants' holdings, 150-173 " " " peasants' dislike of, 147-150 " " " preceded by consolidation, 222-223 " " " reaction of on peasants, 231-280

Encroachments-- on lords' land, 235-236 on peasants' land, 234-235 on waste, 87-89, 285-287

Engrossing-- of corn, 274 of holdings, 253-265

Equality-- of holdings, disappearance of in South and East, 63-66 " " influence of trade on, 66, 84-85 " " maintained in dividing demesne, 206-207 " " survival of in North, 63-66, 189-190

Escheats of freehold land unascertainable, 30

Eviction-- liability to of copyholders, 287-301 " " leaseholders, 282-287 " " tenants at will, 282-287 number displaced by, 260-265 See also Depopulation

Exchange, the, 186-187

Exchanging of strips, 164-165, 395-396

Exports of woollen piece goods, 196-197 " " corn, see Corn

Famines-- fear of, 35 local, 112

Farm, see Demesne, Farmers

Farmers-- acreage occupied by large, 212 advantage to lord of letting land to large, 213-216 agents through whom agrarian change took place, 201-202 capitalists among, 215-216 consolidation of strips by, 221-223, 254-256 conversion to pasture by, 225-228 demesnes leased to large, 209-211 disputes between peasants and, 234-237 economic conditions favouring, 214-216 enclosing practised by, of arable land, 221-223 " " " common meadow and pasture, 219-221 importance in sixteenth century of large, 204 manorial rights leased to, 211 peasant subtenants of, 211 soldiers recruited from, 343-344 subsidies collected from, 344-347, 415, 418

Feudal-- conditions of land tenure, decay of in South, 191-195 " " " " among freeholders, 29-30 " " " Harrington on decay of, 38, 191 conditions of land tenure, survival of in North, 190-191 lords, character of, 191-192

Final concords in Staffordshire, 392-393

Financial, see Fiscal

Fines-- for depopulation, 391, 419-421 of copyholders, customs as to, 127, 295-301, 411-412, 413-415 " " declared unreasonable by courts, 296 " " demand for reasonable, 294, 307, 335-336 " " rise in prices, effect of on, 308-309 " " statistical analysis of, 300 " " upward movement in, 305-310 of freeholders, 127

Fiscal reasons for protecting peasants, 344-347

Fold-courses, cases as to, 374, 395

Forests-- claim of Crown to under Charles I., 391 enclosures of to be spared, 335

Freedom, growth of personal, see Villeinage

Freeholds-- interference of Council with, 399 See also Freeholders

Freeholders-- enclosing by, 32-33, 157-158, 236 eviction of in fifteenth century, 37 holdings of, statistics as to, 32-33 independence of, 30, 35-38 large numbers of in Norfolk and Suffolk, 24-27 little affected by agrarian changes, 28-29, 134, 406 loss of rights of common by, 250-253 political interests of, 121-122 rents of, 29-30 rights of common of, how protected, 247-249 social importance of, 34-37 suits of Court due from, 29 statistics as to, 25 upward movement among in sixteenth century, 37-40 See also Yeomen

Gentlemen-- complaints of by peasants, 193 copyholders among, 55-56 distrust of by rebels, 323-324 part played in rebellions by, 322-323 yeomen made into, 383

Geographical distribution of enclosures, see Enclosures

Germany-- survival of serfdom in, 43-44 social distinctions in, 187 Reformation in, 339

German peasants-- programme of, 339 revolt of, 368

Gilds-- apprenticeship insisted on by, 105-106 exclusion of immigrants by, 275-276 loans by, 109 meadows belonging to, 369

Government, the, see Acts of Parliament, Council, Court

Grazier, see Pasture

Grazing, see Pasture

Great Plague-- effect of on land tenure, 90-91, 208-209, 286 " " population, 138 remembered in reign of Elizabeth, 130

Half-virgate, see Virgates

Hallmote tenants, land sublet to, 81

Hedges, see Enclosure

Heriots, 43, 53, 126-131

Holdings-- added to demesne farm, 257-258 addition to, of demesne land, 93-95 " " of waste, 87-89 enclosing of, see Enclosure equality of, in North, 63-66, 189 exchanging of, 164-165, 395-396 formation of compact, 162-165 growth in size of, 70 held by same family for many years, 189 inequality of in South and East, 63-66, 70-72 of customary tenants, statistics as to, 63-66 " freeholders, 32-33 " land, basis of economic life of village, 99-104 rents of, on customary land, 115-119, 141-147 " " on new encroachments, 141-147 services due from, 76-77 subdivision of, 79-80 subletting of, 80-81 use made of by peasants, 105-108 See also Agriculture, Farmers

Horse and harness, tenure by, see Border tenure

Hospitality, meaning of, 233

Households, equipment of with land, see Holdings

Husbandry, see Agriculture

Immigration-- caused by enclosures, 3-4, 275 from enclosed to open field villages, 277-279 into towns, 275-277

Imports, see Commerce

Import duties, see Corn

Indenture, tenants by, see Leaseholders

Industry-- backwardness of in North, 63-66, 189-190 growth of in sixteenth century, 185-188, 192 progress of in East and South, 63-66, 84-85 See also Commerce, Woollen industry

Inequality-- of holdings, absence of in North, 63-66, 189 " " general in South and East, 63-66 " " effect of trade in producing, 84-85 " " transference of land, 78-79, 86

Inmates, statute of, 4, 277, 279

Intensive cultivation, 110-111, 171

Intimidation of tenants by landlords, 7, 251-253, 263, 302-304, 325

Judges-- decisions of as to fines, 296, 299, 307 " " " foldcourses, 395-396 address of Lord Coventry to, 398 See also Court.

Juries-- address of Hales to, 366-367 evidence as to depopulation before, 263, 366-367, 385 packed by landlords, 263, 385 service of 40s. freeholders on, 28, 36, 121

Justices-- of Assize, cases referred to, 373-376 " " action taken by, 374-376 of the Peace, actions taken by against depopulation in Lincolnshire, 386, 419-420 of the Peace, actions taken by against depopulation in Nottinghamshire, 386, 418-419 of the Peace, assessment of enclosed land by in Warwickshire, 169 " " failure of to administer Acts against depopulation, 384-385, 390 of the Peace, letters of Council to, 358, 376 " " orders of as to relief of poor in Cornwall, 272 " " presentments before of enclosers in Yorkshire, 375 " " returns sent to Government by, 386 " " social prejudices of, 384-385 " " views of as to enclosing in Nottinghamshire, 418-449

Kind, rent paid in, 211-212

King, see Council, Court, and Index of Persons

Knight service, tenure by, 29

Labour, see Labourers

Labour services-- Commutation of, 52, 58, 93, 98 of copyholders, 52-53

Labourers-- assessment of wages of, 23, 100, 308 at Axholme, 104 commons used by, 247 effect of enclosing on habits of, 106 immobility of, 270-272 immigration to towns of, 275-277 in Norfolk, 21-22 " Worcestershire, 23 " Yorkshire, 22 King's estimate of number of, 21 on monastic estates, 22 scarcity of, 100 social unimportance of, 342 unemployment of, 232-233

Land-- speculation in, 78-86, 381-382 wide distribution of, 99-104 See also Agriculture, Arable land, Common land, Demesne, Holdings, Meadow land, Pasture, Waste

Landholders, see Peasants

Landless population, see Labourers

Landlords, see Manorial authorities

Land tenure, see Copyholders, Freeholders, Leaseholders

Leasehold tenure-- advantages of to lord, 213-214 competitive rents under, 141-147 early development of among peasants, 80-81 effect of plague on, 93-95. 208, 286 on demesne land, 93-95, 201-214 on waste, 87-89, 141-144 substitution of for copyhold tenure, 301-304

Leaseholders-- division of demesne among small, 93-95, 204-209 eviction of, 283-287 letting of demesne to large, 210-211 manorial rights held by, 211 rack-renting of, 285 statistics as to, 25 rents paid by, 256 See also Leasehold tenure

Levellers, complaints by as to enclosing, 149, 320-321

Leyrwite, 53

Lords of manors, see Manorial authorities

Manor, the-- agricultural routine of, 102 changes in, produced by Great Plague, 88-95, 207-209 classification of tenants on, 25, 48 communism in, 159-161, 243-246, 338 copyholders kernel of, 288 court of, 47, 78-79, 86, 125, 159-160, 244-246, 292 custom of, 47, 124-131, 292-301 customs of, at Aldeburgh, 411-412 " " Bushey, 126-128 " " High Furness, 101 fiscal interests of lord in, 76-77 interpretation of documents relating to, 75-78 leased in sixteenth century, 201-213 part played in by authority and communal arrangements, 92-93 rigidity of exaggerated, 76, 89-90, 172 views of held by Maitland, 244, 305, 433 " " " Seebohm, 163 " " " Vinogradoff, 77, 92, 244, 290 unprofitableness of to lord, 304

Manorial authorities, the-- bargains made by with villagers, 205-207 bound by custom, 128-129 contemporary accounts of action of, 6-8 effect on of Tudor policy, 191, 197 " " rise in prices, 195-196 " " growth of woollen industry, 197-200 enclosing by, see Enclosures eviction by, see Eviction identity of interests of peasants with those of, 229, 257 large enclosures made by, 148-150, 154-155, 216-223 leasing of demesne by, see Demesne, Leasehold tenure opposition of to interference of Government, 397-399 " " " Somerset's policy, 367-368, 370 pasture-farming by, see Pasture permission to enclose given by, 157 petitions of copyholders to, 302-304 rack-renting by, 141-147, 285 resumption of land by, 285-287 small control of over freeholders, 29-30 speculation in land by, 381-382 villeins claimed by, 42-43

Maps, consolidation of strips shown by, 163, 222-223, 254-255

Map-- of Crendon, 221 " Edgeware, 172 " Maids' Moreton, 221 " Salford, 163 " Weedon Weston, 222 " Whadborough, 223

Markets-- effect of growth of, 215 in Norfolk, 22, 111-112 small development of, 110-112

Marriage, age of, 104-106

Meadow land-- belonging to a gild, 369-370 divided among peasants, 208 enclosed by manorial authorities, 219-221 " " peasants, 157

Mercantile system, the, 185, 313-315

Merchants, see Commerce

Merchet, immunity from claimed by peasants, 53-54

Middleman, the farmer a, 234

Midlands-- chiefly affected by enclosure and conversion, 8-9, 167, 262-263, 405, 416-417 economic condition of, 63-66, 107 granary of country, 262 legal classification of tenants on manors in, 24-26

Military defence, importance of peasants for, 343-344, 415, 416, 418

Mobility of labour checked by law, 270-272

Monasteries-- agriculture on estates of, 225 demesne lands of leased, 203 oppression of tenants by, 43, 382 pasture-farming on estates of, 225, 382 persons acquiring estates of, 380 political effects of dissolution of, 383-384 rebellions partly motived by, 318-319, 322-323 social effects of dissolution of, 380-384 views of Aske on dissolution of, 319, 383 " " Cobbett on dissolution of, 382 " " Hibbert on dissolution of, 383 " " Gasquet on dissolution of, 383

Money-- increase in supply of in sixteenth century, 197-200 " " " effects of, 199-200, 304, 308-310 scarcity of, 198

Money rents-- corn payments substituted for, 198 general in sixteenth century, 211-212

"Nativi," see Villeinage

New allotments-- distinction between customary holdings and, 95, 284-287, 289-290, 293-294 rents on, 141-147 resumption by lords of, 285-287

North of England-- absence of demesne from some manors in, 203 administration of Acts against depopulation in, 374-375 copyhold tenure in, 190-191 customary of a manor in, 101 demands of rebels in, 335-336, see also Pilgrimage of Grace economic conservatism of, 63-66, 189-191 enclosing by peasants in, 157-158 equality of holdings in, 63-66, 189 eviction from a manor in, 257-258 importance of numerous tenantry in, 189-191 labour services on a manor in, 52-53 preponderance of customary tenants in, 25-26 rebellions in, see Pilgrimage of Grace relations between lords and tenants in, 189-191 size of enclosures in, 154 undermining of customary tenures in, 303-305

Open field system, the-- advantage of, to peasants, 103-104 arrangement of demesne land under, 222-223, 254-256 early decay of in Kent, Essex, and Devonshire, 167, 202-263, 405 gradual modification of by peasants, 165-166, 172 ideas underlying, 169-170 inconvenience of, 171-172 picture of in maps, 163-164, 222-223 prevalence of in seventeenth century, 401-402 uncertainty of boundaries under, 235-236 See also Common Land, Enclosures, Maps, Strips

Pannage paid by copyholders in sixteenth century, 53

Parks-- made by landlords, 148, 201 spared in Pilgrimage of Grace, 335

Parliament-- Act of to fix fines demanded, 335 Acts of, ineffectiveness of, 352-353, 355 attitude of freeholders to, 36, 39, 121-122 debates in on Enclosures, 343, 387-388 " " Poor Law, 273-275 " " subsidies, 345-346 petition of peasants to, 251 request to return member to refused, 387 See also Acts of Parliament

Pasture-- acreage of held by customary tenants, 107 " " " farmers of demesnes, 225-226 " " on monastic estates, 225 administration of by village, 102, 159-161, 243-246 apportionment of to arable holdings, 240-241, 247 conversion of arable to, 223-230 division of by peasants, 157 enclosure of by peasants, 157, 170 " " manorial authorities, 219-221 importance of to peasants, 235, 239-242 reconversion of to arable, 367, 391-393 See also Agriculture, Common Land, Farmers

Pasture-farming, see Agriculture, Common Land, Farmers, Pasture

Pauperism, see Poor Law

Peasants, the-- agricultural methods of, 105-112 contemporary pictures of, 132-134 demands of, 334-337 education of, 134-135 effect of loss of common rights on, 240-241, 253 enclosure by, 151-173 encroachments on waste by, 87-89, 284-287 eviction of, 253-265 helplessness of, 302-304, 325 importance of, fiscal, 344-347 " " military, 343-344 independence of, 29-30, 34-39, 132-134, 325-328 leasing of demesne by, 94-95, 204-210 national pride in, 20-21, 132-134 pauperism among, 270, 273-279 prosperity of, 132-134, 325 protection of by Government, 316-317, 351-400 rebellions of, 317-340 rents of, 115-121, 141-147 size of holdings of, 32-33, 64-65 upward movement among, 72, 75, 81-84, 96-98, 136 See also Agriculture, Copyholders, Freeholders, Leaseholders, Tenants at will

Pilgrimage of Grace-- agrarian demands put forward in, 322-324, 334-335 classes taking part in, 318-319, 322-324

Plague, see Great Plague, the

Plantations, emigration to suggested, 270

Ploughmen, military importance of, 343-344

Policy, agrarian, see Council, Court, Acts of Parliament

Poor Law, the-- agrarian causes of, 272-275 debates in Parliament on, 273-275 expenditure on caused by depopulation, 278-279, 418 Mackay's view as to origin of, 266-267 mobility discouraged by, 270-272 Orders of 1631, 279 slow development of, 269 vagrancy chief problem of, 268-269

Population, checks upon, 104-106

Population, the manorial, see Peasants, Copyholders, Leaseholders, Freeholders

Poverty, see Poor Law

Prices-- effects of rise in, 199, 304, 308-310 regulation of, 308 Steffen's statistics of, 198

Programme of peasants-- in Pilgrimage of Grace, 334-335 " Norfolk, 335-337

Proletariat, peasants not a, 102

Protector, the-- Act protecting tenants on demesne lands of, 294, 365 attack of colleagues on, 367-368, 370 Court of Requests used by, 367 difficulties of agrarian policy of, 362-364 fall of, 370 proclamation against enclosures issued by, 367 " pardoning rioters issued by, 367 Royal Commission appointed by, 366 See also Council, Court

Rackrents, see Rents, Fines

Reaction, under Warwick against Somerset's agrarian policy, 367-368, 370, 372, 380

Reformation, the 339, 380-384

Rents-- competitive, growth of, 139-147 fixed, demand for in Peasants' Revolt, 146 " effect of on landlords, 199-200, 304-310 " " " peasants, 117-121 " neutralised by exorbitant fines, 118, 120, 305-307 " statistics as to, 115-117 fixing of by commissioners, 354 " " council, 369 paid in kind, 211 per acre of demesne land, 256 racking of, complaints as to, 235, 414 reasonable, demand for, 336

Revolts, agrarian, the-- conservative aims of, 333, 338-340 counties affected by, 318-320 directed against landlords, 323-324 in North of England, 318, 322-324 " Derbyshire, 329 " Norfolk, 324, 331-333 objects of, 333-337 organised character of, 325-326, 330-332 political importance of, 329, 340-341 sixteenth century, last age of, 318

Riots, agrarian, see Revolts

Royal Commissions, see Commissions

Salt silver, paid by copyholders, 53

Serf, see Villeins

Service, see Knight service

Services, labour, see Labour services

Servants-- number of, employed in agriculture, 21-23 scarcity of, 21-23, 100 wages of, 100

Settlement laws-- origin of, 269, 275-276 popularity of, 276

Sewers, the Commission of, 395

Shack, common of, 234

Sheep-- driving of, 326 number of kept by peasants, 113 slaughtering of, 331, 332

Sheep-farming-- Acts restricting, 353-354, 360 by peasants, 113-115 by manorial authorities, 223-228

Slavery, legalisation of in 1547, 44, 269

Socage-- freeholders holding by, 29 tenants, rent of, 29

Sochemanni, large number of in East Anglia, 26-27

South of England-- contrast between conditions of North and of, 57, 63-66, 97, 103, 189 holdings of peasants in, 63-66

Speculation-- in land by peasants, 78-81 in monastic estates, 380-382 on money market, 186

Statutes, see Acts of Parliament

Stinting of pastures, 160, 220, 241

Strikes, agrarian, 131, 330

Strips-- advantage of scattered, 103-104 difficulty of enclosing, 162-163 exchanging of, 164-165 formed into compact blocks by peasants, 163-165 " " " " manorial authorities, 221-223 inconvenience of to manorial authorities, 254-255 merged in demesne farm, 256 picture of, in maps, 163, 222-223

Subletting of land by peasants, 80-81

Subsidiary income of peasants from woollen industry, 114-115

Subsidies-- assessment of enclosed land to, 169 difficulty of collecting, 346 how assessed, 344-345 payment of by yeomen, 345-346

Subsistence, farming for, 111-112

Sub-tenants, taking of forbidden, 275-276

Surplus over rent retained by tenants, 118-121, 304-305

Surveyors-- account of agrarian conditions by, 5 attitude of in Northumberland, 189-191 unpopularity of, 349

Tallages, 53-54

Taxation, see Subsidies

Tenants, see Copyholders, Freeholders, Leaseholders, Tenants at will, Peasants

Tenants at will-- insecurity of, 283 landlord compelled to grant leases to, 362 meanings of phrase, 47 statistics of number of, 48

Textile industries, the, see Woollen industry, the

Tillage, see Arable land

Trade, see Commerce

Trade unionism among peasants, 131, 330

Tramps, see Vagrancy

Transferring, the, of land-- facilities offered by court of manor for, 86 importance of in building up a middle class, 78, 85, 97 instances of, 80-81

Tudors, the, see Index of Persons, Henry VII., Henry VIII., Edward VI., Elizabeth

Unemployment-- caused by enclosure, 232-233, 273, 278 methods of coping with, 269

Uses, Statute of, 323

Usury, 20, 109, 147, 307, 349

Vagrancy, chief feature of pauperism in sixteenth century, 268 effect of on towns, 275-277 " " open field/villages, 277-279 obstacles in the way of, 270-272 punishment of, 44, 269

Village community, the, see Manor, the

Villagers, see Peasants

Villeinage-- attitude of State towards, 43, 359 compatible with considerable prosperity, 43 examples of in sixteenth century, 42-43 reference to in Somersett's case, 44 traces of among copyholders, 52-54 views on of Fitzherbert, 46 " " Norden, 46 " " Savine, 41 " " Smith, 46

Virgates-- aggregation of in fewer hands, 59-60, 66-70, 72-75 examples of arrangement of, 66-67, 73-74 use of as a measure, 67-68

Virgators, see Virgates

Wages, assessment of, 23, 100, 308

Wage labour, see Labourers

Waste land of manor-- enclosure of by manorial authorities, 219-221 encroachments on, 87-89, 285-287 erection of cottages on, 277-278 great extent of, 88-89 improvement of under Statute of Merton, 87, 248 insecurity of tenants on, 285-287 overstocking of, 172, 242-243 reclamation of by capitalists, 394-395 rents of, 140-147 stinting of, 160, 220

Wool, see Woollen industry

Woollen industry-- chief manufacture in sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries, 3, 186 effect of on agrarian conditions, 195-197 encouraged by Government, 197 expansion of in fifteenth century, 113, 196 spread of in rural districts, 114 Schanz's figures as to growth of, 196

Yeomen-- accounts of by Bacon, 28 " " Coke, 133 " " Fuller, 36-37 " " Harrison, 132 " " Latimer, 134 " " Reyce, 40 " " Smith, 28 education of children of, 134-135 forcible disseisin of, 37 legal definition of, 27-28 importance of, fiscal, 344-347 " " military, 343-344 " " social, 34-40, 132 national pride in, 20-21 See also Freeholders, Peasants

INDEX OF PERSONS

Abbey of St. Albans, the, improvement of wastes by, 87

Abbot of Cerne, the, agreement by to enclose, 181 " Glastonbury, the, agreement by to enclose, 181 " Malmesbury, the, agreement by to enclose, 180-181 " Peterborough, the, dispute of with copyholders, 360 " St. Peter's, Gloucester, the, agreement by to enclose, 181

All Souls College-- enclosing on estates of, 156 scale of landholding, 69-70 maps of, 163, 172, 221, 222, 223 petition of in Chancery, 235-236

Ashley, Professor W.J.-- views of as to date of enclosing movement, 11 " " " legal position of copyholders, 290-292

Aske, Robert-- evidence of as to agrarian grievances, 319 " " " monastic economy, 383 Pilgrimage of Grace led by, 134, 319

Bacon, Francis-- bills against depopulation introduced by, 387 history of King Henry VII. by quoted, 28, 346 ideal of government of, 398 use of word "yeoman" by, 28 views as to pauperism of, 274

Bath, the Earl of, property of villeins seized by, 42-43

Becon, views of as to agrarian changes, 6, 7

Bell, William, commons enclosed by, 373

Berkeley, Lord Thomas, agreement by to enclose, 181

Bolen, Sir William, enclosing by, 380

Bracton-- on assize of novel disseisin, 122 villeinage, 292

Brudenell, Lord, fine imposed on for enclosing, 391

Buckingham, the Duke of-- enclosing by, 380 park made by, 148

Burleigh, Lord, advice of to Queen Elizabeth, 341

Cade, Jack, 194

Captain Pouch, part played by in revolt of 1607, 318

Cecil, Sir Robert-- views of on poor law, 273-274 " " military importance of ploughmen, 343 " " Statute of Inmates, 4, 279

Cecil, Sir William, letter to concerning Somerset's policy, 347-348, 368

Celys, the, wool purchased by, 196

Charles I., agrarian policy of government of, 391, 398, 399

Clarkson-- Northumbrian manors surveyed by, 5 views of as to equal use of commons, 235 " " " importance of commons, 160 " " " importance of numerous tenantry, 189-190

Cobbett, view of as to social effects of reformation, 382

Coke, Sir Edward-- petition of tenants to, 412-413 reports of, 247 view of as to acts against depopulation, 379 " " " copyholders, 289, 291 " " " border tenure, 299 " " " Statute of Merton, 248

Combe, William, enclosing by, 375

Cotton, Sir J., enclosing by, 380

Coventry, Lord, address of to Judges of Assize, 398

Cromwell, Thomas-- letter of to Henry VIII., 360-361 " " Rich, 361 responsibility of for agrarian distress, 360 tenants protected by, 361

Crowley-- "Information and Petition against the Oppressors of the Poor Commons" by, 365-366 views of as to agrarian changes, 6, 179 " " " attitude of landlords, 384 " " " excessive fines and rents, 307

Cunningham, Dr., account of origin of corn laws, 3

Cushman, Robert, remarks of on emigration, 270

Danbury, Lord, enclosing by, 380

Darcy, Lord-- dispute of with tenants, 380 letter to from Commons of Westmoreland, 322

Darrell, William, complaints of tenants against, 374

Davenport, Miss-- evidence as to leasing of demesne, 209 " " " progress of pasture-farming, 224

Dawney, Sir John, ordered to reinstate tenants, 361

De Malynes, Gerard, views of as to effect of rise in prices, 199-200

Defoe, "Giving Alms no Charity" by, 105

Delavale, Joshua-- account of depopulation at Hartley by, 258 "Seaton Delavale," 257

Delavale, Robert, enclosing and depopulation carried out by, 192, 257-258

Derby, the Earl of, eviction of tenants by, 361

Durham, the Dean of, account of depopulation by, 261

Edward VI.-- agrarian policy in reign of, 352, 362-372 Book of Private Prayer of quoted, 20 Remains of quoted, 6

Elizabeth, agrarian policy in reign of, 14, 372-374

Ely, the Bishop of, letter of Lord North to, 349

Englefield, Sir Francis, enclosing by, 148, 251-252

Everard, diggers led by, 321

Firth, The House of Lords during the Civil War by, 38

Fitzherbert-- Book of Husbandry and Surveying by, 5 " " " on commons, 242 " " " borrowing, 109 " " " duty of housewives, 112 " " " enclosing, 151 Surveying on commons, 249 " " copyholders, 288-289 " " enclosing, 150, 152 " " land taken from demesne or waste, 285 " " rack-renting, 150

Fortescue-- On the Governance of England by, quoted as to fiscal importance, 346 " " " " " prosperity of peasants, 98, 133

Fowler, Dr. G.H., evidence of as to conditions at Aspley Guise, 73

Fuller-- The Holy and Profane State by, quoted as to yeomen, 36-37 " " " " " fiscal importance, 346

Gairdner-- Letters and Papers of Henry VIII. edited by, quoted, 319, 322, 323, 324, 326, 327, 330, 334, 343, 347, 350, 361, 380 Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution by, quoted, 399

Gardiner, History of England 1603-1642 by, quoted, 398

Gaskell-- Artisans and Machinery by, 106 The Manufacturing Population of Great Britain, 106

Gasquet, Henry VIII. and the English Monasteries by, 383

Gay, Professor-- views of as to progress of pasture-farming, 10, 195, 224, 263-265 " " revolt of 1607, 318, 320 " " small disturbance caused by enclosure, 11

Gneist, R. von, 400

Gonner, Professor-- evidence of as to continuity of enclosures, 11 " " " enclosures of eighteenth century, 263 " " " fines for depopulation, 386 " " " immigration into towns, 275

Grenvilles, the, lands of Buckland Abbey granted to, 194

Hales, John-- bills introduced by, 367, 385 charge to juries by, 367 departure from England of, 371 evidence of as to enclosing by peasants, 151, 167 " " " in fifteenth century, 11-12, 166 " " population, 105 " " rack-renting, 199 " " rise in prices, 199 part played by on Royal Commission of 1548-1549, 167, 360-367 remarks of on commons, 7 value of evidence of, 5-6, 386 Warwick's attack on, 368

Hammond, J.L. and Barbara, views of as to enclosures of eighteenth century, 3, 183

Harrington, Sir J.-- views of as to decay of feudalism, 191 " " " effect of Tudor agrarian policy, 388-389 " " " rise of middle-classes, 38

Harrison-- views of on copyholders, 49, 56-57 " " depopulation, 105 " " diet of artificers and husbandmen, 132-133 " " Poor Laws, 271, 273 " " prosperity of yeomen, 10, 21, 40 " " superfluous trades, 19

Harry Clowte, 333

Hasbach-- quotation by as to advantages of copyhold tenure, 86 views of on age of marriage, 106 " " effects of Tudor commercial policy, 13

Henry II., Assize of Novel Disseisin established by, 122

Henry VII.-- commercial policy of, 112-113, 197 demand of peasants for conditions obtaining under, 98-99 enclosures made before reign of, 11-12, 166

Harrington on agrarian policy of, 38, 191, 388-389

Henry VIII.-- commercial policy of, 112-113, 197 intervention to protect tenants under, 360-362 letter of Cromwell to, 360-361

Herbert, Lord, History of King Henry VIII. by, quoted, 398

Herbert, William, Earl of Pembroke-- estates of, consolidation of peasant holdings on, 67-69 " " demesne lands on usually leased, 203 " " " " leased to capitalist farmers, 210 " " " " " " small holders, 204-205 " " " " " " village, 205-206 " " " " " proportion of pasture on, 225-226 " " statistics of duration of tenure and of fines on, 298 " " " " tenants on, 25 " " villeins on, 42 park of attacked by peasants, 194, 326 rebellion in West put down by, 324 share of in monastic estates, 324, 380

Humberstone-- manors of Duke of Devonshire surveyed by, 5 remarks of, on relation of lords to tenants, 349-350 " " on variety of manorial customs, 293

Huntingdon, the Earl of, request to elect his nominee, 387

Jack of the North, 333

Jack of the Style, 318

Jackson, Cyril, Report of on Boy Labour, 342

James I., agrarian policy of Government of, 374-375, 394, 398

Johnson, the Rev. A.H.-- views of, on decay of yeomanry in nineteenth century, 139 " " enclosure of commons, 9 " " entailing of land, 39 " " geographical distribution of enclosures, 261

Kalm, Account of a Visit to England (translated by J. Lucas) by, on open field system, 389

Ket, Robert-- manor held by, 326 programme of agrarian reform put forward by, 334-337 rebellion in Norfolk led by, 331-333

King, Gregory-- statistics of as to population, 21 " " " yield of an acre, 111

Kitchin, Court Leet by, on copyhold tenure, 289

Latimer, Bishop-- complaints of by landlords, 368 remarks of on education of yeomen, 134-135 views of on agrarian changes, 6, 134-135, 347, 365, 386

Laud, Archbishop-- activity of on Depopulation Commission, 391, 399, 420-421 complaints of by landlords, 420-421

Lamond, Miss E.M., introduction by to The Commonweal of this Realm of England, 7, 11, 105, 263, 331, 364, 366, 367, 368, 377, 385

Leadam, I.-- evidence of as to independence of peasants, 120-121, 325, 330 " " " protection of tenants by Government, 357, 360, 362 " " " size of enclosures, 154-155 " " " status of enclosers, 154-155 views of on copyhold tenure, 289-290, 292, 293 " " enclosing for arable, 10, 195, 224 " " geographical distribution of enclosures, 8, 262

Lee, J.-- A Vindication of a Regulated Enclosure by, evidence of as to enclosures of seventeenth century, 11, 151 number of labourers employed, 22 views of on uselessness of legislation, 319 " " yardlands, 67

Leicester, the Earl of, manor purchased by, 502

Leonard, Miss E.M.-- evidence of as to exclusion of immigrants by towns, 376 letter from Justices quoted by, 278-279 views of on enclosures of seventeenth century, 11 " " results of agrarian policy of Tudors and Stuarts, 348, 389-390

Lever, sermons by, 6

Lloyd, oppression of tenants by, 390

Locke, Two Treatises of Government by, quoted as to limits of Government action, 400

Mackay, T., views of on origin of Poor Law, 266-267

Maitland, F.W.-- evidence of as to fixed copyhold rents, 119, 305 view of as to nature of common rights, 244

Merton College-- letter to subwarden of, 30, 410-411 rents on estates of, 119 scale of landholding on estates of, 66-68, 73, 76, 85, 163

Moore, John-- evidence of as to enclosures of seventeenth century, 5, 11, 167 " " " pauperism caused by enclosures, 278

More, Sir Thomas-- evidence of as to enclosing for pasture, 6 " " " monastic economy, 382 remarks of on condition of workmen and artificers, 45 " " " nature of Government, 274, 372

Nasse, view of as to objects of enclosure, 10

Norden-- evidence of as to agriculture in Somersetshire, 110-111, 171 " " " constitution of a manor, 350 " " " copyhold and customary tenure, 47, 50 " " " enclosure by peasants, 151 " " " fixity of copyholders' rents, 118 " " " relations between lords and freeholders, 30 " " " rise in prices, 308 " " " security of freeholders, 30, 35 " " " unpopularity of surveyors, 349 " " " villeinage, 46 " " " wickedness of depopulation, 150

North, Lord, letter of to Bishop of Ely, 349

Northumberland, the Earl of-- fines on estates of, 299, 305 letter to, 303 petition to, 303-304

Page, statistics of as to commutation of labour services, 52

Paget, Sir William, letter of to Somerset on peasants' revolts, 319, 338-339, 368

Parker, Archbishop, address of to Norfolk rebels, 332

Pembroke, the Earl of, see Herbert, Sir William

Petruschevsky-- The Rebellion of Wat Tyler by, on improvement of wastes, 87 on land speculation by peasants, 81

Pollard, Professor, 264, 371

Pollock and Maitland, see Maitland

Powell, E., The East Anglian Rising by, evidence of as to landholders, 21-22

Poyntz, Sir Nicholas, oppression of tenant by, 362

Pseudonismus-- Considerations concerning Common Fields and Enclosures and A Vindication of the Considerations concerning Common Fields and Enclosures, evidence of as to the abuse of commons, 171, 278 evidence of as to depopulation, 167 " " " enclosing in seventeenth century, 11, 388 " " " legislation checking conversion to pasture, 388

Pyrce Plowman, 202, 318, 333

Raleigh, Walter (junior), on subsidies, 346

Raleigh, Walter (senior), part played in revolt of 1549, 194

Reyce, account by of prosperity of freeholders in Suffolk, 40

Rich, Lord-- enclosing by, 380 letter of Cromwell to, 361

Rogers, Thorold, statistics of as to prices, 13, 196, 198

Rous, evidence of as to enclosing in fifteenth century, 12

Russell, Ket's Rebellion in Norfolk by, quoted, 98, 321, 324, 335, 368

St. John, Sir John, oppression of tenants by, 362

Sanders, part played by in agrarian dispute at Coventry, 326

Sandes, Richard, paper by on the evils of depopulation, 416-417

Sandys, Archbishop, letter of to Queen Elizabeth, 48-49

Savine, Dr. A.-- views of on copyhold tenure, 287, 292, 300 " " monastic economy, 203, 225, 226, 383 " " villeinage in sixteenth century, 41

Saye and Sele, Lord, name of returned among enclosers, 376

Schanz, Professor G., statistics of as to export of woollen cloth, 196

Seebohm, Dr. F., Domesday statistics quoted by, 27

Shakespeare, references to works of, 194, 343

Sheffield, Sir R., enclosing by, 380

Shrewsbury, the Earl of-- dispute of with tenants, 327 enclosing by, 380 letter from, 338-339

Slater, Dr. G.--

Summary of Depopulation Acts by, 353 views of on effect of statutes against depopulation, 389 " " geographical distribution of enclosures, 262 " " policy of Clarendon, 400

Smith, Sir Thomas-- De Republica Anglorum by, on copyholders, 56-57 " " " " Court of Star Chamber, 358 " " " " villeinage, 46 " " " " yeomen, 28, 32

Somerset, the Duke of-- Act giving security to tenants on demesnes of, 294, 365 agrarian policy of, 362-370 Commission on Enclosures appointed by, 366 Court of Requests used by, 367 execution of, 370 proclamation issued by, 7, 367

Starkey, Thomas, A Dialogue between Cardinal Pole and Thomas Lupset by, on agrarian changes, 5

Starkey, Thomas, A Dialogue between Cardinal Pole and Thomas Lupset by, on encouragement of marriage, 105

Starkey, Thomas, A Dialogue between Cardinal Pole and Thomas Lupset by, on entailing of lands, 39

Starkey, Thomas, A Dialogue between Cardinal Pole and Thomas Lupset by, on relations between lords and tenants, 195

Steffen, Dr. G., statistics of as to price changes, 13, 198

Strype, J., Ecclesiastical Memorials by, quoted, 315, 331, 366, 367, 368, 370, 380

Stuarts, the, see Charles I., James I.

Throgmorton, Sir John, oppression of tenants by, 373

Tom of Trumpington, 333

Tusser, Six Hundred Points of Husbandry by, evidence of as to agrarian changes, 5

Unwin, Professor G.-- evidence of as to formation of compact holdings by peasants, 84, 164 " " " growth of capitalists in woollen industry, 186

Vermuyden, engaged to drain Great Level, 395

Vinogradoff, Professor P.-- Domesday statistics quoted by, 27 rights of common explained by, 244 views of as to equality of shares in fields, 77, 92

Walter of Henley on yield of an acre, 111

Warwick, the Earl of-- attack of on Hales, 368 " on Somerset led by, 380 character of Government of, 371-372 Ket's rebellion crushed by, 324, 332 share of in monastic estates, 380

Westmoreland, the Earl of, disputes of with tenants, 380

Willoughbys, the, 192

Wilson, Dr. Thomas-- views of on Canon Law, 307 " " usury, 109, 147, 307

Winstanley-- diggers led by, 321, 337-338, 376 views of, 337-338

Witte, Sir J., enclosing by, 380

Wolsey, Cardinal, agrarian policy of, 359-360, 397-398

Yorke, Sir John-- land speculation by, 381 oppression of tenants by, 285, 390

Young, Arthur-- views of as to open field system, 401, 405 " " " rents, 118

THE END

Transcriber's Notes

Obvious punctuation errors and omissions have been silently corrected, while those requiring interpretation have been left open.

"philosphical" changed to "philosophical" (page viii)

"engineeers" changed to "engineers" (page ix)

"For willsof husbandmen" corrected to "For wills of husbandmen" (page 2)

"he" corrected to "the" (page 3)

the closing parenthesis was added to "(19.04%)" in Table I (page 25)

"Christain" corrected to "Christian" (page 42)

Footnote 145 had no anchor in the text; placement is based on context (page 69)

A spurious ")" was removed following "No 324" (page 81)

an unclear fraction was rendered as "6-1/8" (page 107)

"writtings" corrected to "writings" (page 114)

"Wordonand Bilton" changed to "Wordon and Bilton" (page 158)

"Asslegge" was changed to "Asselegge" (page 181)

"Harrington's The Art of Lawgiving" was corrected to "Harrington's The Art of Law-giving" (page 191, note 346)

Footnote 399 had no entry in the text, its placement is speculative, based on the context (page 211)

"arbitarily" was corrected to "arbitrarily" (page 248)

"clases" was changed to "classes" (page 282)

"ntromittere" was corrected to "intromittere" (note 511) (page 292)

"beantiful" was corrected to "beautiful" (page 327)

"protecting the clsss" was corrected to "protecting the class" (page 340)

"impoverishing the fines fighting material" was corrected to "impoverishing the finest fighting material" (page 343)

Footnote 670 had no entry in the text, its placement is speculative, based on context. (page 371)

"wasloste" was corrected to "was loste" (page 410)

"commonweath" was changed to "commonweal" (page 461)

The index page reference for the Earl of Leicester of "502" was corrected to "302"

Hyphenation is sometimes inconsistent in the text. These inconsistencies have been retained:

bye-laws/byelaws re-action/reaction reallotment/re-allotment sub-let/sublet land-holding/landholding over-stocking/overstocking sub-tenants/subtenants corn-fields/cornfields sub-letting /subletting foodstuffs/food-stuffs lease-holders/leaseholders countryside/country-side re-adjustment/readjustment sub-divided/subdivided re-arranged/rearranged re-arrangement/rearrangement over-estimated/overestimated

If the discrepancies is between the text and the indexes, the indexes have been corrected to match the text.

"rackrenting" was changed to "rack-renting" "foldcourses" was changed to "fold-courses"