Chapter I. the Old and the New

SECTION 1. The World

On economic changes see bibliography to chapter xi; on exploration, chapter ix; on universities, chapter xiii, 3. On printing:

J. Janssen: A History of the German People from the Close of the Middle Ages, transl. by M. A. Mitchell and A. M. Christie. 2d English ed. 16 volumes. 1905-10.

A. W. Pollard: Fine Books. 1912.

T. L. De Vinne: The Invention of Printing. 1878.

H. Meisner und J. Luther: Die Erfindung der Buchdruckerkunst. 1900.

Article "Typography" in Encyclopedia Britannica. (The author defends the now untenable thesis that printing originated in Holland, though the numerous and valuable data given by himself point clearly to Mayence as the cradle of the art).

SECTIONS 2 and 3. The Church, Causes of the Reformation

SOURCES.

C. Mirbt: Quellen sur Geschichte des Papsttums und der roemischen Katholizismus. 1911. (Convenient and scholarly; indispensable to any one who has not a large library at command).

The Missal, compiled from the Missale Romanum. 1913.

The Priest's New Ritual, compiled by P. Griffith. 1902. (The rites of the Roman Church, except the Mass, partly in Latin, partly in English).

The Catechism of the Council of Trent, translated into English by J. Donovan. 1829.

Corpus Juris Canonici, post curas A. L. Richteri instruxit Aemilius Friedberg. 2 vols. 1879-81.

Codex Juris Canonici, Pii X jussu digestus, Benedicti XV auctoritate promulgatus. 1918.

Thomas Aquinas: Summa Theologiae. Many editions; the best, with a commentary by Cardinal Cajetan (1469-1534) in Opera Omnia, iussu impensaque Leonis XIII PP. vols. 4-10. 1882 ff.

The Summa theologica of St. Thomas Aquinas, translated by the Fathers of the English Dominican Province. 1911 ff. (In course of publication, as yet, 6 vols).

Von der Hardt: Magnum Oecumenicum Constantiense Concilium. 6 vols. 1700.

D. Mansi: Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio. Vols. 27-32. Venice. 1784 ff. (Identical reprint, Paris, 1902).

Most of the best literature of the 14th and 15th centuries, e.g., the works of Chaucer, Langland, Boccaccio and Petrach [Transcriber's note: Petrarch?].

Special works of ecclesiastical writers, humanists, nationalists and heretics quoted below.

V. Hasak: Der christliche Glaube des deutschen Volkes beim Schlusse des Mittelalters. 1868. (A collection of works of popular edification prior to Luther).

G. Berbig: "Die erste kursaechsische Visitation im Ortland Franken." Archiv fuer Reformationsgeschichte, iii. 336-402; iv. 370-408. 1905-6.

TREATISES.

E. Friedberg: Lehrbuch des katholischen und evangelischen Kirchenrechts. Leipzig. 1903.

L. Pastor: History of the Popes from the close of the Middle Ages. English translation, vols. 1-6 edited by Antrobus, vols. 7-12 edited by R. Kerr. 1899 ff. (Exhaustive, brilliantly written, Catholic, a little one-sided).

Mandel Creighton: A History of the Papacy 1378-1527. 6 vols. 1892 ff. (Good, but in large part superseded by Pastor).

F. Gregorovius: A History of Rome in the Middle Ages, translated by A. Hamilton. vols 7 and 8. 1900. (Brilliant).

Schaff's History of the Christian Church. Vol. 5, part 2. The Middle Ages. 1294-1517, by D. S. Schaff. 1910. (A scholarly summary, warmly Protestant).

J. Schnitzer: Quellen und Forschungen zur Geschichte Savonarolas. 3 vols. 1902-4.

J. Schnitzer: Savonarola im Streite mit seinem Orden und seinem Kloster. 1914.

H. Lucas: Fra Girolamo Savonarola. 1906.

H. C. Lea: An Historical Sketch of Sacerdotal Celibacy. 2 vols. 1907. (Lea's valuable works evince a marvelously wide reading in the sources, but are slightly marred by an insufficient use of modern scholarship).

H. C. Lea: A History of Auricular Confession and Indulgences in the Latin Church. 3 vols. 1896.

Aloys Schulte: Die Fugger in Rom, 1495-1523. 2 vols. Leipzig. 1904. (Describes the financial methods of the church. The second volume consists of documents).

E. Rodocanachi: Rome au temps de Jules II et de Leon X. 1912.

H. Boehmer: Luthers Romfahrt. 1914. (The latter part of this work gives a dark picture of the corruption of Rome at the beginning of the 16th century).