Section 2401 Et Seq., Provides Civil and Criminal Penalties for the

following activities, unless authorized by regulation of statute: the taking of native mammals or birds; the introduction of nonindigenous plants and animals; entry into specially protected areas; the discharge or disposal of pollutants; and the importation into the US of certain items from Antarctica. Violation of the Antarctic Conservation Act carries penalties of up to $10,000 in fines and one year in prison. The National Science Foundation and Department of Justice share enforcement responsibilities. Public Law 95-541, the US Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978, as amended in 1996, requires expeditions from the US to Antarctica to notify, in advance, the Office of Oceans and Polar Affairs, Room 5801, Department of State, Washington, DC 20520, which reports such plans to other nations as required by the Antarctic Treaty. For more information, contact Permit Office, Office of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation, Arlington, Virginia 22230; telephone: (703) 292-8030, or see their website at www.nsf.gov.

Antigua and Barbuda: based on English common law

Argentina: mixture of US and West European legal systems; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Armenia: based on civil law system

Aruba: based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common law influence

Ashmore and Cartier Islands: the laws of the Northern Territory of Australia, where applicable, apply

Australia: based on English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Austria: civil law system with Roman law origin; judicial review of legislative acts by the Constitutional Court; separate administrative and civil/penal supreme courts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Azerbaijan: based on civil law system

Bahamas, The: based on English common law

Bahrain: based on Islamic law and English common law

Baker Island: the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Bangladesh: based on English common law

Barbados: English common law; no judicial review of legislative acts

Bassas da India: the laws of France, where applicable, apply

Belarus: based on civil law system

Belgium: civil law system influenced by English constitutional theory; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Belize: English law

Benin: based on French civil law and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Bermuda: English law

Bhutan: based on Indian law and English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Bolivia: based on Spanish law and Napoleonic Code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Bosnia and Herzegovina: based on civil law system

Botswana: based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law; judicial review limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Bouvet Island: the laws of Norway, where applicable, apply

Brazil: based on Roman codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

British Indian Ocean Territory: the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply

British Virgin Islands: English law

Brunei: based on English common law; for Muslims, Islamic Shari'a law supersedes civil law in a number of areas

Bulgaria: civil law and criminal law based on Roman law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Burkina Faso: based on French civil law system and customary law

Burma: has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Burundi: based on German and Belgian civil codes and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Cambodia: primarily a civil law mixture of French-influenced codes from the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) period, royal decrees, and acts of the legislature, with influences of customary law and remnants of communist legal theory; increasing influence of common law in recent years

Cameroon: based on French civil law system, with common law influence; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Canada: based on English common law, except in Quebec, where civil law system based on French law prevails; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Cape Verde: derived from the legal system of Portugal

Cayman Islands: British common law and local statutes

Central African Republic: based on French law

Chad: based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Chile: based on Code of 1857 derived from Spanish law and subsequent codes influenced by French and Austrian law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

China: a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal law; rudimentary civil code in effect since 1 January 1987; new legal codes in effect since 1 January 1980; continuing efforts are being made to improve civil, administrative, criminal, and commercial law

Christmas Island: under the authority of the governor general of Australia and Australian law

Clipperton Island: the laws of France, where applicable, apply

Cocos (Keeling) Islands: based upon the laws of Australia and local laws

Colombia: based on Spanish law; a new criminal code modeled after US procedures was enacted in 1992-93; judicial review of executive and legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Comoros: French and Muslim law in a new consolidated code

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: based on Belgian civil law system and tribal law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Congo, Republic of the: based on French civil law system and customary law

Cook Islands: based on New Zealand law and English common law

Coral Sea Islands: the laws of Australia, where applicable, apply

Costa Rica: based on Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Cote d'Ivoire: based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review in the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Croatia: based on civil law system

Cuba: based on Spanish and American law, with large elements of Communist legal theory; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Cyprus: based on common law, with civil law modifications

Czech Republic: civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code modified to bring it in line with Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) obligations and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory

Denmark: civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Djibouti: based on French civil law system, traditional practices, and Islamic law

Dominica: based on English common law

Dominican Republic: based on French civil codes

Ecuador: based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Egypt: based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes; judicial review by Supreme Court and Council of State (oversees validity of administrative decisions); accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

El Salvador: based on civil and Roman law, with traces of common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Equatorial Guinea: partly based on Spanish civil law and tribal custom

Eritrea: operates on the basis of transitional laws that incorporate pre-independence statutes of the Eritrean People's Liberation Front, revised Ethiopian laws, customary laws, and post independence enacted laws

Estonia: based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts

Ethiopia: currently transitional mix of national and regional courts

Europa Island: the laws of France, where applicable, apply

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): English common law

Faroe Islands: Danish

Fiji: based on British system

Finland: civil law system based on Swedish law; Supreme Court may request legislation interpreting or modifying laws; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

France: civil law system with indigenous concepts; review of administrative but not legislative acts

French Guiana: French legal system

French Polynesia: based on French system

French Southern and Antarctic Lands: the laws of France, where applicable, apply

Gabon: based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Gambia, The: based on a composite of English common law, Koranic law, and customary law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Georgia: based on civil law system

Germany: civil law system with indigenous concepts; judicial review of legislative acts in the Federal Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Ghana: based on English common law and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Gibraltar: English law

Glorioso Islands: the laws of France, where applicable, apply

Greece: based on codified Roman law; judiciary divided into civil, criminal, and administrative courts

Greenland: Danish

Grenada: based on English common law

Guadeloupe: French legal system

Guam: modeled on US; US federal laws apply

Guatemala: civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Guernsey: English law and local statute; justice is administered by the Royal Court

Guinea: based on French civil law system, customary law, and decree; legal codes currently being revised; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Guinea-Bissau: NA

Guyana: based on English common law with certain admixtures of Roman-Dutch law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Haiti: based on Roman civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Heard Island and McDonald Islands: the laws of Australia, where applicable, apply

Holy See (Vatican City): NA

Honduras: rooted in Roman and Spanish civil law with increasing influence of English common law; recent judicial reforms include abandoning Napoleonic legal codes in favor of the oral adversarial system; accepts ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Hong Kong: based on English common law

Howland Island: the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Hungary: rule of law based on Western model

Iceland: civil law system based on Danish law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

India: based on English common law; limited judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Indonesia: based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Iran: the Constitution codifies Islamic principles of government

Iraq: based on Islamic law in special religious courts, civil law system elsewhere; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Ireland: based on English common law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Israel: mixture of English common law, British Mandate regulations, and, in personal matters, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim legal systems; in December 1985, Israel informed the UN Secretariat that it would no longer accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Italy: based on civil law system; appeals treated as new trials; judicial review under certain conditions in Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Jamaica: based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Jan Mayen: the laws of Norway, where applicable, apply

Japan: modeled after European civil law system with English-American influence; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Jarvis Island: the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Jersey: English law and local statute

Johnston Atoll: the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Jordan: based on Islamic law and French codes; judicial review of legislative acts in a specially provided High Tribunal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Juan de Nova Island: the laws of France, where applicable, apply

Kazakhstan: based on civil law system

Kenya: based on English common law, tribal law, and Islamic law; judicial review in High Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; constitutional amendment of 1982 making Kenya a de jure one-party state repealed in 1991

Kingman Reef: the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Kiribati: NA

Korea, North: based on German civil law system with Japanese influences and Communist legal theory; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Korea, South: combines elements of continental European civil law systems, Anglo-American law, and Chinese classical thought

Kuwait: civil law system with Islamic law significant in personal matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Kyrgyzstan: based on civil law system

Laos: based on traditional customs, French legal norms and procedures, and Socialist practice

Latvia: based on civil law system

Lebanon: mixture of Ottoman law, canon law, Napoleonic code, and civil law; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Lesotho: based on English common law and Roman-Dutch law; judicial review of legislative acts in High Court and Court of Appeal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Liberia: dual system of statutory law based on Anglo-American common law for the modern sector and customary law based on unwritten tribal practices for indigenous sector

Libya: based on Italian civil law system and Islamic law; separate religious courts; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Liechtenstein: local civil and penal codes; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Lithuania: based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts

Luxembourg: based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Macau: based on Portuguese civil law system

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

Madagascar: based on French civil law system and traditional Malagasy law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Malawi: based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Appeal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Malaysia: based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court at request of supreme head of the federation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Maldives: based on Islamic law with admixtures of English common law primarily in commercial matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Mali: based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court (which was formally established on 9 March 1994); has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Malta: based on English common law and Roman civil law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Man, Isle of: English common law and Manx statute

Marshall Islands: based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, common, and customary laws

Martinique: French legal system

Mauritania: a combination of Shari'a (Islamic law) and French civil law

Mauritius: based on French civil law system with elements of English common law in certain areas

Mayotte: French law

Mexico: mixture of US constitutional theory and civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Micronesia, Federated States of: based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, common, and customary laws

Midway Islands: the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Moldova: based on civil law system; Constitutional Court reviews legality of legislative acts and governmental decisions of resolution; it is unclear if Moldova accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction but accepts many UN and Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) documents

Monaco: based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Mongolia: blend of Russian, Chinese, Turkish, and Western systems of law that combines aspects of a parliamentary system with some aspects of a presidential system; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Montserrat: English common law and statutory law

Morocco: based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of Supreme Court

Mozambique: based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law

Namibia: based on Roman-Dutch law and 1990 constitution

Nauru: acts of the Nauru Parliament and British common law

Navassa Island: the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Nepal: based on Hindu legal concepts and English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Netherlands: civil law system incorporating French penal theory; constitution does not permit judicial review of acts of the States General; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Netherlands Antilles: based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common law influence

New Caledonia: the 1988 Matignon Accords grant substantial autonomy to the islands; formerly under French law

New Zealand: based on English law, with special land legislation and land courts for Maoris; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Nicaragua: civil law system; Supreme Court may review administrative acts

Niger: based on French civil law system and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Nigeria: based on English common law, Islamic Shariah law (only in some northern states), and traditional law

Niue: English common law

Norfolk Island: based on the laws of Australia, local ordinances and acts; English common law applies in matters not covered by either Australian or Norfolk Island law

Northern Mariana Islands: based on US system, except for customs, wages, immigration laws, and taxation

Norway: mixture of customary law, civil law system, and common law traditions; Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to legislature when asked; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Oman: based on English common law and Islamic law; ultimate appeal to the monarch; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Pakistan: based on English common law with provisions to accommodate Pakistan's status as an Islamic state; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Palau: based on Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, common, and customary laws

Palmyra Atoll: the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Panama: based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Justice; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Papua New Guinea: based on English common law

Paraguay: based on Argentine codes, Roman law, and French codes; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court of Justice

Peru: based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Philippines: based on Spanish and Anglo-American law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Pitcairn Islands: local island by-laws

Poland: mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and holdover communist legal theory; changes being gradually introduced as part of broader democratization process; limited judicial review of legislative acts although under the new constitution, the Constitutional Tribunal ruling will become final as of October 1999; court decisions can be appealed to the European Court of Justice in Strasbourg

Portugal: civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the constitutionality of legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Puerto Rico: based on Spanish civil code

Qatar: discretionary system of law controlled by the amir, although civil codes are being implemented; Islamic law is significant in personal matters

Reunion: French law

Romania: former mixture of civil law system and communist legal theory; is now based on the constitution of France's Fifth Republic

Russia: based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

Rwanda: based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Saint Helena: NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis: based on English common law

Saint Lucia: based on English common law

Saint Pierre and Miquelon: French law with special adaptations for local conditions, such as housing and taxation

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: based on English common law

Samoa: based on English common law and local customs; judicial review of legislative acts with respect to fundamental rights of the citizen; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

San Marino: based on civil law system with Italian law influences; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Sao Tome and Principe: based on Portuguese legal system and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Saudi Arabia: based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been introduced; commercial disputes handled by special committees; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Senegal: based on French civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court; the Council of State audits the government's accounting office; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Seychelles: based on English common law, French civil law, and customary law

Sierra Leone: based on English law and customary laws indigenous to local tribes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Singapore: based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Slovakia: civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code modified to comply with the obligations of Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory

Slovenia: based on civil law system

Solomon Islands: English common law

Somalia: NA

South Africa: based on Roman-Dutch law and English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply

Spain: civil law system, with regional applications; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Sri Lanka: a highly complex mixture of English common law, Roman-Dutch, Muslim, Sinhalese, and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Sudan: based on English common law and Islamic law; as of 20 January 1991, the now defunct Revolutionary Command Council imposed Islamic law in the northern states; Islamic law applies to all residents of the northern states regardless of their religion; some separate religious courts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Suriname: based on Dutch legal system incorporating French penal theory

Svalbard: NA

Swaziland: based on South African Roman-Dutch law in statutory courts and Swazi traditional law and custom in traditional courts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Sweden: civil law system influenced by customary law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Switzerland: civil law system influenced by customary law; judicial review of legislative acts, except with respect to federal decrees of general obligatory character; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Syria: based on Islamic law and civil law system; special religious courts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Tajikistan: based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts

Tanzania: based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Thailand: based on civil law system, with influences of common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Togo: French-based court system

Tokelau: British and local statutes

Tonga: based on English law

Trinidad and Tobago: based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Tromelin Island: the laws of France, where applicable, apply

Tunisia: based on French civil law system and Islamic law; some judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session

Turkey: derived from various European continental legal systems; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Turkmenistan: based on civil law system

Turks and Caicos Islands: based on laws of England and Wales, with a small number adopted from Jamaica and The Bahamas

Tuvalu: NA

Uganda: in 1995, the government restored the legal system to one based on English common law and customary law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Ukraine: based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

United Arab Emirates: federal court system introduced in 1971; all emirates except Dubayy (Dubai) and Ra's al Khaymah have joined the federal system; all emirates have secular and Islamic law for civil, criminal, and high courts

United Kingdom: common law tradition with early Roman and modern continental influences; no judicial review of Acts of Parliament; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; British courts and legislation are increasingly subject to review by European Union courts

United States: based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Uruguay: based on Spanish civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Uzbekistan: evolution of Soviet civil law; still lacks independent judicial system

Vanuatu: unified system being created from former dual French and British systems

Venezuela: based on organic laws as of July 1999; open, adversarial court system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Vietnam: based on communist legal theory and French civil law system

Virgin Islands: based on US laws

Wake Island: the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Wallis and Futuna: French legal system

World: all members of the UN plus Switzerland are parties to the statute that established the International Court of Justice (ICJ) or World Court

Yemen: based on Islamic law, Turkish law, English common law, and local tribal customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Yugoslavia: based on civil law system

Zambia: based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional council; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Zimbabwe: mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law

Taiwan: based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

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@Legislative branch

Afghanistan: non-functioning as of June 1993

Albania: unicameral People's Assembly or Kuvendi Popullor (155 seats; most members are elected by direct popular vote and some by proportional vote for four-year terms)

elections: last held 29 June 1997 (next held 24 June 2001, 2nd round 8 July 2001)

election results: percent of vote by party - PS 53.36%, PD 25.33%, PSD 2.5%, PBDNJ 2.78%, PBK 2.36%, PAD 2.85%, PR 2.25%, PLL 3.09%, PDK 1.00%, PBSD 0.84%; seats by party - PS 101, PD 27, PSD 8, PBDNJ 4, PBK 3, PAD 2, PR 2, PLL 2, PDK 1, PBSD 1, PUK 1, independents 3

Algeria: bicameral Parliament consists of the National People's Assembly or Al-Majlis Ech-Chaabi Al-Watani (380 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the Council of Nations (144 seats; one-third of the members appointed by the president, two-thirds elected by indirect vote; members serve six-year terms; the constitution requires half the council to be renewed every three years)

elections: National People's Assembly - last held 5 June 1997 (next to be held NA 2002); Council of Nations - last held 30 December 2000 (next to be held NA 2003)

election results: National People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - RND 40.8%, MSP 18.2%, FLN 16.8%, Nahda Movement 8.9%, FFS 5%, RCD 5%, PT 1.1%, Progressive Republican Party 0.8%, Union for Democracy and Liberty 0.3%, Social Liberal Party 0.3%, independents 2.8%; seats by party - RND 155, MSP 69, FLN 64, Nahda Movement 34, FFS 19, RCD 19, PT 4, Progressive Republican Party 3, Union for Democracy and Liberty 1, Social Liberal Party 1, independents 11; Council of Nations - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - RND 79, FLN 12, FFS 4, MSP 1 (remaining 48 seats appointed by the president, party breakdown NA)

American Samoa: bicameral Fono or Legislative Assembly consists of the House of Representatives (21 seats - 20 of which are elected by popular vote and 1 is an appointed, nonvoting delegate from Swains Island; members serve two-year terms) and the Senate (18 seats; members are elected from local chiefs and serve four-year terms)

elections: House of Representatives - last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2002); Senate - last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2004)

election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; note - only independents elected

note: American Samoa elects one delegate to the US House of Representatives; election last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2002); results - Eni F. H. FALEOMAVAEGA (Democrat) reelected as delegate for a sixth term

Andorra: unicameral General Council of the Valleys or Consell General de las Valls (28 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote, 14 from a single national constituency and 14 to represent each of the 7 parishes; members serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 16 February 1997 (next to be held NA February 2001)

election results: percent of vote by party - UL 57%, AND 21%, IDN 7%, ND 7%, other 8%; seats by party - UL 16, AND 6, ND 2, IDN 2, UPO 2

Angola: unicameral National Assembly or Assembleia Nacional (220 seats; members elected by proportional vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 29-30 September 1992 (next to be held NA)

election results: percent of vote by party - MPLA 54%, UNITA 34%, others 12%; seats by party - MPLA 129, UNITA 70, PRS 6, FNLA 5, PLD 3, others 7

Anguilla: unicameral House of Assembly (11 seats total, 7 elected by direct popular vote, 2 ex officio members and 2 appointed; members serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 3 March 2000 (next to be held NA March 2005)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - UF 4, AUM 2, independent 1

Antigua and Barbuda: bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (17-member body appointed by the governor general) and the House of Representatives (17 seats; members are elected by proportional representation to serve five-year terms)

elections: House of Representatives - last held 9 March 1999 (next to be held NA March 2004)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - ALP 12, UPP 4, independent 1

Argentina: bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of the Senate (72 seats; formerly, three members appointed by each of the provincial legislatures; presently transitioning to one-third of the members being elected every two years to six-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies (257 seats; one-half of the members elected every two years to four-year terms)

elections: Senate - transition phase will begin in the 2001 elections when all seats will be fully contested; winners will randomly draw to determine whether they will serve a two-year, four-year, or full six-year term, beginning a rotating cycle renovating one-third of the body every two years; Chamber of Deputies - last held 24 October 1999 (next to be held NA October 2001)

election results: Senate - percent of vote by bloc or party - NA%; seats by bloc or party - Peronist 40, UCR 20, Frepaso 1, other 11; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by bloc or party - NA%; seats by bloc or party - Alliance 124 (UCR 85, Frepaso 36, others 3), Peronist 101, AR 12, other 20

Armenia: unicameral National Assembly (Parliament) or Azgayin Zhoghov (131 seats; members serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 30 May 1999 (next to be held in the spring of 2003)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - unity bloc 61 (Republican Party 41, People's Party of Armenia 20), Stability Group (independent Armenian deputies who have formed a bloc) 21, ACP 10, ARF (Dashnak) 8, Law and Unity Party 7, NDU 6, Law-Governed Party 6, independents 10, unfilled 2; note - seats by party change frequently

Aruba: unicameral Legislature or Staten (21 seats; members elected by direct, popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 12 December 1997 (next to be held by NA December 2001)

election results: percent of vote by party - AVP 43%, MEP 39%, OLA 9% PPA 4%, ADN 2%, PARA 1%, MAS 0.5%; seats by party - AVP 10, MEP 9, OLA 2

Australia: bicameral Federal Parliament consists of the Senate (76 seats - 12 from each of the six states and two from each of the two territories; one-half of the members elected every three years by popular vote to serve six-year terms) and the House of Representatives (148 seats; members elected by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve three-year terms; no state can have fewer than five representatives)

elections: Senate - last held 3 October 1998 (next to be held by October 2001); House of Representatives - last held 3 October 1998 (next to be held by October 2001)

election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Liberal Party-National Party coalition 35, Australian Labor Party 29, Australian Democratic Party 9, Green Party 1, One Nation Party 1, independent 1; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Liberal Party-National Party coalition 80, Australian Labor Party 67, independent 1

Austria: bicameral Federal Assembly or Bundesversammlung consists of Federal Council or Bundesrat (64 members; members represent each of the states on the basis of population, but with each state having at least three representatives; members serve a four- or six-year term) and the National Council or Nationalrat (183 seats; members elected by direct popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: National Council - last held 3 October 1999 (next to be held in the fall of 2003)

election results: National Council - percent of vote by party - SPOe 33.2%, OeVP 26.9%, FPOe 26.9%, Greens 7.4%; seats by party - SPOe 65, OeVP 52, FPOe 52, Greens 14

Azerbaijan: unicameral National Assembly or Milli Mejlis (125 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 4 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2005)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NAP and allies 108, APF 6, CSP 3, PNIA 2, Musavat Party 2, CPA 2, APF "traditionalist" 1, Compatriot Party 1

Bahamas, The: bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (16-member body appointed by the governor general upon the advice of the prime minister and the opposition leader for five-year terms) and the House of Assembly (40 seats; members elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 14 March 1997 (next to be held by March 2002)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - FNM 35, PLP 5

Bahrain: unicameral National Assembly was dissolved 26 August 1975 and legislative powers were assumed by the Cabinet; appointed Advisory Council established 16 December 1992; the National Action Charter created a bicameral legislature on 23 December 2000; approved by referendum of 14 February 2001

Bangladesh: unicameral National Parliament or Jatiya Sangsad (330 seats; 300 elected by popular vote from single territorial constituencies, 30 seats reserved for women; members serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 12 June 1996 (next to be held before 13 October 2001)

election results: percent of vote by party - AL 33.87%, BNP 30.87%; seats by party - AL 178, BNP 113, JP 33, JI 3, other 3; note - the elections of 12 June 1996 brought to power an Awami League government for the first time in twenty-one years; held under a neutral, caretaker administration, the elections were characterized by a peaceful, orderly process and massive voter turnout, ending a bitter two-year impasse between the former BNP and opposition parties that had paralyzed National Parliament and led to widespread street violence

Barbados: bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (21-member body appointed by the governor general) and the House of Assembly (28 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: House of Assembly - last held 20 January 1999 (next to be held by January 2004)

election results: House of Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - BLP 26, DLP 2

Belarus: bicameral Parliament or Natsionalnoye Sobranie consists of the Council of the Republic or Soviet Respubliki (64 seats) and the Chamber of Representatives or Palata Pretsaviteley (110 seats)

elections: last held October 2000 (next to be held NA)

election results: party affiliation data unavailable; under present political conditions party designations are meaningless

Belgium: bicameral Parliament consists of a Senate or Senaat in Dutch, Senat in French (71 seats; 40 members are directly elected by popular vote, 31 are indirectly elected; members serve four-year terms) and a Chamber of Deputies or Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers in Dutch, Chambre des Representants in French (150 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve four-year terms)

elections: Senate and Chamber of Deputies - last held 13 June 1999 (next to be held in NA 2003)

election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - VLD 15.4%, CVP 14.7%, PRL 10.6%, PS 9.7%, VB 9.4%, SP 8.9%, ECOLO 7.4%, AGALEV 7.1%, PSC 6.0%, VU 5.1%; seats by party - VLD 11, CVP 10, PS 10, PRL 9, VB 6, SP 6, ECOLO 6, AGALEV 5, PSC 5, VU 3; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - VLD 14.3%, CVP 14.1%, PS 10.2%, PRL 10.1%, VB 9.9%, SP 9.5%, ECOLO 7.4%, AGALEV 7.0%, PSC 5.9%, VU 5.6%; seats by party - VLD 23, CVP 22, PS 19, PRL 18, VB 15, SP 14, ECOLO 11, PSC 10, AGALEV 9, VU 8, FN 1

note: as a result of the 1993 constitutional revision that furthered devolution into a federal state, there are now three levels of government (federal, regional, and linguistic community) with a complex division of responsibilities; this reality leaves six governments each with its own legislative assembly; for other acronyms of the listed parties see Political parties and leaders

Belize: bicameral National Assembly consists of the Senate (eight members, five appointed on the advice of the prime minister, two on the advice of the leader of the opposition, and one by the governor general; members are appointed for five-year terms); and the House of Representatives (29 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: House of Representatives - last held 27 August 1998 (next to be held by NA August 2003)

election results: percent of vote by party - PUP 59.2%, UDP 40.8%; seats by party - PUP 26, UDP 3

Benin: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (83 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 30 March 1999 (next to be held NA March 2003)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - RB 27, PRD 11, FARD-ALAFIA 10, PSD 9, MADEP 6, E'toile 4, Alliance IPD 4, Car-DUNYA 3, MERCI 2, other 7

Bermuda: bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (an 11-member body appointed by the governor) and the House of Assembly (40 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 9 November 1998 (next to be held NA November 2003)

election results: percent of vote by party - PLP 54%, UBP 44%, NLP 1%, independents 1%; seats by party - PLP 26, UBP 14

Bhutan: unicameral National Assembly or Tshogdu (150 seats; 105 elected from village constituencies, 10 represent religious bodies, and 35 are designated by the monarch to represent government and other secular interests; members serve three-year terms)

elections: last held NA (next to be held NA)

election results: NA

Bolivia: bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of Chamber of Senators or Camara de Senadores (27 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and Chamber of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (130 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms; note - some members are drawn from party lists, thus not directly elected)

elections: Chamber of Senators and Chamber of Deputies - last held 1 June 1997 (next to be held NA June 2002)

election results: Chamber of Senators - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - ADN 11, MIR 7, MNR 4, CONDEPA 3, UCS 2; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - ADN 32, MNR 26, MIR 23, UCS 21, CONDEPA 19, MBL 5, IU 4

Bosnia and Herzegovina: bicameral Parliamentary Assembly or Skupstina consists of the National House of Representatives or Predstavnicki Dom (42 seats - 14 Serb, 14 Croat, and 14 Bosniak; members elected by popular vote to serve two-year terms) and the House of Peoples or Dom Naroda (15 seats - 5 Bosniak, 5 Croat, 5 Serb; members elected by the Bosniak/Croat Federation's House of Representatives and the Republika Srpska's National Assembly to serve two-year terms); note - as of 1 January 2001, Bosnia and Herzegovina does not have a permanent election law; a draft law specifies four-year terms for the state and first-order administrative division entity legislatures; officials elected in 2000 were elected to two-year terms on the presumption that a permanent law would be in place before 2002

elections: National House of Representatives - elections last held 11 November 2000 (next to be held in the fall of 2002); House of Peoples - last constituted after the 11 November 2000 elections (next to be constituted in the fall of 2002)

election results: National House of Representatives - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA%; seats by party/coalition - SDP 9, SDA 8, SDS 6, HDZ-BiH 5, SBH 5, PDP 2, NHI 1, BPS 1, DPS 1, SNS 1, SNSD-DSP 1, DNZ 1, SPRS 1; House of Peoples - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA%; seats by party/coalition - NA

note: the Bosniak/Croat Federation has a bicameral legislature that consists of a House of Representatives (140 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms); elections last held 11 November 2000 (next to be held NA 2002); percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party/coalition - SDA 38, SDP 37, HDZ-BiH 25, SBH 21, DNZ 3, NHI 2, BPS 2, DPS 2, BOSS 2, GDS 1, RP 1, HSS 1, LDS 1, Pensioners' Party of FBiH 1, SNSD-DSP 1, HKDU 1, HSP 1; and a House of Peoples (74 seats - 30 Bosniak, 30 Croat, and 14 others); last constituted November 2000; the Republika Srpska has a National Assembly (83 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms); elections last held 11 November 2000 (next to be held NA 2002); percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party/coalition - SDS 31, PDP 11, SNSD 11, SDA 6, DSP 4, SDP 4, SPRS 4, SBH 4, DNS 3, SNS 2, NHI 1, DSRS 1, Pensioners' Party 1; as of 1 January 2001, Bosnia and Herzegovina does not have a permanent election law; a draft law specifies four-year terms for the state and first-order administrative division entity legislatures; officials elected in 2000 were elected to two-year terms on the presumption that a permanent law would be in place before 2002

Botswana: bicameral Parliament consists of the House of Chiefs (a largely advisory 15-member body consisting of the chiefs of the eight principal tribes, four elected subchiefs, and three members selected by the other 12) and the National Assembly (44 seats, 40 members are directly elected by popular vote and 4 appointed by the majority party; members serve five-year terms)

elections: National Assembly elections last held 16 October 1999 (next to be held NA October 2004)

election results: percent of vote by party - BDP 57.2%, BNF 26%, other 16.8%; seats by party - BDP 33, BNF 6, other 1

Brazil: bicameral National Congress or Congresso Nacional consists of the Federal Senate or Senado Federal (81 seats; three members from each state or federal district elected according to the principle of majority to serve eight-year terms; one-third elected after a four year period, two-thirds elected after the next four-year period) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara dos Deputados (513 seats; members are elected by proportional representation to serve four-year terms)

elections: Federal Senate - last held 4 October 1998 for one-third of Senate (next to be held NA October 2002 for two-thirds of the Senate); Chamber of Deputies - last held 4 October 1998 (next to be held NA October 2002)

election results: Federal Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PMDB 27, PFL 20, PSDB 16, PT 7, PPB 5, PSB 3, PDT 2, PPS 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PFL 106, PSDB 99, PMDB 82, PPB 60, PT 58, PTB 31, PDT 25, PSB 19, PL 12, PCdoB 7, other 14

British Virgin Islands: unicameral Legislative Council (13 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote, one member from each of 9 electoral districts, four at-large members; members serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 17 May 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - VIP 7, CCM 1, NDP 5

Brunei: unicameral Legislative Council or Majlis Masyuarat Megeri (a privy council that serves only in a consultative capacity; NA seats; members appointed by the monarch)

elections: last held in March 1962

note: in 1970 the Council was changed to an appointive body by decree of the monarch; an elected Legislative Council is being considered as part of constitutional reform, but elections are unlikely for several years

Bulgaria: unicameral National Assembly or Narodno Sobranie (240 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 17 June 2001 (next to be held NA June 2005)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - National Movement for Simeon II 120, UDF 51, BSP 48, DPS 21

Burkina Faso: bicameral; consists of a National Assembly or Assemblee des Deputes Populaires (111 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the purely consultative Chamber of Representations or Chambre des Representants (178 seats; members are appointed to serve three-year terms)

elections: National Assembly election last held 11 May 1997 (next to be held NA 2002)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - CDP 101, PDP 6, RDA 2, ADF 2

Burma: unicameral People's Assembly or Pyithu Hluttaw (485 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 27 May 1990, but Assembly never convened

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NLD 392, SNLD 23, NUP 10, other 60

Burundi: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (121 seats; note - new Transitional Constitution expanded the number of seats from 81 to 121 in 1998; members are elected by popular vote on a proportional basis to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 29 June 1993 (next was scheduled to be held in 1998, but suspended by presidential decree in 1996)

election results: percent of vote by party - FRODEBU 71.04%, UPRONA 21.4%, other 7.56%; seats by party - FRODEBU 65, UPRONA 16, various other parties 40

Cambodia: bicameral consists of the National Assembly (122 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the Senate (61 seats; two members appointed by the monarch, two elected by the National Assembly, and 57 elected by "functional constituencies"; members serve five-year terms

elections: National Assembly - last held 26 July 1998 (next to be held NA 2003); Senate - last held 2 March 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - CPP 41%, FUNCINPEC 32%, SRP 14%, other 13%; seats by party - CPP 64, FUNCINPEC 43, SRP 15; Senate - seats by party - CPP 31, FUNCINPEC 21, SRP 7

Cameroon: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (180 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms; note - the president can either lengthen or shorten the term of the legislature)

elections: last held 17 May 1997 (next to be held NA 2002)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - RDCP 109, SDF 43, UNDP 13, UDC 5, UPC-K 1, MDR 1, MLJC 1; note - results from 7 contested seats were cancelled by the Supreme Court, further elections on 3 August 1997 gave these seats to the RDPC

note: the constitution calls for an upper chamber for the legislature, to be called a Senate, but it has yet to be established

Canada: bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of the Senate or Senat (a body whose members are appointed to serve until reaching 75 years of age by the governor general and selected on the advice of the prime minister; its normal limit is 104 senators) and the House of Commons or Chambre des Communes (301 seats; members elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: House of Commons - last held 27 November 2000 (next to be held 2005)

election results: percent of vote by party as of January 2001 - Liberal Party 42%, Canadian Alliance 22%, Bloc Quebecois 13%, New Democratic Party 4%, Progressive Conservative Party 4%; seats by party as of January 2001 - Liberal Party 172, Canadian Alliance 66, Bloc Quebecois 38, New Democratic Party 13, Progressive Conservative Party 12

Cape Verde: unicameral National Assembly or Assembleia Nacional (72 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 14 January 2001 (next to be held NA December 2005)

election results: percent of vote by party - PAICV 47.3%, MPD 39.8%, ADM 6%, other 6.9%; seats by party - PAICV 40, MPD 30, ADM 2

Cayman Islands: unicameral Legislative Assembly (18 seats, three appointed members and 15 elected by popular vote; members serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 8 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2004)

election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - NA

Central African Republic: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (109 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms; note - there were 85 seats in the National Assembly before the 1998 election)

elections: last held 22-23 November and 13 December 1998 (next to be held NA 2003)

election results: percent of vote by party - MLPC 43%, RDC 18%, MDD 9%, FPP 6%, PSD 5%, ADP 4%, PUN 3%, FODEM 2%, PLD 2%, UPR 1%, FC 1%, independents 6%; seats by party - MLPC 47, RDC 20, MDD 8, FPP 7, PSD 6, ADP 5, PUN 3, FODEM 2, PLD 2, UPR 1, FC 1, independents 7

note: the National Assembly is advised by the Economic and Regional Council or Conseil Economique et Regional; when they sit together they are called the Congress or Congres

Chad: unicameral National Assembly (125 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms); replaces the Higher Transitional Council or the Conseil Superieur de Transition

elections: National Assembly - last held in two rounds on 5 January and 23 February 1997 (next to be held in late 2001); in the first round of voting some candidates won clear victories by receiving 50% or more of the vote; where that did not happen, the two highest scoring candidates stood for a second round of voting

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - MPS 65, URD 29, UNDR 15, RDP 3, others 13

Chile: bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of the Senate or Senado (48 seats, 38 elected by popular vote and 10 appointed (all former presidents who served 6 years are senators for life); members serve eight-year terms - one-half elected every four years) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (120 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: Senate - last held 11 December 1997 (next to be held NA December 2001); Chamber of Deputies - last held 11 December 1997 (next to be held NA December 2001)

election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - CPD (PDC 14, PS 4, PPD 2), RN 7, UDI 10, UCCP 1, independents 10; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - CPD 50.55% (PDC 22.98%, PS 11.10%, PPD 12.55%, PRSD 3.13%), RN 16.78%, UDI 14.43%; seats by party - CPD 70 (PDC 39, PPD 16, PRSD 4, PS 11), RN 24, UDI 21, Socialist Party 1, right-wing independents 4

China: unicameral National People's Congress or Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui (2,979 seats; members elected by municipal, regional, and provincial people's congresses to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held NA December 1997-NA February 1998 (next to be held late 2002-NA March 2003)

election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - NA

Christmas Island: unicameral Christmas Island Shire Council (9 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve one-year terms)

elections: last held NA December 2000 (next to be held NA December 2001)

election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 9

Cocos (Keeling) Islands: unicameral Cocos (Keeling) Islands Shire Council (NA seats)

Colombia: bicameral Congress or Congreso consists of the Senate or Senado (102 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Camara de Representantes (163 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: Senate - last held 8 March 1998 (next to be held NA March 2002); House of Representatives - last held 8 March 1998 (next to be held NA March 2002)

election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - PL 50%, PSC 24%, smaller parties (many aligned with conservatives) 26%; seats by party - PL 58, PSC 28, smaller parties 16; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PL 52%, PSC 17%, other 31%; seats by party - PL 98, PSC 52, indigenous parties 2, others 11

Comoros: bicameral legislature consists of the Senate (15 seats: five from each island); members selected by regional councils for six-year terms) and a Federal Assembly or Assemblee Federale (43 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms); note - the Federal Assembly was dissolved following the coup of 30 April 1999

elections: Federal Assembly - last held 1 and 8 December 1996 (next to be held NA)

election results: Federal Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - RND 39, FNJ 3, independent 1

note: the constitution stipulates that only parties that win six seats in the Federal Assembly (two from each island) are permitted to be in opposition, but if no party accomplishes that, the second most successful party will be in opposition; in the elections of December 1996 the FNJ appeared to qualify as opposition

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: a 300-member Transitional Constituent Assembly established in August 2000

elections: NA; members of the Transitional Constituent Assembly were appointed by former President KABILA

Congo, Republic of the: unicameral National Transitional Council (75 seats, members elected by reconciliation forum of 1,420 delegates on NA January 1998); note - the National Transitional Council replaced the bicameral Parliament

elections: National Transitional Council - last held NA January 1998 (next to be held NA 2001); note - at that election the National Transitional Council is to be replaced by a bicameral assembly

election results: National Transitional Council - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA

Cook Islands: unicameral Parliament (25 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held NA June 1999 (next to be held by NA 2004)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - CIP 12, DAP 12, NAP 1

note: the House of Ariki (chiefs) advises on traditional matters, but has no legislative powers

Costa Rica: unicameral Legislative Assembly or Asamblea Legislativa (57 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 1 February 1998 (next to be held 3 February 2002)

election results: percent of vote by party - PUSC 41%, PLN 35%, minority parties 24%; seats by party - PUSC 27, PLN 23, minority parties 7

Cote d'Ivoire: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (225 seats; members are elected in single- and multi-district elections by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: elections last held 10 December 2000 with by-elections on 14 January 2001 (next to be held NA 2005)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - FPI 96, PDCI-RDA 94, RDR 5, PIT 4, other 2, independents 22, vacant 2

note: a Senate is scheduled to be created in the next full election in 2005

Croatia: bicameral Assembly or Sabor consists of the House of Counties or Zupanijski Dom (68 seats, 63 directly elected by popular vote, 5 appointed by the president; members serve four-year terms; note - House of Counties to be abolished in 2001) and House of Representatives or the Zastupnicki Dom (151 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: House of Counties - last held 13 April 1997; House of Representatives - last held 2-3 January 2000 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results: House of Counties - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - HDZ 42, HSLS/HSS 11, HSS 2, IDS 2, SDP/PGS/HNS 2, SDP/HNS 2, HSLS/HSS/HNS 1, HSLS 1; note - in some districts certain parties ran as coalitions, while in others they ran alone; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - HDZ 46, SDP 44, HSLS 24, HSS 17, HSP/HKDU 5, IDS 4, HNS 2, independents 4, minority representatives 5

Cuba: unicameral National Assembly of People's Power or Asemblea Nacional del Poder Popular (601 seats, elected directly from slates approved by special candidacy commissions; members serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 11 January 1998 (next to be held in 2003)

election results: percent of vote - PCC 94.39%; seats - PCC 601

Cyprus: unicameral - Greek Cypriot area: House of Representatives or Vouli Antiprosopon (80 seats; 56 assigned to the Greek Cypriots, 24 to Turkish Cypriots; note - only those assigned to Greek Cypriots are filled; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms); Turkish Cypriot area: Assembly of the Republic or Cumhuriyet Meclisi (50 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: Greek Cypriot area: last held 27 May 2001 (next to be held NA May 2006); Turkish Cypriot area: last held 6 December 1998 (next to be held NA December 2003)

election results: Greek Cypriot area: House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - AKEL (Communist) 20, DISY 19, DIKO 9, KISOS 4, others 4; Turkish Cypriot area: Assembly of the Republic - percent of vote by party - UBP 40.3%, DP 22.6%, TKP 15.4%, CTP 13.4%, UDP 4.6%, YBH 2.5%, BP 1.2%; seats by party - UBP 24, DP 13, TKP 7, CTP 6

Czech Republic: bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat (81 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms; one-third elected every two years) and the Chamber of Deputies or Poslanecka snemovna (200 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: Senate - last held 12 and 19 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2002); Chamber of Deputies - last held 19-20 June 1998 (next to be held by NA June 2002)

election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - KDU-CSL 28, ODS 22, CSSD 15, ODA 7, US 4, KSCM 3, independents 2; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - CSSD 32.3%, ODS 27.7%, KSCM 11%, KDU-CSL 9.0%, US 8.6%; seats by party - CSSD 74, ODS 63, KSCM 24, KDU-CSL 20, US 18, CSNS 1

Denmark: unicameral Parliament or Folketing (179 seats, including 2 from Greenland and 2 from the Faroe Islands; members are elected by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 11 March 1998 (next to be held by March 2002)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - progovernment parties: Social Democratic Party 65, Socialist People's Party 13, Social Liberal Party 7, Red-Green Unity List 5; opposition: Liberal Party 43, Conservative Party 17, Danish People's Party 13, Center Democratic Party 8, Christian People's Party 4, Progress Party 4; seats by party as of 1 January 2001: government coalition parties - Social Democrats 63, Social Liberals 7; pro-government parties - Socialist People's Party 13, Unity List 5; opposition - Liberals 42, Conservatives 16, Danish People's Party 13, Center Democrats 8, Christian People's Party 4, Progress Party 4 (now named Freedom 2000); does not include the 4 overseas seats

Djibouti: unicameral Chamber of Deputies or Chambre des Deputes (65 seats; members elected by popular vote for five-year terms)

elections: last held 19 December 1997 (next to be held NA 2002)

election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - RPP 65; note - RPP (the ruling party) dominated the election

Dominica: unicameral House of Assembly (30 seats, 9 appointed senators, 21 elected by popular vote; members serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 31 January 2000 (next to be held by NA 2005)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -DLP 11, UWP 8, DFP 2

Dominican Republic: bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of the Senate or Senado (30 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (149 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: Senate - last held 16 May 1998 (next to be held NA May 2002); Chamber of Deputies - last held 16 May 1998 (next to be held NA May 2002)

election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PRD 24, PLD 3, PRSC 3; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PRD 83, PLD 49, PRSC 17

Ecuador: unicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional (121 seats; 79 members are popularly elected at-large nationally to serve four-year terms; 42 members are popularly elected by province - two per province - for four-year terms)

elections: last held 31 May 1998 (next to be held NA 2002)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - DP 32, PSC 27, PRE 24, ID 18, P-NP 9, FRA 5, PCE 3, MPD 2, CFP 1; note - defections by members of National Congress are commonplace, resulting in frequent changes in the numbers of seats held by the various parties

Egypt: bicameral system consists of the People's Assembly or Majlis al-Sha'b (454 seats; 444 elected by popular vote, 10 appointed by the president; members serve five-year terms) and the Advisory Council or Majlis al-Shura - which functions only in a consultative role (264 seats; 176 elected by popular vote, 88 appointed by the president; members serve NA-year terms)

elections: People's Assembly - three-phase voting - last held 19 October, 29 October, 8 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2005); Advisory Council - last held 7 June 1995 (next to be held NA)

election results: People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - NDP 88%, independents 8%, opposition 4%; seats by party - NDP 398, NWP 7, Tagammu 6, Nasserists 2, LSP 1, independents 38, undecided 2; Advisory Council - percent of vote by party - NDP 99%, independents 1%; seats by party - NA

El Salvador: unicameral Legislative Assembly or Asamblea Legislativa (84 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve three-year terms)

elections: last held 12 March 2000 (next to be held NA March 2003)

election results: percent of vote by party - ARENA 36.1%, FMLN 35.14%, PCN 8.76%, PDC 7.08%, CD 5.32%, PAN 3.75%, USC 1.47%, PLD 1.29%; seats by party - ARENA 28, FMLN 31, PCN 14, PDC 5, CD 3, PAN 1, independent 2

Equatorial Guinea: unicameral House of People's Representatives or Camara de Representantes del Pueblo (80 seats; members directly elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 7 March 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results: percent of vote by party - PDGE 80%, UP 6%, CPDS 5%; seats by party - PDGE 75, UP 4 and CPDS 1

note: opposition parties have refused to take up their seats in the House to protest widespread irregularities in the 1999 legislative elections

Eritrea: unicameral National Assembly (150 seats; term limits not established)

elections: in May 1997, following the adoption of the new constitution, 75 members of the PFDJ Central Committee (the old Central Committee of the EPLF), 60 members of the 527-member Constituent Assembly which had been established in 1997 to discuss and ratify the new constitution, and 15 representatives of Eritreans living abroad were formed into a Transitional National Assembly to serve as the country's legislative body until country-wide elections to a National Assembly are held; only 75 members will be elected to the National Assembly - the other 75 will be members of the Central Committee of the PFDJ; parliamentary elections are now scheduled for NA December 2001

Estonia: unicameral Parliament or Riigikogu (101 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 7 March 1999 (next to be held NA March 2003)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Center Party 28, Union of Pro Patria (Fatherland League) 18, Reform Party 18, Moderates 17, Country People's Party (Agrarians) 7, Coalition Party 7, UPPE 6

Ethiopia: bicameral Parliament consists of the House of Federation or upper chamber (108 seats; members are chosen by state assemblies to serve five-year terms) and the House of People's Representatives or lower chamber (548 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote from single-member districts to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 14 May 2000 (next to be held NA May 2005)

election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - OPDO 177, ANDM 134, TPLF 38, WGGPDO 27, EPRDF 19, SPDO 18, GNDM 15, KSPDO 10, ANDP 8, GPRDF 7, SOPDM 7, BGPDUF 6, BMPDO 5, KAT 4, other regional political groupings 22, independents 8; note - 43 seats unconfirmed

note: irregularities and violence at a number of polling stations necessitated the rescheduling of voting in certain constituencies; voting postponed in Somali regional state because of severe drought

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): unicameral Legislative Council (10 seats - 2 ex officio, 8 elected by popular vote, members serve four-year terms) presided over by the governor

elections: last held 9 October 1997 (next to be held NA October 2001)

election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 8

Faroe Islands: unicameral Faroese Parliament or Logting (32 seats; members are elected by popular vote on a proportional basis from the seven constituencies to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 30 April 1998 (next to be held not later than April 2002)

election results: percent of vote by party - Republican Party 23.8%, People's Party 21.3%, Social Democratic Party 21.9%, Union Party 18%, Home Rue Party 7.7%, Center Party 4.1%; seats by party - Republican Party 8, People's Party 8, Social Democratic Party 7, Union Party 6, Home Rule Party 2, Center Party 1

note: election of 2 seats to the Danish Parliament was last held on 11 March 1998 (next to be held not later than March 2002); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Social Democratic Party 1, People's Party 1

Fiji: bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (32 seats; 14 appointed by the Great Council of Chiefs, nine appointed by the prime minister, eight appointed by the leader of the opposition, and one appointed by the council of Rotuma) and the House of Representatives (71 seats; 23 reserved for ethnic Fijians, 19 reserved for ethnic Indians, three reserved for other ethnic groups, one reserved for the council of Rotuma constituency encompassing the whole of Fiji, and 25 open; members serve five-year terms)

elections: House of Representatives - last held 11 May 1999 (next to be held NA May 2004)

election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Fiji Labor Party 37, others 34

Finland: unicameral Parliament or Eduskunta (200 seats; members are elected by popular vote on a proportional basis to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 21 March 1999 (next to be held NA March 2003)

election results: percent of vote by party - SDP 22.9%, Kesk 22.5%, Kok 21.0%, Leftist Alliance (Communist) 10.9%, SFP 5.1%, Green Union 7.2%, SKL 4.2%; seats by party - SDP 51, Kesk 48, Kok 46, Leftist Alliance (Communist) 20, SFP 11, Green Union 11, SKL 10, other 3

France: bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of the Senate or Senat (321 seats - 296 for metropolitan France, 13 for overseas departments and territories, and 12 for French nationals abroad; members are indirectly elected by an electoral college to serve nine-year terms; elected by thirds every three years) and the National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (577 seats; members are elected by popular vote under a single-member majoritarian system to serve five-year terms)

elections: Senate - last held 27 September 1998 (next to be held September 2001); National Assembly - last held 25 May-1 June 1997 (next to be held NA May 2002)

election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - RPR 99, UDC 52, DL 47, PS 78, PCF 16, other 29; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PS 245, RPR 140, UDF 109, PCF 37, PRS 13, MEI 8, MDC 7, LDI-MPF 1, FN 1, various left 9, various right 7

French Guiana: unicameral General Council or Conseil General (19 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms) and a unicameral Regional Council or Conseil Regional (31 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms)

elections: General Council - last held NA March 2000 (next to be held NA 2006); Regional Council - last held 15 March 1998 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results: General Council - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; Regional Council - percent of vote by party - PS 28.28%, various left parties 22.56%, RPR 15.91%, independents 8.6%, Walwari Committee 6%; seats by party - PS 11, various left parties 9, RPR 6, independents 3, Walwari Committee 2

note: one seat was elected to the French Senate on 27 September 1998 (next to be held NA September 2007); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; 2 seats were elected to the French National Assembly on 25 May - 1 June 1997 (next to be held NA 2002); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - RPR 1, PSG 1

French Polynesia: unicameral Territorial Assembly or Assemblee Territoriale (41 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 12 May 1996 (next to be held NA 2001)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - People's Rally for the Republic (Gaullist) 22, Independent Front for the Liberation of Polynesia 10, New Fatherland Party 5, other 4

note: one seat was elected to the French Senate on 24 September 1989 (next to be held NA September 1998); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - UC 1; two seats were elected to the French National Assembly on 25 May - 1 June 1997 (next to be held NA 2002); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - People's Rally for the Republic (Gaullist) 2

Gabon: bicameral legislature consists of the Senate (91 seats) and the National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (120 seats); members are elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms

elections: National Assembly - last held 15 and 29 December 1996 (next to be held NA December 2001); Senate - last held 26 January and 9 February 1997 (next to be held in January 2002)

election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PDG 89, PGP 9, RNB 6, CLR 3, UPG 2, USG 2, independents 4, others 5; Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PDG 53, RNB 20, PGP 4, ADERE 3, RDP 1, CLR 1, independents 9

Gambia, The: unicameral National Assembly (49 seats; 45 elected by popular vote, 4 appointed by the president; members serve five-year terms)

elections: last popular election held 2 January 1997 (next to be held NA January 2002)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - APRC 33, UDP 7, NRP 2, PDOIS 1, independents 2

Georgia: unicameral Supreme Council (commonly referred to as Parliament) or Umaghiesi Sabcho (235 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 31 October and 14 November 1999 (next to be held NA 2003)

election results: percent of vote by party - CUG 41.85%, AGUR 25.65%, IWSG 7.8%, all other parties received less than 7% each; seats by party - CUG 130, AGUR 58, IWSG 15, Abkhaz deputies 12, independents 17, other 3

Germany: bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Federal Assembly or Bundestag (656 seats usually, but 669 for the 1998 term; elected by popular vote under a system combining direct and proportional representation; a party must win 5% of the national vote or three direct mandates to gain representation; members serve four-year terms) and the Federal Council or Bundesrat (69 votes; state governments are directly represented by votes; each has 3 to 6 votes depending on population and are required to vote as a block)

elections: Federal Assembly - last held 27 September 1998 (next to be held by the fall of 2002); note - there are no elections for the Bundesrat; composition is determined by the composition of the state-level governments; the composition of the Bundesrat has the potential to change any time one of the 16 states holds an election

election results: Federal Assembly - percent of vote by party - SPD 40.9%, Alliance '90/Greens 6.7%, CDU/CSU 35.1%, FDP 6.2%, PDS 5.1%; seats by party - SPD 298, Alliance '90/Greens 47, CDU/CSU 245, FDP 43, PDS 36; Federal Council - current composition - votes by party - SPD-led states 26, CDU-led states 28, grand coalitions 15

Ghana: unicameral Parliament (200 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 7 December 2000 (next to be held NA December 2004)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NPP 100, NDC 92, PNC 3, CPP 1, independents 4

Gibraltar: unicameral House of Assembly (18 seats - 15 elected by popular vote, one appointed for the Speaker, and two ex officio members; members serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 10 February 2000 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results: percent of vote by party - GSD 58%, GSLP 41%; seats by party - GSD 8, GSLP 7

Greece: unicameral Parliament or Vouli ton Ellinon (300 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: elections last held 9 April 2000 (next to be held by NA April 2004)

election results: percent of vote by party - PASOK 43.8%, ND 42.7%, KKE 5.5%, Coalition of the Left and Progress 3.2%; seats by party - PASOK 158, ND 125, KKE 11, Coalition of the Left and Progress 6

Greenland: unicameral Parliament or Landstinget (31 seats; members are elected by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held on 16 February 1999 (next to be held by NA February 2003)

election results: percent of vote by party - Siumut 35.2%, Inuit Ataqatigiit 22.1%, Atassut Party 25.2%, Candidate's League 12.3%, independent 5.2%; seats by party - Siumut 11, Atassut 8, Inuit Ataqatigiit 7, Candidate List 4, independent 1

note: two representatives were elected to the Danish Parliament or Folketing on 11 March 1998 (next to be held by not later than March 2002); percent of vote by party - Siumut 35.6%, Atassut 35.2%; seats by party - Siumut 1, Atassut 1; Greenlandic representatives are affiliated with Danish political parties (Siamut with Social Democratic Party and Atassut with Liberal Party)

Grenada: bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (a 13-member body, 10 appointed by the government and three by the leader of the opposition) and the House of Representatives (15 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held on 18 January 1999 (next to be held by NA October 2004)

election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NNP 14, GULP 1

Guadeloupe: unicameral General Council or Conseil General (42 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms) and the unicameral Regional Council or Conseil Regional (41 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms)

elections: General Council - last held 22 March 1998 (next to be held by NA 2004); Regional Council - last held 15 March 1998 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results: General Council - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - diverse left parties 11, PS 8, RPR 8, PPDG 6, diverse right parties 5, PCG 3, UDF 1; Regional Council - percent of vote by party - RPR 48.03%, PS/PPDG/diverse left parties 24.49%, PCG 5.29%, diverse right parties 5.73%; seats by party - RPR 25, PS/PPDG/diverse left parties 12, PCG 2, diverse right parties 2

note: Guadeloupe elects two representatives to the French Senate; elections last held NA September 1995 (next to be held NA September 2004); percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - RPR 1, FGPS 1; Guadeloupe elects four representatives to the French National Assembly; elections last held 25 May - 1 June 1997 (next to be held NA 2002); percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - FGPS 2, RPR 1, PPDG 1

Guam: unicameral Legislature (15 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve two-year terms)

elections: last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2002)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Republican Party 8, Democratic Party 7

note: Guam elects one delegate to the US House of Representatives; election last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2002); results - Robert UNDERWOOD was reelected as delegate; percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Democratic Party 1

Guatemala: unicameral Congress of the Republic or Congreso de la Republica (113 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held on 7 November 1999 (next to be held in November 2003)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - FRG 63, PAN 37, ANN 9, DCG 2, UD/LOV 1, PLP 1

note: for the 7 November 1999 election, the number of congressional seats was increased from 80 to 113

Guernsey: unicameral Assembly of the States; consists of the Bailiff, 10 Douzaine (parish council) representatives, 45 People's Deputies elected by popular franchise, 2 Alderney representatives, HM Procureur (Attorney General), HM Comptroller (Solicitor General) and HM Greffier (Court Recorder and Registrar General)

elections: last held 12 April 2000 (next to be held NA 2006)

election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - all independents

Guinea: unicameral People's National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale Populaire (114 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 11 June 1995 (next scheduled for 26 November 2000 postponed indefinitely due to border fighting with rebels from Sierra Leone and Liberia)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PUP 71, RPG 19, PRP 9, UNR 9, UPG 2, PDG-AST 1, UNP 1, PDG-RDA 1, other 1

Guinea-Bissau: unicameral National People's Assembly or Assembleia Nacional Popular (100 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve a maximum of four years)

elections: last held 28 November 1999 (next to be held by NA 2003)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PRS 37, RGB 27, PAIGC 25, 11 remaining seats went to 5 of the remaining 10 parties that fielded candidates

Guyana: unicameral National Assembly (65 seats, 53 elected by popular vote, 10 elected by the ten Regional Democratic Councils, and 2 elected by the National Congress of Local Democratic Organs; members serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 19 March 2001 (next to be held NA March 2006)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PPP/C 34, PNC 27, GAP and WPA 2, ROAR 1, TUF 1

Haiti: bicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale consists of the Senate (27 seats; members serve six-year terms; one-third elected every two years) and the Chamber of Deputies (83 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: Senate - last held for two-thirds of seats 21 May 2000, with runoffs on 9 July boycotted by the opposition; about eight seats still disputed; election for remaining one-third held on 26 November 2000 (next to be held NA 2002); Chamber of Deputies - last held 21 May 2000, with runoffs on 30 July boycotted by the opposition; one vacant seat rerun 26 November 2000 (next election NA 2004)

election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - FL 26, independent 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - FL 73, OPL 1, other minor parties and independents 9

Holy See (Vatican City): unicameral Pontifical Commission

Honduras: unicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional (128 seats; members are elected proportionally to the number of votes their party's presidential candidate receives to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held on 30 November 1997 (next to be held 25 November 2001)

election results: percent of vote by party - PL 46%, PN 38%, PINU-SD 4%, PDC 2%, PUD 2%; seats by party - PL 67, PN 55, PINU-SD 3, PDC 2, PUD 1

Hong Kong: unicameral Legislative Council or LEGCO (60 seats; 30 indirectly elected by functional constituencies, 24 elected by popular vote, and 6 elected by an 800-member election committee; members serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 10 September 2000 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Democratic Party 12, Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong 10, Liberal Party 7, Frontier Party 5, Hong Kong Progressive Alliance 4, New Century Forum 2, Hong Kong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood 1, independents 19

Hungary: unicameral National Assembly or Orszaggyules (386 seats; members are elected by popular vote under a system of proportional and direct representation to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held on 10 and 24 May 1998 (next to be held May/June 2002)

election results: percent of vote by party (5% or more of the vote required for parliamentary representation in the first round) - MSZP 32.0%, FIDESZ 28.2%, FKGP 13.8%, SZDSZ 7.9%, MIEP 5.5%, MMP 4.1%, MDF 2.8%, KDNP 2.3%, MDNP 1.5%; seats by party - MSZP 134, FIDESZ 148, FKGP 48, SZDSZ 24, MDF 17, MIEP 14, independent 1; note - seating as of 2000 by party - MSZP 136, FIDESZ 141, FKGP 48, SZDSZ 24, MDF 16, MIEP 12, independents 9

Iceland: unicameral Parliament or Althing (63 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held on 8 May 1999 (next to be held by April 2003)

election results: percent of vote by party - Independence Party 40.7%, The Alliance (PA, People's Party, Women's List) 26.8%, Progressive Party 18.4%, Left-Green Alliance 9.1%, Liberal Party 4.2%; seats by party - Independence Party 26, The Alliance 17, Progressive Party 12, Left-Green Alliance 6, Liberal Party 2

India: bicameral Parliament or Sansad consists of the Council of States or Rajya Sabha (a body consisting of not more than 250 members, up to 12 of which are appointed by the president, the remainder are chosen by the elected members of the state and territorial assemblies; members serve six-year terms) and the People's Assembly or Lok Sabha (545 seats; 543 elected by popular vote, 2 appointed by the president; members serve five-year terms)

elections: People's Assembly - last held 5 September through 3 October 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results: People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - BJP alliance 40.8%, Congress alliance 33.8%, other 25.4%; seats by party - BJP alliance 304, Congress alliance 134, other 107

Indonesia: unicameral House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (500 seats; 462 elected by popular vote, 38 are appointed military representatives; members serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 7 June 1999 (next to be held NA June 2004)

election results: percent of vote by party - PDI-P 37.4%, Golkar 20.9%, PKB 17.4%, PPP 10.7%, PAN 7.3%, PBB 1.8%, other 4.5%; seats by party - PDI-P 154, Golkar 120, PPP 58, PKB 51, PAN 35, PBB 14, other 30

Iran: unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly or Majles-e-Shura-ye-Eslami (290 seats, note - changed from 270 seats with the 18 February 2000 election; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 18 February-NA April 2000 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats by party - reformers 170, conservatives 45, and independents 10; 65 seats were up for runoff election on 5 May 2000 (reformers 52, conservatives 10, independents 3)

Iraq: unicameral National Assembly or Majlis al-Watani (250 seats; 30 appointed by the president to represent the three northern provinces of Dahuk, Arbil, and As Sulaymaniyah; 220 elected by popular vote; members serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 27 March 2000 (next to be held NA March 2004)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA

Ireland: bicameral Parliament or Oireachtas consists of the Senate or Seanad Eireann (60 seats - 49 elected by the universities and from candidates put forward by five vocational panels, 11 are nominated by the prime minister; members serve five-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Dail Eireann (166 seats; members are elected by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve five-year terms)

elections: Senate - last held NA August 1997 (next to be held NA 2002); House of Representatives - last held 6 June 1997 (next to be held NA 2002)

election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Fianna Fail 29, Fine Gael 16, Labor Party 4, Progressive Democrats 4, others 7; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Fianna Fail 76, Fine Gael 53, Labor Party 19, Progressive Democrats 4, Democratic Left 4, Green Alliance 2, Sinn Fein 1, independents 7; note - seats by party in the House of Representatives as of 1 January 2001 were as follows: Fianna Fail 76, Fine Gael 54, Labor Party 21, Progressive Democrats 4, Green Alliance 2, Socialist Party 1, Sinn Fein 1, independents 7

Israel: unicameral Knesset or parliament (120 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 17 May 1999 (next to be held NA November 2003)

election results: percent of vote by party - One Israel 20.2%, Likud Party 14.1%, Shas 13%, MERETZ 7.6%, Yisra'el Ba'Aliya 5.1%, Shinui 5%, Center Party 5%, National Religious Party 4.2%, United Torah Judaism 3.7%, United Arab List 3.4%, National Union 3%, Hadash 2.6%, Yisra'el Beiteinu 2.6%, Balad 1.9%, One Nation 1.9%, Democratic Movement NA (party formed after election, members elected under Yisra'el Ba'Aliya list); seats by party - One Israel 26, Likud Party 19, Shas 17, MERETZ 10, Yisra'el Ba'Aliya 4, Shinui 6, Center Party 6, National Religious Party 5, United Torah Judaism 5, United Arab List 5, National Union 4, Hadash 3, Yisra'el Beiteinu 4, Democratic Movement 2 (party formed after election, members elected under Yisra'el Ba'Aliya list), Balad 2, One Nation 2

Italy: bicameral Parliament or Parlamento consists of the Senate or Senato della Repubblica (315 seats elected by popular vote of which 232 are directly elected and 83 are elected by regional proportional representation plus, in addition, there are a small number of senators-for-life including former presidents of the republic; members serve five-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camera dei Deputati (630 seats; 475 are directly elected, 155 by regional proportional representation; members serve five-year terms)

elections: Senate - last held 13 May 2001 (next to be held NA 2006); Chamber of Deputies - last held 13 May 2001 (next to be held NA 2006)

election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - House of Liberties 177 (Forza Italia 82, National Alliance 46, CCD-CDU 29, Northern League 17, others 3), Olive Tree 128 (Democrats of the Left 62, Daisy Alliance 42, Sunflower Alliance 16, Italian Communist Party 3, independents 5), non-affiliated with either coalition 10, senators for life 9; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - House of Liberties 367 (Forza Italia 189, National Alliance 96, CCD-CDU 40, Northern League 30, others 12), Olive Tree 248 (Democrats of the Left 138, Daisy Alliance 76, Sunflower Alliance 18, Italian Communist Party 9, independents 7), non-affiliated with either coalition 15

Jamaica: bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (a 21-member body appointed by the governor general on the recommendations of the prime minister and the leader of the opposition; ruling party is allocated 13 seats, and the opposition is allocated eight seats) and the House of Representatives (60 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 18 December 1997 (next to be held by March 2002)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PNP 50, JLP 10

Japan: bicameral Diet or Kokkai consists of the House of Councillors or Sangi-in (252 seats; one-half of the members elected every three years - 76 seats of which are elected from the 47 multi-seat prefectural districts and 50 of which are elected from a single nationwide list; members elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Shugi-in (480 seats - 180 of which are elected from 11 regional blocks on a proportional representation basis and 300 of which are elected from 300 single-seat districts; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: House of Councillors - last held 12 July 1998 (next to be held NA July 2001); House of Representatives - last held 25 June 2000 (next to be held by June 2004)

election results: House of Councillors - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - LDP 102, DPJ 47, JCP 23, Komeito 22, SDP 13, Liberal Party 12, independents 26, others 7; note - the distribution of seats as of February 2001 is as follows - LDP 112, DPJ 58, Komeito 24, JCP 23, SDP 13, Liberal Party 5, independents 7, others 10; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - LDP 233, DPJ 127, Komeito 31, Liberal Party 22, JCP 20, SDP 19, other 28; note - the distribution of seats as of February 2001 is as follows - LDP 239, DPJ 129, Komeito 31, Liberal Party 22, JCP 20, SDP 19, other 20

Jersey: unicameral Assembly of the States (55 voting members - 12 senators, 12 constables or heads of parishes, 29 deputies; all elected for six-year terms, half elected every third year; the bailiff and the deputy bailiff; and 3 non-voting members - the Dean of Jersey, the Attorney General and the Solicitor General all appointed by the monarch

elections: last held NA (next to be held NA)

election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 52

Jordan: bicameral National Assembly or Majlis al-'Umma consists of the Senate (a 40-member body appointed by the monarch from designated categories of public figures; members serve four-year terms) and the House of Representatives (80 seats; members elected by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve four-year terms)

elections: House of Representatives - last held 4 November 1997 (next to be held NA November 2001)

election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - National Constitutional Party 2, Arab Land Party 1, independents 75, other 2

note: the House of Representatives has been convened and dissolved by the monarch several times since 1974; in November 1989 the first parliamentary elections in 22 years were held

Kazakhstan: bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (47 seats; 7 senators are appointed by the president; other members are popularly elected, two from each of the former oblasts and the former capital of Almaty, to serve six-year terms) and the Majilis (67 seats; the addition of 10 "Party List" seats brings the total to 77; members are popularly elected to serve five-year terms); note - with the oblasts being reduced to 14, the Senate will eventually be reduced to 37; a number of Senate seats come up for reelection every two years

elections: Senate - (indirect) last held 17 September 1999 (next to be held NA 2001); Majilis - last held 10 and 24 October and 26 December 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; 16 seats up for election in 1999, candidates nominated by local councils; Majilis - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Otan 23, Civic Party 13, Communist Party 3, Agrarian Party 3, People's Cooperative Party 1, independents 34; note - most independent candidates are affiliated with parastatal enterprises and other pro-government institutions

Kenya: unicameral National Assembly or Bunge (222 seats; 210 members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms, 12 so-called "nominated" members who are appointed by the president, but selected by the parties in proportion to their parliamentary vote totals)

elections: last held 29 December 1997 (next to be held by early 2003)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - KANU 107, FORD-A 1, FORD-K 17, FORD-People 3, DP 39, NDP 21, SDP 15, SAFINA 5, smaller parties 2; seats appointed by the president - KANU 6, FORD-K 1, DP 2, SDP 1, NDP 1, SAFINA 1

Kiribati: unicameral House of Assembly or Maneaba Ni Maungatabu (41 seats; 39 elected by popular vote, one ex officio member, and one nominated to represent Banaba; members serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 23 September 1998 (next to be held by NA September 2002)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Maneaban Te Mauri Party 14, National Progressive Party 11, independents 14

Korea, North: unicameral Supreme People's Assembly or Ch'oego Inmin Hoeui (687 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 26 July 1998 (next to be held NA 2003)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - the KWP approves a single list of candidates who are elected without opposition; minor parties hold a few seats

Korea, South: unicameral National Assembly or Kukhoe (273 seats total - 227 elected by direct, popular vote; members serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 13 April 2000 (next to be held NA April 2004)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - GNP 133, MDP 115, ULD 17, other 8

Kuwait: unicameral National Assembly or Majlis al-Umma (50 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 3 July 1999 (next to be held NA 2003)

election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 50; note - all cabinet ministers are also ex officio members of the National Assembly

Kyrgyzstan: bicameral Supreme Council or Zhogorku Kenesh consists of the Assembly of People's Representatives (70 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the Legislative Assembly (35 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: Assembly of People's Representatives - last held 20 February and 12 March 2000 (next to be held NA February 2005); Legislative Assembly - last held 20 February and 12 March 2000 (next to be held NA February 2005)

election results: Assembly of People's Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; percent of vote by party - NA; and Legislative Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; note - total seats by party in the Supreme Council were as follows: Union of Democratic Forces 12, Communists 6, My Country Party of Action 4, independents 73, other 10

note: the legislature became bicameral for the 5 February 1995 elections; the 2000 election results include both the Assembly of People's Representatives and the Legislative Assembly

Laos: unicameral National Assembly (99 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms; note - by presidential decree, on 27 October 1997, the number of seats increased from 85 to 99)

elections: last held 21 December 1997 (next to be held NA 2002)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - LPRP or LPRP-approved (independent, non-party members) 99

Latvia: unicameral Parliament or Saeima (100 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 3 October 1998 (next to be held NA October 2002)

election results: percent of vote by party - People's Party 21%, LC 18%, TSP 14%, TB/LNNK 14%, Social Democrats 13%, New Party 7%; seats by party - People's Party 24, LC 21, TB/LNNK 17, TSP 16, Social Democrats 14, New Party 8

Lebanon: unicameral National Assembly or Majlis Alnuwab (Arabic) or Assemblee Nationale (French) (128 seats; members elected by popular vote on the basis of sectarian proportional representation to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 27 August and 3 September 2000 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results: percent of vote by party - Muslim 57% (of which Sunni 25%, Sh'ite 25%, Druze 6%, Alawite less than 1%), Christian 43% (of which Maronite 23%); seats by party - Muslim 64 (of which Sunni 27, Sh'ite 27, Druze 8, Alawite 2), Christian 64 (of which Maronite 34)

Lesotho: bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (33 members - 22 principal chiefs and 11 other members appointed by the ruling party) and the Assembly (80 seats; members elected by popular vote for five-year terms); note - number of seats in the Assembly rose from 65 to 80 in the May 1998 election; on 28 February 2001, the Senate approved expansion of the Assembly by a further 50 seats in the next election, which may be held as early as January 2002

elections: last held 23 May 1998 (next to be held NA March 2001)

election results: percent of vote by party - LCD 60.7%, BNP 24.5%, other 14.8%; seats by party - LCD 79, BNP 1

note: results contested; opposition parties claimed the election was fraudulent and staged a coup; Southern African Development Community (SADC) forces intervened in September 1998 and restored order; the Interim Political Authority (IPA) was set up in December 1998 to create a new electoral system and conduct new elections.

Liberia: bicameral National Assembly consists of the Senate (26 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve nine-year terms) and the House of Representatives (64 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms)

elections: Senate - last held 19 July 1997 (next to be held in NA 2006); House of Representatives - last held 19 July 1997 (next to be held in NA 2003)

election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NPP 21, UP 3, ALCOP 2; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NPP 49, UP 7, ALCOP 3, Alliance of Political Parties 2, UPP 2, LPP 1; note - the Alliance of Political Parties was a coalition of the LAP and the Liberia Unification Party or LUP

Libya: unicameral General People's Congress (NA seats; members elected indirectly through a hierarchy of people's committees)

Liechtenstein: unicameral Diet or Landtag (25 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote under proportional representation to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held on 9-11 February 2001 (next to be held by NA 2005)

election results: percent of vote by party - FBP 49.90%, VU 41.35%, FL 8.71%; seats by party - FBP 13, VU 11, FL 1

Lithuania: unicameral Parliament or Seimas (141 seats, 71 members are directly elected by popular vote, 70 are elected by proportional representation; members serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 8 October 2000 (next to be held NA October 2004)

election results: percent of vote by party - Social Democratic Coalition 31.1%, New Union/Social Liberals 19.6%, Liberal Union 17.2%, TS 8.6%, remaining parties all less than 5%; seats by party - Social Democratic Coalition 52, Liberal Union 34, New Union/Social Liberals 29, TS 9, Farmer's Party 4, Center Union 2, Poles' Electoral Action 2, Modern Christian Democratic Union 1, independents 3, others 5

Luxembourg: unicameral Chamber of Deputies or Chambre des Deputes (60 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 13 June 1999 (next to be held by NA June 2004)

election results: percent of vote by party - CSV 29.79%, DP 21.58%, LSAP 23.75%, ADR 10.36%, Green Party 9.09%, the Left 3.77%; seats by party - CSV 19, DP 15, LSAP 13, ADR 6, Green Party 5, the Left 2

note: the Council of State or Conseil d'Etat, which has 21 members who are appointed and dismissed by the Grand Duke based on proposals from the government, the Chamber of Deputies, or the Council of State, is an advisory body whose views are considered by the Chamber of Deputies

Macau: unicameral Legislative Council or LEGCO (23 seats; 8 elected by popular vote, 8 by indirect vote, and 7 appointed by the chief executive; members serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 22 September 1996 (next to be held by 15 October 2001)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - APPEM 2, UNIPRO 2, CODEM 1, UDM 1, UPD 1, ANMD 1

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: unicameral Assembly or Sobranje (120 seats - 85 members are elected by popular vote, 35 members come from lists of candidates submitted by parties based on the percentage that parties gain from the overall vote; all serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 18 October and 1 November 1998 (next to be held NA 2002)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - VMRO-DPMNE 43, SDSM 27, PDP 14, DA 13, DPA 11, VMRO-VMRO 6, LDP 4, SP 1, Roma Party 1

Madagascar: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (150 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms); note - the legislature is scheduled to become a bicameral Parliament with the establishment of a Senate; two-thirds of the seats of this Senate will be filled by regional assemblies whose members will be elected by popular vote; the remaining one-third of the seats will be appointed by the president; the total number of seats will be determined by the National Assembly; all members will serve four-year terms

elections: National Assembly - last held 17 May 1998 (next to be held NA 2002)

election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - AREMA 63, LEADER/Fanilo 16, AVI 14, RPSD 11, AFFA 6, MFM 3, AKFM/Fanavaozana 3, GRAD/Iloafo 1, Fihaonana 1, independents 32

Malawi: unicameral National Assembly (193 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 15 June 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results: percent of vote by party - UDF 48%, MCP 34%, AFORD 15%, others 3%; seats by party - UDF 94, MCP 66, AFORD 29, others 4

Malaysia: bicameral Parliament or Parlimen consists of nonelected Senate or Dewan Negara (69 seats; 43 appointed by the paramount ruler, 26 appointed by the state legislatures) and the House of Representatives or Dewan Rakyat (193 seats; members elected by popular vote weighted toward the rural Malay population to serve five-year terms)

elections: House of Representatives - last held 29 November 1999 (next must be held by 20 December 2004)

election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NF 56%, other 44%; seats by party - NF 148, PAS 27, DAP 10, NJP 5, PBS 3

Maldives: unicameral People's Council or Majlis (50 seats; 42 elected by popular vote, 8 appointed by the president; members serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 20 November 1999 (next to be held NA November 2004)

election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 42

Mali: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (147 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 20 July and 3 August 1997 (next to be held in two rounds in 2002); note - much of the opposition boycotted the election

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - ADEMA 130, PARENA 8, CDS 4, UDD 3, PDP 2

Malta: unicameral House of Representatives (usually 65 seats; note - additional seats are given to the party with the largest popular vote to ensure a legislative majority; members are elected by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 5 September 1998 (next to be held by September 2003)

election results: percent of vote by party - PN 51.8%, MLP 46.9%, AD 1.2%; seats by party - PN 35, MLP 30

Man, Isle of: bicameral Tynwald consists of the Legislative Council (a 11-member body composed of the President of Tynwald, the Lord Bishop of Sodor and Man, a nonvoting attorney general, and 8 others named by the House of Keys) and the House of Keys (24 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: House of Keys - last held 21 November 1996 (next to be held NA November 2001)

election results: House of Keys - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - independents 24

Marshall Islands: unicameral Parliament or Nitijela (33 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 15 November 1999 (next to be held NA November 2003)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA

note: the Council of Chiefs is a 12-member body that advises on matters affecting customary law and practice

Martinique: unicameral General Council or Conseil General (45 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms) and a unicameral Regional Assembly or Conseil Regional (41 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms)

elections: General Council - last held NA March 2000 (next to be held NA 2006); Regional Assembly - last held on 15 March 1998 (next to be held by March 2004)

election results: General Council - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; note - the PPM won a plurality; Regional Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - RPR-UDF 14, MIM 13, PPM 7, left parties 4, PMS 3

note: Martinique elects 2 seats to the French Senate; elections last held NA September 1998 (next to be held September 2001); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PPM 2; Martinique also elects 4 seats to the French National Assembly; elections last held 1 June 1997 (next to be held NA 2002); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - RPR 2, PS 1, independent 1

Mauritania: bicameral legislature consists of the Senate or Majlis al-Shuyukh (56 seats; 17 up for election every two years; members elected by municipal leaders to serve six-year terms) and the National Assembly or Majlis al-Watani (79 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: Senate - last held 17 April 1998 (next to be held NA 2001); National Assembly - last held 11 and 18 October 1996 (next to be held NA 2001)

election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PRDS 71, AC 1, independents and other 7

Mauritius: unicameral National Assembly (66 seats - 62 elected by popular vote, 4 appointed by the election commission from the losing political parties to give representation to various ethnic minorities; members serve five-year terms)

elections: last held on 11 September 2000 (next to be held by September 2005)

election results: percent of vote by party - MSM/MMM 52.3%, MLP/PMSD 36.9%, OPR 10.8%; seats by party - MSM/MMM 54, MLP/PMSD 6, OPR 2

Mayotte: unicameral General Council or Conseil General (19 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve three-year terms)

elections: last held 7 October 2000 (next to be held NA 2003)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA

note: Mayotte elects one member of the French Senate; elections last held 24 September 1995 (next to be held 24 September 2001); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - MPM 1; Mayotte also elects one member to the French National Assembly; elections last held 25 May and 1 June 1997 (next to be held as a special election on NA May 2002); results - percent of vote by party - UDF/FD 51.7%, RPR 48.3%; seats by party - UDF/FD 1

Mexico: bicameral National Congress or Congreso de la Union consists of the Senate or Camara de Senadores (128 seats; 96 are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms, and 32 are allocated on the basis of each party's popular vote) and the Federal Chamber of Deputies or Camara Federal de Diputados (500 seats; 300 members are directly elected by popular vote to serve three-year terms; remaining 200 members are allocated on the basis of each party's popular vote, also for three-year terms)

elections: Senate - last held 2 July 2000 for all of the seats (next to be held NA 2006); Chamber of Deputies - last held 2 July 2000 (next to be held NA 2003)

election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PRI 59, PAN 45, PRD 17, PVEM 5, PT 1, PCD 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PRI 211, PAN 208, PRD 50, PVEM 16, PT 7, PCD 3, PSN 3, PAS 2

Micronesia, Federated States of: unicameral Congress (14 seats; members elected by popular vote; four - one elected from each of state - to serve four-year terms and 10 - elected from single-member districts delineated by population - to serve two-year terms)

elections: elections for four-year term seats last held 2 March 1999 (next to be held NA March 2003); elections for two-year term seats last held 6 March 2001 (next to be held NA March 2003)

election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 14

Moldova: unicameral Parliament or Parlamentul (101 seats; parties and electoral blocs, as well as independent candidates, elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 25 February 2001 (next to be held NA 2005)

election results: percent of vote by party - PCM 50.1%, Braghis Alliance 13.4%, PPCD 8.2%, other parties 28.3%; seats by party - PCM 71, Braghis Alliance 19, PPCD 11

Monaco: unicameral National Council or Conseil National (18 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 1 and 8 February 1998 (next to be held NA January 2003)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - UND 18

Mongolia: unicameral State Great Hural (76 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 2 July 2000 (next to be held NA July 2004)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - MPRP 72, other 4

Montserrat: unicameral Legislative Council (11 seats, 7 popularly elected; members serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 11 November 1996 (next to be held by NA November 2001)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PPA 2, MNR 2, NPP 1, independent 2

Morocco: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Chamber of Counselors (270 seats; members elected indirectly by local councils, professional organizations, and labor syndicates for nine-year terms; one-third of the members are renewed every three years) and a lower house or Chamber of Representatives (325 seats; members elected by popular vote for five-year terms)

elections: Chamber of Counselors - last held 15 September 2000 (next to be held NA 2002); Chamber of Representatives - last held 14 November 1997 (next to be held NA November 2002)

election results: Chamber of Counselors - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; Chamber of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - USFP 57, UC 50, RNI 46, MP 40, MDS 32, IP 32, MNP 19, PND 10, MPCD 9, PPS 9, FFD 9, PSD 5, OADP 4, PA 2, PDI 1

note: CDT, UTM, UGTM, UNMT are all labor unions listed under Political pressure groups and leaders; see explanation in the description of Parliament

Mozambique: unicameral Assembly of the Republic or Assembleia da Republica (250 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote on a secret ballot to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 3-5 December 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results: percent of vote by party - Frelimo 48.54%, Renamo-UE 38.81%; seats by party - Frelimo 133, Renamo-UE 117

note: Renamo-UE ran as a multiparty coalition; none of the other opposition parties received the 5% required to win parliamentary seats

Namibia: bicameral legislature consists of the National Council (26 seats; two members are chosen from each regional council to serve six-year terms) and the National Assembly (72 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: National Council - elections for regional councils, to determine members of the National Council, held 30 November-1 December 1998 (next to be held by December 2004); National Assembly - last held 30 November-1 December 1999 (next to be held by December 2004)

election results: National Council - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - SWAPO 21, DTA 4, UDF 1; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - SWAPO 76%, COD 10%, DTA 9%, UDF 3%, MAG 1%, other 1%; seats by party - SWAPO 55, COD 7, DTA 7, UDF 2, MAG 1,

note: the National Council is primarily an advisory body

Nauru: unicameral Parliament (18 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve three-year terms)

elections: last held 9 April 2000 (next to be held NA April 2003)

election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 18

Nepal: bicameral Parliament consists of the National Council (60 seats; 35 appointed by the House of Representatives, 10 by the king, and 15 elected by an electoral college; one-third of the members elected every two years to serve six-year terms) and the House of Representatives (205 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: House of Representatives - last held 3 and 17 May 1999 (next to be held NA May 2004)

election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NC 37.3%, CPN/UML 31.6%, NDP 10.4%, NSP 3.2%, Rastriya Jana Morcha 1.4%, Samyukta Janmorcha Nepal 0.8%, NWPP 0.5%, others 14.8%; seats by party - NC 113, CPN/UML 69, NDP 11, NSP 5, Rastriya Jana Morcha 5, Samyukta Janmorcha Nepal 1, NWPP 1

Netherlands: bicameral States General or Staten Generaal consists of the First Chamber or Eerste Kamer (75 seats; members indirectly elected by the country's 12 provincial councils for four-year terms) and the Second Chamber or Tweede Kamer (150 seats; members directly elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: First Chamber - last held 25 May 1999 (next to be held NA May 2003); Second Chamber - last held 6 May 1998 (next to be held May 2002)

election results: First Chamber - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - CDA 20, VVD 19, PvdA 15, D'66 4, other 17; Second Chamber - percent of vote by party - PvdA 30.0%, VVD 25.3%, CDA 19.3%, D'66 9.3%, other 16.1%; seats by party - PvdA 45, VVD 38, CDA 29, D'66 14, other 24

Netherlands Antilles: unicameral States or Staten (22 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 30 January 1998 (next to be held by NA 2002)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PAR 4, PNP 3, SPA 1, PDB 2, UPB 1, MAN 2, PLKP 3, WIPM 1, SEA 1, DP-St. M 2, FOL 2; no party won enough seats to form a government

note: the government of Prime Minister Miguel POURIER is a coalition of several parties; current seats by party - PAR 4, PNP 3, FOL 2, MAN 2, UPB 2, DP-St. M 2, PDB 1, SEA 1, WIPM 1, other 4

New Caledonia: unicameral Territorial Congress or Congres Territorial (54 seats; members are members of the three Provincial Assemblies or Assemblees Provinciales elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 9 May 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - RPCR 24, FLNKS 12, UNI 6, FCCI 4, FN 4, Alliance pour la Caledonie 3, LKS 1

note: New Caledonia elects 1 seat to the French Senate; elections last held 27 September 1992 (next to be held NA September 2001); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - RPR 1; New Caledonia also elects 2 seats to the French National Assembly; elections last held 25 May-1 June 1997 (next to be held NA 2002); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - RPR 2

New Zealand: unicameral House of Representatives - commonly called Parliament (120 seats; members elected by popular vote in single-member constituencies to serve three-year terms)

elections: last held 27 November 1999 (next must be called by November 2002)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NZLP 49, NP 39, Alliance 10, ACT New Zealand 9, Green Party 7, NZFP 5, UNZ 1

note: NZLP and Alliance formed the government coalition; the National Party became the opposition party

Nicaragua: unicameral National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional (93 seats; members are elected by proportional representation to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 20 October 1996 (next to be held 4 November 2001)

election results: percent of vote by party - Liberal Alliance (ruling party - includes PLC, PALI, PLIUN, and PUCA) 46.03%, FSLN 36.55%, PCCN 3.73%, PCN 2.12%, MRS 1.33%; seats by party - Liberal Alliance 42, FSLN 36, PCCN 4, PCN 3, PRONAL 2, MRS 1, PRN 1, PC 1, PLI 1, AU 1, UNO-96 Alliance 1

Niger: unicameral National Assembly (83 seats, members elected by popular vote for five-year terms)

elections: last held 24 November 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - MNSD-Nassara 38, CDS-Rahama 17, PNDS-Tarayya 16, RDP-Jama'a 8, ANDPS-Zaman Lahiya 4

Nigeria: bicameral National Assembly consists of Senate (109 seats, three from each state and one from the Federal Capital Territory; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) and House of Representatives (360 seats, members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: Senate - last held 20-24 February 1999 (next to be held NA 2003); House of Representatives - last held 20-24 February 1999 (next to be held NA 2003)

election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - PDP 58%, APP 23%, AD 19%; seats by party - PDP 67, APP 23, AD 19; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDP 58%, APP 30%, AD 12%; seats by party - PDP 221, APP 70, AD 69

Niue: unicameral Legislative Assembly (20 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve three-year terms; six elected from a common roll and 14 are village representatives)

elections: last held 19 March 1999 (next to be held NA March 2002)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NPP 9, independents 11

Norfolk Island: unicameral Legislative Assembly (9 seats; members elected by electors who have nine equal votes each but only four votes can be given to any one candidate; members serve three-year terms)

elections: last held 23 February 2000 (next to be held by March 2003)

election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 9

Northern Mariana Islands: bicameral Legislature consists of the Senate (9 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year staggered terms) and the House of Representatives (18 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve two-year terms)

elections: Senate - last held 9 November 1999 (next to be held NA November 2001); House of Representatives - last held 9 November 1999 (next to be held NA November 2001)

election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Republican Party 6, Democratic Party 2, Reform Party 1; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Republican Party 10, Democratic Party 8

note: the Commonwealth does not have a nonvoting delegate in the US Congress; instead, it has an elected official or "resident representative" located in Washington, DC; seats by party - Republican Party 1 (Juan N. BABAUTA)

Norway: modified unicameral Parliament or Storting which, for certain purposes, divides itself into two chambers (165 seats; members are elected by popular vote by proportional representation to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 15 September 1997 (next to be held 10 September 2001)

election results: percent of vote by party - Labor Party 35%, Center Party 7.9%, Conservative Party 14.3%, Christian People's Party 13.7%, Socialist Left Party 6%, Progress Party 15.3%, Liberal Party 4.4%, other parties 1.6%; seats by party - Labor Party 65, Center Party 11, Conservative Party 23, Christian People's Party 25, Socialist Left Party 9, Progress Party 25, Liberal Party 6, other parties 1

note: for certain purposes, the Parliament divides itself into two chambers and elects one-fourth of its membership to an upper house or Lagting

Oman: bicameral Majlis Oman consists of an upper chamber or Majlis al-Dawla (48 seats; members appointed by the monarch; has advisory powers only) and a lower chamber or Majlis al-Shura (83 seats; members elected by limited suffrage, however, the monarch makes final selections and can negate election results; body has some limited power to propose legislation, but otherwise has only advisory powers)

elections: last held NA September 2000 (next to be held NA September 2003)

election results: NA; note - two women were elected for the first time to Majlis al-Shura, about 100,000 people voted

Pakistan: note - Gen. Pervez MUSHARRAF dissolved Parliament following the military takeover of 12 October 1999; bicameral Parliament or Majlis-e-Shoora consists of the Senate (87 seats; members indirectly elected by provincial assemblies to serve six-year terms; one-third of the members up for election every two years) and the National Assembly (217 seats - 10 represent non-Muslims; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: Senate - last held 12 March 1997 (next to be held NA); National Assembly - last held 3 February 1997 (next to be held NA); note - no timetable has yet been given for elections following the military takeover

election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PML/N 30, PPP 17, ANP 7, MQM/A 6, JWP 5, BNP 4, JUI/F 2, PML/J 2, BNM/M 1, PKMAP 1, TJP 1, independents 6, vacant 5; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PML/N 137, PPP 18, MQM/A 12, ANP 10, BNP 3, JWP 2, JUI/F 2, PPP/SB 1, NPP 1, independents 21, minorities 10; note - Gen. Pervez MUSHARRAF dismissed Parliament 15 October 1999

Palau: bicameral Parliament or Olbiil Era Kelulau (OEK) consists of the Senate (16 seats; members elected by popular vote on a population basis to serve four-year terms) and the House of Delegates (16 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: Senate - last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2004); House of Delegates - last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2004)

election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; House of Delegates - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA

Panama: unicameral Legislative Assembly or Asamblea Legislativa (71 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 2 May 1999 (next to be held NA May 2004)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PRD 34, PA 18, PDC 5, PS 4, MOLIRENA 3, PLN 3, Democratic Change 2, PRC 1, MORENA 1

note: legislators from outlying rural districts are chosen on a plurality basis while districts located in more populous towns and cities elect multiple legislators by means of a proportion-based formula

Papua New Guinea: unicameral National Parliament - sometimes referred to as the House of Assembly (109 seats, 89 elected from open electorates and 20 from provincial electorates; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 14-28 June 1997 (next to be held NA June 2002)

election results: percent of vote by party - PPP 15%, Pangu Pati 14%, NA 14%, PDM 8%, PNC 6%, PAP 5%, UP 3%, NP 1%, PUP 1%, independents 33%; seats by party - PPP 16, Pangu Pati 15, NA 15, PDM 9, PNC 7, PAP 5, UP 3, NP 1, PUP 1, independents 37; note - association with political parties is very fluid

Paraguay: bicameral Congress or Congreso consists of the Chamber of Senators or Camara de Senadores (45 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (80 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: Chamber of Senators - last held 10 May 1998 (next to be held NA May 2003); Chamber of Deputies - last held 10 May 1998 (next to be held NA May 2003)

election results: Chamber of Senators - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Colorado Party 25, PLRA 13, PEN 7; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Colorado Party 45, PLRA 26, PEN 9

Peru: unicameral Democratic Constituent Congress or Congresso Constituyente Democratico (120 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 9 April 2000 (next to be held 8 April 2001)

note: many congressmen defected to and then from former President FUJIMORI's coalition in 2000

election results: percent of vote by party - Peru 2000 42.16%, Peru Possible 23.34%, FIM 7.56%, Somos Peru 7.2%, APRA 5.5%, others 14.24%; seats by party - Peru 2000 52, Peru Possible 29, FIM 9, others 30

Philippines: bicameral Congress or Kongreso consists of the Senate or Senado (24 seats - one-half elected every three years; members elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Kapulungan Ng Mga Kinatawan (204 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve three-year terms; note - additional members may be appointed by the president but the Constitution prohibits the House of Representatives from having more than 250 members)

elections: Senate - last held 11 May 1998 (next to be held 14 May 2001); House of Representatives - elections last held 11 May 1998 (next to be held 14 May 2001)

election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - LAMP 12, Lakas 5, PRP 2, LP 1, other 3; note - the Senate now has only 22 members with one seat vacated when Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO became vice president and another seat vacated upon a senator's death; the two seats can only be filled by election and will remain open until the next regular election in May 2001; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - LAMP 135, Lakas 37, LP 13, Aksyon Demokratiko 1, other 35

Pitcairn Islands: unicameral Island Council (10 seats - 6 elected by popular vote, 1 appointed by the 6 elected members, 2 appointed by the governor, and 1 seat for the Island Secretary; members serve one-year terms)

elections: take place each December; last held NA December 2000 (next to be held NA December 2001)

election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - all independents

Poland: bicameral National Assembly or Zgromadzenie Narodowe consists of the Sejm (460 seats; members are elected under a complex system of proportional representation to serve four-year terms) and the Senate or Senat (100 seats; members are elected by a majority vote on a provincial basis to serve four-year terms)

elections: Sejm elections last held 21 September 1997 (next to be held by NA September 2001); Senate - last held 21 September 1997 (next to be held by NA September 2001)

election results: Sejm - percent of vote by party - AWS 33.8%, SLD 27.1%, UW 13.4%, PSL 7.3%, ROP 5.6%, MNSO 0.4%, other 12.4%; seats by party - AWS 201, SLD 164, UW 60, PSL 27, ROP 6, MNSO 2; Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - AWS 51, SLD 28, UW 8, ROP 5, PSL 3, independents 5; note - seats by party in the Sejm as of February 2001: AWS 175, SLD 161, UW 49, PSL 26, PP 6, KdP 7, ROP-PC 4, independents 31, one seat vacant

note: two seats are assigned to ethnic minority parties

Portugal: unicameral Assembly of the Republic or Assembleia da Republica (230 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 10 October 1999 (next to be held by NA October 2003)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PS 115, PSD 81, PCP 15, PP 15, PEV 2, The Left Bloc 2

Puerto Rico: bicameral Legislative Assembly consists of the Senate (28 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) and the House of Representatives (54 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: Senate - last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2004); House of Representatives - last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2004)

election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PNP 19, PPD 7, PIP 1, other 1; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PNP 30, PPD 20, PIP 1, other 3

note: Puerto Rico elects one nonvoting representative to the US House of Representatives; elections last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2004); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PPD 1 (Anibal ACEVEDO-VILA)

Qatar: unicameral Advisory Council or Majlis al-Shura (35 seats; members appointed)

note: the constitution calls for elections for part of this consultative body, but no elections have been held since 1970, when there were partial elections to the body; Council members have their terms extended every four years since

Reunion: unicameral General Council (47 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve six-year terms) and a unicameral Regional Council (45 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve six-year terms)

elections: General Council - last held NA March 1994 (next to be held NA 2000); Regional Council - last held 15 March 1998 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results: General Council - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PCR 12, PS 12, UDF 11, RPR 5, others 7; Regional Council - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PCR 7, UDF 8, PS 6, RPR 4, various right-wing candidates 15, various left-wing candidates 5

note: Reunion elects three representatives to the French Senate; elections last held 14 April 1996 (next to be held NA 2001); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - RPR 1, PCR 2; Reunion also elects five deputies to the French National Assembly; elections last held 25 May and 1 June 1997 (next to be held NA 2002); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PCR 3, PS 1, and RPR-UDF 1

Romania: bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat (140 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote on a proportional representation basis to serve four-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Adunarea Deputatilor (345 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote on a proportional representation basis to serve four-year terms)

elections: Senate - last held 26 November 2000 (next to be held in the fall of 2004); Chamber of Deputies - last held 26 November 2000 (next to be held in the fall of 2004)

election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - PDSR 37.1%, PRM 21.0%, PD 7.6%, PNL 7.5%, UDMR 6.9%; seats by party - PDSR 65, PRM 37, PD 13, PNL 13, UDMR 12; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - PDSR 36.6%, PRM 19.5%, PD 7.0%, PNL, 6.9%, UDMR 6.8%; seats by party - PDSR 155, PRM 84, PD 31, PNL 30, UDMR 27, ethnic minorities 18

Russia: bicameral Federal Assembly or Federalnoye Sobraniye consists of the Federation Council or Sovet Federatsii (178 seats; as of July 2000, members appointed by the top executive and legislative officials in each of the 89 federal administrative units - oblasts, krays, republics, autonomous okrugs and oblasts, and the federal cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg; members serve four-year terms) and the State Duma or Gosudarstvennaya Duma (450 seats; half elected by proportional representation from party lists winning at least 5% of the vote, and half from single-member constituencies; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: State Duma - last held 19 December 1999 (next to be held NA December 2003)

election results: State Duma - percent of vote received by parties clearing the 5% threshold entitling them to a proportional share of the 225 party list seats - KPRF 24.29%, Unity 23.32%, OVR 13.33%, Union of Right Forces 8.52%, LDPR 5.98%, Yabloko 5.93%; seats by party - KPRF 113, Unity 72, OVR 67, Union of Rightist Forces 29, LDPR 17, Yabloko 21, other 16, independents 106, repeat election required 8, vacant 1

Rwanda: unicameral Transitional National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale de Transition (a power-sharing body with 70 seats established on 12 December 1994 following a multiparty protocol of understanding; members were named by their parties, number of seats per party predetermined by the Arusha peace accord)

note: four additional seats, two for women and two for youth, added in 2001

elections: the last national legislative elections were held 16 December 1988 for the National Development Council (the legislature prior to the advent of the Transitional National Assembly); no elections have been held for the Transitional National Assembly as the distribution of seats was predetermined by the Arusha peace accord

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - FPR 13, MDR 13, PSD 13, PL 13, PDC 6, RPA 6, PSR 2, PDI 2, UDPR 2; note - the distribution of seats was predetermined, four additional seats (two for women and two for youth) added in 2001

Saint Helena: unicameral Legislative Council (15 seats, including the speaker, 3 ex officio and 12 elected members; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 9 July 1997 (next to be held NA August 2001)

election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 15

Saint Kitts and Nevis: unicameral National Assembly (14 seats, 3 appointed and 11 popularly elected from single-member constituencies; members serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 6 March 2000 (next to be held by July 2005)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - SKNLP 8, CCM 2, NRP 1

Saint Lucia: bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (11 seats; six members appointed on the advice of the prime minister, three on the advice of the leader of the opposition, and two after consultation with religious, economic, and social groups) and the House of Assembly (17 seats; members are elected by popular vote from single-member constituencies to serve five-year terms)

elections: House of Assembly - last held 23 May 1997 (next to be held NA 2002)

election results: House of Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - SLP 16, UWP 1

Saint Pierre and Miquelon: unicameral General Council or Conseil General (19 seats - 15 from Saint Pierre and 4 from Miquelon; members are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms)

elections: elections last held NA April 2000 (next to be held NA April 2006)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA

note: Saint Pierre and Miquelon elect 1 seat to the French Senate; elections last held NA September 1995 (next to be held NA September 2004); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - RPR 1; Saint Pierre and Miquelon also elects 1 seat to the French National Assembly; elections last held 25 May-1 June 1997 (next to be held NA 2002); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - UDF 1

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: unicameral House of Assembly (21 seats, 15 elected representatives and 6 appointed senators; representatives are elected by popular vote from single-member constituencies to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 28 March 2001 (next to be held by NA March 2006)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - ULP 12, NDP 3

Samoa: unicameral Legislative Assembly or Fono (49 seats - 47 elected by Samoans, 2 elected by non-Samoans; only chiefs (matai) may stand for election to the Fono; members serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 4 March 2001 (next to be held by March 2006)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - HRPP 23, SNDP 13, independents 13

San Marino: unicameral Grand and General Council or Consiglio Grande e Generale (60 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 31 May 1998 (next likely to be held by NA June 2001)

election results: percent of vote by party - PDCS 40.8%, PSS 23.3%, PPDS 18.6%, APDS 9.8%, RC 3.3%, SR 4.2%; seats by party - PDCS 25, PSS 14, PPDS 11, APDS 6, RC 2, SR 2

Sao Tome and Principe: unicameral National Assembly or Assembleia Nacional (55 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 8 November 1998 (next to be held NA November 2003)

election results: percent of vote by party - MLSTP-PSD 56%, PCD 14.5%, ADI 29%; seats by party - MLSTP-PSD 31, ADI 16, PCD 8

Saudi Arabia: a consultative council (90 members and a chairman appointed by the monarch for four-year terms)

Senegal: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (120 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms)

note: the former National Assembly, dissolved in the spring of 2001, had 140 seats

elections: last held 29 April 2001 (next to be held NA 2006)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - SOPI Coalition 89, AFP 11, PS 10, other 10

Seychelles: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (34 seats - 25 elected by popular vote, 9 allocated on a proportional basis to parties winning at least ten percent of the vote; members serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 20-22 March 1998 (next to be held by NA 2003)

election results: percent of vote by party - SPPF 61.7%, UO 26.1%, DP 12.1%; seats by party - SPPF 30, UO 3, DP 1

note: the 9 awarded seats are apportioned according to the share of each party in the total vote

Sierra Leone: unicameral House of Representatives (80 seats - 68 elected by popular vote, 12 filled by paramount chiefs elected in separate elections; members serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 26-27 February 1996 (next to be held NA 2001)

election results: percent of vote by party - SLPP 36.1%, UNPP 21.6%, PDP 15.3%, APC 5.7%, NUP 5.3%, DCP 4.8%, other 11.2%; seats by party - SLPP 27, UNPP 17, PDP 12, APC 5, NUP 4, DCP 3; note - first elections since the former House of Representatives was shut down by the military coup of 29 April 1992

Singapore: unicameral Parliament (83 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 2 January 1997 (next to be held by 26 August 2002)

election results: percent of vote by party - PAP 65% (in contested constituencies), other 35%; seats by party - PAP 81, WP 1, SPP 1; note - subsequent to the election, there was a change in the distribution of seats, the new distribution is as follows: PAP 80, WP 1, SPP 1, vacant 1

Slovakia: unicameral National Council of the Slovak Republic or Narodna Rada Slovenskej Republiky (150 seats; members are elected on the basis of proportional representation to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 25-26 September 1998 (next to be held NA September 2002)

election results: percent of vote by party - HZDS 27%, SDK 26.3%, SDL 14.7%, SMK 9.1%, SNS 9.1%, SOP 8%; seats by party - governing coalition 93 (SDK 42, SDL 23, SMK 15, SOP 13), opposition 57 (HZDS 43, SNS 14)

Slovenia: unicameral National Assembly or Drzavni Zbor (90 seats, 40 are directly elected and 50 are selected on a proportional basis; note - the numbers of directly elected and proportionally elected seats varies with each election; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: National Assembly - last held 15 October 2000 (next to be held NA October 2004)

election results: percent of vote by party - LDS 36%, SDS 16%, ZLSD 12%, SLS/SKD 10%, NSI 9%, SMS 4%, SNS 4%, DeSUS 5%, other 4%; seats by party - LDS 34, SDS 14, ZLDS 11, SLS/SKD 9, NSI 8, SMS 4, SNS 4, DeSUS 4, other 2

note: the National Council or Drzavni Svet is an advisory body with limited legislative powers; it may propose laws and ask to review any National Assembly decisions; in the election of NA November 1997, 40 members were elected to represent local, professional, and socioeconomic interests (next election to be held in the fall of 2002)

Solomon Islands: unicameral National Parliament (50 seats; members elected from single member constituencies by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 6 August 1997 (next to be held by August 2001)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - GNUR 21, PAP 7, NAPSI 5, SILP 4, UP 4, independents 6, other 3

Somalia: unicameral People's Assembly or Golaha Shacbiga

note: fledgling parliament; a transitional 245-member National Assembly began to meet on 13 August 2000 in the town of Arta, Djibouti and is now based in Mogadishu

South Africa: bicameral parliament consisting of the National Assembly (400 seats; members are elected by popular vote under a system of proportional representation to serve five-year terms) and the National Council of Provinces (90 seats, 10 members elected by each of the nine provincial legislatures for five-year terms; has special powers to protect regional interests, including the safeguarding of cultural and linguistic traditions among ethnic minorities); note - following the implementation of the new constitution on 3 February 1997 the former Senate was disbanded and replaced by the National Council of Provinces with essentially no change in membership and party affiliations, although the new institution's responsibilities have been changed somewhat by the new constitution

elections: National Assembly and National Council of Provinces - last held 2 June 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - ANC 66.4%, DP 9.6%, IFP 8.6%, NP 6.9%, UDM 3.4%, ACDP 1.4%, FF 0.8%, other 2.9%; seats by party - ANC 266, DP 38, IFP 34, NP 28, UDM 14, ACDP 6, FF 3, other 11; National Council of Provinces - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - ANC 61, NP 17, FF 4, IFP 5, DP 3

Spain: bicameral; General Courts or National Assembly or Las Cortes Generales consists of the Senate or Senado (259 seats - 208 members directly elected by popular vote and the other 51 appointed by the regional legislatures to serve four-year terms) and the Congress of Deputies or Congreso de los Diputados (350 seats; members are elected by popular vote on block lists by proportional representation to serve four-year terms)

elections: Senate - last held 12 March 2000 (next to be held NA March 2004); Congress of Deputies - last held 12 March 2000 (next to be held NA March 2004)

election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PP 127, PSOE 61, CiU 8, PNV 6, CC 5, PIL 1; Congress of Deputies - percent of vote by party - PP 44.5%, PSOE 34%, CiU 4.2%, IU 5.4%, PNV 1.5%, CC 1%, BNG 1.3%; seats by party - PP 183, PSOE 125, CiU 15, IU 8, PNV 7, CC 4, BNG 3, other 5

Sri Lanka: unicameral Parliament (225 seats; members elected by popular vote on the basis of a modified proportional representation system by district to serve six-year terms)

elections: last held 10 October 2000 (next to be held NA October 2006)

election results: percent of vote by party - PA 45.11%, UNP 40.22%, JVP 6%, NUA 2.29%, SU 1.48%, TULF 1.23%, other 3.67%; seats by party - PA 107, UNP 89, JVP 10, TULF 5, EPDP 4, NUA 4, TELO 3, ACTC 1, SU 1, independent 1

Sudan: unicameral National Assembly (400 seats; 275 elected by popular vote, 125 elected by a supra assembly of interest groups known as the National Congress)

elections: last held 13-23 December 2000 (next to be held NA)

election results: NA; few parties participated in the 2000 elections

note: on 12 December 1999, BASHIR dismissed the National Assembly during an internal power struggle between the president and speaker of the National Assembly Hasan al-TURABI

Suriname: unicameral National Assembly or Nationale Assemblee (51 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 5 May 2000 (next to be held NA May 2005)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NF 33, MC 10, DNP 2000 3, DA '91 2, PVF 2, PALU 1

note: widespread demonstrations during the summer of 1999 led to the calling of elections a year early

Swaziland: bicameral Parliament or Libandla, an advisory body, consists of the Senate (30 seats - 10 appointed by the House of Assembly and 20 appointed by the monarch; members serve five-year terms) and the House of Assembly (65 seats - 10 appointed by the monarch and 55 elected by popular vote; members serve five-year terms)

elections: House of Assembly - last held 16 and 24 October 1998 (next to be held NA 2003)

election results: House of Assembly - balloting is done on a nonparty basis; candidates for election are nominated by the local council of each constituency and for each constituency the three candidates with the most votes in the first round of voting are narrowed to a single winner by a second round

Sweden: unicameral Parliament or Riksdag (349 seats; members are elected by popular vote on a proportional representation basis to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 20 September 1998 (next to be held NA September 2002)

election results: percent of vote by party - Social Democrats 36.5%, Moderates 22.7%, Left Party 12%, Christian Democrats 11.8%, Center Party 5.1%, Liberal Party 4.7%, Greens 4.5%; seats by party - Social Democrats 131, Moderates 82, Left Party 43, Christian Democrats 42, Center Party 18, Liberal Party 17, Greens 16

Switzerland: bicameral Federal Assembly or Bundesversammlung (in German), Assemblee Federale (in French), Assemblea Federale (in Italian) consists of the Council of States or Standerat (in German), Conseil des Etats (in French), Consiglio degli Stati (in Italian) (46 seats - members serve four-year terms) and the National Council or Nationalrat (in German), Conseil National (in French), Consiglio Nazionale (in Italian) (200 seats - members are elected by popular vote on a basis of proportional representation to serve four-year terms)

elections: Council of States - last held in 1999 (each canton determines when the next election will be held); National Council - last held 24 October 1999 (next to be held NA October 2003)

election results: Council of States - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - FDP 18, CVP 15, SVP 7, SPS 6; National Council - percent of vote by party - SPS 22.5%, SVP 22.6%, FDP 19.9%, CVP 15.8%, other small parties all under 5%; seats by party - SPS 51, SVP 44, FDP 43, CVP 35, Greens 9, other small parties 18

Syria: unicameral People's Council or Majlis al-shaab (250 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 30 November-1 December 1998 (next to be held NA 2002)

election results: percent of vote by party - NPF 67%, non-NPF 33%; seats by party - NPF 167, independents 83; note - the constitution guarantees that the Ba'th Party (part of the NPF alliance) receive one-half of the seats

Tajikistan: bicameral Supreme Assembly or Majlisi Oli consists of the Assembly of Representatives (lower chamber) or Majlisi Namoyandagon (63 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and National Assembly (upper chamber) or Majlisi Milliy (33 seats; members are indirectly elected, 25 selected by local deputies, 8 appointed by the president; all to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 27 February and 12 March 2000 for the Assembly of Representatives (next to be held NA 2005) and 23 March 2000 for the National Assembly (next to be held NA 2005)

election results: Assembly of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDPT 65%, Communist Party 20%, Islamic Rebirth Party 7.5%, other 7.5%; seats by party - NA; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA

Tanzania: unicameral National Assembly or Bunge (274 seats - 232 elected by popular vote, 37 allocated to women nominated by the president, five to members of the Zanzibar House of Representatives; members serve five-year terms); note - in addition to enacting laws that apply to the entire United Republic of Tanzania, the Assembly enacts laws that apply only to the mainland; Zanzibar has its own House of Representatives to make laws especially for Zanzibar (the Zanzibar House of Representatives has 50 seats, directly elected by universal suffrage to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 29 October 2000 (next to be held NA October 2005)

election results: National Assembly: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - CCM 244, CUF 16, CHADEMA 4, TLP 3, UDP 2, Zanzibar representatives 5; Zanzibar House of Representatives: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - CCM 34, CUF 16

Thailand: bicameral National Assembly or Rathasapha consists of the Senate or Wuthisapha (200 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Sapha Phuthaen Ratsadon (500 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: Senate - last held 4 March, 29 April, 4 June, 9 July, and 22 July 2000 (next to be held NA March 2004); House of Representatives - last held 6 January 2001 (next to be held NA January 2005)

election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - TRT 248, DP 128, TNP 41, NAP 36, NDP 29, other 18

Togo: unicameral National Assembly (81 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 21 March 1999 (next due to be held NA October 2001)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - RPT 79, independents 2

note: Togo's main opposition parties boycotted the election because of EYADEMA's alleged manipulation of 1998 presidential polling; in March of 1999, opposition parties entered into negotiations with the president over the establishment of an independent electoral commission and a new round of legislative elections, now scheduled for October 2001

Tokelau: unicameral General Fono (45 seats - 15 from each of the three atolls; members chosen by each atoll's Council of Elders or Taupulega to serve three-year terms); note - the Tokelau Amendment Act of 1996 confers legislative power on the General Fono

Tonga: unicameral Legislative Assembly or Fale Alea (30 seats - 12 reserved for cabinet ministers sitting ex officio, nine for nobles selected by the country's 33 nobles, and nine elected by popular vote; members serve three-year terms)

elections: last held NA March 1999 (next to be held NA 2002)

election results: percent of vote - pro-democratic 40%; seats - pro-democratic 5, traditionalist 4

Trinidad and Tobago: bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (31 seats; members appointed by the president for a maximum term of five years) and the House of Representatives (36 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: House of Representatives - last held 11 December 2000 (next to be held by December 2005)

election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote - UNC 58.1%, PNM 40.8%, NAR 1.1%; seats by party - UNC 19, PNM 16, NAR 1

note: Tobago has a unicameral House of Assembly, with 15 members serving four-year terms

Tunisia: unicameral Chamber of Deputies or Majlis al-Nuwaab (182 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 24 October 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results: percent of vote by party - RCD 92%; seats by party - RCD 148, MDS 13, UDU 7, PUP 7, Al-Tajdid 5, PSL 2; note - reforms enabled opposition parties to win up to 20% of seats; the opposition increased number of seats from 19 to 34

Turkey: unicameral Grand National Assembly of Turkey or Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi (550 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 18 April 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - DSP 136, MHP 130, FP 110, DYP 86, ANAP 88; note - as of 7 March 2000 seating was DSP 136, MHP 127, FP 103, DYP 85, ANAP 88 independents 6, vacancies 5

Turkmenistan: under the 1992 constitution, there are two parliamentary bodies, a unicameral People's Council or Halk Maslahaty (more than 100 seats, some of which are elected by popular vote and some of which are appointed; meets infrequently) and a unicameral Assembly or Majlis (50 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: People's Council - NA; Assembly - last held 12 December 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results: Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; note - all 50 elected officials preapproved by President NIYAZOV; most are from the DPT

Turks and Caicos Islands: unicameral Legislative Council (19 seats, of which 13 are popularly elected; members serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 4 March 1999 (next to be held by NA 2003)

election results: percent of vote by party - PDM 52.2%, PNP 40.9%, independent 6.9%; seats by party - PDM 9, PNP 4

Tuvalu: unicameral Parliament or Fale I Fono, also called House of Assembly (12 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 26-27 March 1998 (next to be held by NA 2002)

election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 12

Uganda: unicameral National Assembly (276 members - 214 directly elected by popular vote, 62 nominated by legally established special interest groups and approved by the president - women 39, army 10, disabled 5, youth 5, labor 3; members serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 27 June 1996 (next to be held May or June 2001);

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; note - election campaigning by party was not permitted

Ukraine: unicameral Supreme Council or Verkhovna Rada (450 seats; under Ukraine's new election law, half of the Supreme Council's seats are allocated on a proportional basis to those parties that gain 4% or more of the national electoral vote; the other 225 members are elected by popular vote in single-mandate constituencies; all serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 29 March 1998 (next to be held NA 2002)

election results: percent of vote by party (for parties clearing 4% hurdle on 29 March 1998) - Communist Party 24.7%, Rukh (combined) 9.4%, SPU/SelPU 8.6%, PZU 5.3%, People's Democratic Party 5.0%, Hromada Party 4.7%, Progressive Socialist Party 4.0%, United Social Democratic Party 4.0%; seats by party (as of 25 February 2000) - Communist Party 115, PRVU 36, Fatherland Party 35, United Social Democratic Party 34, People's Democratic Party 27, Trudova Ukrayina Party 27, Rukh K 27, left-center 23, PZU 18, Rukh U 17, SelPU 15, Hromada Party 14, Reforms-Congress 12, independents 14, unaffiliated 31, vacant 5

United Arab Emirates: unicameral Federal National Council or Majlis al-Ittihad al-Watani (40 seats; members appointed by the rulers of the constituent states to serve two-year terms)

elections: none

note: reviews legislation, but cannot change or veto

United Kingdom: bicameral Parliament comprised of House of Lords (consists of approximately 500 life peers, 92 hereditary peers and 26 clergy) and House of Commons (659 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms unless the House is dissolved earlier)

elections: House of Lords - no elections (some proposals for further reform include elections); House of Commons - last held 7 June 2001 (next to be held by NA May 2006)

election results: House of Commons - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Labor 412, Conservative and Unionist 166, Liberal Democrat 52, other 29

note: in 1998 elections were held for a Northern Ireland Parliament (because of unresolved disputes among existing parties, the transfer of power from London to Northern Ireland came only at the end of 1999 and was rescinded in February 2000); in 1999 there were elections for a new Scottish Parliament and a new Welsh Assembly

United States: bicameral Congress consists of Senate (100 seats, one-third are renewed every two years; two members are elected from each state by popular vote to serve six-year terms) and House of Representatives (435 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote to serve two-year terms)

elections: Senate - last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held 4 November 2002); House of Representatives - last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held 4 November 2002)

election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Republican Party 50, Democratic Party 50; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Republican Party 221, Democratic Party 211, independent 2, vacant 1

Uruguay: bicameral General Assembly or Asamblea General consists of Chamber of Senators or Camara de Senadores (30 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and Chamber of Representatives or Camara de Representantes (99 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: Chamber of Senators - last held 31 October 1999 (next to be held NA 2004); Chamber of Representatives - last held 31 October 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results: Chamber of Senators - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Encuentro Progresista 12, Colorado Party 10, Blanco 7, New Sector/Space Coalition 1; Chamber of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Encuentro Progresista 40, Colorado Party 33, Blanco 22, New Sector/Space Coalition 4

Uzbekistan: unicameral Supreme Assembly or Oliy Majlis (250 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 5 December and 19 December 1999 (next to be held NA December 2004)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NDP 48, Self-Sacrificers Party 34, Fatherland Progress Party 20, Adolat Social Democratic Party 11, MTP 10, citizens' groups 16, local government 110, vacant 1

note: not all seats in the last Supreme Assembly election were contested; all parties in the Supreme Assembly support President KARIMOV

Vanuatu: unicameral Parliament (52 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 6 March 1998 (next to be held NA 2002)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - VP 18, UMP 12, NUP 11, other and independent 11; note - political party associations are fluid; there have been four changes of government since the November 1995 elections

note: the National Council of Chiefs advises on matters of custom and land

Venezuela: unicameral National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional; 165 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms; three seats reserved for the indigenous peoples of Venezuela

elections: last held 30 July 2000 (next to be held NA 2005)

election results: Pro-government: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - MVR 92, MAS 6, indigenous 3, other parties 7; Opposition: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - AD 33, COPEI 6, Justice First 5, other parties 13

Vietnam: unicameral National Assembly or Quoc-Hoi (450 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 20 July 1997 (next to be held NA 2002)

election results: percent of vote by party - CPV 92%, other 8% (the 8% are not CPV members but are approved by the CPV to stand for election); seats by party - CPV or CPV-approved 450

Virgin Islands: unicameral Senate (15 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve two-year terms)

elections: last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2002)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Democratic Party 6, ICM 2, independents 7

note: the Virgin Islands elects one non-voting representative to the US House of Representatives; election last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2002); results - Donna M. CHRISTIAN-CHRISTENSON (Democrat) elected

Wallis and Futuna: unicameral Territorial Assembly or Assemblee Territoriale (20 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 16 March 1997 (next to be held NA March 2002)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - RPR 14, other 6

note: Wallis and Futuna elects one senator to the French Senate and one deputy to the French National Assembly; French Senate - elections last held 27 September 1998 (next to be held by NA September 2007); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats - RPR 1; French National Assembly - elections last held 25 May-1 June 1997 (next to be held by NA March 2002); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats - RPR 1

Yemen: a new constitutional amendment ratified on 20 February 2001 created a bicameral legislature consisting of a Shura Council (111 seats; members appointed by the president) and a House of Representatives (301 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms)

elections: last held 27 April 1997 (next to be held 27 April 2003)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - GPC 189, Islah 52, Nasserite Unionist Party 3, National Arab Socialist Baath Party 2, independents 54, election pending 1; latest seats by party: GPC 223, Islah 64, Nasserite Unionist Party 3, National Arab Socialist Baath Party 2, YSP 2, independents 7

Yugoslavia: bicameral Federal Assembly or Savezna Skupstina consists of the Chamber of Republics or Vece Republika (40 seats - 20 Serbian, 20 Montenegrin; members distributed on the basis of party representation in the republican assemblies to serve four-year terms; note - the Assembly passed a new constitutional amendment calling for direct elections for the deputies to the upper chamber) and the Chamber of Citizens or Vece Gradjana (138 seats - 108 Serbian with half elected by constituency majorities and half by proportional representation, 30 Montenegrin with six elected by constituency and 24 proportionally; members serve four-year terms)

elections: Chamber of Republics - last held 24 September 2000 (next to be held NA 2004); Chamber of Citizens - last held 24 September 2000 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results: Chamber of Republics - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - SNP 19, DOS 10, SPS/JUL 7, SRS 2, SPO 1, SNS 1; note - seats are filled on a proportional basis to reflect the composition of the legislatures of the republics of Montenegro and Serbia; since 1998 Serbia has effectively barred Montenegro from its constitutional right to delegate deputies to the Chamber of Republics; Chamber of Citizens - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - DOS 55, SPS/JUL 46, SNP 28, SRS 4, SNS 2, other 3

Zambia: unicameral National Assembly (150 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections: last held 18 November 1996 (next to be held NA December 2001)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - MMD 131, NP 5, Zadeco 2, AZ 2, independents 10

Zimbabwe: unicameral parliament, called House of Assembly (150 seats - 120 elected by popular vote for six-year terms, 12 nominated by the president, 10 occupied by traditional chiefs chosen by their peers, and 8 occupied by provincial governors)

elections: last held 24-25 June 2000 (next to be held NA 2006)

election results: percent of vote by party - ZANU-PF 47.2%, MDC 45.6%, ZANU-Ndonga 0.7%, United Parties 0.7%; seats by party - ZANU-PF 63, MDC 56, ZANU-Ndonga 1

Taiwan: unicameral Legislative Yuan (225 seats - 168 elected by popular vote, 41 elected on the basis of the proportion of nationwide votes received by participating political parties, eight elected from overseas Chinese constituencies on the basis of the proportion of nationwide votes received by participating political parties, eight elected by popular vote among the aboriginal populations; members serve three-year terms) and unicameral National Assembly (300 seats, note - total number of seats has been reduced from 334 to 300 since the last election; members are elected by proportional representation based on the election of the Legislative Yuan and serve four-year terms)

elections: Legislative Yuan - last held 5 December 1998 (next to be held NA December 2001); National Assembly - last held 23 March 1996 (next to be held NA June 2002)

election results: Legislative Yuan - percent of vote by party - KMT 46%, DPP 29%, CNP 7%, independents 10%, other parties 8%; seats by party - KMT 123, DPP 70, CNP 11, independents 15, other parties 6; subsequent to the election there have been some changes in the distribution of seats in the Legislative Yuan due to new party formation and party defections, the new distribution is as follows - KMT 114, DPP 66, PFP 17, NP 9, other/independent 19; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - KMT 55%, DPP 30%, CNP 14%, other 1%; seats by party - KMT 183, DPP 99, CNP 46, other 6

======================================================================

@Life expectancy at birth

Afghanistan: total population: 46.24 years

male: 46.97 years

female: 45.47 years (2001 est.)

Albania: total population: 71.83 years

male: 69.01 years

female: 74.87 years (2001 est.)

Algeria: total population: 69.95 years

male: 68.6 years

female: 71.34 years (2001 est.)

American Samoa: total population: 75.32 years

male: 70.89 years

female: 80.02 years (2001 est.)

Andorra: total population: 83.47 years

male: 80.57 years

female: 86.57 years (2001 est.)

Angola: total population: 38.59 years

male: 37.36 years

female: 39.87 years (2001 est.)

Anguilla: total population: 76.31 years

male: 73.41 years

female: 79.29 years (2001 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda: total population: 70.74 years

male: 68.45 years

female: 73.14 years (2001 est.)

Argentina: total population: 75.26 years

male: 71.88 years

female: 78.82 years (2001 est.)

Armenia: total population: 66.49 years

male: 62.12 years

female: 71.08 years (2001 est.)

Aruba: total population: 78.52 years

male: 75.16 years

female: 82.04 years (2001 est.)

Australia: total population: 79.87 years

male: 77.02 years

female: 82.87 years (2001 est.)

Austria: total population: 77.84 years

male: 74.68 years

female: 81.15 years (2001 est.)

Azerbaijan: total population: 62.96 years

male: 58.65 years

female: 67.49 years (2001 est.)

Bahamas, The: total population: 70.46 years

male: 67.27 years

female: 73.71 years (2001 est.)

Bahrain: total population: 73.2 years

male: 70.81 years

female: 75.67 years (2001 est.)

Bangladesh: total population: 60.54 years

male: 60.74 years

female: 60.33 years (2001 est.)

Barbados: total population: 73.25 years

male: 70.66 years

female: 75.86 years (2001 est.)

Belarus: total population: 68.14 years

male: 62.06 years

female: 74.52 years (2001 est.)

Belgium: total population: 77.96 years

male: 74.63 years

female: 81.46 years (2001 est.)

Belize: total population: 71.19 years

male: 68.91 years

female: 73.57 years (2001 est.)

Benin: total population: 49.94 years

male: 49.02 years

female: 50.88 years (2001 est.)

Bermuda: total population: 77.12 years

male: 75.04 years

female: 79.06 years (2001 est.)

Bhutan: total population: 52.79 years

male: 53.16 years

female: 52.41 years (2001 est.)

Bolivia: total population: 64.06 years

male: 61.53 years

female: 66.72 years (2001 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina: total population: 71.75 years

male: 69.04 years

female: 74.65 years (2001 est.)

Botswana: total population: 37.13 years

male: 36.77 years

female: 37.51 years (2001 est.)

Brazil: total population: 63.24 years

male: 58.96 years

female: 67.73 years (2001 est.)

British Virgin Islands: total population: 75.64 years

male: 74.74 years

female: 76.59 years (2001 est.)

Brunei: total population: 73.82 years

male: 71.45 years

female: 76.31 years (2001 est.)

Bulgaria: total population: 71.2 years

male: 67.72 years

female: 74.89 years (2001 est.)

Burkina Faso: total population: 46.41 years

male: 45.86 years

female: 46.98 years (2001 est.)

Burma: total population: 55.16 years

male: 53.73 years

female: 56.68 years (2001 est.)

Burundi: total population: 46.06 years

male: 45.15 years

female: 46.99 years (2001 est.)

Cambodia: total population: 56.82 years

male: 54.62 years

female: 59.12 years (2001 est.)

Cameroon: total population: 54.59 years

male: 53.76 years

female: 55.44 years (2001 est.)

Canada: total population: 79.56 years

male: 76.16 years

female: 83.13 years (2001 est.)

Cape Verde: total population: 69.21 years

male: 65.93 years

female: 72.6 years (2001 est.)

Cayman Islands: total population: 79.03 years

male: 76.24 years

female: 81.43 years (2001 est.)

Central African Republic: total population: 43.8 years

male: 42.17 years

female: 45.48 years (2001 est.)

Chad: total population: 50.88 years

male: 48.86 years

female: 52.98 years (2001 est.)

Chile: total population: 75.94 years

male: 72.63 years

female: 79.42 years (2001 est.)

China: total population: 71.62 years

male: 69.81 years

female: 73.59 years (2001 est.)

Christmas Island: total population: NA years

male: NA years

female: NA years

Cocos (Keeling) Islands: total population: NA years

male: NA years

female: NA years

Colombia: total population: 70.57 years

male: 66.71 years

female: 74.55 years (2001 est.)

Comoros: total population: 60.41 years

male: 58.2 years

female: 62.68 years (2001 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: total population: 48.94 years

male: 46.96 years

female: 50.98 years (2001 est.)

Congo, Republic of the: total population: 47.57 years

male: 44.38 years

female: 50.85 years (2001 est.)

Costa Rica: total population: 76.02 years

male: 73.49 years

female: 78.68 years (2001 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire: total population: 44.93 years

male: 43.58 years

female: 46.33 years (2001 est.)

Croatia: total population: 73.9 years

male: 70.28 years

female: 77.73 years (2001 est.)

Cuba: total population: 76.41 years

male: 74.02 years

female: 78.94 years (2001 est.)

Cyprus: total population: 76.89 years

male: 74.6 years

female: 79.3 years (2001 est.)

Czech Republic: total population: 74.73 years

male: 71.23 years

female: 78.43 years (2001 est.)

Denmark: total population: 76.72 years

male: 74.12 years

female: 79.47 years (2001 est.)

Djibouti: total population: 51.21 years

male: 49.37 years

female: 53.1 years (2001 est.)

Dominica: total population: 73.6 years

male: 70.74 years

female: 76.61 years (2001 est.)

Dominican Republic: total population: 73.44 years

male: 71.34 years

female: 75.64 years (2001 est.)

Ecuador: total population: 71.33 years

male: 68.52 years

female: 74.28 years (2001 est.)

Egypt: total population: 63.69 years

male: 61.62 years

female: 65.85 years (2001 est.)

El Salvador: total population: 70.03 years

male: 66.43 years

female: 73.81 years (2001 est.)

Equatorial Guinea: total population: 53.95 years

male: 51.89 years

female: 56.07 years (2001 est.)

Eritrea: total population: 56.18 years

male: 53.73 years

female: 58.71 years (2001 est.)

Estonia: total population: 69.73 years

male: 63.72 years

female: 76.05 years (2001 est.)

Ethiopia: total population: 44.68 years

male: 43.88 years

female: 45.51 years (2001 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): total population: NA years

male: NA years

female: NA years

Faroe Islands: total population: 78.59 years

male: 75.12 years

female: 82.06 years

Fiji: total population: 68.25 years

male: 65.83 years

female: 70.78 years (2001 est.)

Finland: total population: 77.58 years

male: 73.92 years

female: 81.36 years (2001 est.)

France: total population: 78.9 years

male: 75.01 years

female: 83.01 years (2001 est.)

French Guiana: total population: 76.3 years

male: 72.97 years

female: 79.79 years (2001 est.)

French Polynesia: total population: 75.01 years

male: 72.67 years

female: 77.46 years (2001 est.)

Gabon: total population: 49.59 years

male: 48.47 years

female: 50.75 years (2001 est.)

Gambia, The: total population: 53.59 years

male: 51.65 years

female: 55.58 years (2001 est.)

Gaza Strip: total population: 71.01 years

male: 69.76 years

female: 72.32 years (2001 est.)

Georgia: total population: 64.57 years

male: 61.04 years

female: 68.28 years (2001 est.)

Germany: total population: 77.61 years

male: 74.47 years

female: 80.92 years (2001 est.)

Ghana: total population: 57.24 years

male: 55.86 years

female: 58.66 years (2001 est.)

Gibraltar: total population: 79.09 years

male: 76.23 years

female: 82.1 years (2001 est.)

Greece: total population: 78.59 years

male: 76.03 years

female: 81.32 years (2001 est.)

Greenland: total population: 68.37 years

male: 64.82 years

female: 72.01 years (2001 est.)

Grenada: total population: 64.52 years

male: 62.74 years

female: 66.31 years (2001 est.)

Guadeloupe: total population: 77.16 years

male: 74.01 years

female: 80.48 years (2001 est.)

Guam: total population: 77.94 years

male: 75.66 years

female: 80.55 years (2001 est.)

Guatemala: total population: 66.51 years

male: 63.85 years

female: 69.31 years (2001 est.)

Guernsey: total population: 79.78 years

male: 76.78 years

female: 82.88 years (2001 est.)

Guinea: total population: 45.91 years

male: 43.49 years

female: 48.42 years (2001 est.)

Guinea-Bissau: total population: 49.42 years

male: 47.12 years

female: 51.78 years (2001 est.)

Guyana: total population: 63.31 years

male: 60.52 years

female: 66.24 years (2001 est.)

Haiti: total population: 49.38 years

male: 47.67 years

female: 51.17 years (2001 est.)

Honduras: total population: 69.35 years

male: 67.51 years

female: 71.28 years (2001 est.)

Hong Kong: total population: 79.67 years

male: 76.97 years

female: 82.55 years (2001 est.)

Hungary: total population: 71.63 years

male: 67.28 years

female: 76.3 years (2001 est.)

Iceland: total population: 79.52 years

male: 77.31 years

female: 81.92 years (2001 est.)

India: total population: 62.86 years

male: 62.22 years

female: 63.53 years (2001 est.)

Indonesia: total population: 68.27 years

male: 65.9 years

female: 70.75 years (2001 est.)

Iran: total population: 69.95 years

male: 68.61 years

female: 71.37 years (2001 est.)

Iraq: total population: 66.95 years

male: 65.92 years

female: 68.03 years (2001 est.)

Ireland: total population: 76.99 years

male: 74.23 years

female: 79.93 years (2001 est.)

Israel: total population: 78.71 years

male: 76.69 years

female: 80.84 years (2001 est.)

Italy: total population: 79.14 years

male: 75.97 years

female: 82.52 years (2001 est.)

Jamaica: total population: 75.42 years

male: 73.45 years

female: 77.49 years (2001 est.)

Japan: total population: 80.8 years

male: 77.62 years

female: 84.15 years (2001 est.)

Jersey: total population: 78.63 years

male: 76.21 years

female: 81.23 years (2001 est.)

Jordan: total population: 77.53 years

male: 75.1 years

female: 80.12 years (2001 est.)

Kazakhstan: total population: 63.29 years

male: 57.87 years

female: 68.97 years (2001 est.)

Kenya: total population: 47.49 years

male: 46.57 years

female: 48.44 years (2001 est.)

Kiribati: total population: 60.16 years

male: 57.25 years

female: 63.22 years (2001 est.)

Korea, North: total population: 71.02 years

male: 68.04 years

female: 74.15 years (2001 est.)

Korea, South: total population: 74.65 years

male: 70.97 years

female: 78.74 years (2001 est.)

Kuwait: total population: 76.27 years

male: 75.42 years

female: 77.15 years (2001 est.)

Kyrgyzstan: total population: 63.46 years

male: 59.2 years

female: 67.94 years (2001 est.)

Laos: total population: 53.48 years

male: 51.58 years

female: 55.44 years (2001 est.)

Latvia: total population: 68.7 years

male: 62.8 years

female: 74.9 years (2001 est.)

Lebanon: total population: 71.52 years

male: 69.13 years

female: 74.03 years (2001 est.)

Lesotho: total population: 48.84 years

male: 47.97 years

female: 49.74 years (2001 est.)

Liberia: total population: 51.41 years

male: 49.96 years

female: 52.91 years (2001 est.)

Libya: total population: 75.65 years

male: 73.53 years

female: 77.88 years (2001 est.)

Liechtenstein: total population: 78.95 years

male: 75.32 years

female: 82.6 years (2001 est.)

Lithuania: total population: 69.25 years

male: 63.3 years

female: 75.5 years (2001 est.)

Luxembourg: total population: 77.3 years

male: 74.02 years

female: 80.8 years (2001 est.)

Macau: total population: 81.69 years

male: 78.88 years

female: 84.64 years (2001 est.)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: total population: 74.02 years

male: 71.79 years

female: 76.43 years (2001 est.)

Madagascar: total population: 55.35 years

male: 53.08 years

female: 57.68 years (2001 est.)

Malawi: total population: 37.08 years

male: 36.61 years

female: 37.55 years (2001 est.)

Malaysia: total population: 71.11 years

male: 68.48 years

female: 73.92 years (2001 est.)

Maldives: total population: 62.56 years

male: 61.39 years

female: 63.8 years (2001 est.)

Mali: total population: 47.02 years

male: 45.84 years

female: 48.24 years (2001 est.)

Malta: total population: 78.1 years

male: 75.64 years

female: 80.79 years (2001 est.)

Man, Isle of: total population: 77.64 years

male: 74.26 years

female: 81.2 years (2001 est.)

Marshall Islands: total population: 65.84 years

male: 64.04 years

female: 67.73 years (2001 est.)

Martinique: total population: 78.41 years

male: 79.11 years

female: 77.69 years (2001 est.)

Mauritania: total population: 51.14 years

male: 49.06 years

female: 53.29 years (2001 est.)

Mauritius: total population: 71.25 years

male: 67.26 years

female: 75.31 years (2001 est.)

Mayotte: total population: 59.83 years

male: 57.77 years

female: 61.96 years (2001 est.)

Mexico: total population: 71.76 years

male: 68.73 years

female: 74.93 years (2001 est.)

Moldova: total population: 64.6 years

male: 60.15 years

female: 69.26 years (2001 est.)

Monaco: total population: 78.98 years

male: 75.04 years

female: 83.12 years (2001 est.)

Mongolia: total population: 64.26 years

male: 62.14 years

female: 66.5 years (2001 est.)

Montserrat: total population: 78.03 years

male: 75.95 years

female: 80.22 years (2001 est.)

Morocco: total population: 69.43 years

male: 67.2 years

female: 71.76 years (2001 est.)

Mozambique: total population: 36.45 years

male: 37.25 years

female: 35.62 years (2001 est.)

Namibia: total population: 40.62 years

male: 42.48 years

female: 38.71 years (2001 est.)

Nauru: total population: 61.2 years

male: 57.7 years

female: 64.88 years (2001 est.)

Nepal: total population: 58.22 years

male: 58.65 years

female: 57.77 years (2001 est.)

Netherlands: total population: 78.43 years

male: 75.55 years

female: 81.44 years (2001 est.)

Netherlands Antilles: total population: 74.94 years

male: 72.76 years

female: 77.22 years (2001 est.)

New Caledonia: total population: 73.02 years

male: 70.08 years

female: 76.11 years (2001 est.)

New Zealand: total population: 77.99 years

male: 75.01 years

female: 81.1 years (2001 est.)

Nicaragua: total population: 69.05 years

male: 67.1 years

female: 71.11 years (2001 est.)

Niger: total population: 41.59 years

male: 41.74 years

female: 41.44 years (2001 est.)

Nigeria: total population: 51.07 years

male: 51.07 years

female: 51.07 years (2001 est.)

Niue: total population: NA years

male: NA years

female: NA years

Norfolk Island: total population: NA years

male: NA years

female: NA years

Northern Mariana Islands: total population: 75.74 years

male: 72.65 years

female: 79.02 years (2001 est.)

Norway: total population: 78.79 years

male: 75.87 years

female: 81.92 years (2001 est.)

Oman: total population: 72.04 years

male: 69.9 years

female: 74.29 years (2001 est.)

Pakistan: total population: 61.45 years

male: 60.61 years

female: 62.32 years (2001 est.)

Palau: total population: 68.89 years

male: 65.77 years

female: 72.19 years (2001 est.)

Panama: total population: 75.68 years

male: 72.94 years

female: 78.53 years (2001 est.)

Papua New Guinea: total population: 63.46 years

male: 61.39 years

female: 65.64 years (2001 est.)

Paraguay: total population: 73.92 years

male: 71.44 years

female: 76.52 years (2001 est.)

Peru: total population: 70.3 years

male: 67.9 years

female: 72.81 years (2001 est.)

Philippines: total population: 67.8 years

male: 64.96 years

female: 70.79 years (2001 est.)

Pitcairn Islands: total population: NA years

male: NA years

female: NA years

Poland: total population: 73.42 years

male: 69.26 years

female: 77.82 years (2001 est.)

Portugal: total population: 75.94 years

male: 72.44 years

female: 79.68 years (2001 est.)

Puerto Rico: total population: 75.76 years

male: 71.28 years

female: 80.48 years (2001 est.)

Qatar: total population: 72.62 years

male: 70.16 years

female: 75.21 years (2001 est.)

Reunion: total population: 72.93 years

male: 69.53 years

female: 76.49 years (2001 est.)

Romania: total population: 70.16 years

male: 66.36 years

female: 74.19 years (2001 est.)

Russia: total population: 67.34 years

male: 62.12 years

female: 72.83 years (2001 est.)

Rwanda: total population: 38.99 years

male: 38.35 years

female: 39.65 years (2001 est.)

Saint Helena: total population: 77.01 years

male: 74.13 years

female: 80.04 years (2001 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis: total population: 71.01 years

male: 68.22 years

female: 73.97 years (2001 est.)

Saint Lucia: total population: 72.57 years

male: 69 years

female: 76.39 years (2001 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon: total population: 77.77 years

male: 75.51 years

female: 80.13 years (2001 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: total population: 72.56 years

male: 70.83 years

female: 74.34 years (2001 est.)

Samoa: total population: 69.5 years

male: 66.77 years

female: 72.37 years (2001 est.)

San Marino: total population: 81.23 years

male: 77.68 years

female: 85.1 years (2001 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe: total population: 65.59 years

male: 64.15 years

female: 67.07 years (2001 est.)

Saudi Arabia: total population: 68.09 years

male: 66.4 years

female: 69.85 years (2001 est.)

Senegal: total population: 62.56 years

male: 60.94 years

female: 64.22 years (2001 est.)

Seychelles: total population: 70.69 years

male: 65.17 years

female: 76.37 years (2001 est.)

Sierra Leone: total population: 45.6 years

male: 42.69 years

female: 48.61 years (2001 est.)

Singapore: total population: 80.17 years

male: 77.22 years

female: 83.35 years (2001 est.)

Slovakia: total population: 73.97 years

male: 69.95 years

female: 78.2 years (2001 est.)

Slovenia: total population: 75.08 years

male: 71.2 years

female: 79.17 years (2001 est.)

Solomon Islands: total population: 71.55 years

male: 69.12 years

female: 74.1 years (2001 est.)

Somalia: total population: 46.6 years

male: 44.99 years

female: 48.25 years (2001 est.)

South Africa: total population: 48.09 years

male: 47.64 years

female: 48.56 years (2001 est.)

Spain: total population: 78.93 years

male: 75.47 years

female: 82.62 years (2001 est.)

Sri Lanka: total population: 72.09 years

male: 69.58 years

female: 74.73 years (2001 est.)

Sudan: total population: 56.94 years

male: 55.85 years

female: 58.08 years (2001 est.)

Suriname: total population: 71.63 years

male: 68.97 years

female: 74.42 years (2001 est.)

Svalbard: total population: NA years

male: NA years

female: NA years

Swaziland: total population: 38.62 years

male: 37.86 years

female: 39.4 years (2001 est.)

Sweden: total population: 79.71 years

male: 77.07 years

female: 82.5 years (2001 est.)

Switzerland: total population: 79.73 years

male: 76.85 years

female: 82.76 years (2001 est.)

Syria: total population: 68.77 years

male: 67.63 years

female: 69.98 years (2001 est.)

Tajikistan: total population: 64.18 years

male: 61.09 years

female: 67.42 years (2001 est.)

Tanzania: total population: 51.98 years

male: 51.04 years

female: 52.95 years (2001 est.)

Thailand: total population: 68.86 years

male: 65.64 years

female: 72.24 years (2001 est.)

Togo: total population: 54.35 years

male: 52.38 years

female: 56.38 years (2001 est.)

Tokelau: total population: NA years

male: NA years

female: NA years

Tonga: total population: 68.25 years

male: 65.83 years

female: 70.78 years (2001 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago: total population: 68.27 years

male: 65.74 years

female: 70.92 years (2001 est.)

Tunisia: total population: 73.92 years

male: 72.35 years

female: 75.62 years (2001 est.)

Turkey: total population: 71.24 years

male: 68.89 years

female: 73.71 years (2001 est.)

Turkmenistan: total population: 61 years

male: 57.43 years

female: 64.76 years (2001 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands: total population: 73.52 years

male: 71.37 years

female: 75.77 years (2001 est.)

Tuvalu: total population: 66.65 years

male: 64.52 years

female: 68.88 years (2001 est.)

Uganda: total population: 43.37 years

male: 42.59 years

female: 44.17 years (2001 est.)

Ukraine: total population: 66.15 years

male: 60.62 years

female: 71.96 years (2001 est.)

United Arab Emirates: total population: 74.29 years

male: 71.84 years

female: 76.86 years (2001 est.)

United Kingdom: total population: 77.82 years

male: 75.13 years

female: 80.66 years (2001 est.)

United States: total population: 77.26 years

male: 74.37 years

female: 80.05 years (2001 est.)

Uruguay: total population: 75.44 years

male: 72.11 years

female: 78.96 years (2001 est.)

Uzbekistan: total population: 63.81 years

male: 60.24 years

female: 67.56 years (2001 est.)

Vanuatu: total population: 60.95 years

male: 59.58 years

female: 62.39 years (2001 est.)

Venezuela: total population: 73.31 years

male: 70.29 years

female: 76.56 years (2001 est.)

Vietnam: total population: 69.56 years

male: 67.12 years

female: 72.19 years (2001 est.)

Virgin Islands: total population: 78.27 years

male: 74.38 years

female: 82.39 years (2001 est.)

Wallis and Futuna: total population: NA years

male: NA years

female: NA years

West Bank: total population: 72.28 years

male: 70.58 years

female: 74.07 years (2001 est.)

World: total population: 63.79 years

male: 62.15 years

female: 65.51 years (2001 est.)

Yemen: total population: 60.21 years

male: 58.45 years

female: 62.05 years (2001 est.)

Yugoslavia: total population: 73.5 years

male: 70.57 years

female: 76.67 years (2001 est.)

Zambia: total population: 37.29 years

male: 37.06 years

female: 37.53 years (2001 est.)

Zimbabwe: total population: 37.13 years

male: 38.51 years

female: 35.7 years (2001 est.)

Taiwan: total population: 76.54 years

male: 73.81 years

female: 79.51 years (2001 est.)

======================================================================

@Literacy

Afghanistan: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 31.5%

male: 47.2%

female: 15% (1999 est.)

Albania: definition: age 9 and over can read and write

total population: 93% (1997 est.)

male: NA%

female: NA%

Algeria: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 61.6%

male: 73.9%

female: 49% (1995 est.)

American Samoa: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 97%

male: 98%

female: 97% (1980 est.)

Andorra: definition: NA

total population: 100%

male: NA%

female: NA%

Angola: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 42%

male: 56%

female: 28% (1998 est.)

Anguilla: definition: age 12 and over can read and write

total population: 95%

male: 95%

female: 95% (1984 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda: definition: age 15 and over has completed five or more years of schooling

total population: 89%

male: 90%

female: 88% (1960 est.)

Argentina: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 96.2%

male: 96.2%

female: 96.2% (1995 est.)

Armenia: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 99%

male: 99%

female: 98% (1989 est.)

Aruba: definition: NA

total population: 97%

male: NA%

female: NA%

Australia: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 100%

male: 100%

female: 100% (1980 est.)

Austria: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 98%

male: NA%

female: NA%

Azerbaijan: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 97%

male: 99%

female: 96% (1989 est.)

Bahamas, The: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 98.2%

male: 98.5%

female: 98% (1995 est.)

Bahrain: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 85.2%

male: 89.1%

female: 79.4% (1995 est.)

Bangladesh: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 56%

male: 63%

female: 49% (2000 est.)

Barbados: definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school

total population: 97.4%

male: 98%

female: 96.8% (1995 est.)

Belarus: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 98%

male: 99%

female: 97% (1989 est.)

Belgium: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 98%

male: NA%

female: NA%

Belize: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 70.3%

male: 70.3%

female: 70.3% (1991 est.)

note: other sources list the literacy rate as high as 75%

Benin: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 37.5%

male: 52.2%

female: 23.6% (2000)

Bermuda: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 98%

male: 98%

female: 99% (1970 est.)

Bhutan: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 42.2%

male: 56.2%

female: 28.1% (1995 est.)

Bolivia: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 83.1%

male: 90.5%

female: 76% (1995 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina: definition: NA

total population: NA%

male: NA%

female: NA%

Botswana: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 69.8%

male: 80.5%

female: 59.9% (1995 est.)

Brazil: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 83.3%

male: 83.3%

female: 83.2% (1995 est.)

British Virgin Islands: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 97.8% (1991 est.)

male: NA%

female: NA%

Brunei: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 88.2%

male: 92.6%

female: 83.4% (1995 est.)

Bulgaria: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 98%

male: 99%

female: 98% (1999)

Burkina Faso: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 19.2%

male: 29.5%

female: 9.2% (1995 est.)

Burma: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 83.1%

male: 88.7%

female: 77.7% (1995 est.)

note: these are official statistics; estimates of functional literacy are likely closer to 30% (1999 est.)

Burundi: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 35.3%

male: 49.3%

female: 22.5% (1995 est.)

Cambodia: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 35%

male: 48%

female: 22% (1990 est.)

Cameroon: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 63.4%

male: 75%

female: 52.1% (1995 est.)

Canada: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 97% (1986 est.)

male: NA%

female: NA%

Cape Verde: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 71.6%

male: 81.4%

female: 63.8% (1995 est.)

Cayman Islands: definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school

total population: 98%

male: 98%

female: 98% (1970 est.)

Central African Republic: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 60%

male: 68.5%

female: 52.4% (1995 est.)

Chad: definition: age 15 and over can read and write French or Arabic

total population: 48.1%

male: 62.1%

female: 34.7% (1995 est.)

Chile: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 95.2%

male: 95.4%

female: 95% (1995 est.)

China: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 81.5%

male: 89.9%

female: 72.7% (1995 est.)

Colombia: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 91.3%

male: 91.2%

female: 91.4% (1995 est.)

Comoros: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 57.3%

male: 64.2%

female: 50.4% (1995 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: definition: age 15 and over can read and write French, Lingala, Kingwana, or Tshiluba

total population: 77.3%

male: 86.6%

female: 67.7% (1995 est.)

Congo, Republic of the: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 74.9%

male: 83.1%

female: 67.2% (1995 est.)

Cook Islands: definition: NA

total population: 95%

male: NA%

female: NA%

Costa Rica: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 94.8%

male: 94.7%

female: 95% (1995 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 48.5%

male: 57%

female: 40%

Croatia: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 97%

male: 99%

female: 95% (1991 est.)

Cuba: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 95.7%

male: 96.2%

female: 95.3% (1995 est.)

Cyprus: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 94%

male: 98%

female: 91% (1987 est.)

Czech Republic: definition: NA

total population: 99.9% (1999 est.)

male: NA%

female: NA%

Denmark: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 100%

male: NA%

female: NA%

Djibouti: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 46.2%

male: 60.3%

female: 32.7% (1995 est.)

Dominica: definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school

total population: 94%

male: 94%

female: 94% (1970 est.)

Dominican Republic: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 82.1%

male: 82%

female: 82.2% (1995 est.)

Ecuador: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 90.1%

male: 92%

female: 88.2% (1995 est.)

Egypt: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 51.4%

male: 63.6%

female: 38.8% (1995 est.)

El Salvador: definition: age 10 and over can read and write

total population: 71.5%

male: 73.5%

female: 69.8% (1995 est.)

Equatorial Guinea: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 78.5%

male: 89.6%

female: 68.1% (1995 est.)

Eritrea: definition: NA

total population: 25%

male: NA%

female: NA%

Estonia: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 100%

male: 100%

female: 100% (1998 est.)

Ethiopia: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 35.5%

male: 45.5%

female: 25.3% (1995 est.)

Faroe Islands: definition: NA

total population: NA%

male: NA%

female: NA%

note: similar to Denmark proper

Fiji: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 91.6%

male: 93.8%

female: 89.3% (1995 est.)

Finland: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 100% (1980 est.)

male: NA%

female: NA%

France: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 99%

male: 99%

female: 99% (1980 est.)

French Guiana: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 83%

male: 84%

female: 82% (1982 est.)

French Polynesia: definition: age 14 and over can read and write

total population: 98%

male: 98%

female: 98% (1977 est.)

Gabon: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 63.2%

male: 73.7%

female: 53.3% (1995 est.)

Gambia, The: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 47.5%

male: 58.4%

female: 37.1% (2001 est.)

Gaza Strip: definition: NA

total population: NA%

male: NA%

female: NA%

Georgia: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 99%

male: 100%

female: 98% (1989 est.)

Germany: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 99% (1977 est.)

male: NA%

female: NA%

Ghana: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 64.5%

male: 75.9%

female: 53.5% (1995 est.)

Gibraltar: definition: NA

total population: above 80%

male: NA%

female: NA%

Greece: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 95%

male: 98%

female: 93% (1991 est.)

Greenland: definition: NA

total population: NA%

male: NA%

female: NA%

note: similar to Denmark proper

Grenada: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 98%

male: 98%

female: 98% (1970 est.)

Guadeloupe: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 90%

male: 90%

female: 90% (1982 est.)

Guam: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 99%

male: 99%

female: 99% (1990 est.)

Guatemala: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 63.6%

male: 68.7%

female: 58.5% (2000 est.)

Guernsey: definition: NA

total population: NA%

male: NA%

female: NA%

Guinea: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 35.9%

male: 49.9%

female: 21.9% (1995 est.)

Guinea-Bissau: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 53.9%

male: 67.1%

female: 40.7% (1997 est.)

Guyana: definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school

total population: 98.1%

male: 98.6%

female: 97.5% (1995 est.)

Haiti: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 45%

male: 48%

female: 42.2% (1995 est.)

Holy See (Vatican City): definition: NA

total population: 100%

male: NA%

female: NA%

Honduras: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 72.7%

male: 72.6%

female: 72.7% (1995 est.)

Hong Kong: definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school

total population: 92.2%

male: 96%

female: 88.2% (1996 est.)

Hungary: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 99%

male: 99%

female: 98% (1980 est.)

Iceland: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 99.9% (1997 est.)

male: NA%

female: NA%

India: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 52%

male: 65.5%

female: 37.7% (1995 est.)

Indonesia: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 83.8%

male: 89.6%

female: 78% (1995 est.)

Iran: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 72.1%

male: 78.4%

female: 65.8% (1994 est.)

Iraq: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 58%

male: 70.7%

female: 45% (1995 est.)

Ireland: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 98% (1981 est.)

male: NA%

female: NA%

Israel: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 95%

male: 97%

female: 93% (1992 est.)

Italy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 98% (1998)

male: NA%

female: NA%

Jamaica: definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school

total population: 85%

male: 80.8%

female: 89.1% (1995 est.)

Japan: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 99% (1970 est.)

male: NA%

female: NA%

Jersey: definition: NA

total population: NA

male: NA

female: NA

Jordan: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 86.6%

male: 93.4%

female: 79.4% (1995 est.)

Kazakhstan: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 98%

male: 99%

female: 96% (1989 est.)

Kenya: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 78.1%

male: 86.3%

female: 70% (1995 est.)

Kiribati: definition: NA

total population: NA%

male: NA%

female: NA%

Korea, North: definition: age 15 and over can read and write Korean

total population: 99%

male: 99%

female: 99% (1990 est.)

Korea, South: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 98%

male: 99.3%

female: 96.7% (1995 est.)

Kuwait: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 78.6%

male: 82.2%

female: 74.9% (1995 est.)

Kyrgyzstan: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 97%

male: 99%

female: 96% (1989 est.)

Laos: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 57%

male: 70%

female: 44% (1999 est.)

Latvia: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 100%

male: 100%

female: 99% (1989 est.)

Lebanon: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 86.4%

male: 90.8%

female: 82.2% (1997 est.)

Lesotho: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 83%

male: 72%

female: 93% (1999 est.)

Liberia: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 38.3%

male: 53.9%

female: 22.4% (1995 est.)

note: these figures are increasing because of the improving school system

Libya: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 76.2%

male: 87.9%

female: 63% (1995 est.)

Liechtenstein: definition: age 10 and over can read and write

total population: 100%

male: 100%

female: 100% (1981 est.)

Lithuania: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 98%

male: 99%

female: 98% (1989 est.)

Luxembourg: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 100%

male: 100%

female: 100% (2000 est.)

Macau: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 90%

male: 93%

female: 86% (1981 est.)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: definition: NA

total population: NA%

male: NA%

female: NA%

Madagascar: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 80%

male: 88%

female: 73% (1990 est.)

Malawi: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 58%

male: 72.8%

female: 43.4% (1999 est.)

Malaysia: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 83.5%

male: 89.1%

female: 78.1% (1995 est.)

Maldives: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 93.2%

male: 93.3%

female: 93% (1995 est.)

Mali: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 31%

male: 39.4%

female: 23.1% (1995 est.)

Malta: definition: age 10 and over can read and write

total population: 88.76%

male: 86.91%

female: 89.55% (1995 census)

Man, Isle of: definition: NA

total population: NA%

male: NA%

female: NA%

Marshall Islands: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 93%

male: 100%

female: 88% (1980 est.)

Martinique: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 93%

male: 92%

female: 93% (1982 est.)

Mauritania: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 46.7%

male: 53.4%

female: 40% (1998 est.)

Mauritius: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 82.9%

male: 87.1%

female: 78.8% (1995 est.)

Mayotte: definition: NA

total population: NA%

male: NA%

female: NA%

Mexico: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 89.6%

male: 91.8%

female: 87.4% (1995 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 89%

male: 91%

female: 88% (1980 est.)

Moldova: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 96%

male: 99%

female: 94% (1989 est.)

Monaco: definition: NA

total population: 99%

male: NA%

female: NA%

Mongolia: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 97%

male: 98%

female: 97.5% (2000)

Montserrat: definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school

total population: 97%

male: 97%

female: 97% (1970 est.)

Morocco: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 43.7%

male: 56.6%

female: 31% (1995 est.)

Mozambique: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 42.3%

male: 58.4%

female: 27% (1998 est.)

Namibia: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 38%

male: 45%

female: 31% (1960 est.)

Nauru: definition: NA

total population: NA%

male: NA%

female: NA%

Nepal: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 27.5%

male: 40.9%

female: 14% (1995 est.)

Netherlands: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 99% (2000 est.)

male: NA%

female: NA%

Netherlands Antilles: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 98%

male: 98%

female: 99% (1981 est.)

New Caledonia: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 91%

male: 92%

female: 90% (1976 est.)

New Zealand: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 99% (1980 est.)

male: NA%

female: NA%

Nicaragua: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 65.7%

male: 64.6%

female: 66.6% (1995 est.)

Niger: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 13.6%

male: 20.9%

female: 6.6% (1995 est.)

Nigeria: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 57.1%

male: 67.3%

female: 47.3% (1995 est.)

Niue: definition: NA

total population: 95%

male: NA%

female: NA%

Northern Mariana Islands: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 97%

male: 97%

female: 96% (1980 est.)

Norway: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 100%

male: NA%

female: NA%

Oman: definition: NA

total population: approaching 80%

male: NA%

female: NA%

Pakistan: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 42.7%

male: 55.3%

female: 29% (1998)

Palau: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 92%

male: 93%

female: 90% (1980 est.)

Panama: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 90.8%

male: 91.4%

female: 90.2% (1995 est.)

Papua New Guinea: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 72.2%

male: 81%

female: 62.7% (1995 est.)

Paraguay: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 92.1%

male: 93.5%

female: 90.6% (1995 est.)

Peru: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 88.7%

male: 94.5%

female: 83% (1995 est.)

Philippines: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 94.6%

male: 95%

female: 94.3% (1995 est.)

Poland: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 99%

male: 99%

female: 98% (1978 est.)

Portugal: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 87.4%

male: NA%

female: NA%

Puerto Rico: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 89%

male: 90%

female: 88% (1980 est.)

Qatar: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 79%

male: 79%

female: 80% (1995 est.)

Reunion: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 79%

male: 76%

female: 80% (1982 est.)

Romania: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 97%

male: 98%

female: 95% (1992 est.)

Russia: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 98%

male: 100%

female: 97% (1989 est.)

Rwanda: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 48%

male: 52%

female: 45% (1995 est.)

Saint Helena: definition: age 20 and over can read and write

total population: 97%

male: 97%

female: 98% (1987 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis: definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school

total population: 97%

male: 97%

female: 98% (1980 est.)

Saint Lucia: definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school

total population: 67%

male: 65%

female: 69% (1980 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 99%

male: 99%

female: 99% (1982 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school

total population: 96%

male: 96%

female: 96% (1970 est.)

Samoa: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 97%

male: 97%

female: 97% (1971 est.)

San Marino: definition: age 10 and over can read and write

total population: 96%

male: 97%

female: 95% (1976 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 73%

male: 85%

female: 62% (1991 est.)

Saudi Arabia: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 62.8%

male: 71.5%

female: 50.2% (1995 est.)

Senegal: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 33.1%

male: 43%

female: 23.2% (1995 est.)

Seychelles: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 58%

male: 56%

female: 60% (1971 est.)

Sierra Leone: definition: age 15 and over can read and write English, Mende, Temne, or Arabic

total population: 31.4%

male: 45.4%

female: 18.2% (1995 est.)

Singapore: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 93.5%

male: 97%

female: 89.8% (1999)

Slovakia: definition: NA

total population: NA%

male: NA%

female: NA%

Slovenia: definition: NA

total population: 99%

male: NA%

female: NA%

Solomon Islands: definition: NA

total population: NA%

male: NA%

female: NA%

Somalia: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 24%

male: 36%

female: 14% (1990 est.)

South Africa: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 81.8%

male: 81.9%

female: 81.7% (1995 est.)

Spain: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 97%

male: NA%

female: NA%

Sri Lanka: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 90.2%

male: 93.4%

female: 87.2% (1995 est.)

Sudan: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 46.1%

male: 57.7%

female: 34.6% (1995 est.)

Suriname: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 93%

male: 95%

female: 91% (1995 est.)

Swaziland: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 76.7%

male: 78%

female: 75.6% (1995 est.)

Sweden: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 99% (1979 est.)

male: NA%

female: NA%

Switzerland: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 99% (1980 est.)

male: NA%

female: NA%

Syria: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 70.8%

male: 85.7%

female: 55.8% (1997 est.)

Tajikistan: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 98%

male: 99%

female: 97% (1989 est.)

Tanzania: definition: age 15 and over can read and write Kiswahili (Swahili), English, or Arabic

total population: 67.8%

male: 79.4%

female: 56.8% (1995 est.)

Thailand: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 93.8%

male: 96%

female: 91.6% (1995 est.)

Togo: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 51.7%

male: 67%

female: 37% (1995 est.)

Tonga: definition: can read and write Tongan and/or English

total population: 98.5%

male: 98.4%

female: 98.7% (1996 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 97.9%

male: 98.8%

female: 97% (1995 est.)

Tunisia: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 66.7%

male: 78.6%

female: 54.6% (1995 est.)

Turkey: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 85%

male: 94%

female: 77% (2000)

Turkmenistan: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 98%

male: 99%

female: 97% (1989 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands: definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school

total population: 98%

male: 99%

female: 98% (1970 est.)

Tuvalu: definition: NA

total population: NA%

male: NA%

female: NA%

Uganda: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 61.8%

male: 73.7%

female: 50.2% (1995 est.)

Ukraine: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 98%

male: 100%

female: 97% (1989 est.)

United Arab Emirates: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 79.2%

male: 78.9%

female: 79.8% (1995 est.)

United Kingdom: definition: age 15 and over has completed five or more years of schooling

total population: 99% (1978 est.)

male: NA%

female: NA%

United States: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 97%

male: 97%

female: 97% (1979 est.)

Uruguay: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 97.3%

male: 96.9%

female: 97.7% (1995 est.)

Uzbekistan: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 99%

male: 99%

female: 99% (yearend 1996)

Vanuatu: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 53%

male: 57%

female: 48% (1979 est.)

Venezuela: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 91.1%

male: 91.8%

female: 90.3% (1995 est.)

Vietnam: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 93.7%

male: 96.5%

female: 91.2% (1995 est.)

Virgin Islands: definition: NA

total population: NA%

male: NA%

female: NA%

Wallis and Futuna: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 50%

male: 50%

female: 50% (1969 est.)

West Bank: definition: NA

total population: NA%

male: NA%

female: NA%

Western Sahara: definition: NA

total population: NA%

male: NA%

female: NA%

Yemen: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 38%

male: 53%

female: 26% (1990 est.)

Yugoslavia: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 93%

male: 97.2%

female: 88.9% (1991)

Zambia: definition: age 15 and over can read and write English

total population: 78.2%

male: 85.6%

female: 71.3% (1995 est.)

Zimbabwe: definition: age 15 and over can read and write English

total population: 85%

male: 90%

female: 80% (1995 est.)

Taiwan: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 86% (1980 est.); note - literacy for the total population has reportedly increased to 94% (1998 est.)

male: 93% (1980 est.)

female: 79% (1980 est.)

======================================================================

@Location

Afghanistan: Southern Asia, north and west of Pakistan, east of Iran

Albania: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Ionian Sea, between Greece and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Algeria: Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Morocco and Tunisia

American Samoa: Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand

Andorra: Southwestern Europe, between France and Spain

Angola: Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Namibia and Democratic Republic of the Congo

Anguilla: Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, east of Puerto Rico

Antarctica: continent mostly south of the Antarctic Circle

Antigua and Barbuda: Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east-southeast of Puerto Rico

Arctic Ocean: body of water between Europe, Asia, and North America, mostly north of the Arctic Circle

Argentina: Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Chile and Uruguay

Armenia: Southwestern Asia, east of Turkey

Aruba: Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, north of Venezuela

Ashmore and Cartier Islands: Southeastern Asia, islands in the Indian Ocean, northwest of Australia

Atlantic Ocean: body of water between Africa, Europe, the Southern Ocean, and the Western Hemisphere

Australia: Oceania, continent between the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean

Austria: Central Europe, north of Italy and Slovenia

Azerbaijan: Southwestern Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Russia

Bahamas, The: Caribbean, chain of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, southeast of Florida

Bahrain: Middle East, archipelago in the Persian Gulf, east of Saudi Arabia

Baker Island: Oceania, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to Australia

Bangladesh: Southern Asia, bordering the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and India

Barbados: Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Venezuela

Bassas da India: Southern Africa, islands in the southern Mozambique Channel, about one-half of the way from Madagascar to Mozambique

Belarus: Eastern Europe, east of Poland

Belgium: Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between France and the Netherlands

Belize: Middle America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, between Guatemala and Mexico

Benin: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Nigeria and Togo

Bermuda: North America, group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, east of North Carolina (US)

Bhutan: Southern Asia, between China and India

Bolivia: Central South America, southwest of Brazil

Bosnia and Herzegovina: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Croatia

Botswana: Southern Africa, north of South Africa

Bouvet Island: Southern Africa, island in the South Atlantic Ocean, south-southwest of the Cape of Good Hope (South Africa)

Brazil: Eastern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean

British Indian Ocean Territory: Southern Asia, archipelago in the Indian Ocean, about one-half the way from Africa to Indonesia

British Virgin Islands: Caribbean, between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east of Puerto Rico

Brunei: Southeastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and Malaysia

Bulgaria: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Romania and Turkey

Burkina Faso: Western Africa, north of Ghana

Burma: Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Bangladesh and Thailand

Burundi: Central Africa, east of Democratic Republic of the Congo

Cambodia: Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos

Cameroon: Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Biafra, between Equatorial Guinea and Nigeria

Canada: Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and North Pacific Ocean, north of the conterminous US

Cape Verde: Western Africa, group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Senegal

Cayman Islands: Caribbean, island group in Caribbean Sea, nearly one-half of the way from Cuba to Honduras

Central African Republic: Central Africa, north of Democratic Republic of the Congo

Chad: Central Africa, south of Libya

Chile: Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean and South Pacific Ocean, between Argentina and Peru

China: Eastern Asia, bordering the East China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea, and South China Sea, between North Korea and Vietnam

Christmas Island: Southeastern Asia, island in the Indian Ocean, south of Indonesia

Clipperton Island: Middle America, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean, 1,120 km southwest of Mexico

Cocos (Keeling) Islands: Southeastern Asia, group of islands in the Indian Ocean, south of Indonesia, about one-half of the way from Australia to Sri Lanka

Colombia: Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, between Panama and Venezuela, and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Ecuador and Panama

Comoros: Southern Africa, group of islands in the Mozambique Channel, about two-thirds of the way between northern Madagascar and northern Mozambique

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: Central Africa, northeast of Angola

Congo, Republic of the: Western Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Angola and Gabon

Cook Islands: Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand

Coral Sea Islands: Oceania, islands in the Coral Sea, northeast of Australia

Costa Rica: Middle America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Nicaragua and Panama

Cote d'Ivoire: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Ghana and Liberia

Croatia: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia

Cuba: Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, south of Florida

Cyprus: Middle East, island in the Mediterranean Sea, south of Turkey

Czech Republic: Central Europe, southeast of Germany

Denmark: Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, on a peninsula north of Germany (Jutland); also includes two major islands (Sjaeland and Fyn)

Djibouti: Eastern Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea, between Eritrea and Somalia

Dominica: Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, about one-half of the way from Puerto Rico to Trinidad and Tobago

Dominican Republic: Caribbean, eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola, between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east of Haiti

Ecuador: Western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean at the Equator, between Colombia and Peru

Egypt: Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip

El Salvador: Middle America, bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Guatemala and Honduras

Equatorial Guinea: Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Biafra, between Cameroon and Gabon

Eritrea: Eastern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Djibouti and Sudan

Estonia: Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland, between Latvia and Russia

Ethiopia: Eastern Africa, west of Somalia

Europa Island: Southern Africa, island in the Mozambique Channel, about one-half of the way from southern Madagascar to southern Mozambique

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): Southern South America, islands in the South Atlantic Ocean, east of southern Argentina

Faroe Islands: Northern Europe, island group between the Norwegian Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, about one-half of the way from Iceland to Norway

Fiji: Oceania, island group in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand

Finland: Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Sweden and Russia

France: Western Europe, bordering the Bay of Biscay and English Channel, between Belgium and Spain, southeast of the UK; bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Italy and Spain

French Guiana: Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Brazil and Suriname

French Polynesia: Oceania, archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from South America to Australia

French Southern and Antarctic Lands: south of Africa, islands in the southern Indian Ocean, about equidistant between Africa, Antarctica, and Australia; note - French Southern and Antarctic Lands includes Ile Amsterdam, Ile Saint-Paul, Iles Crozet, and Iles Kerguelen in the southern Indian Ocean, along with the French-claimed sector of Antarctica, "Adelie Land"; the US does not recognize the French claim to "Adelie Land"

Gabon: Western Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean at the Equator, between Republic of the Congo and Equatorial Guinea

Gambia, The: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and Senegal

Gaza Strip: Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and Israel

Georgia: Southwestern Asia, bordering the Black Sea, between Turkey and Russia

Germany: Central Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, between the Netherlands and Poland, south of Denmark

Ghana: Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Cote d'Ivoire and Togo

Gibraltar: Southwestern Europe, bordering the Strait of Gibraltar, which links the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, on the southern coast of Spain

Glorioso Islands: Southern Africa, group of islands in the Indian Ocean, northwest of Madagascar

Greece: Southern Europe, bordering the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea, between Albania and Turkey

Greenland: Northern North America, island between the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Canada

Grenada: Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean, north of Trinidad and Tobago

Guadeloupe: Caribbean, islands in the eastern Caribbean Sea, southeast of Puerto Rico

Guam: Oceania, island in the North Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters of the way from Hawaii to the Philippines

Guatemala: Middle America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, between Honduras and Belize and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between El Salvador and Mexico

Guernsey: Western Europe, islands in the English Channel, northwest of France

Guinea: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea-Bissau and Sierra Leone

Guinea-Bissau: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea and Senegal

Guyana: Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Suriname and Venezuela

Haiti: Caribbean, western one-third of the island of Hispaniola, between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, west of the Dominican Republic

Heard Island and McDonald Islands: Southern Africa, islands in the Indian Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Madagascar to Antarctica

Holy See (Vatican City): Southern Europe, an enclave of Rome (Italy)

Honduras: Middle America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, between Guatemala and Nicaragua and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between El Salvador and Nicaragua

Hong Kong: Eastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and China

Howland Island: Oceania, island in the North Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to Australia

Hungary: Central Europe, northwest of Romania

Iceland: Northern Europe, island between the Greenland Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, northwest of the UK

India: Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and Pakistan

Indian Ocean: body of water between Africa, the Southern Ocean, Asia, and Australia

Indonesia: Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Iran: Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and the Caspian Sea, between Iraq and Pakistan

Iraq: Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf, between Iran and Kuwait

Ireland: Western Europe, occupying five-sixths of the island of Ireland in the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Great Britain

Israel: Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and Lebanon

Italy: Southern Europe, a peninsula extending into the central Mediterranean Sea, northeast of Tunisia

Jamaica: Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, south of Cuba

Jan Mayen: Northern Europe, island between the Greenland Sea and the Norwegian Sea, northeast of Iceland

Japan: Eastern Asia, island chain between the North Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan, east of the Korean Peninsula

Jarvis Island: Oceania, island in the South Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to the Cook Islands

Jersey: Western Europe, island in the English Channel, northwest of France

Johnston Atoll: Oceania, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean 717 NM (1328 km) southwest of Honolulu, Hawaii, about one-third of the way from Hawaii to the Marshall Islands

Jordan: Middle East, northwest of Saudi Arabia

Juan de Nova Island: Southern Africa, island in the Mozambique Channel, about one-third of the way between Madagascar and Mozambique

Kazakhstan: Central Asia, northwest of China

Kenya: Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Somalia and Tanzania

Kingman Reef: Oceania, reef in the North Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to American Samoa

Kiribati: Oceania, group of islands in the Pacific Ocean, straddling the equator, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to Australia; note - on 1 January 1995, Kiribati proclaimed that all of its territory lies in the same time zone as its Gilbert Islands group (GMT +12) even though the Phoenix Islands and the Line Islands under its jurisdiction lie on the other side of the International Date Line

Korea, North: Eastern Asia, northern half of the Korean Peninsula bordering the Korea Bay and the Sea of Japan, between China and South Korea

Korea, South: Eastern Asia, southern half of the Korean Peninsula bordering the Sea of Japan and the Yellow Sea

Kuwait: Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf, between Iraq and Saudi Arabia

Kyrgyzstan: Central Asia, west of China

Laos: Southeastern Asia, northeast of Thailand, west of Vietnam

Latvia: Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, between Estonia and Lithuania

Lebanon: Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Israel and Syria

Lesotho: Southern Africa, an enclave of South Africa

Liberia: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Cote d'Ivoire and Sierra Leone

Libya: Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and Tunisia

Liechtenstein: Central Europe, between Austria and Switzerland

Lithuania: Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, between Latvia and Russia

Luxembourg: Western Europe, between France and Germany

Macau: Eastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and China

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: Southeastern Europe, north of Greece

Madagascar: Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Mozambique

Malawi: Southern Africa, east of Zambia

Malaysia: Southeastern Asia, peninsula and northern one-third of the island of Borneo, bordering Indonesia and the South China Sea, south of Vietnam

Maldives: Southern Asia, group of atolls in the Indian Ocean, south-southwest of India

Mali: Western Africa, southwest of Algeria

Malta: Southern Europe, islands in the Mediterranean Sea, south of Sicily (Italy)

Man, Isle of: Western Europe, island in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland

Marshall Islands: Oceania, group of atolls and reefs in the North Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to Papua New Guinea

Martinique: Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, north of Trinidad and Tobago

Mauritania: Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Senegal and Western Sahara

Mauritius: Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar

Mayotte: Southern Africa, island in the Mozambique Channel, about one-half of the way from northern Madagascar to northern Mozambique

Mexico: Middle America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, between Belize and the US and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Guatemala and the US

Micronesia, Federated States of: Oceania, island group in the North Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters of the way from Hawaii to Indonesia

Midway Islands: Oceania, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean, about one-third of the way from Honolulu to Tokyo

Moldova: Eastern Europe, northeast of Romania

Monaco: Western Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea on the southern coast of France, near the border with Italy

Mongolia: Northern Asia, between China and Russia

Montserrat: Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, southeast of Puerto Rico

Morocco: Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and Western Sahara

Mozambique: Southern Africa, bordering the Mozambique Channel, between South Africa and Tanzania

Namibia: Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Angola and South Africa

Nauru: Oceania, island in the South Pacific Ocean, south of the Marshall Islands

Navassa Island: Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, about one-fourth of the way from Haiti to Jamaica

Nepal: Southern Asia, between China and India

Netherlands: Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between Belgium and Germany

Netherlands Antilles: Caribbean, two island groups in the Caribbean Sea - one includes Curacao and Bonaire north of Venezuela; the other is east of the Virgin Islands

New Caledonia: Oceania, islands in the South Pacific Ocean, east of Australia

New Zealand: Oceania, islands in the South Pacific Ocean, southeast of Australia

Nicaragua: Middle America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Costa Rica and Honduras

Niger: Western Africa, southeast of Algeria

Nigeria: Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Benin and Cameroon

Niue: Oceania, island in the South Pacific Ocean, east of Tonga

Norfolk Island: Oceania, island in the South Pacific Ocean, east of Australia

Northern Mariana Islands: Oceania, islands in the North Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters of the way from Hawaii to the Philippines

Norway: Northern Europe, bordering the North Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Sweden

Oman: Middle East, bordering the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, and Persian Gulf, between Yemen and UAE

Pacific Ocean: body of water between the Southern Ocean, Asia, Australia, and the Western Hemisphere

Pakistan: Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea, between India on the east and Iran and Afghanistan on the west and China in the north

Palau: Oceania, group of islands in the North Pacific Ocean, southeast of the Philippines

Palmyra Atoll: Oceania, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to American Samoa

Panama: Middle America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Colombia and Costa Rica

Papua New Guinea: Southeastern Asia, group of islands including the eastern half of the island of New Guinea between the Coral Sea and the South Pacific Ocean, east of Indonesia

Paracel Islands: Southeastern Asia, group of small islands and reefs in the South China Sea, about one-third of the way from central Vietnam to the northern Philippines

Paraguay: Central South America, northeast of Argentina

Peru: Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador

Philippines: Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Philippine Sea and the South China Sea, east of Vietnam

Pitcairn Islands: Oceania, islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Peru to New Zealand

Poland: Central Europe, east of Germany

Portugal: Southwestern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Spain

Puerto Rico: Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east of the Dominican Republic

Qatar: Middle East, peninsula bordering the Persian Gulf and Saudi Arabia

Reunion: Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar

Romania: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine

Russia: Northern Asia (that part west of the Urals is sometimes included with Europe), bordering the Arctic Ocean, between Europe and the North Pacific Ocean

Rwanda: Central Africa, east of Democratic Republic of the Congo

Saint Helena: islands in the South Atlantic Ocean, about mid-way between South America and Africa

Saint Kitts and Nevis: Caribbean, islands in the Caribbean Sea, about one-third of the way from Puerto Rico to Trinidad and Tobago

Saint Lucia: Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic Ocean, north of Trinidad and Tobago

Saint Pierre and Miquelon: Northern North America, islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, south of Newfoundland (Canada)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: Caribbean, islands in the Caribbean Sea, north of Trinidad and Tobago

Samoa: Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand

San Marino: Southern Europe, an enclave in central Italy

Sao Tome and Principe: Western Africa, islands in the Gulf of Guinea, straddling the Equator, west of Gabon

Saudi Arabia: Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, north of Yemen

Senegal: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea-Bissau and Mauritania

Seychelles: Eastern Africa, group of islands in the Indian Ocean, northeast of Madagascar

Sierra Leone: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea and Liberia

Singapore: Southeastern Asia, islands between Malaysia and Indonesia

Slovakia: Central Europe, south of Poland

Slovenia: Southeastern Europe, eastern Alps bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Austria and Croatia

Solomon Islands: Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, east of Papua New Guinea

Somalia: Eastern Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, east of Ethiopia

South Africa: Southern Africa, at the southern tip of the continent of Africa

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: Southern South America, islands in the South Atlantic Ocean, east of the tip of South America

Southern Ocean: body of water between 60 degrees south latitude and Antarctica

Spain: Southwestern Europe, bordering the Bay of Biscay, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, and Pyrenees Mountains, southwest of France

Spratly Islands: Southeastern Asia, group of reefs and islands in the South China Sea, about two-thirds of the way from southern Vietnam to the southern Philippines

Sri Lanka: Southern Asia, island in the Indian Ocean, south of India

Sudan: Northern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Egypt and Eritrea

Suriname: Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between French Guiana and Guyana

Svalbard: Northern Europe, islands between the Arctic Ocean, Barents Sea, Greenland Sea, and Norwegian Sea, north of Norway

Swaziland: Southern Africa, between Mozambique and South Africa

Sweden: Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, Kattegat, and Skagerrak, between Finland and Norway

Switzerland: Central Europe, east of France, north of Italy

Syria: Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Lebanon and Turkey

Tajikistan: Central Asia, west of China

Tanzania: Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Kenya and Mozambique

Thailand: Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand, southeast of Burma

Togo: Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Benin, between Benin and Ghana

Tokelau: Oceania, group of three islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand

Tonga: Oceania, archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand

Trinidad and Tobago: Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Venezuela

Tromelin Island: Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar

Tunisia: Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and Libya

Turkey: southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (that portion of Turkey west of the Bosporus is geographically part of Europe), bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria

Turkmenistan: Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Kazakhstan

Turks and Caicos Islands: Caribbean, two island groups in the North Atlantic Ocean, southeast of The Bahamas

Tuvalu: Oceania, island group consisting of nine coral atolls in the South Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to Australia

Uganda: Eastern Africa, west of Kenya

Ukraine: Eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Poland and Russia

United Arab Emirates: Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf, between Oman and Saudi Arabia

United Kingdom: Western Europe, islands including the northern one-sixth of the island of Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France

United States: North America, bordering both the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Pacific Ocean, between Canada and Mexico

Uruguay: Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Argentina and Brazil

Uzbekistan: Central Asia, north of Afghanistan

Vanuatu: Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters of the way from Hawaii to Australia

Venezuela: Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, between Colombia and Guyana

Vietnam: Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, Gulf of Tonkin, and South China Sea, alongside China, Laos, and Cambodia

Virgin Islands: Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east of Puerto Rico

Wake Island: Oceania, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to the Northern Mariana Islands

Wallis and Futuna: Oceania, islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand

West Bank: Middle East, west of Jordan

Western Sahara: Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Mauritania and Morocco

Yemen: Middle East, bordering the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Red Sea, between Oman and Saudi Arabia

Yugoslavia: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina

Zambia: Southern Africa, east of Angola

Zimbabwe: Southern Africa, between South Africa and Zambia

Taiwan: Eastern Asia, islands bordering the East China Sea, Philippine Sea, South China Sea, and Taiwan Strait, north of the Philippines, off the southeastern coast of China

======================================================================

@Map references

Afghanistan: Asia

Albania: Europe

Algeria: Africa

American Samoa: Oceania

Andorra: Europe

Angola: Africa

Anguilla: Central America and the Caribbean

Antarctica: Antarctic Region

Antigua and Barbuda: Central America and the Caribbean

Arctic Ocean: Arctic Region

Argentina: South America

Armenia: Commonwealth of Independent States

Aruba: Central America and the Caribbean

Ashmore and Cartier Islands: Southeast Asia

Atlantic Ocean: World

Australia: Oceania

Austria: Europe

Azerbaijan: Commonwealth of Independent States

Bahamas, The: Central America and the Caribbean

Bahrain: Middle East

Baker Island: Oceania

Bangladesh: Asia

Barbados: Central America and the Caribbean

Bassas da India: Africa

Belarus: Commonwealth of Independent States

Belgium: Europe

Belize: Central America and the Caribbean

Benin: Africa

Bermuda: North America

Bhutan: Asia

Bolivia: South America

Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Europe

Botswana: Africa

Bouvet Island: Antarctic Region

Brazil: South America

British Indian Ocean Territory: World

British Virgin Islands: Central America and the Caribbean

Brunei: Southeast Asia

Bulgaria: Europe

Burkina Faso: Africa

Burma: Southeast Asia

Burundi: Africa

Cambodia: Southeast Asia

Cameroon: Africa

Canada: North America

Cape Verde: World

Cayman Islands: Central America and the Caribbean

Central African Republic: Africa

Chad: Africa

Chile: South America

China: Asia

Christmas Island: Southeast Asia

Clipperton Island: World

Cocos (Keeling) Islands: Southeast Asia

Colombia: South America, Central America and the Caribbean

Comoros: Africa

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: Africa

Congo, Republic of the: Africa

Cook Islands: Oceania

Coral Sea Islands: Oceania

Costa Rica: Central America and the Caribbean

Cote d'Ivoire: Africa

Croatia: Europe

Cuba: Central America and the Caribbean

Cyprus: Middle East

Czech Republic: Europe

Denmark: Europe

Djibouti: Africa

Dominica: Central America and the Caribbean

Dominican Republic: Central America and the Caribbean

Ecuador: South America

Egypt: Africa

El Salvador: Central America and the Caribbean

Equatorial Guinea: Africa

Eritrea: Africa

Estonia: Europe

Ethiopia: Africa

Europa Island: Africa

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): South America

Faroe Islands: Europe

Fiji: Oceania

Finland: Europe

France: Europe

French Guiana: South America

French Polynesia: Oceania

French Southern and Antarctic Lands: Antarctic Region

Gabon: Africa

Gambia, The: Africa

Gaza Strip: Middle East

Georgia: Commonwealth of Independent States

Germany: Europe

Ghana: Africa

Gibraltar: Europe

Glorioso Islands: Africa

Greece: Europe

Greenland: Arctic Region

Grenada: Central America and the Caribbean

Guadeloupe: Central America and the Caribbean

Guam: Oceania

Guatemala: Central America and the Caribbean

Guernsey: Europe

Guinea: Africa

Guinea-Bissau: Africa

Guyana: South America

Haiti: Central America and the Caribbean

Heard Island and McDonald Islands: Antarctic Region

Holy See (Vatican City): Europe

Honduras: Central America and the Caribbean

Hong Kong: Southeast Asia

Howland Island: Oceania

Hungary: Europe

Iceland: Arctic Region

India: Asia

Indian Ocean: World

Indonesia: Southeast Asia

Iran: Middle East

Iraq: Middle East

Ireland: Europe

Israel: Middle East

Italy: Europe

Jamaica: Central America and the Caribbean

Jan Mayen: Arctic Region

Japan: Asia

Jarvis Island: Oceania

Jersey: Europe

Johnston Atoll: Oceania

Jordan: Middle East

Juan de Nova Island: Africa

Kazakhstan: Commonwealth of Independent States

Kenya: Africa

Kingman Reef: Oceania

Kiribati: Oceania

Korea, North: Asia

Korea, South: Asia

Kuwait: Middle East

Kyrgyzstan: Commonwealth of Independent States

Laos: Southeast Asia

Latvia: Europe

Lebanon: Middle East

Lesotho: Africa

Liberia: Africa

Libya: Africa

Liechtenstein: Europe

Lithuania: Europe

Luxembourg: Europe

Macau: Southeast Asia

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: Europe

Madagascar: Africa

Malawi: Africa

Malaysia: Southeast Asia

Maldives: Asia

Mali: Africa

Malta: Europe

Man, Isle of: Europe

Marshall Islands: Oceania

Martinique: Central America and the Caribbean

Mauritania: Africa

Mauritius: World

Mayotte: Africa

Mexico: North America

Micronesia, Federated States of: Oceania

Midway Islands: Oceania

Moldova: Commonwealth of Independent States

Monaco: Europe

Mongolia: Asia

Montserrat: Central America and the Caribbean

Morocco: Africa

Mozambique: Africa

Namibia: Africa

Nauru: Oceania

Navassa Island: Central America and the Caribbean

Nepal: Asia

Netherlands: Europe

Netherlands Antilles: Central America and the Caribbean

New Caledonia: Oceania

New Zealand: Oceania

Nicaragua: Central America and the Caribbean

Niger: Africa

Nigeria: Africa

Niue: Oceania

Norfolk Island: Oceania

Northern Mariana Islands: Oceania

Norway: Europe

Oman: Middle East

Pacific Ocean: World

Pakistan: Asia

Palau: Oceania

Palmyra Atoll: Oceania

Panama: Central America and the Caribbean

Papua New Guinea: Oceania

Paracel Islands: Southeast Asia

Paraguay: South America

Peru: South America

Philippines: Southeast Asia

Pitcairn Islands: Oceania

Poland: Europe

Portugal: Europe

Puerto Rico: Central America and the Caribbean

Qatar: Middle East

Reunion: World

Romania: Europe

Russia: Asia

Rwanda: Africa

Saint Helena: Africa

Saint Kitts and Nevis: Central America and the Caribbean

Saint Lucia: Central America and the Caribbean

Saint Pierre and Miquelon: North America

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: Central America and the Caribbean

Samoa: Oceania

San Marino: Europe

Sao Tome and Principe: Africa

Saudi Arabia: Middle East

Senegal: Africa

Seychelles: Africa

Sierra Leone: Africa

Singapore: Southeast Asia

Slovakia: Europe

Slovenia: Europe

Solomon Islands: Oceania

Somalia: Africa

South Africa: Africa

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: Antarctic Region

Southern Ocean: Antarctic Region

Spain: Europe

Spratly Islands: Southeast Asia

Sri Lanka: Asia

Sudan: Africa

Suriname: South America

Svalbard: Arctic Region

Swaziland: Africa

Sweden: Europe

Switzerland: Europe

Syria: Middle East

Tajikistan: Commonwealth of Independent States

Tanzania: Africa

Thailand: Southeast Asia

Togo: Africa

Tokelau: Oceania

Tonga: Oceania

Trinidad and Tobago: Central America and the Caribbean

Tromelin Island: Africa

Tunisia: Africa

Turkey: Middle East

Turkmenistan: Commonwealth of Independent States

Turks and Caicos Islands: Central America and the Caribbean

Tuvalu: Oceania

Uganda: Africa

Ukraine: Commonwealth of Independent States

United Arab Emirates: Middle East

United Kingdom: Europe

United States: North America

Uruguay: South America

Uzbekistan: Commonwealth of Independent States

Vanuatu: Oceania

Venezuela: South America, Central America and the Caribbean

Vietnam: Southeast Asia

Virgin Islands: Central America and the Caribbean

Wake Island: Oceania

Wallis and Futuna: Oceania

West Bank: Middle East

Western Sahara: Africa

World: World, Time Zones

Yemen: Middle East

Yugoslavia: Europe

Zambia: Africa

Zimbabwe: Africa

Taiwan: Southeast Asia

======================================================================

@Maritime claims

Afghanistan: none (landlocked)

Albania: continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

territorial sea: 12 NM

Algeria: exclusive fishing zone: 32-52 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

American Samoa: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Andorra: none (landlocked)

Angola: contiguous zone: 24 NM

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Anguilla: exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 3 NM

Antarctica: none; twenty of 27 Antarctic consultative nations have made no claims to Antarctic territory (although Russia and the US have reserved the right to do so) and do not recognize the claims of the other nations; also see the Disputes - international entry

Antigua and Barbuda: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Argentina: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Armenia: none (landlocked)

Aruba: territorial sea: 12 NM

Ashmore and Cartier Islands: contiguous zone: 12 NM

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 3 NM

Australia: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Austria: none (landlocked)

Azerbaijan: none (landlocked)

Bahamas, The: continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Bahrain: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: extending to boundaries to be determined

territorial sea: 12 NM

Baker Island: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Bangladesh: contiguous zone: 18 NM

continental shelf: up to the outer limits of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Barbados: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Bassas da India: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Belarus: none (landlocked)

Belgium: continental shelf: median line with neighbors

exclusive fishing zone: median line with neighbors (extends about 68 km from coast)

territorial sea: 12 NM

Belize: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM in the north, 3 NM in the south; note - from the mouth of the Sarstoon River to Ranguana Cay, Belize's territorial sea is 3 NM; according to Belize's Maritime Areas Act, 1992, the purpose of this limitation is to provide a framework for the negotiation of a definitive agreement on territorial differences with Guatemala

Benin: territorial sea: 200 NM

Bermuda: exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Bhutan: none (landlocked)

Bolivia: none (landlocked)

Bosnia and Herzegovina: NA

Botswana: none (landlocked)

Bouvet Island: territorial sea: 4 NM

Brazil: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200 NM

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

British Indian Ocean Territory: exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 3 NM

British Virgin Islands: exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 3 NM

Brunei: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM or to median line

territorial sea: 12 NM

Bulgaria: contiguous zone: 24 NM

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Burkina Faso: none (landlocked)

Burma: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Burundi: none (landlocked)

Cambodia: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200 NM

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Cameroon: territorial sea: 50 NM

Canada: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Cape Verde: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines

contiguous zone: 24 NM

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Cayman Islands: exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Central African Republic: none (landlocked)

Chad: none (landlocked)

Chile: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200/350 NM

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

China: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

territorial sea: 12 NM

Christmas Island: contiguous zone: 12 NM

exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 3 NM

Clipperton Island: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Cocos (Keeling) Islands: exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 3 NM

Colombia: continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Comoros: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: exclusive economic zone: boundaries with neighbors

territorial sea: 12 NM

Congo, Republic of the: territorial sea: 200 NM

Cook Islands: continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Coral Sea Islands: exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 3 NM

Costa Rica: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Cote d'Ivoire: continental shelf: 200 NM

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Croatia: continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

territorial sea: 12 NM

Cuba: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Cyprus: continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

territorial sea: 12 NM

Czech Republic: none (landlocked)

Denmark: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Djibouti: contiguous zone: 24 NM

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Dominica: contiguous zone: 24 NM

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Dominican Republic: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 6 NM

Ecuador: continental shelf: claims continental shelf between mainland and Galapagos Islands

territorial sea: 200 NM

Egypt: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

El Salvador: territorial sea: 200 NM

Equatorial Guinea: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Eritrea: territorial sea: 12 NM

Estonia: exclusive economic zone: limits fixed in coordination with neighboring states

territorial sea: 12 NM

Ethiopia: none (landlocked)

Europa Island: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): continental shelf: 200 NM

exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Faroe Islands: continental shelf: 200 NM or agreed boundaries or median line

exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM or agreed boundaries or median line

territorial sea: 3 NM

Fiji: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation; rectilinear shelf claim added

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Finland: continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive fishing zone: 12 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM (in the Gulf of Finland - 3 NM)

France: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM (does not apply to the Mediterranean)

territorial sea: 12 NM

French Guiana: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

French Polynesia: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

French Southern and Antarctic Lands: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM from Iles Kerguelen only

territorial sea: 12 NM

Gabon: contiguous zone: 24 NM

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Gambia, The: contiguous zone: 18 NM

continental shelf: not specified

exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Gaza Strip: Israeli-occupied with current status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement - permanent status to be determined through further negotiation

Georgia: NA

Germany: continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Ghana: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200 NM

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Gibraltar: territorial sea: 3 NM

Glorioso Islands: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Greece: continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

territorial sea: 6 NM

Greenland: continental shelf: 200 NM or agreed boundaries or median line

exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM or agreed boundaries or median line

territorial sea: 3 NM

Grenada: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Guadeloupe: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Guam: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Guatemala: continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Guernsey: exclusive fishing zone: 12 NM

territorial sea: 3 NM

Guinea: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Guinea-Bissau: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Guyana: continental shelf: 200 NM or to the outer edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Haiti: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: to depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Heard Island and McDonald Islands: exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 3 NM

Holy See (Vatican City): none (landlocked)

Honduras: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: natural extension of territory or to 200 NM

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Hong Kong: territorial sea: 3 NM

Howland Island: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Hungary: none (landlocked)

Iceland: continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

India: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Indonesia: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Iran: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: natural prolongation

exclusive economic zone: bilateral agreements or median lines in the Persian Gulf

territorial sea: 12 NM

Iraq: continental shelf: not specified

territorial sea: 12 NM

Ireland: continental shelf: not specified

exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Israel: continental shelf: to depth of exploitation

territorial sea: 12 NM

Italy: continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

territorial sea: 12 NM

Jamaica: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines

contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Jan Mayen: contiguous zone: 10 NM

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 4 NM

Japan: contiguous zone: 24 NM

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM; between 3 NM and 12 NM in the international straits - La Perouse or Soya, Tsugaru, Osumi, and Eastern and Western Channels of the Korea or Tsushima Strait

Jarvis Island: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Jersey: exclusive fishing zone: 12 NM

territorial sea: 3 NM

Johnston Atoll: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Jordan: territorial sea: 3 NM

Juan de Nova Island: continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Kazakhstan: none (landlocked)

Kenya: continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Kingman Reef: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Kiribati: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Korea, North: territorial sea: 12 NM

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

note: military boundary line 50 NM in the Sea of Japan and the exclusive economic zone limit in the Yellow Sea where all foreign vessels and aircraft without permission are banned

Korea, South: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: not specified

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM; between 3 NM and 12 NM in the Korea Strait

Kuwait: territorial sea: 12 NM

Kyrgyzstan: none (landlocked)

Laos: none (landlocked)

Latvia: continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Lebanon: territorial sea: 12 NM

Lesotho: none (landlocked)

Liberia: territorial sea: 200 NM

Libya: territorial sea: 12 NM

note: Gulf of Sidra closing line - 32 degrees, 30 minutes north

Liechtenstein: none (landlocked)

Lithuania: territorial sea: 12 NM

Luxembourg: none (landlocked)

Macau: not specified

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: none (landlocked)

Madagascar: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200 NM or 100 NM from the 2,500-m deep isobath

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Malawi: none (landlocked)

Malaysia: continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation; specified boundary in the South China Sea

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Maldives: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines

contiguous zone: 24 NM

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Mali: none (landlocked)

Malta: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive fishing zone: 25 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Man, Isle of: exclusive fishing zone: 12 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Marshall Islands: contiguous zone: 24 NM

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Martinique: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Mauritania: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Mauritius: continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Mayotte: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Mexico: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Micronesia, Federated States of: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Midway Islands: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Moldova: none (landlocked)

Monaco: territorial sea: 12 NM

Mongolia: none (landlocked)

Montserrat: exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 3 NM

Morocco: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Mozambique: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Namibia: contiguous zone: 24 NM

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Nauru: contiguous zone: 24 NM

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Navassa Island: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Nepal: none (landlocked)

Netherlands: exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Netherlands Antilles: exclusive fishing zone: 12 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

New Caledonia: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

New Zealand: continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Nicaragua: continental shelf: natural prolongation

territorial sea: 200 NM

Niger: none (landlocked)

Nigeria: continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Niue: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Norfolk Island: exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 3 NM

Northern Mariana Islands: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Norway: contiguous zone: 10 NM

continental shelf: 200 NM

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 4 NM

Oman: contiguous zone: 24 NM

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Pakistan: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Palau: continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive fishing zone: 12 NM

extended fishing zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 3 NM

Palmyra Atoll: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Panama: contiguous zone: 24 NM

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Papua New Guinea: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Paracel Islands: NA

Paraguay: none (landlocked)

Peru: continental shelf: 200 NM

territorial sea: 200 NM

Philippines: continental shelf: to depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: irregular polygon extending up to 100 NM from coastline as defined by 1898 treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped area in South China Sea up to 285 NM in breadth

Pitcairn Islands: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 3 NM

Poland: exclusive economic zone: defined by international treaties

territorial sea: 12 NM

Portugal: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Puerto Rico: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Qatar: contiguous zone: 24 NM

exclusive economic zone: as determined by bilateral agreements or the median line

territorial sea: 12 NM

Reunion: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Romania: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Russia: continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Rwanda: none (landlocked)

Saint Helena: exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Saint Kitts and Nevis: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

territorial sea: 12 NM

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

Saint Lucia: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Saint Pierre and Miquelon: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200 NM

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Samoa: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

San Marino: none (landlocked)

Sao Tome and Principe: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Saudi Arabia: contiguous zone: 18 NM

continental shelf: not specified

territorial sea: 12 NM

Senegal: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Seychelles: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Sierra Leone: territorial sea: 200 NM

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Singapore: exclusive fishing zone: within and beyond territorial sea, as defined in treaties and practice

territorial sea: 3 NM

Slovakia: none (landlocked)

Slovenia: NA

Solomon Islands: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines

continental shelf: 200 NM

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Somalia: territorial sea: 200 NM

South Africa: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Spain: contiguous zone: 24 NM

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM (applies only to the Atlantic Ocean)

territorial sea: 12 NM

Spratly Islands: NA

Sri Lanka: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Sudan: contiguous zone: 18 NM

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

territorial sea: 12 NM

Suriname: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Svalbard: exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM unilaterally claimed by Norway but not recognized by Russia

territorial sea: 4 NM

Swaziland: none (landlocked)

Sweden: continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone: agreed boundaries or midlines

territorial sea: 12 NM (adjustments made to return a portion of straits to high seas)

Switzerland: none (landlocked)

Syria: contiguous zone: 41 NM

territorial sea: 35 NM

Tajikistan: none (landlocked)

Tanzania: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Thailand: continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Togo: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 30 NM

Tokelau: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Tonga: continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Trinidad and Tobago: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200 NM or to the outer edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Tromelin Island: continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Tunisia: contiguous zone: 24 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Turkey: exclusive economic zone: in Black Sea only: to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former USSR

territorial sea: 6 NM in the Aegean Sea; 12 NM in Black Sea and in Mediterranean Sea

Turkmenistan: none (landlocked)

Turks and Caicos Islands: exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Tuvalu: contiguous zone: 24 NM

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Uganda: none (landlocked)

Ukraine: continental shelf: 200-m or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

United Arab Emirates: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

United Kingdom: continental shelf: as defined in continental shelf orders or in accordance with agreed upon boundaries

exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

United States: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: not specified

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Uruguay: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Uzbekistan: none (doubly landlocked)

Vanuatu: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines

contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Venezuela: contiguous zone: 15 NM

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Vietnam: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Virgin Islands: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Wake Island: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Wallis and Futuna: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

West Bank: none (landlocked)

Western Sahara: contingent upon resolution of sovereignty issue

World: contiguous zone: 24 NM claimed by most, but can vary

continental shelf: 200-m depth claimed by most or to depth of exploitation; others claim 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM claimed by most, but can vary

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM claimed by most, but can vary

territorial sea: 12 NM claimed by most, but can vary

note: boundary situations with neighboring states prevent many countries from extending their fishing or economic zones to a full 200 NM; 43 nations and other areas that are landlocked include Afghanistan, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Czech Republic, Ethiopia, Holy See (Vatican City), Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malawi, Mali, Moldova, Mongolia, Nepal, Niger, Paraguay, Rwanda, San Marino, Slovakia, Swaziland, Switzerland, Tajikistan, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Uzbekistan, West Bank, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Yemen: contiguous zone: 24 NM

continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Yugoslavia: NA

Zambia: none (landlocked)

Zimbabwe: none (landlocked)

Taiwan: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

======================================================================

@Merchant marine

Albania: total: 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 17,797 GRT/26,324 DWT

ships by type: cargo 9 (2000 est.)

Algeria: total: 73 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 896,911 GRT/1,047,991 DWT

ships by type: bulk 9, cargo 25, chemical tanker 7, liquefied gas 10, petroleum tanker 4, roll on/roll off 13, short-sea passenger 4, specialized tanker 1 (2000 est.)

American Samoa: none (2000 est.)

Angola: total: 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 39,305 GRT/63,067 DWT

ships by type: cargo 8, petroleum tanker 1 (2000 est.)

Anguilla: none (2000 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda: total: 681 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,070,390 GRT/5,289,904 DWT

ships by type: bulk 15, cargo 424, chemical tanker 10, combination bulk 4, container 176, liquefied gas 4, multi-functional large-load carrier 6, petroleum tanker 2, refrigerated cargo 11, roll on/roll off 29

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Cyprus 2, Germany 4, Slovenia 2 (2000 est.)

Argentina: total: 26 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 185,355 GRT/281,475 DWT

ships by type: cargo 9, petroleum tanker 11, railcar carrier 1, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 1, short-sea passenger 2 (2000 est.)

Aruba: total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,120 GRT/3,635 DWT

ships by type: cargo 1 (2000 est.)

Australia: total: 54 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,558,371 GRT/2,038,776 DWT

ships by type: bulk 26, cargo 3, chemical tanker 5, container 1, liquefied gas 4, passenger 2, petroleum tanker 7, roll on/roll off 6 (2000 est.)

Austria: total: 23 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 86,905 GRT/117,417 DWT

ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 18, combination bulk 2, container 2 (2000 est.)

Azerbaijan: total: 56 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 253,882 GRT/313,252 DWT

ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 12, petroleum tanker 40, roll on/roll off 2, short-sea passenger 1 (2000 est.)

Bahamas, The: total: 1,049 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 30,000,221 GRT/44,601,471 DWT

ships by type: bulk 185, cargo 214, chemical tanker 36, combination bulk 15, combination ore/oil 22, container 66, liquefied gas 33, livestock carrier 1, multi-functional large-load carrier 4, passenger 79, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 182, railcar carrier 1, refrigerated cargo 118, roll on/roll off 50, short-sea passenger 15, specialized tanker 3, vehicle carrier 24

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Algeria 2, Australia 1, Austria 1, Bermuda 6, Belgium 14, Canada 1, Cuba 1, Cyprus 2, Denmark 17, Finland 7, France 9, Germany 9, Greece 89, Hong Kong 7, Indonesia 2, India 1, Israel 4, Italy 8, Japan 23, Jamaica 1, Kenya 1, Lebanon 2, Luxembourg 2, Monaco 15, Malaysia 1, Netherlands 16, Norway 139, Poland 3, Portugal 2, Russia 2, Saudi Arabia 5, Singapore 12, Spain 7, Sweden 14, Syria 1, Switzerland 7, UAE 1, Trinidad and Tobago 2, UK 67, Ukraine 3, US 50, British Virgin Islands 1, British Virgin Islands 1 (2000 est.)

Bahrain: total: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 175,609 GRT/207,652 DWT

ships by type: bulk 2, cargo 3, container 2 (2000 est.)

Bangladesh: total: 35 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 268,566 GRT/375,110 DWT

ships by type: bulk 2, cargo 25, container 3, petroleum tanker 2, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 2 (2000 est.)

Barbados: total: 47 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 671,545 GRT/1,125,635 DWT

ships by type: bulk 10, cargo 28, combination bulk 1, container 2, petroleum tanker 4, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 1

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Canada 2, Hong Kong 1 (2000 est.)

Belgium: total: 21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 32,912 GRT/53,161 DWT

ships by type: cargo 6, chemical tanker 9, petroleum tanker 6 (2000 est.)

Belize: total: 402 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,575,851 GRT/2,241,731 DWT

ships by type: bulk 27, cargo 265, chemical tanker 6, combination ore/oil 1, container 14, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 56, refrigerated cargo 18, roll on/roll off 7, short-sea passenger 1, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 3

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Cuba 1, Singapore 1, US 1 (2000 est.)

Benin: none (2000 est.)

Bermuda: total: 105 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,836,538 GRT/9,728,045 DWT

ships by type: bulk 27, cargo 4, container 15, liquefied gas 7, passenger 2, petroleum tanker 23, refrigerated cargo 16, roll on/roll off 8, short-sea passenger 3

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Canada 10, Hong Kong 10, Japan 1, Nigeria 4, Saudi Arabia 1, Sweden 3, Switzerland 2, UK 10, US 7 (2000 est.)

Bolivia: total: 42 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 141,017 GRT/211,058 DWT

ships by type: bulk 5, cargo 20, chemical tanker 3, container 1, petroleum tanker 10, roll on/roll off 3 (2000 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina: none (2000 est.)

Brazil: total: 171 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,788,999 GRT/6,067,314 DWT

ships by type: bulk 33, cargo 26, chemical tanker 5, combination ore/oil 9, container 12, liquefied gas 11, multi-functional large-load carrier 1, passenger/cargo 5, petroleum tanker 56, roll on/roll off 12, short-sea passenger 1 (2000 est.)

British Virgin Islands: total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 70,285 GRT/6,946 DWT

ships by type: passenger 1 (2000 est.)

Brunei: total: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 348,476 GRT/340,635 DWT

ships by type: liquefied gas 7 (2000 est.)

Bulgaria: total: 81 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 938,706 GRT/1,440,374 DWT

ships by type: bulk 44, cargo 16, chemical tanker 4, container 2, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 6, railcar carrier 2, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 3, short-sea passenger 1, specialized tanker 1 (2000 est.)

Burma: total: 37 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 411,181 GRT/632,769 DWT

ships by type: bulk 11, cargo 20, container 1, passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 2

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Japan 2 (2000 est.)

Cambodia: total: 295 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,305,932 GRT/1,853,487 DWT

ships by type: bulk 22, cargo 237, chemical tanker 1, combination bulk 3, container 8, liquefied gas 1, livestock carrier 2, multi-functional large-load carrier 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 7, refrigerated cargo 6, roll on/roll off 5, short-sea passenger 1

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Cyprus 3, South Korea 1, Malta 1, Panama 1, Russia 1, Singapore 1 (2000 est.)

Canada: total: 121 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,767,259 GRT/2,633,290 DWT

ships by type: barge carrier 1, bulk 67, cargo 13, chemical tanker 5, combination bulk 1, passenger 3, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 17, railcar carrier 2, roll on/roll off 7, short-sea passenger 3, specialized tanker 1 (2000 est.)

Cape Verde: total: 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,523 GRT/11,798 DWT

ships by type: cargo 4, chemical tanker 1 (2000 est.)

Cayman Islands: total: 106 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,656,452 GRT/2,643,036 DWT

ships by type: bulk 21, cargo 5, chemical tanker 27, container 4, liquefied gas 1, petroleum tanker 13, refrigerated cargo 30, roll on/roll off 4, specialized tanker 1

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Cyprus 2, Denmark 2, Finland 1, Greece 11, Norway 3, UK 3, US 3 (2000 est.)

Chile: total: 44 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 606,506 GRT/884,023 DWT

ships by type: bulk 11, cargo 7, chemical tanker 8, container 4, liquefied gas 2, passenger 3, petroleum tanker 4, roll on/roll off 3, vehicle carrier 2 (2000 est.)

China: total: 1,745 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,533,521 GRT/24,746,859 DWT

ships by type: barge carrier 2, bulk 324, cargo 825, chemical tanker 21, combination bulk 11, combination ore/oil 1, container 132, liquefied gas 24, multi-functional large-load carrier 5, passenger 7, passenger/cargo 45, petroleum tanker 258, refrigerated cargo 22, roll on/roll off 23, short-sea passenger 41, specialized tanker 3, vehicle carrier 1 (2000 est.)

Christmas Island: none (2000 est.)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands: none (2000 est.)

Colombia: total: 13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 53,322 GRT/69,444 DWT

ships by type: bulk 5, cargo 4, container 1, multi-functional large-load carrier 1, petroleum tanker 2 (2000 est.)

Comoros: total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 19,122 GRT/29,817 DWT

ships by type: cargo 2 (2000 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: none (2000 est.)

Cook Islands: total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,310 GRT/2,181 DWT

ships by type: cargo 1 (2000 est.)

Costa Rica: total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,716 GRT/NA DWT

ships by type: passenger 1 (2000 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire: total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,200 GRT/1,500 DWT

ships by type: petroleum tanker 1 (2000 est.)

Croatia: total: 53 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 631,853 GRT/969,739 DWT

ships by type: bulk 11, cargo 18, chemical tanker 1, combination bulk 5, container 3, multi-functional large-load carrier 3, passenger 1, petroleum tanker 2, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 4, short-sea passenger 3 (2000 est.)

Cuba: total: 15 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 54,821 GRT/78,062 DWT

ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 7, liquefied gas 1, petroleum tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 5 (2000 est.)

Cyprus: total: 1,328 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,905,542 GRT/36,312,219 DWT

ships by type: barge carrier 2, bulk 431, cargo 438, chemical tanker 23, combination bulk 36, combination ore/oil 4, container 140, liquefied gas 6, passenger 8, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 143, refrigerated cargo 40, roll on/roll off 42, short-sea passenger 9, specialized tanker 2, vehicle carrier 3

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Austria 8, Belgium 7, China 10, Cuba 10, Denmark 2, Germany 79, Greece 385, Hong Kong 9, Croatia 2, India 5, Iran 1, Israel 4, Italy 2, Japan 19, South Korea 3, Latvia 10, Lithuania 1, Monaco 1, Netherlands 13, Norway 11, Poland 9, Portugal 3, Russia 42, Singapore 1, Spain 5, Sudan 2, Sweden 3, Switzerland 2, UAE 6, UK 8, Ukraine 2, US 9, Venezuela 2 (2000 est.)

Denmark: total: 342 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,073,489 GRT/8,027,002 DWT

ships by type: bulk 10, cargo 128, chemical tanker 27, container 76, liquefied gas 26, livestock carrier 6, petroleum tanker 22, railcar carrier 1, refrigerated cargo 13, roll on/roll off 23, short-sea passenger 7, specialized tanker 3

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Finland 1 (2000 est.)

Djibouti: total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,369 GRT/3,030 DWT

ships by type: cargo 1 (2000 est.)

Dominica: none (2000 est.)

Dominican Republic: total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,587 GRT/1,165 DWT

ships by type: cargo 1 (2000 est.)

Ecuador: total: 30 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 233,312 GRT/385,784 DWT

ships by type: cargo 2, chemical tanker 1, liquefied gas 1, passenger 3, petroleum tanker 22, specialized tanker 1 (2000 est.)

Egypt: total: 181 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,336,678 GRT/1,982,220 DWT

ships by type: bulk 23, cargo 61, container 2, liquefied gas 1, passenger 61, petroleum tanker 15, roll on/roll off 15, short-sea passenger 3 (2000 est.)

El Salvador: none (2000 est.)

Equatorial Guinea: total: 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 26,035 GRT/27,927 DWT

ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 7, combination bulk 1, passenger 2, passenger/cargo 1 (2000 est.)

Eritrea: total: 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,069 GRT/19,549 DWT

ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 1, liquefied gas 1, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1 (2000 est.)

Estonia: total: 44 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 253,460 GRT/219,727 DWT

ships by type: bulk 2, cargo 19, combination bulk 1, container 5, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 10, short-sea passenger 6 (2000 est.)

Ethiopia: total: 11 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 85,382 GRT/108,526 DWT

ships by type: cargo 6, container 1, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 3 (2000 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): none (2000 est.)

Faroe Islands: total: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 23,247 GRT/11,736 DWT

ships by type: cargo 2, petroleum tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 1, short-sea passenger 1 (2000 est.)

Fiji: total: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,870 GRT/14,787 DWT

ships by type: chemical tanker 2, passenger 1, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1, specialized tanker 1 (2000 est.)

Finland: total: 98 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,172,808 GRT/1,138,175 DWT

ships by type: bulk 9, cargo 23, chemical tanker 5, passenger 1, petroleum tanker 11, railcar carrier 1, roll on/roll off 37, short-sea passenger 11 (2000 est.)

France: total: 46 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 942,333 GRT/1,304,754 DWT

ships by type: bulk 3, cargo 4, chemical tanker 6, combination bulk 1, container 1, liquefied gas 3, multi-functional large-load carrier 1, passenger 3, petroleum tanker 17, roll on/roll off 4, short-sea passenger 3

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Germany 1 (2000 est.)

French Guiana: none (2000 est.)

French Polynesia: total: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,240 GRT/7,765 DWT

ships by type: cargo 1, passenger/cargo 2, refrigerated cargo 1 (2000 est.)

French Southern and Antarctic Lands: total: 74 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,024,194 GRT/5,255,703 DWT

ships by type: bulk 7, cargo 5, chemical tanker 9, container 11, liquefied gas 7, petroleum tanker 23, roll on/roll off 12

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: France 1 (2000 est.)

Gambia, The: none (2000 est.)

Georgia: total: 37 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 131,316 GRT/190,289 DWT

ships by type: bulk 3, cargo 25, chemical tanker 2, container 2, petroleum tanker 4, roll on/roll off 1 (2000 est.)

Germany: total: 457 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,414,724 GRT/7,952,776 DWT

ships by type: cargo 169, chemical tanker 10, combination ore/oil 1, container 243, liquefied gas 2, passenger 3, petroleum tanker 7, railcar carrier 2, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 12, short-sea passenger 7 (2000 est.)

Ghana: total: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 13,484 GRT/18,583 DWT

ships by type: petroleum tanker 2, refrigerated cargo 4 (2000 est.)

Gibraltar: total: 49 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 669,056 GRT/1,003,809 DWT

ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 15, chemical tanker 6, container 7, multi-functional large-load carrier 3, passenger 2, petroleum tanker 14, roll on/roll off 1 (2000 est.)

Greece: total: 780 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 25,564,988 GRT/44,761,916 DWT

ships by type: bulk 272, cargo 55, chemical tanker 22, combination bulk 5, combination ore/oil 6, container 51, liquefied gas 5, multi-functional large-load carrier 1, passenger 14, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 255, refrigerated cargo 3, roll on/roll off 20, short-sea passenger 63, specialized tanker 5, vehicle carrier 1

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: South Korea 1, UK 4 (2000 est.)

Greenland: total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,289 GRT/1,500 DWT

ships by type: cargo 1, passenger 1 (2000 est.)

Grenada: none (2000 est.)

Guadeloupe: total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,240 GRT/109 DWT

ships by type: passenger 1 (2000 est.)

Guam: none (2000 est.)

Guatemala: none (2000 est.)

Guernsey: none (2000 est.)

Guinea: none (2000 est.)

Guinea-Bissau: none (2000 est.)

Guyana: total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,929 GRT/4,507 DWT

ships by type: cargo 2 (2000 est.)

Haiti: none (2000 est.)

Honduras: total: 313 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 760,819 GRT/820,582 DWT

ships by type: bulk 21, cargo 187, chemical tanker 7, container 4, livestock carrier 2, passenger 2, passenger/cargo 4, petroleum tanker 52, refrigerated cargo 17, roll on/roll off 8, short-sea passenger 5, specialized tanker 2, vehicle carrier 2

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Russia 4, Singapore 2, Vietnam 1 (2000 est.)

Hong Kong: total: 354 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 10,330,662 GRT/17,227,315 DWT

ships by type: barge carrier 1, bulk 208, cargo 36, chemical tanker 7, combination bulk 2, container 59, liquefied gas 6, multi-functional large-load carrier 2, petroleum tanker 26, refrigerated cargo 3, short-sea passenger 1, vehicle carrier 3

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Bermuda 2, Belgium 1, Canada 2, China 9, Japan 3, Mongolia 1, Norway 1, South Africa 1, UK 7 (2000 est.)

Hungary: total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,199 GRT/1,050 DWT

ships by type: cargo 1 (2000 est.)

Iceland: total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,435 GRT/4,538 DWT

ships by type: chemical tanker 1, petroleum tanker 1 (2000 est.)

India: total: 315 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,433,831 GRT/10,691,973 DWT

ships by type: bulk 117, cargo 70, chemical tanker 15, combination bulk 1, combination ore/oil 3, container 15, liquefied gas 9, passenger/cargo 5, petroleum tanker 76, short-sea passenger 2, specialized tanker 2 (2000 est.)

Indonesia: total: 609 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,698,157 GRT/3,723,933 DWT

ships by type: bulk 36, cargo 357, chemical tanker 10, container 25, liquefied gas 3, livestock carrier 1, passenger 7, passenger/cargo 14, petroleum tanker 117, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 15, short-sea passenger 8, specialized tanker 10, vehicle carrier 5 (2000 est.)

Iran: total: 152 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,097,977 GRT/7,131,688 DWT

ships by type: bulk 49, cargo 38, chemical tanker 4, combination bulk 1, container 10, liquefied gas 1, multi-functional large-load carrier 6, petroleum tanker 32, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 9, short-sea passenger 1

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Singapore 1 (2000 est.)

Iraq: total: 30 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 453,273 GRT/779,662 DWT

ships by type: cargo 14, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 12, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 1 (2000 est.)

Ireland: total: 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 115,554 GRT/135,391 DWT

ships by type: bulk 4, cargo 22, container 2, short-sea passenger 1 (2000 est.)

Israel: total: 17 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 631,582 GRT/745,011 DWT

ships by type: container 16, roll on/roll off 1 (2000 est.)

Italy: total: 445 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,005,136 GRT/10,556,244 DWT

ships by type: bulk 44, cargo 41, chemical tanker 77, combination ore/oil 4, container 24, liquefied gas 38, multi-functional large-load carrier 1, passenger 11, petroleum tanker 85, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 64, short-sea passenger 26, specialized tanker 14, vehicle carrier 15 (2000 est.)

Jamaica: total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,930 GRT/3,065 DWT

ships by type: petroleum tanker 1 (2000 est.)

Japan: total: 630 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,691,174 GRT/15,484,848 DWT

ships by type: bulk 137, cargo 51, chemical tanker 15, combination bulk 22, combination ore/oil 3, container 22, liquefied gas 49, passenger 9, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 194, refrigerated cargo 15, roll on/roll off 49, short-sea passenger 6, vehicle carrier 56 (2000 est.)

Jersey: none (2000 est.)

Jordan: total: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 40,919 GRT/57,777 DWT

ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 3, container 1, roll on/roll off 1 (2000 est.)

Kenya: total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,893 GRT/6,255 DWT

ships by type: petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1 (2000 est.)

Kiribati: total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,291 GRT/1,295 DWT

ships by type: passenger/cargo 1 (2000 est.)

Korea, North: total: 110 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 661,792 GRT/903,367 DWT

ships by type: bulk 4, cargo 94, combination bulk 1, multi-functional large-load carrier 1, passenger 2, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 4, refrigerated cargo 1, short-sea passenger 2 (2000 est.)

Korea, South: total: 496 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,421,993 GRT/8,757,034 DWT

ships by type: bulk 105, cargo 168, chemical tanker 38, combination bulk 5, container 49, liquefied gas 16, multi-functional large-load carrier 1, passenger 3, petroleum tanker 70, refrigerated cargo 27, roll on/roll off 4, short-sea passenger 1, specialized tanker 4, vehicle carrier 5 (2000 est.)

Kuwait: total: 45 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,461,072 GRT/3,966,645 DWT

ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 6, container 6, liquefied gas 7, livestock carrier 5, petroleum tanker 20 (2000 est.)

Laos: total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,370 GRT/3,000 DWT

ships by type: cargo 1 (2000 est.)

Latvia: total: 8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 27,984 GRT/29,978 DWT

ships by type: cargo 2, petroleum tanker 3, refrigerated cargo 3 (2000 est.)

Lebanon: total: 71 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 379,705 GRT/592,672 DWT

ships by type: bulk 10, cargo 42, chemical tanker 1, combination bulk 1, combination ore/oil 1, container 4, liquefied gas 1, livestock carrier 5, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 2, vehicle carrier 3

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Netherlands 1, Syria 1 (2000 est.)

Liberia: total: 1,478 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 49,456,361 GRT/76,620,648 DWT

ships by type: barge carrier 3, bulk 324, cargo 97, chemical tanker 163, combination bulk 20, combination ore/oil 38, container 245, liquefied gas 97, multi-functional large-load carrier 4, passenger 24, petroleum tanker 310, refrigerated cargo 74, roll on/roll off 19, short-sea passenger 3, specialized tanker 12, vehicle carrier 45

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Argentina 8, Australia 1, Ashmore and Cartier Islands 1, Austria 5, Bermuda 5, Belgium 5, Burma 1, Brazil 8, Canada 1, China 28, Chile 7, Costa Rica 8, Cyprus 27, Denmark 4, Ecuador 1, Germany 117, Greece 83, Hong Kong 54, Croatia 9, Indonesia 2, India 8, Israel 1, Italy 8, Japan 85, South Korea 8, Latvia 15, Monaco 28, Mexico 6, Malaysia 1, Nigeria 1, Netherlands 7, Norway 86, Netherlands Antilles 1, NZ 1, Poland 2, Portugal 2, Philippines 1, Russia 22, Saudi Arabia 20, South Africa 1, Slovenia 1, Singapore 30, Spain 1, Sweden 8, Switzerland 23, UAE 5, Taiwan 10, UK 15, US 85, Uruguay 1, Vietnam 1 (2000 est.)

Libya: total: 28 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 399,725 GRT/654,843 DWT

ships by type: cargo 10, chemical tanker 1, liquefied gas 3, petroleum tanker 6, roll on/roll off 4, short-sea passenger 4 (2000 est.)

Lithuania: total: 50 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 293,168 GRT/327,827 DWT

ships by type: cargo 26, combination bulk 10, petroleum tanker 2, railcar carrier 1, refrigerated cargo 7, roll on/roll off 1, short-sea passenger 3 (2000 est.)

Luxembourg: total: 50 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 988,450 GRT/1,313,498 DWT

ships by type: bulk 2, chemical tanker 11, container 2, liquefied gas 18, passenger 4, petroleum tanker 6, roll on/roll off 7

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Belgium 4 (2000 est.)

Macau: none (2000 est.)

Madagascar: total: 13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 24,819 GRT/34,173 DWT

ships by type: cargo 7, chemical tanker 1, liquefied gas 1, petroleum tanker 2, roll on/roll off 2 (2000 est.)

Malaysia: total: 362 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,103,657 GRT/7,574,999 DWT

ships by type: bulk 62, cargo 110, chemical tanker 35, container 60, liquefied gas 20, livestock carrier 1, passenger 2, petroleum tanker 58, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 6, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 6 (2000 est.)

Maldives: total: 17 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 58,604 GRT/81,451 DWT

ships by type: cargo 16, short-sea passenger 1 (2000 est.)

Malta: total: 1,414 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 28,191,090 GRT/46,773,603 DWT

ships by type: bulk 443, cargo 394, chemical tanker 48, combination bulk 12, combination ore/oil 14, container 69, liquefied gas 2, livestock carrier 3, multi-functional large-load carrier 2, passenger 7, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 296, refrigerated cargo 37, roll on/roll off 50, short-sea passenger 15, specialized tanker 3, vehicle carrier 18

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Argentina 1, Bermuda 1, Belgium 1, Bangladesh 2, Bulgaria 11, China 7, Costa Rica 1, Cuba 2, Cyprus 15, Denmark 1, Estonia 2, Finland 1, Germany 23, Greece 258, Hong Kong 3, Croatia 9, Hungary 1, India 2, Israel 2, Italy 17, South Korea 1, Lebanon 2, Latvia 2, Lithuania 1, Monaco 14, Nigeria 1, Netherlands 10, Norway 31, Poland 8, Romania 3, Russia 39, Singapore 6, Spain 3, Sweden 3, Syria 1, Switzerland 25, UAE 2, Turkey 24, UK 8, Ukraine 9, US 9, Venezuela 1, Vietnam 1 (2000 est.)

Man, Isle of: total: 157 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,917,402 GRT/8,333,858 DWT

ships by type: bulk 27, cargo 13, chemical tanker 11, combination bulk 3, container 20, liquefied gas 13, petroleum tanker 43, refrigerated cargo 3, roll on/roll off 18, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 5

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Belgium 1, Denmark 1, Germany 1, Netherlands 1, Sweden 1, UK 3 (2000 est.)

Marshall Islands: total: 212 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,768,406 GRT/16,242,699 DWT

ships by type: bulk 63, cargo 9, chemical tanker 10, combination ore/oil 2, container 29, liquefied gas 10, multi-functional large-load carrier 1, petroleum tanker 87, vehicle carrier 1

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Cyprus 1, Germany 1, Japan 1, US 6 (2000 est.)

Martinique: none (2000 est.)

Mauritania: none (2000 est.)

Mauritius: total: 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 61,909 GRT/87,313 DWT

ships by type: cargo 2, combination bulk 2, container 2, liquefied gas 1, refrigerated cargo 2

note: includes a foreign-owned ship registered here as a flag of convenience: India 1 (2000 est.)

Mayotte: none (2000 est.)

Mexico: total: 43 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 590,657 GRT/920,456 DWT

ships by type: bulk 2, cargo 1, chemical tanker 4, liquefied gas 3, petroleum tanker 28, roll on/roll off 2, short-sea passenger 3 (2000 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of: none (2000 est.)

Monaco: none (2000 est.)

Montserrat: none (2000 est.)

Morocco: total: 41 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 223,052 GRT/272,786 DWT

ships by type: cargo 9, chemical tanker 6, container 5, petroleum tanker 3, refrigerated cargo 9, roll on/roll off 8, short-sea passenger 1 (2000 est.)

Mozambique: total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,125 GRT/7,024 DWT

ships by type: cargo 3 (2000 est.)

Namibia: none (2000 est.)

Nauru: none (2000 est.)

Netherlands: total: 596 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,321,500 GRT/4,877,632 DWT

ships by type: bulk 3, cargo 371, chemical tanker 43, container 59, liquefied gas 21, livestock carrier 1, multi-functional large-load carrier 9, passenger 8, petroleum tanker 26, refrigerated cargo 29, roll on/roll off 18, short-sea passenger 3, specialized tanker 5 (2000 est.)

Netherlands Antilles: total: 123 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,113,774 GRT/1,397,841 DWT

ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 35, chemical tanker 2, combination ore/oil 3, container 19, liquefied gas 4, multi-functional large-load carrier 19, passenger 1, petroleum tanker 4, refrigerated cargo 28, roll on/roll off 7

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Belgium 8, Germany 1, Italy 1 (2000 est.)

New Caledonia: total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,261 GRT/1,600 DWT

ships by type: cargo 1 (2000 est.)

New Zealand: total: 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 72,389 GRT/109,018 DWT

ships by type: bulk 3, cargo 1, container 1, petroleum tanker 2, railcar carrier 1, roll on/roll off 1 (2000 est.)

Nicaragua: none (2000 est.)

Nigeria: total: 41 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 357,372 GRT/636,254 DWT

ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 10, chemical tanker 4, petroleum tanker 24, roll on/roll off 1, specialized tanker 1 (2000 est.)

Niue: none (2000 est.)

Norfolk Island: none (2000 est.)

Northern Mariana Islands: none (2000 est.)

Norway: total: 764 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,667,370 GRT/32,100,208 DWT

ships by type: bulk 89, cargo 139, chemical tanker 114, combination bulk 9, combination ore/oil 37, container 15, liquefied gas 84, passenger 10, petroleum tanker 151, refrigerated cargo 10, roll on/roll off 45, short-sea passenger 22, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 38

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Germany 1, Japan 1, Mexico 1, Sweden 1 (2000 est.)

Oman: total: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 18,167 GRT/11,307 DWT

ships by type: cargo 2, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 1 (2000 est.)

Pakistan: total: 17 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 240,605 GRT/367,040 DWT

ships by type: cargo 13, container 3, petroleum tanker 1 (2000 est.)

Palau: none (2000 est.)

Panama: total: 4,711 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 111,515,984 GRT/169,655,363 DWT

ships by type: bulk 1,381, cargo 925, chemical tanker 314, combination bulk 71, combination ore/oil 18, container 525, liquefied gas 193, livestock carrier 5, multi-functional large-load carrier 12, passenger 41, passenger/cargo 4, petroleum tanker 544, railcar carrier 2, refrigerated cargo 297, roll on/roll off 106, short-sea passenger 36, specialized tanker 29, vehicle carrier 208

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Argentina 11, Australia 1, Austria 1, Bermuda 21, Belgium 4, The Bahamas 7, Brazil 2, Canada 4, China 154, Chile 4, Cayman Islands 1, Colombia 6, Cuba 7, Cyprus 4, Denmark 12, Egypt 8, Ireland 2, Equatorial Guinea 1, Finland 1, France 4, Germany 17, Greece 248, Hong Kong 158, Honduras 2, Croatia 3, Indonesia 40, India 11, Iran 1, Israel 3, Italy 7, Japan 1,007, Jordan 2, South Korea 223, Latvia 4, Lithuania 1, Liberia 2, Monaco 43, Malta 1, Mexico 5, Malaysia 6, Netherlands 6, Norway 36, Netherlands Antilles 1, Peru 5, Pakistan 1, Portugal 5, Philippines 10, Russia 6, Saudi Arabia 6, Seychelles 2, South Africa 5, Singapore 73, Spain 35, Sweden 4, Syria 11, Switzerland 53, UAE 11, Thailand 15, Taiwan 170, UK 18, US 79, Venezuela 18, Samoa 1 (2000 est.)

Papua New Guinea: total: 20 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 35,361 GRT/51,096 DWT

ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 9, chemical tanker 1, combination ore/oil 3, container 1, petroleum tanker 3, roll on/roll off 2 (2000 est.)

Paraguay: total: 20 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 31,066 GRT/35,441 DWT

ships by type: cargo 14, chemical tanker 1, petroleum tanker 3, roll on/roll off 2 (2000 est.)

Peru: total: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 40,623 GRT/61,769 DWT

ships by type: cargo 5, petroleum tanker 1 (2000 est.)

Philippines: total: 459 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,653,062 GRT/8,512,326 DWT

ships by type: bulk 149, cargo 123, chemical tanker 4, combination bulk 10, container 5, liquefied gas 13, livestock carrier 10, passenger 4, passenger/cargo 12, petroleum tanker 42, refrigerated cargo 21, roll on/roll off 17, short-sea passenger 31, specialized tanker 2, vehicle carrier 16

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Cyprus 1, Denmark 1, Hong Kong 5, Japan 14, Netherlands 1, Singapore 1, UK 1 (2000 est.)

Pitcairn Islands: none (2000 est.)

Poland: total: 46 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 943,540 GRT/1,532,694 DWT

ships by type: bulk 41, cargo 2, chemical tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1, short-sea passenger 1 (2000 est.)

Portugal: total: 158 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,053,586 GRT/1,611,238 DWT

ships by type: bulk 14, cargo 84, chemical tanker 16, container 10, liquefied gas 7, multi-functional large-load carrier 1, petroleum tanker 11, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 6, short-sea passenger 4, vehicle carrier 4

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Spain 1 (2000 est.)

Qatar: total: 25 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 677,992 GRT/1,049,447 DWT

ships by type: cargo 10, combination ore/oil 2, container 7, petroleum tanker 6 (2000 est.)

Reunion: total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 28,264 GRT/44,885 DWT

ships by type: chemical tanker 1 (2000 est.)

Romania: total: 95 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 695,227 GRT/931,598 DWT

ships by type: bulk 10, cargo 71, container 1, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 4, railcar carrier 2, roll on/roll off 4, specialized tanker 1 (2000 est.)

Russia: total: 878 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,314,485 GRT/5,344,958 DWT

ships by type: barge carrier 1, bulk 20, cargo 543, chemical tanker 4, combination bulk 21, combination ore/oil 7, container 31, multi-functional large-load carrier 1, passenger 35, passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 164, refrigerated cargo 24, roll on/roll off 17, short-sea passenger 7

note: includes a foreign-owned ship registered here as a flag of convenience: Reunion 1 (2000 est.)

Saint Helena: none (2000 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis: none (2000 est.)

Saint Lucia: none (2000 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon: none (2000 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: total: 800 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,705,336 GRT/10,134,002 DWT

ships by type: barge carrier 1, bulk 131, cargo 395, chemical tanker 29, combination bulk 12, combination ore/oil 1, container 46, liquefied gas 7, livestock carrier 3, multi-functional large-load carrier 4, passenger 2, petroleum tanker 56, refrigerated cargo 42, roll on/roll off 49, short-sea passenger 11, specialized tanker 10, vehicle carrier 1

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: China 4, Ireland 1, France 1, Greece 3, Hong Kong 1, Croatia 10, India 1, Japan 2, Monaco 1, Netherlands 1, Norway 2, Netherlands Antilles 1, Pakistan 1, Russia 1, Slovenia 5, UAE 1 (2000 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe: total: 39 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 130,843 GRT/149,048 DWT

ships by type: bulk 3, cargo 21, chemical tanker 1, container 3, liquefied gas 1, livestock carrier 1, petroleum tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 5, specialized tanker 1 (2000 est.)

Saudi Arabia: total: 71 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,154,619 GRT/1,533,732 DWT

ships by type: cargo 11, chemical tanker 8, container 5, liquefied gas 1, livestock carrier 3, passenger 1, petroleum tanker 18, refrigerated cargo 3, roll on/roll off 13, short-sea passenger 8 (2000 est.)

Seychelles: total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,353 GRT/7,638 DWT

ships by type: cargo 1 (2000 est.)

Sierra Leone: total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,057 GRT/3,498 DWT

ships by type: cargo 1 (2000 est.)

Singapore: total: 879 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,849,168 GRT/33,215,317 DWT

ships by type: bulk 134, cargo 111, chemical tanker 63, combination bulk 10, combination ore/oil 6, container 167, liquefied gas 28, livestock carrier 2, multi-functional large-load carrier 4, passenger 1, petroleum tanker 295, refrigerated cargo 7, roll on/roll off 7, short-sea passenger 1, specialized tanker 10, vehicle carrier 33

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Australia 1, Bermuda 12, Belgium 6, China 9, Denmark 29, Germany 8, Greece 1, Hong Kong 20, Indonesia 9, Japan 32, South Korea 3, Netherlands 2, Norway 9, Russia 1, Sweden 22, Thailand 22, Taiwan 17, UK 3, US 10 (2000 est.)

Slovakia: total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 15,041 GRT/19,517 DWT

ships by type: cargo 3 (2000 est.)

Solomon Islands: none (2000 est.)

Somalia: none (2000 est.)

South Africa: total: 8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 271,650 GRT/268,604 DWT

ships by type: container 6, petroleum tanker 2 (2000 est.)

Spain: total: 135 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,208,730 GRT/1,773,378 DWT

ships by type: bulk 10, cargo 26, chemical tanker 10, container 9, liquefied gas 2, livestock carrier 1, passenger 1, petroleum tanker 24, refrigerated cargo 5, roll on/roll off 35, short-sea passenger 8, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 3 (2000 est.)

Sri Lanka: total: 20 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 149,902 GRT/247,852 DWT

ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 16, container 1, petroleum tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 1 (2000 est.)

Sudan: total: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 38,093 GRT/49,727 DWT

ships by type: cargo 2, roll on/roll off 2 (2000 est.)

Suriname: total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,432 GRT/4,525 DWT

ships by type: cargo 1, container 1, petroleum tanker 1 (2000 est.)

Svalbard: none (2000 est.)

Sweden: total: 167 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,205,370 GRT/1,663,091 DWT

ships by type: bulk 5, cargo 28, chemical tanker 31, combination ore/oil 4, liquefied gas 1, passenger 1, petroleum tanker 29, railcar carrier 1, roll on/roll off 40, short-sea passenger 4, specialized tanker 6, vehicle carrier 17 (2000 est.)

Switzerland: total: 24 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 435,966 GRT/780,458 DWT

ships by type: bulk 12, cargo 6, chemical tanker 5, petroleum tanker 1

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: UK 1 (2000 est.)

Syria: total: 133 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 425,392 GRT/612,097 DWT

ships by type: bulk 11, cargo 117, livestock carrier 4, roll on/roll off 1 (2000 est.)

Tanzania: total: 8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 21,987 GRT/27,121 DWT

ships by type: cargo 2, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 2, roll on/roll off 1, short-sea passenger 1 (2000 est.)

Thailand: total: 294 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,845,972 GRT/2,923,914 DWT

ships by type: bulk 36, cargo 133, chemical tanker 3, combination bulk 1, container 14, liquefied gas 20, multi-functional large-load carrier 3, passenger 1, petroleum tanker 61, refrigerated cargo 13, roll on/roll off 2, short-sea passenger 2, specialized tanker 5 (2000 est.)

Togo: total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,603 GRT/2,800 DWT

ships by type: specialized tanker 1 (2000 est.)

Tokelau: none (2000 est.)

Tonga: total: 8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,626 GRT/29,468 DWT

ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 2, liquefied gas 3, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1 (2000 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago: total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,439 GRT/4,040 DWT

ships by type: cargo 1, petroleum tanker 1 (2000 est.)

Tunisia: total: 15 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 149,554 GRT/156,861 DWT

ships by type: bulk 2, cargo 4, chemical tanker 3, liquefied gas 1, petroleum tanker 1, short-sea passenger 3, specialized tanker 1 (2000 est.)

Turkey: total: 548 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,617,302 GRT/9,088,451 DWT

ships by type: bulk 140, cargo 242, chemical tanker 41, combination bulk 5, combination ore/oil 6, container 21, liquefied gas 6, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 43, refrigerated cargo 3, roll on/roll off 25, short-sea passenger 10, specialized tanker 5 (2000 est.)

Turkmenistan: total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,459 GRT/8,865 DWT

ships by type: container 1 (2000 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands: none (2000 est.)

Tuvalu: total: 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 52,135 GRT/68,300 DWT

ships by type: cargo 5, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 2 (2000 est.)

Uganda: total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,091 GRT/8,229 DWT

ships by type: roll on/roll off

note: these ships are in cargo and passenger service on Uganda's inland waterways (2000 est.)

Ukraine: total: 156 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 757,582 GRT/841,755 DWT

ships by type: bulk 8, cargo 110, container 3, liquefied gas 2, passenger 11, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 14, railcar carrier 2, roll on/roll off 2, short-sea passenger 2 (2000 est.)

United Arab Emirates: total: 70 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,094,256 GRT/1,421,333 DWT

ships by type: cargo 16, chemical tanker 3, container 17, liquefied gas 1, livestock carrier 1, passenger 1, petroleum tanker 24, roll on/roll off 6, specialized tanker 1 (2000 est.)

United Kingdom: total: 200 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,934,776 GRT/3,760,240 DWT

ships by type: bulk 4, cargo 31, chemical tanker 11, combination ore/oil 1, container 47, liquefied gas 3, passenger 14, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 52, refrigerated cargo 4, roll on/roll off 19, short-sea passenger 10, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 2

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Denmark 1 (2000 est.)

United States: total: 376 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 10,814,622 GRT/14,416,517 DWT

ships by type: barge carrier 9, bulk 68, cargo 29, chemical tanker 13, combination bulk 3, container 80, liquefied gas 1, multi-functional large-load carrier 3, passenger 9, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 98, roll on/roll off 49, short-sea passenger 3, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 9 (2000 est.)

Uruguay: total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,752 GRT/5,228 DWT

ships by type: petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1 (2000 est.)

Vanuatu: total: 54 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,067,384 GRT/1,330,543 DWT

ships by type: bulk 23, cargo 7, chemical tanker 3, combination bulk 2, container 1, liquefied gas 3, petroleum tanker 2, refrigerated cargo 7, vehicle carrier 6

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Australia 2, Canada 1, China 1, France 1, Greece 1, Hong Kong 1, Japan 22, Netherlands 1, Norway 1, Switzerland 1, US 4 (2000 est.)

Venezuela: total: 36 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 490,160 GRT/897,694 DWT

ships by type: bulk 7, cargo 10, liquefied gas 2, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 7, roll on/roll off 8, short-sea passenger 1 (2000 est.)

Vietnam: total: 143 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 705,388 GRT/1,071,902 DWT

ships by type: bulk 8, cargo 108, chemical tanker 1, combination bulk 1, container 2, liquefied gas 2, petroleum tanker 18, refrigerated cargo 3 (2000 est.)

Virgin Islands: none (2000 est.)

Wallis and Futuna: total: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 48,853 GRT/43,128 DWT

ships by type: passenger 3, petroleum tanker 1

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: France 1 (2000 est.)

Yemen: total: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 15,075 GRT/23,562 DWT

ships by type: cargo 1, petroleum tanker 3 (2000 est.)

Yugoslavia: total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,437 GRT/400 DWT

ships by type: short-sea passenger 1 (2000 est.)

Taiwan: total: 167 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,768,145 GRT/7,508,941 DWT

ships by type: bulk 45, cargo 29, combination bulk 1, container 65, petroleum tanker 17, refrigerated cargo 8, roll on/roll off 2 (2000 est.)

======================================================================

@Military - note

American Samoa: defense is the responsibility of the US

Andorra: defense is the responsibility of France and Spain

Anguilla: defense is the responsibility of the UK

Antarctica: the Antarctic Treaty prohibits any measures of a military nature, such as the establishment of military bases and fortifications, the carrying out of military maneuvers, or the testing of any type of weapon; it permits the use of military personnel or equipment for scientific research or for any other peaceful purposes

Aruba: defense is the responsibility of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Ashmore and Cartier Islands: defense is the responsibility of Australia; periodic visits by the Royal Australian Navy and Royal Australian Air Force

Baker Island: defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US Coast Guard

Bassas da India: defense is the responsibility of France

Bermuda: defense is the responsibility of the UK

Bouvet Island: defense is the responsibility of Norway

British Indian Ocean Territory: defense is the responsibility of the UK; the US lease on Diego Garcia expires in 2016

British Virgin Islands: defense is the responsibility of the UK

Cayman Islands: defense is the responsibility of the UK

Christmas Island: defense is the responsibility of Australia

Clipperton Island: defense is the responsibility of France

Cocos (Keeling) Islands: defense is the responsibility of Australia

Cook Islands: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand, in consultation with the Cook Islands and at its request

Coral Sea Islands: defense is the responsibility of Australia; visited regularly by the Royal Australian Navy; Australia has control over the activities of visitors

Cuba: Moscow, for decades the key military supporter and supplier of Cuba, cut off almost all military aid by 1993

Europa Island: defense is the responsibility of France

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): defense is the responsibility of the UK

Faroe Islands: defense is the responsibility of Denmark

French Guiana: defense is the responsibility of France

French Polynesia: defense is the responsibility of France

French Southern and Antarctic Lands: defense is the responsibility of France

Georgia: a CIS peacekeeping force consisting of Russian troops is deployed in the Abkhazia region of Georgia together with a UN military observer group; a Russian peacekeeping battalion is deployed in South Ossetia

Gibraltar: defense is the responsibility of the UK

Glorioso Islands: defense is the responsibility of France

Greenland: defense is the responsibility of Denmark

Guadeloupe: defense is the responsibility of France

Guam: defense is the responsibility of the US

Guernsey: defense is the responsibility of the UK

Heard Island and McDonald Islands: defense is the responsibility of Australia

Holy See (Vatican City): defense is the responsibility of Italy; Swiss Papal Guards are posted at entrances to the Vatican City to provide security and protect the Pope

Hong Kong: defense is the responsibility of China

Howland Island: defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US Coast Guard

Iceland: defense is provided by the US-manned Icelandic Defense Force (IDF) headquartered at Keflavik

Jan Mayen: defense is the responsibility of Norway

Jarvis Island: defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US Coast Guard

Jersey: defense is the responsibility of the UK

Johnston Atoll: defense is the responsibility of the US

Juan de Nova Island: defense is the responsibility of France

Kingman Reef: defense is the responsibility of the US

Kiribati: Kiribati does not have military forces; defense assistance is provided by Australia and NZ

Lesotho: The Lesotho Government in 1999 began an open debate on the future structure, size, and role of the armed forces, especially considering the Lesotho Defense Force's (LDF) history of intervening in political affairs.

Liechtenstein: defense is the responsibility of Switzerland

Macau: responsibility for defense reverted to China on 20 December 1999

Man, Isle of: defense is the responsibility of the UK

Marshall Islands: defense is the responsibility of the US

Martinique: defense is the responsibility of France

Mayotte: defense is the responsibility of France; small contingent of French forces stationed on the island

Micronesia, Federated States of: Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) is a sovereign, self-governing state in free association with the US; FSM is totally dependent on the US for its defense

Midway Islands: defense is the responsibility of the US

Monaco: defense is the responsibility of France

Montserrat: defense is the responsibility of the UK

Nauru: Nauru maintains no defense forces; under an informal agreement, defense is the responsibility of Australia

Navassa Island: defense is the responsibility of the US

Netherlands Antilles: defense is the responsibility of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

New Caledonia: defense is the responsibility of France

Niue: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand

Norfolk Island: defense is the responsibility of Australia

Northern Mariana Islands: defense is the responsibility of the US

Palau: defense is the responsibility of the US; under a Compact of Free Association between Palau and the US, the US military is granted access to the islands for 50 years

Palmyra Atoll: defense is the responsibility of the US

Panama: on 10 February 1990, the government of then President ENDARA abolished Panama's military and reformed the security apparatus by creating the Panamanian Public Forces; in October 1994, Panama's Legislative Assembly approved a constitutional amendment prohibiting the creation of a standing military force, but allowing the temporary establishment of special police units to counter acts of "external aggression"

Paracel Islands: occupied by China

Pitcairn Islands: defense is the responsibility of the UK

Puerto Rico: defense is the responsibility of the US

Reunion: defense is the responsibility of France

Saint Helena: defense is the responsibility of the UK

Saint Pierre and Miquelon: defense is the responsibility of France

Samoa: Samoa has no formal defense structure or regular armed forces; informal defense ties exist with NZ, which is required to consider any Samoan request for assistance under the 1962 Treaty of Friendship

South Africa: the National Defense Force continues to integrate former military, black homelands forces, and ex-opposition forces

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: defense is the responsibility of the UK

Spratly Islands: Spratly Islands consist of more than 100 small islands or reefs, of which about 45 are claimed and occupied by China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam

Svalbard: demilitarized by treaty (9 February 1920)

Tokelau: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand

Tromelin Island: defense is the responsibility of France

Turks and Caicos Islands: defense is the responsibility of the UK

Virgin Islands: defense is the responsibility of the US

Wake Island: defense is the responsibility of the US

Wallis and Futuna: defense is the responsibility of France

======================================================================

@Military branches

Afghanistan: NA; note - the military does not exist on a national basis; some elements of the former Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, National Guard, Border Guard Forces, National Police Force (Sarandoi), and tribal militias still exist but are factionalized among the various groups

Albania: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Interior Ministry Troops, Border Guards

Algeria: National Popular Army, Navy, Air Force, Territorial Air Defense, National Gendarmerie

Angola: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, National Police Force

Antigua and Barbuda: Royal Antigua and Barbuda Defense Force, Royal Antigua and Barbuda Police Force (includes Coast Guard)

Argentina: Argentine Army, Navy of the Argentine Republic (includes Naval Aviation, Marines, and Coast Guard), Argentine Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Aeronautical Police Force

Armenia: Army, Air Force and Air Defense Aviation, Air Defense Force, Security Forces (internal and border troops)

Aruba: Royal Dutch Navy and Marines, Coast Guard

Australia: Australian Army, Royal Australian Navy, Royal Australian Air Force

Austria: Army (includes Flying Division)

Azerbaijan: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Border Guards

Bahamas, The: Royal Bahamas Defense Force (Coast Guard only), Royal Bahamas Police Force

Bahrain: Ground Force, Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard, Police Force

Bangladesh: Army, Navy, Coast Guard, Air Force, paramilitary forces (includes Bangladesh Rifles, Bangladesh Ansars, Village Defense Parties, National Cadet Corps), Armed Police battalions

Barbados: Royal Barbados Defense Force (includes Ground Forces and Coast Guard), Royal Barbados Police Force

Belarus: Army, Air Force, Air Defense Force, Interior Ministry Troops, Border Guards

Belgium: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, Medical Service

Belize: Belize Defense Force (includes Army, Maritime Wing, Air Wing, and Volunteer Guard)

Benin: Armed Forces (includes Army, Navy, Air Force), National Gendarmerie

Bermuda: Bermuda Regiment, Bermuda Police Force, Bermuda Reserve Constabulary

Bhutan: Royal Bhutan Army, National Militia, Royal Bhutan Police, Royal Body Guards, Forest Guards (paramilitary)

Bolivia: Army (Ejercito Boliviano), Navy (Fuerza Naval Boliviana, includes Marines), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Boliviana), National Police Force (Policia Nacional de Bolivia)

Bosnia and Herzegovina: Federation Army or VF (composed of both Croatian and Bosniak elements), Republika Srpska Army or VRS (composed of Bosnian Serb elements); note - within both of these forces air and air defense are subordinate commands

Botswana: Botswana Defense Force (includes Army and Air Wing), Botswana National Police

Brazil: Brazilian Army, Brazilian Navy (includes naval air and marines), Brazilian Air Force, Federal Police (paramilitary)

Brunei: Land Forces, Navy, Air Force, Royal Brunei Police

Bulgaria: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense Forces, Internal Troops

Burkina Faso: Army, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Police, People's Militia

Burma: Army, Navy, Air Force

Burundi: Army (includes naval and air units), paramilitary Gendarmerie

Cambodia: Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF), including Army, Navy, and Air Force - created in 1993 by the merger of the Cambodian People's Armed Forces and the two noncommunist resistance armies

note: Khmer Rouge and royalist insurgent forces were integrated into the RCAF in 1999

Cameroon: Army, Navy (includes Naval Infantry), Air Force, National Gendarmerie, Presidential Guard

Canada: Canadian Forces (includes Land Forces Command or LC, Maritime Command or MC, Air Command or AC, Communications Command or CC, Training Command or TC), Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)

Cape Verde: Army, Coast Guard/Marines

Cayman Islands: Royal Cayman Islands Police Force (RCIPF)

Central African Republic: Central African Armed Forces (includes Army, Air Force, Presidential Guard, National Gendarmerie, Police Force)

Chad: Armed Forces (includes Ground Force, Air Force, and Gendarmerie), Republican Guard, Rapid Intervention Force, Police, Rural and Nomadic Guard (GNNT)

Chile: Army, Navy (includes Naval Air, Coast Guard, and Marines), Air Force, Carabineros of Chile (National Police), Investigations Police

note: Carabineros and Investigations Police are normally administered by the Ministry of Interior, but in times of national emergency, they are considered part of the military

China: People's Liberation Army (PLA) - which includes Ground Forces, Navy (includes Marines and Naval Aviation), Air Force, Second Artillery Corps (the strategic missile force), People's Armed Police (internal security troops, nominally subordinate to Ministry of Public Security, but included by the Chinese as part of the "armed forces" and considered to be an adjunct to the PLA in wartime)

Colombia: Army (Ejercito Nacional), Navy (Armada Nacional, includes Marines and Coast Guard), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Colombiana), National Police (Policia Nacional)

Comoros: Comoran Security Force

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: Army, Navy, Air Force, Special Presidential Security Group

Congo, Republic of the: Army, Air Force, Navy, Gendarmerie

Costa Rica: Coast Guard, Air Section, Ministry of Public Security Force (Fuerza Publica)

note: Costa Rica has no military, only domestic police forces, including the Coast Guard and Air Section

Cote d'Ivoire: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie, Republican Guard (includes Presidential Guard), Sapeur-Pompier (Military Fire Group)

Croatia: Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces

Cuba: Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR) includes ground forces, Revolutionary Navy (MGR), Air and Air Defense Force (DAAFAR), Territorial Troops Militia (MTT), and Youth Labor Army (EJT); the Border Guard (TGF) is controlled by the Interior Ministry

Cyprus: Greek Cypriot area: Greek Cypriot National Guard (GCNG; includes air and naval elements), Hellenic Forces Contingent on Cyprus (ELDYK), Greek Cypriot Police; Turkish Cypriot area: Turkish Cypriot Security Force (TCSF), Turkish mainland army units

Czech Republic: Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, Territorial Defense, Railroad Units

Denmark: Royal Danish Army, Royal Danish Navy, Royal Danish Air Force, Home Guard

Djibouti: Djibouti National Army (includes Navy and Air Force)

Dominica: Commonwealth of Dominica Police Force (includes Special Service Unit, Coast Guard)

Dominican Republic: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police

Ecuador: Army (Ejercito Ecuatoriano), Navy (Armada Ecuatoriana, includes Marines), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Ecuatoriana), National Police (Policia Nacional)

Egypt: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Command

El Salvador: Army, Navy, Air Force

Equatorial Guinea: Army, Navy, Air Force, Rapid Intervention Force, National Police

Eritrea: Army, Navy, Air Force

Estonia: Ground Forces, Navy/Coast Guard, Air and Air Defense Force (not officially sanctioned), Maritime Border Guard, Volunteer Defense League (Kaitseliit), Security Forces (internal and border troops)

Ethiopia: Ground Forces, Air Force, Police, Militia

note: Ethiopia is landlocked and has no navy; following the independence of Eritrea, Ethiopian naval facilities remained in Eritrean possession and ships which belonged to the former Ethiopian Navy and based at Djibouti have been sold

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): British Forces Falkland Islands (includes Army, Royal Air Force, Royal Navy, and Royal Marines), Police Force

Faroe Islands: defense is the responsibility of Denmark; no organized native military forces; only a small Police Force and Coast Guard are maintained

Fiji: Republic of Fiji Military Forces (RFMF; includes ground and naval forces)

Finland: Army, Navy, Air Force, Frontier Guard (includes Sea Guard)

France: Army (includes Marines), Navy (includes Naval Air), Air Force (includes Air Defense), National Gendarmerie

French Guiana: French Forces, Gendarmerie

French Polynesia: French Forces (includes Army, Navy, Air Force), Gendarmerie

Gabon: Army, Navy, Air Force, Republican Guard (charged with protecting the president and other senior officials), National Gendarmerie, National Police

Gambia, The: Army (includes marine unit), National Police, Presidential Guard

Gaza Strip: NA

Georgia: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force and Air Defense Forces, National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border troops)

Germany: Army, Navy (includes Naval Air Arm), Air Force, Medical Corps, Border Police, Coast Guard

Ghana: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police Force, Palace Guard, Civil Defense

Gibraltar: British Army, Royal Navy, Royal Air Force

Greece: Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy, Hellenic Air Force, National Guard, Police

Grenada: Royal Grenada Police Force (includes Special Service Unit), Coast Guard

Guadeloupe: French Forces, Gendarmerie

Guatemala: Army, Navy, Air Force

Guinea: Army, Navy, Air Force, Republican Guard, Presidential Guard, paramilitary National Gendarmerie, National Police Force (Surete National)

Guinea-Bissau: People's Revolutionary Armed Force (FARP; includes Army, Navy, and Air Force), paramilitary force

Guyana: Guyana Defense Force (GDF; includes Ground Forces, Coast Guard, and Air Corps), Guyana People's Militia (GPM), Guyana National Service (GNS), Guyana Police Force

Haiti: Haitian National Police (HNP)

note: the regular Haitian Army, Navy, and Air Force have been demobilized but still exist on paper until constitutionally abolished

Honduras: Army, Navy (includes Marines), Air Force

Hong Kong: Hong Kong garrison of China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) including elements of the PLA Ground Forces, PLA Navy, and PLA Air Force; these forces are under the direct leadership of the Central Military Commission in Beijing and under administrative control of the adjacent Guangzhou Military Region

Hungary: Ground Forces, Air Force; note - there is a paramilitary Border Guard which is under the Ministry of Interior

Iceland: no regular armed forces; Police, Coast Guard; note - Iceland's defense is provided by the US-manned Icelandic Defense Force (IDF) headquartered at Keflavik

India: Army, Navy (including naval air arm), Air Force, various security or paramilitary forces (includes Border Security Force, Assam Rifles, Rashtriya Rifles, and National Security Guards)

Indonesia: Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines

note: as of 1 July 2000, the National Police became an independent organization that reports directly to the president

Iran: Islamic Republic of Iran regular forces (includes Ground Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces), Revolutionary Guards (includes Ground, Air, Navy, Qods, and Basij-mobilization-forces), Law Enforcement Forces

Iraq: Army, Republican Guard, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, Border Guard Force, Fedayeen Saddam

Ireland: Army (includes Naval Service and Air Corps), National Police (Garda Siochana)

Israel: Israel Defense Forces (includes ground, naval, and air components), Pioneer Fighting Youth (Nahal), Frontier Guard, Chen (women); note - historically there have been no separate Israeli military services

Italy: Army, Navy, Air Force, Carabinieri

Jamaica: Jamaica Defense Force (includes Ground Forces, Coast Guard, and Air Wing), Jamaica Constabulary Force

Japan: Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (Army), Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (Navy), Japan Air Self-Defense Force (Air Force)

Jordan: Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF; includes Royal Jordanian Land Force, Royal Naval Force, and Royal Jordanian Air Force); Ministry of the Interior's Public Security Force (falls under JAF only in wartime or crisis situations)

Kazakhstan: General Purpose Forces (Army), Air Force, Border Guards, Navy, Republican Guard

Kenya: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary General Service Unit of the Police

Kiribati: no regular military forces; Police Force (carries out law enforcement functions and paramilitary duties; small police posts are on all islands)

Korea, North: Korean People's Army (includes Army, Navy, Air Force), Civil Security Forces

Korea, South: Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, National Maritime Police (Coast Guard)

Kuwait: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police Force, National Guard, Coast Guard

Kyrgyzstan: Army, Air and Air Defense, Security Forces, Border Troops

Laos: Lao People's Army (LPA; includes riverine element), Air Force, National Police Department

Latvia: Ground Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Security Forces, Border Guard, Home Guard (Zemessardze)

Lebanon: Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF; includes Army, Navy, and Air Force)

Lesotho: Lesotho Defense Force (LDF; includes Army and Air Wing), Royal Lesotho Mounted Police (RLMP)

Liberia: Army, Air Force, Navy

Libya: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Command

Lithuania: Ground Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Force, Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard (Skat)

Luxembourg: Army; note - the government abolished the Gendarmerie

Macau: Macau garrison of China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) includes about 500 troops

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: Army (includes Air and Air Defense Forces), Police Force

Madagascar: Popular Armed Forces (includes Intervention Forces, Development Forces, Aeronaval Forces - includes Navy and Air Force), Gendarmerie, Presidential Security Regiment

Malawi: Army (includes Air Wing and Naval Detachment), Police (includes paramilitary Mobile Force Unit)

Malaysia: Malaysian Army, Royal Malaysian Navy, Royal Malaysian Air Force, Royal Malaysian Police Force, Marine Police, Sarawak Border Scouts

Maldives: National Security Service

Mali: Army, Air Force, Gendarmerie, Republican Guard, National Guard, National Police (Surete Nationale)

Malta: Armed Forces (including land forces, an air squadron, a maritime squadron, and the Revenue Security Corps), Maltese Police Force

Marshall Islands: no regular military forces (a coast guard may be established); Police Force

Martinique: French forces (Army, Navy, Air Force), Gendarmerie

Mauritania: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Guard, National Police, Presidential Guard

Mauritius: National Police Force (includes the paramilitary Special Mobile Force or SMF and National Coast Guard)

Mexico: National Defense Secretariat (includes Army and Air Force), Navy Secretariat (includes Naval Air and Naval Infantry)

Moldova: Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops)

Mongolia: Mongolian Armed Forces (includes General Purpose Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense Troops); note - Border Troops are under Ministry of Justice and Home Affairs in peacetime

Montserrat: Police Force

Morocco: Royal Armed Forces (includes Army, Navy, Air Force), Gendarmerie, Auxiliary Forces

Mozambique: Army, Naval Command, Air and Air Defense Forces, Militia

Namibia: National Defense Force (Army), Police

Nauru: no regular armed forces; Directorate of the Nauru Police Force

Nepal: Royal Nepalese Army (includes Royal Nepalese Army Air Service), Nepalese Police Force

Netherlands: Royal Netherlands Army, Royal Netherlands Navy (includes Naval Air Service and Marine Corps), Royal Netherlands Air Force, Royal Constabulary

Netherlands Antilles: Royal Netherlands Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, National Guard, Police Force

New Caledonia: French Armed Forces (Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie); Police Force

New Zealand: New Zealand Army, Royal New Zealand Navy, Royal New Zealand Air Force

Nicaragua: Army, Navy, Air Force

Niger: Army, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, Republican Guard, National Police

Nigeria: Army, Navy, Air Force

Niue: Police Force

Norway: Norwegian Army, Royal Norwegian Navy (includes Coast Artillery and Coast Guard), Royal Norwegian Air Force, Home Guard

Oman: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary (includes Royal Oman Police)

Pakistan: Army, Navy, Air Force, Civil Armed Forces, National Guard

Palau: NA

Panama: an amendment to the Constitution abolished the armed forces, but there are security forces (Panamanian Public Forces or PPF includes the Panamanian National Police, National Maritime Service, and National Air Service)

Papua New Guinea: Papua New Guinea Defense Force (includes Ground, Naval, and Air Forces, and Special Forces Unit)

Paraguay: Army, Navy (includes Naval Air and Marines), Air Force

Peru: Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru; includes Naval Air, Marines, and Coast Guard), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea del Peru), National Police (Policia Nacional)

Philippines: Army, Navy (includes Coast Guard and Marine Corps), Air Force

Poland: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Force

Portugal: Army, Navy (includes Marines), Air Force, National Republican Guard

Puerto Rico: paramilitary National Guard, Police Force

Qatar: Army, Navy, Air Force, Public Security

Reunion: French forces (Army, Navy, Air Force, and Gendarmerie)

Romania: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Paramilitary Forces, Civil Defense

Russia: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force, Strategic Rocket Forces

Rwanda: Army, Navy, Air Force

Saint Kitts and Nevis: Royal Saint Kitts and Nevis Police Force, Coast Guard, Royal Saint Kitts and Nevis Defense Force

Saint Lucia: Royal Saint Lucia Police Force (includes Special Service Unit), Coast Guard

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: Royal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force (includes Special Service Unit), Coast Guard

Samoa: no regular armed services; Samoa Police Force

San Marino: Voluntary Military Force, Police Force

Sao Tome and Principe: Army, Navy, Security Police

Saudi Arabia: Land Force (Army), Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, National Guard, Ministry of Interior Forces (paramilitary)

Senegal: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Police (Surete Nationale)

Seychelles: Army, Coast Guard, air wing, National Guard, Presidential Protection Unit, Police Force

Sierra Leone: Army

Singapore: Army, Navy, Air Force, People's Defense Force, Police Force

Slovakia: Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Territorial Defense Forces, Civil Defense Force

Slovenia: Slovenian Army (includes Air and Naval Forces)

Solomon Islands: no regular military forces; Solomon Islands National Reconnaissance and Surveillance Force; Royal Solomon Islands Police (RSIP)

Somalia: A Somali National Army is being reformed under the interim government; numerous factions and clans maintain independent militias, and the Somaliland and Puntland regional governments maintain their own security and police forces

South Africa: South African National Defense Force or SANDF (includes Army, Navy, Air Force, and Medical Services), South African Police Service or SAPS

Spain: Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, Civil Guard, National Police, Coastal Civil Guard

Sri Lanka: Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Force

Sudan: Army, Navy, Air Force, Popular Defense Force Militia

Suriname: National Army (includes small Navy and Air Force elements), Civil Police

Swaziland: Umbutfo Swaziland Defense Force (Army), Royal Swaziland Police Force

Sweden: Swedish Army, Royal Swedish Navy, Swedish Air Force

Switzerland: Army, Air Force, Frontier Guards, Fortification Guards

Syria: Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Navy, Syrian Arab Air Force, Syrian Arab Air Defense Forces, Police and Security Force

Tajikistan: Army, Air Force, Air Defense Forces, Presidential National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border troops)

Tanzania: Tanzanian People's Defense Force or TPDF (includes Army, Navy, and Air Force), paramilitary Police Field Force Unit, Militia

Thailand: Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (includes Royal Thai Marine Corps), Royal Thai Air Force, Paramilitary Forces

Togo: Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie

Tonga: Tonga Defense Services (includes Royal Tongan Marines, Tongan Royal Guards, Maritime Force, Police); note - a new Air Wing which will be subordinate to the Defense Ministry is being developed

Trinidad and Tobago: Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force (includes Ground Forces, Coast Guard, and Air Wing), Trinidad and Tobago Police Service

Tunisia: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary forces, National Guard

Turkey: Land Force, Navy (includes Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force, Coast Guard, Gendarmerie

Turkmenistan: Ministry of Defense (Army, Air and Air Defense, Navy, Border Troops, and Internal Troops), National Guard

Tuvalu: no regular military forces; Police Force includes Maritime Surveillance Unit for search and rescue missions and surveillance operations

Uganda: Army, Air Wing, Marine Unit

Ukraine: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, Internal Troops, Border Troops

United Arab Emirates: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense, paramilitary (includes Federal Police Force)

United Kingdom: Army, Royal Navy (includes Royal Marines), Royal Air Force

United States: Department of the Army, Department of the Navy (includes Marine Corps), Department of the Air Force

note: the Coast Guard is normally subordinate to the Department of Transportation, but in wartime reports to the Department of the Navy

Uruguay: Army, Navy (includes Naval Air Arm, Coast Guard, Marines), Air Force, Police (Coracero Guard, Grenadier Guard)

Uzbekistan: Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard

Vanuatu: no regular military forces; Vanuatu Police Force (VPF; includes the paramilitary Vanuatu Mobile Force or VMF)

Venezuela: National Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Nacionales or FAN) includes Ground Forces or Army (Fuerzas Terrestres or Ejercito), Naval Forces (Fuerzas Navales or Armada), Air Force (Fuerzas Aereas or Aviacion), Armed Forces of Cooperation or National Guard (Fuerzas Armadas de Cooperacion or Guardia Nacional)

Vietnam: People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) (includes Ground Forces, Navy, and Air Force), Coast Guard

West Bank: NA

Western Sahara: NA

Yemen: Army, Navy, Coast Guard, Air Force, Air Defense Forces, Presidential Guards, paramilitary (includes Police)

Yugoslavia: Army (including ground forces with border troops, naval forces, air and air defense forces)

Zambia: Army, Air Force, National Service, police

Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe Republic Police (includes Police Support Unit, Paramilitary Police)

Taiwan: Army, Navy (includes Marines), Air Force, Coastal Patrol and Defense Command, Armed Forces Reserve Command, Combined Service Forces

======================================================================

@Military expenditures - dollar figure

Afghanistan: $NA

Albania: $42 million (FY99)

Algeria: $1.87 billion (FY99)

Angola: $1.2 billion (FY97)

Antigua and Barbuda: $NA

Argentina: $4.3 billion (FY99)

Armenia: $75 million (FY99)

Australia: $6.9 billion (FY98/99)

Austria: $1.7 billion (FY98)

Azerbaijan: $121 million (FY99)

Bahamas, The: $20 million (FY95/96)

Bahrain: $318 million (FY99)

Bangladesh: $559 million (FY96/97)

Barbados: $NA

Belarus: $156 million (FY98)

Belgium: $2.5 billion (FY01)

Belize: $17 million (FY98/99)

Benin: $27 million (FY96)

Bermuda: $NA

Bhutan: $NA

Bolivia: $147 million (FY99)

Bosnia and Herzegovina: $NA

Botswana: $61 million (FY99)

Brazil: $13.408 billion (FY99)

Brunei: $343 million (FY98)

Bulgaria: $344 million (FY00)

Burkina Faso: $66 million (FY96)

Burma: $39 million (FY97/98)

Burundi: $57 million (FY97)

Cambodia: $112 million (FY01 est.)

Cameroon: $118.6 million (FY00/01)

Canada: $7.5 billion (FY00/01)

Cape Verde: $4 million (FY96)

Central African Republic: $29 million (FY96)

Chad: $39 million (FY96)

Chile: $2.5 billion (FY99)

China: $12.608 billion (FY99); note - China's real defense spending may be several times higher than the official figure because a number of significant items are funded elsewhere

Colombia: $3 billion (FY00)

Comoros: $NA

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: $250 million (FY97)

Congo, Republic of the: $110 million (FY93)

Costa Rica: $69 million (FY99)

Cote d'Ivoire: $94 million (FY96)

Croatia: $575 million (2000)

Cuba: $NA

Cyprus: $370 million (FY00)

Czech Republic: $1.2 billion (FY01)

Denmark: $2.47 billion (FY99)

Djibouti: $23 million (FY97)

Dominica: $NA

Dominican Republic: $180 million (FY98)

Ecuador: $720 million (FY98)

Egypt: $4.04 billion (FY99/00)

El Salvador: $112 million (FY99)

Equatorial Guinea: $3 million (FY97/98)

Eritrea: $160 million (2000 est.)

Estonia: $70 million (FY99)

Ethiopia: $138 million (FY98/99)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): $NA

Faroe Islands: $NA

Fiji: $24 million (FY98)

Finland: $1.8 billion (FY98)

France: $39.831 billion (FY97)

French Guiana: $NA

Gabon: $91 million (FY96)

Gambia, The: $2.6 million (2001 est.)

Gaza Strip: $NA

Georgia: $23 million (FY00)

Germany: $32.8 billion (FY98)

Ghana: $53 million (FY99)

Greece: $6.12 billion (FY99/00 est.)

Grenada: $NA

Guatemala: $120 million (FY99)

Guinea: $56 million (FY96)

Guinea-Bissau: $8 million (FY96)

Guyana: $7 million (FY94)

Haiti: $NA; note - mainly for police and security activities

Honduras: $35 million (FY99)

Hong Kong: $NA; note - separate budget for Hong Kong not established by China

Hungary: $822 million (FY00)

Iceland: $0

India: $13.02 billion (FY01)

Indonesia: $1 billion (FY98/99)

Iran: $5.787 billion (FY98/99)

Iraq: $NA

Ireland: $738 million (2001 est.)

Israel: $8.7 billion (FY99)

Italy: $20.7 billion (FY00/01)

Jamaica: $30 million (FY95/96 est.)

Japan: $43 billion (FY01)

Jordan: $608.9 million (FY98/99)

Kazakhstan: $322 million (FY99)

Kenya: $197 million (FY98/99)

Kiribati: $NA

Korea, North: $3.7 billion to $4.9 billion (FY98 est.)

Korea, South: $12 billion (2000)

Kuwait: $1.9 billion (FY00/01)

Kyrgyzstan: $12 million (FY99)

Laos: $55 million (FY98)

Latvia: $60 million (FY99)

Lebanon: $343 million (FY99/00)

Lesotho: $34 million (1999)

Liberia: $1 million (FY98)

Libya: $1.3 billion (FY99/00)

Lithuania: $181 million (FY99)

Luxembourg: $131 million (FY98/99)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: $76.3 million (FY00/01)

Madagascar: $29 million (FY94)

Malawi: $9.5 million (FY00/01)

Malaysia: $1.69 billion (FY00 est.)

Maldives: $NA

Mali: $49 million (FY96)

Malta: $201 million (FY98)

Marshall Islands: $NA

Mauritania: $41 million (FY97/98)

Mauritius: $11 million (FY97/98)

Mexico: $4 billion (FY99)

Moldova: $6 million (FY99)

Mongolia: $25.5 million (FY01)

Morocco: $1.4 billion (FY99/00)

Mozambique: $35.1 million (2000 est.)

Namibia: $104.4 million (2001)

Nauru: $NA

Nepal: $44 million (FY96/97)

Netherlands: $6.5 billion (FY00/01 est.)

New Caledonia: $192.3 million (1996)

New Zealand: $883 million (FY97/98)

Nicaragua: $26 million (FY98)

Niger: $20 million (FY96)

Nigeria: $360 million (FY00)

Norway: $3.113 billion (FY98)

Oman: $2.4 billion (FY00)

Pakistan: $2.435 billion (FY99/00)

Palau: $NA

Panama: $128 million (FY99)

Papua New Guinea: $42 million (FY98)

Paraguay: $125 million (FY98)

Peru: $1 billion (FY00)

Philippines: $995 million (FY98)

Poland: $3.17 billion (FY00)

Portugal: $2.458 billion (FY97)

Qatar: $723 million (FY00/01)

Romania: $720 million (FY00)

Russia: $NA

Rwanda: $58 million (FY01)

Saint Kitts and Nevis: $NA

Saint Lucia: $5 million (FY91/92)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: $NA

Samoa: $NA

San Marino: $700,000 (FY00)

Sao Tome and Principe: $1 million (FY94)

Saudi Arabia: $18.3 billion (FY00)

Senegal: $68 million (FY97)

Seychelles: $13 million (FY93)

Sierra Leone: $46 million (FY96/97)

Singapore: $5 billion (FY00/01 est.)

Slovakia: $380 million (FY00)

Slovenia: $370 million (FY00)

Solomon Islands: $NA

Somalia: $NA

South Africa: $2 billion (FY00/01)

Spain: $6 billion (FY97)

Sri Lanka: $719 million (FY98)

Sudan: $550 million (FY98)

Suriname: $8.5 million (FY97 est.)

Swaziland: $19.198 million (FY00/01)

Sweden: $5 billion (FY98)

Switzerland: $3.1 billion (FY98)

Syria: $921 million (FY00 est.); note - based on official budget data that may understate actual spending

Tajikistan: $17 million (FY97)

Tanzania: $21 million (FY98/99)

Thailand: $1.775 billion (FY00)

Togo: $27 million (FY96)

Tonga: $NA

Trinidad and Tobago: $83 million (FY94)

Tunisia: $356 million (FY99)

Turkey: $10.6 billion (FY99)

Turkmenistan: $90 million (FY99)

Tuvalu: $NA

Uganda: $95 million (FY98/99)

Ukraine: $500 million (FY99)

United Arab Emirates: $1.6 billion (FY00)

United Kingdom: $36.884 billion (FY97)

United States: $276.7 billion (FY99 est.)

Uruguay: $172 million (FY98)

Uzbekistan: $200 million (FY97)

Vanuatu: $NA

Venezuela: $934 million (FY99)

Vietnam: $650 million (FY98)

West Bank: $NA

Western Sahara: $NA

World: aggregate real expenditure on arms worldwide in 1999 remained at approximately the 1998 level, about three-quarters of a trillion dollars (1999 est.)

Yemen: $414 million (FY99)

Yugoslavia: $760 million (FY00)

Zambia: $76 million (FY97)

Zimbabwe: $127 million (FY99/00)

Taiwan: $8.042 billion (FY98/99)

======================================================================

@Military expenditures - percent of GDP

Afghanistan: NA%

Albania: 1.5% (FY99)

Algeria: 4.1% (FY99)

Angola: 22% (1999)

Antigua and Barbuda: NA%

Argentina: 1.3% (FY99)

Armenia: 4% (FY99)

Australia: 1.9% (FY98/99)

Austria: 1.2% (FY98)

Azerbaijan: 2.6% (FY99)

Bahamas, The: NA%

Bahrain: 5.2% (FY99)

Bangladesh: 1.8% (FY96/97)

Barbados: NA%

Belarus: 1.2% (FY98)

Belgium: 1.2% (FY99)

Belize: 2.4% (FY98/99)

Benin: 1.2% (FY96)

Bermuda: NA%

Bhutan: NA%

Bolivia: 1.8% (FY99)

Bosnia and Herzegovina: NA%

Botswana: 1.2% (FY99)

Brazil: 1.9% (FY99)

Brunei: 5.1% (FY98)

Bulgaria: 2.4% (FY00)

Burkina Faso: 2% (FY96)

Burma: 2.1% (FY97/98)

Burundi: 6.1% (FY97)

Cambodia: 3% (FY01 est.)

Cameroon: 1.4% (FY98/99)

Canada: 1.3% (FY00/01)

Cape Verde: 1.8% (FY96)

Central African Republic: 2.2% (FY96)

Chad: 3.5% (FY96)

Chile: 3.1% (FY99)

China: 1.2% (FY99)

Colombia: 3.4% (FY00)

Comoros: NA%

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: 4.6% (FY97)

Congo, Republic of the: 3.8% (FY93)

Costa Rica: 1.6% (FY99)

Cote d'Ivoire: 1% (FY96)

Croatia: 3.8% (2000)

Cuba: roughly 4% (FY95 est.)

Cyprus: 4.2% (FY00)

Czech Republic: 2.2% (FY01)

Denmark: 1.4% (FY99)

Djibouti: 4.5% (FY97)

Dominica: NA%

Dominican Republic: 1.1% (FY98)

Ecuador: 3.4% (FY98)

Egypt: 4.1% (FY99/00)

El Salvador: 0.7% (FY99)

Equatorial Guinea: 0.6% (FY97/98)

Eritrea: 29.4% (2000 est.)

Estonia: 1.2% (FY99)

Ethiopia: 2.5% (FY98/99)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): NA%

Faroe Islands: NA%

Fiji: 1.1% (FY98)

Finland: 2% (FY98)

France: 2.5% (FY97)

French Guiana: NA%

Gabon: 1.6% (FY96)

Gambia, The: 2% (FY96/97)

Gaza Strip: NA%

Georgia: 0.59% (FY00)

Germany: 1.5% (FY98)

Ghana: 0.7% (FY99)

Greece: 4.91% (FY99/00 est.)

Grenada: NA%

Guatemala: 0.6% (FY99)

Guinea: 1.4% (FY96)

Guinea-Bissau: 2.8% (FY96)

Guyana: 1.7% (FY94)

Haiti: NA%

Honduras: 0.6% (FY99)

Hong Kong: NA%

Hungary: 1.6% (FY00)

India: 2.5% (FY00)

Indonesia: 1.3% (FY98/99)

Iran: 2.9% (FY98/99)

Iraq: NA%

Ireland: 0.75% (2001 est.)

Israel: 9.4% (FY99)

Italy: 1.7% (FY00/01)

Jamaica: NA%

Japan: 0.96% (FY01)

Jordan: 7.8% (FY98/99)

Kazakhstan: 1.5% (FY99)

Kenya: 1.9% (FY98/99)

Kiribati: NA%

Korea, North: 25% to 33% (FY98 est.)

Korea, South: 3.2% (FY98/99)

Kuwait: 8.7% (FY00/01)

Kyrgyzstan: 1% (FY99)

Laos: 4.2% (FY96/97)

Latvia: 0.9% (FY99)

Lebanon: 4.8% (FY99/00)

Lesotho: NA%

Liberia: 2% (FY98)

Libya: 3.9% (FY99/00)

Lithuania: 1.66% (FY00)

Luxembourg: 1% (FY98/99)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: 2.17% (FY00/01)

Madagascar: 1% (FY94)

Malawi: 0.76% (FY00/01)

Malaysia: 2.03% (FY00)

Maldives: NA%

Mali: 2% (FY96)

Malta: 5.5% (FY98)

Marshall Islands: NA%

Mauritania: 2.7% (FY97/98)

Mauritius: 0.3% (FY97/98)

Mexico: 1% (FY99)

Moldova: 1% (FY99)

Mongolia: 2.3% (FY01)

Morocco: 4% (FY99/00)

Mozambique: 1% (2000 est.)

Namibia: 2.6% (FY97/98)

Nauru: NA%

Nepal: 0.9% (FY96/97)

Netherlands: 1.5% (FY00/01 est.)

New Caledonia: 5.3% (1996)

New Zealand: 1.1% (FY97/98)

Nicaragua: 1.2% (FY98)

Niger: 1.1% (FY96)

Nigeria: 10% (FY00)

Norway: 2.1% (FY98)

Oman: 13% (FY00)

Pakistan: 3.9% (FY99/00)

Palau: NA%

Panama: 1.3% (FY99)

Papua New Guinea: 1% (FY98)

Paraguay: 1.4% (FY98)

Peru: 1.9% (FY00)

Philippines: 1.5% (FY98)

Poland: 1.95% (FY00)

Portugal: 2.6% (FY97)

Qatar: 10% (FY00/01)

Romania: 2.2% (FY00)

Russia: NA%

Rwanda: 3.2% (FY01)

Saint Kitts and Nevis: NA%

Saint Lucia: 2% (FY91/92)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: NA%

Samoa: NA%

San Marino: NA%

Sao Tome and Principe: 1.5% (FY94)

Saudi Arabia: 13% (FY00)

Senegal: 1.4% (FY97)

Seychelles: 2.8% (FY93)

Sierra Leone: 2% (FY96/97)

Singapore: 4.5% (FY00/01 est.)

Slovakia: 1.71% (FY00)

Slovenia: 1.7% (FY00)

Solomon Islands: NA%

Somalia: NA%

South Africa: 1.5% (FY99/00)

Spain: 1.1% (FY97)

Sri Lanka: 4.2% (FY98)

Sudan: NA%

Suriname: 1.6% (FY97 est.)

Swaziland: 4.75% (FY00/01)

Sweden: 2.1% (FY98)

Switzerland: 1.2% (FY98)

Syria: 5.9% (FY98)

Tajikistan: 1.8% (FY97)

Tanzania: 0.2% (FY98/99)

Thailand: 1.4% (FY00)

Togo: 2% (FY96)

Tonga: NA%

Trinidad and Tobago: NA%

Tunisia: 1.5% (FY99)

Turkey: 5.6% (FY99)

Turkmenistan: 3.4% (FY99)

Tuvalu: NA%

Uganda: 1.9% (FY98/99)

Ukraine: 1.4% (FY99)

United Arab Emirates: 3.1% (FY00)

United Kingdom: 2.7% (FY97)

United States: 3.2% (FY99 est.)

Uruguay: 0.9% (FY98)

Uzbekistan: 2% (FY97)

Vanuatu: NA%

Venezuela: 0.9% (FY99)

Vietnam: 2.5% (FY98)

West Bank: NA%

Western Sahara: NA%

World: roughly 2% of gross world product (1999 est.)

Yemen: 7.6% (FY99)

Yugoslavia: NA%

Zambia: 1.8% (FY97)

Zimbabwe: 3.1% (FY99/00)

Taiwan: 2.8% (FY98/99)

======================================================================

@Military manpower - availability

Afghanistan: males age 15-49: 6,645,023 (2001 est.)

Albania: males age 15-49: 870,768 (2001 est.)

Algeria: males age 15-49: 8,794,622 (2001 est.)

Angola: males age 15-49: 2,480,016 (2001 est.)

Argentina: males age 15-49: 9,404,434 (2001 est.)

Armenia: males age 15-49: 905,154 (2001 est.)

Australia: males age 15-49: 4,990,107 (2001 est.)

Austria: males age 15-49: 2,091,263 (2001 est.)

Azerbaijan: males age 15-49: 2,102,780 (2001 est.)

Bahrain: males age 15-49: 222,141 (2001 est.)

Bangladesh: males age 15-49: 36,005,553 (2001 est.)

Barbados: males age 15-49: 78,069 (2001 est.)

Belarus: males age 15-49: 2,729,956 (2001 est.)

Belgium: males age 15-49: 2,517,596 (2001 est.)

Belize: males age 15-49: 62,698 (2001 est.)

Benin: males age 15-49: 1,455,433

females age 15-49: 1,489,947

note: both sexes are liable for military service (2001 est.)

Bhutan: males age 15-49: 504,342 (2001 est.)

Bolivia: males age 15-49: 2,005,660 (2001 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina: males age 15-49: 1,127,146 (2001 est.)

Botswana: males age 15-49: 380,152 (2001 est.)

Brazil: males age 15-49: 48,298,486 (2001 est.)

Brunei: males age 15-49: 106,725 (2001 est.)

Bulgaria: males age 15-49: 1,891,498 (2001 est.)

Burkina Faso: males age 15-49: 2,592,974 (2001 est.)

Burma: males age 15-49: 12,050,964

females age 15-49: 12,070,017

note: both sexes liable for military service (2001 est.)

Burundi: males age 15-49: 1,394,273 (2001 est.)

Cambodia: males age 15-49: 2,877,137 (2001 est.)

Cameroon: males age 15-49: 3,762,369 (2001 est.)

Canada: males age 15-49: 8,325,084 (2001 est.)

Cape Verde: males age 15-49: 89,543 (2001 est.)

Central African Republic: males age 15-49: 824,139 (2001 est.)

Chad: males age 15-49: 1,814,578 (2001 est.)

Chile: males age 15-49: 4,057,466 (2001 est.)

China: males age 15-49: 366,306,353 (2001 est.)

Colombia: males age 15-49: 10,779,148 (2001 est.)

Comoros: males age 15-49: 141,120 (2001 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: males age 15-49: 11,615,554 (2001 est.)

Congo, Republic of the: males age 15-49: 684,922 (2001 est.)

Costa Rica: males age 15-49: 1,035,090 (2001 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire: males age 15-49: 3,851,432 (2001 est.)

Croatia: males age 15-49: 1,085,877 (2001 est.)

Cuba: males age 15-49: 3,090,633

females age 15-49: 3,029,274 (2001 est.)

Cyprus: males age 15-49: 198,275 (2001 est.)

Czech Republic: males age 15-49: 2,653,456 (2001 est.)

Denmark: males age 15-49: 1,292,619 (2001 est.)

Djibouti: males age 15-49: 108,038 (2001 est.)

Dominican Republic: males age 15-49: 2,281,035 (2001 est.)

Ecuador: males age 15-49: 3,382,567 (2001 est.)

Egypt: males age 15-49: 18,562,994 (2001 est.)

El Salvador: males age 15-49: 1,464,898 (2001 est.)

Equatorial Guinea: males age 15-49: 108,973 (2001 est.)

Estonia: males age 15-49: 359,677 (2001 est.)

Ethiopia: males age 15-49: 14,537,884 (2001 est.)

Fiji: males age 15-49: 227,599 (2001 est.)

Finland: males age 15-49: 1,251,700 (2001 est.)

France: males age 15-49: 14,573,199 (2001 est.)

French Guiana: males age 15-49: 49,495 (2001 est.)

Gabon: males age 15-49: 281,218 (2001 est.)

Gambia, The: males age 15-49: 316,873 (2001 est.)

Georgia: males age 15-49: 1,296,199 (2001 est.)

Germany: males age 15-49: 20,851,022 (2001 est.)

Ghana: males age 15-49: 4,890,483 (2001 est.)

Greece: males age 15-49: 2,673,539 (2001 est.)

Guatemala: males age 15-49: 3,092,050 (2001 est.)

Guinea: males age 15-49: 1,764,912 (2001 est.)

Guinea-Bissau: males age 15-49: 305,071 (2001 est.)

Guyana: males age 15-49: 204,938 (2001 est.)

Haiti: males age 15-49: 1,635,253 (2001 est.)

Honduras: males age 15-49: 1,515,101 (2001 est.)

Hong Kong: males age 15-49: 2,020,937 (2001 est.)

Hungary: males age 15-49: 2,573,119 (2001 est.)

Iceland: males age 15-49: 71,241 (2001 est.)

India: males age 15-49: 280,204,502 (2001 est.)

Indonesia: males age 15-49: 64,046,049 (2001 est.)

Iran: males age 15-49: 18,319,328 (2001 est.)

Iraq: males age 15-49: 5,902,215 (2001 est.)

Ireland: males age 15-49: 1,004,469 (2001 est.)

Israel: males age 15-49: 1,522,003

females age 15-49: 1,482,027 (2001 est.)

Italy: males age 15-49: 14,248,674 (2001 est.)

Jamaica: males age 15-49: 736,627 (2001 est.)

Japan: males age 15-49: 29,926,614 (2001 est.)

Jordan: males age 15-49: 1,458,571 (2001 est.)

Kazakhstan: males age 15-49: 4,509,179 (2001 est.)

Kenya: males age 15-49: 7,712,402 (2001 est.)

Korea, North: males age 15-49: 5,943,735 (2001 est.)

Korea, South: males age 15-49: 14,148,552 (2001 est.)

Kuwait: males age 15-49: 780,559 (2001 est.)

Kyrgyzstan: males age 15-49: 1,203,001 (2001 est.)

Laos: males age 15-49: 1,319,537 (2001 est.)

Latvia: males age 15-49: 590,784 (2001 est.)

Lebanon: males age 15-49: 980,412 (2001 est.)

Lesotho: males age 15-49: 515,464 (2001 est.)

Liberia: males age 15-49: 715,753 (2001 est.)

Libya: males age 15-49: 1,459,400 (2001 est.)

Lithuania: males age 15-49: 929,389 (2001 est.)

Luxembourg: males age 15-49: 112,714 (2001 est.)

Macau: males age 15-49: 125,737 (2001 est.)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: males age 15-49: 548,183 (2001 est.)

Madagascar: males age 15-49: 3,640,554 (2001 est.)

Malawi: males age 15-49: 2,466,708 (2001 est.)

Malaysia: males age 15-49: 5,800,456 (2001 est.)

Maldives: males age 15-49: 71,856 (2001 est.)

Mali: males age 15-49: 2,284,632 (2001 est.)

Malta: males age 15-49: 98,953 (2001 est.)

Mauritania: males age 15-49: 624,375 (2001 est.)

Mauritius: males age 15-49: 339,473 (2001 est.)

Mexico: males age 15-49: 26,703,300 (2001 est.)

Moldova: males age 15-49: 1,164,018 (2001 est.)

Mongolia: males age 15-49: 748,779 (2001 est.)

Morocco: males age 15-49: 8,182,073 (2001 est.)

Mozambique: males age 15-49: 4,627,052 (2001 est.)

Namibia: males age 15-49: 427,067 (2001 est.)

Nauru: males age 15-49: 3,018 (2001 est.)

Nepal: males age 15-49: 6,295,990 (2001 est.)

Netherlands: males age 15-49: 4,083,349 (2001 est.)

Netherlands Antilles: males age 15-49: 54,284 (2001 est.)

New Zealand: males age 15-49: 1,000,102 (2001 est.)

Nicaragua: males age 15-49: 1,269,322 (2001 est.)

Niger: males age 15-49: 2,202,608 (2001 est.)

Nigeria: males age 15-49: 29,940,922 (2001 est.)

Norway: males age 15-49: 1,101,384 (2001 est.)

Oman: males age 15-49: 771,919 (2001 est.)

Pakistan: males age 15-49: 35,770,928 (2001 est.)

Panama: males age 15-49: 775,966 (2001 est.)

Papua New Guinea: males age 15-49: 1,306,159 (2001 est.)

Paraguay: males age 15-49: 1,388,436 (2001 est.)

Peru: males age 15-49: 7,205,675 (2001 est.)

Philippines: males age 15-49: 21,220,191 (2001 est.)

Poland: males age 15-49: 10,447,931 (2001 est.)

Portugal: males age 15-49: 2,530,466 (2001 est.)

Qatar: males age 15-49: 312,116

note: includes non-nationals (2001 est.)

Reunion: males age 15-49: 190,846 (2001 est.)

Romania: males age 15-49: 5,899,536 (2001 est.)

Russia: males age 15-49: 38,866,147 (2001 est.)

Rwanda: males age 15-49: 1,815,633 (2001 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe: males age 15-49: 34,205 (2001 est.)

Saudi Arabia: males age 15-49: 5,894,691 (2001 est.)

Senegal: males age 15-49: 2,311,063 (2001 est.)

Seychelles: males age 15-49: 22,951 (2001 est.)

Sierra Leone: males age 15-49: 1,161,790 (2001 est.)

Singapore: males age 15-49: 1,316,815 (2001 est.)

Slovakia: males age 15-49: 1,487,093 (2001 est.)

Slovenia: males age 15-49: 523,336 (2001 est.)

Somalia: males age 15-49: 1,825,302 (2001 est.)

South Africa: males age 15-49: 11,469,812 (2001 est.)

Spain: males age 15-49: 10,551,945 (2001 est.)

Sri Lanka: males age 15-49: 5,304,323 (2001 est.)

Sudan: males age 15-49: 8,436,732 (2001 est.)

Suriname: males age 15-49: 121,656 (2001 est.)

Swaziland: males age 15-49: 248,084 (2001 est.)

Sweden: males age 15-49: 2,062,566 (2001 est.)

Switzerland: males age 15-49: 1,849,034 (2001 est.)

Syria: males age 15-49: 4,384,528 (2001 est.)

Tajikistan: males age 15-49: 1,586,700 (2001 est.)

Tanzania: males age 15-49: 8,365,337 (2001 est.)

Thailand: males age 15-49: 17,717,268 (2001 est.)

Togo: males age 15-49: 1,175,528 (2001 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago: males age 15-49: 346,043 (2001 est.)

Tunisia: males age 15-49: 2,739,566 (2001 est.)

Turkey: males age 15-49: 18,882,272 (2001 est.)

Turkmenistan: males age 15-49: 1,173,500 (2001 est.)

Uganda: males age 15-49: 5,118,755 (2001 est.)

Ukraine: males age 15-49: 12,285,623 (2001 est.)

United Arab Emirates: males age 15-49: 778,842

note: includes non-nationals (2001 est.)

United Kingdom: males age 15-49: 14,599,199 (2001 est.)

United States: males age 15-49: 70,819,436 (2001 est.)

Uruguay: males age 15-49: 817,535 (2001 est.)

Uzbekistan: males age 15-49: 6,550,587 (2001 est.)

Venezuela: males age 15-49: 6,524,809 (2001 est.)

Vietnam: males age 15-49: 21,704,588 (2001 est.)

Yemen: males age 15-49: 4,103,093 (2001 est.)

Yugoslavia: males age 15-49: 2,600,362 (2001 est.)

Zambia: males age 15-49: 2,246,640 (2001 est.)

Zimbabwe: males age 15-49: 2,996,631 (2001 est.)

Taiwan: males age 15-49: 6,575,689 (2001 est.)

======================================================================

@Military manpower - fit for military

Military manpower - fit for military service

Country profile category: Military

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V Y Z

Afghanistan: males age 15-49: 3,561,957 (2001 est.)

Albania: males age 15-49: 712,763 (2001 est.)

Algeria: males age 15-49: 5,383,770 (2001 est.)

Angola: males age 15-49: 1,246,224 (2001 est.)

Argentina: males age 15-49: 7,625,425 (2001 est.)

Armenia: males age 15-49: 715,734 (2001 est.)

Australia: males age 15-49: 4,303,966 (2001 est.)

Austria: males age 15-49: 1,731,383 (2001 est.)

Azerbaijan: males age 15-49: 1,684,673 (2001 est.)

Bahrain: males age 15-49: 121,833 (2001 est.)

Bangladesh: males age 15-49: 21,362,279 (2001 est.)

Barbados: males age 15-49: 53,576 (2001 est.)

Belarus: males age 15-49: 2,138,743 (2001 est.)

Belgium: males age 15-49: 2,079,624 (2001 est.)

Belize: males age 15-49: 37,174 (2001 est.)

Benin: males age 15-49: 743,980

females age 15-49: 755,149 (2001 est.)

Bhutan: males age 15-49: 269,251 (2001 est.)

Bolivia: males age 15-49: 1,306,452 (2001 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina: males age 15-49: 895,780 (2001 est.)

Botswana: males age 15-49: 199,995 (2001 est.)

Brazil: males age 15-49: 32,388,786 (2001 est.)

Brunei: males age 15-49: 61,640 (2001 est.)

Bulgaria: males age 15-49: 1,581,697 (2001 est.)

Burkina Faso: males age 15-49: 1,329,995 (2001 est.)

Burma: males age 15-49: 6,425,514

females age 15-49: 6,419,677 (2001 est.)

Burundi: males age 15-49: 728,326 (2001 est.)

Cambodia: males age 15-49: 1,610,761 (2001 est.)

Cameroon: males age 15-49: 1,903,149 (2001 est.)

Canada: males age 15-49: 7,114,851 (2001 est.)

Cape Verde: males age 15-49: 50,615 (2001 est.)

Central African Republic: males age 15-49: 430,922 (2001 est.)

Chad: males age 15-49: 949,997 (2001 est.)

Chile: males age 15-49: 3,003,134 (2001 est.)

China: males age 15-49: 200,886,946 (2001 est.)

Colombia: males age 15-49: 7,205,211 (2001 est.)

Comoros: males age 15-49: 83,920 (2001 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: males age 15-49: 5,915,251 (2001 est.)

Congo, Republic of the: males age 15-49: 347,946 (2001 est.)

Costa Rica: males age 15-49: 692,973 (2001 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire: males age 15-49: 2,010,862 (2001 est.)

Croatia: males age 15-49: 859,621 (2001 est.)

Cuba: males age 15-49: 1,911,160

females age 15-49: 1,867,958 (2001 est.)

Cyprus: males age 15-49: 136,147 (2001 est.)

Czech Republic: males age 15-49: 2,024,070 (2001 est.)

Denmark: males age 15-49: 1,106,094 (2001 est.)

Djibouti: males age 15-49: 63,589 (2001 est.)

Dominican Republic: males age 15-49: 1,430,776 (2001 est.)

Ecuador: males age 15-49: 2,280,899 (2001 est.)

Egypt: males age 15-49: 12,020,059 (2001 est.)

El Salvador: males age 15-49: 929,263 (2001 est.)

Equatorial Guinea: males age 15-49: 55,347 (2001 est.)

Estonia: males age 15-49: 282,418 (2001 est.)

Ethiopia: males age 15-49: 7,581,815 (2001 est.)

Fiji: males age 15-49: 125,238 (2001 est.)

Finland: males age 15-49: 1,033,188 (2001 est.)

France: males age 15-49: 12,127,793 (2001 est.)

French Guiana: males age 15-49: 32,052 (2001 est.)

Gabon: males age 15-49: 145,062 (2001 est.)

Gambia, The: males age 15-49: 159,764 (2001 est.)

Georgia: males age 15-49: 1,024,574 (2001 est.)

Germany: males age 15-49: 17,760,412 (2001 est.)

Ghana: males age 15-49: 2,713,584 (2001 est.)

Greece: males age 15-49: 2,040,227 (2001 est.)

Guatemala: males age 15-49: 2,018,636 (2001 est.)

Guinea: males age 15-49: 891,166 (2001 est.)

Guinea-Bissau: males age 15-49: 173,703 (2001 est.)

Guyana: males age 15-49: 154,259 (2001 est.)

Haiti: males age 15-49: 888,305 (2001 est.)

Honduras: males age 15-49: 902,220 (2001 est.)

Hong Kong: males age 15-49: 1,520,531 (2001 est.)

Hungary: males age 15-49: 2,050,404 (2001 est.)

Iceland: males age 15-49: 62,704 (2001 est.)

India: males age 15-49: 164,410,461 (2001 est.)

Indonesia: males age 15-49: 37,418,755 (2001 est.)

Iran: males age 15-49: 10,872,407 (2001 est.)

Iraq: males age 15-49: 3,301,880 (2001 est.)

Ireland: males age 15-49: 809,808 (2001 est.)

Israel: males age 15-49: 1,245,757

females age 15-49: 1,208,973 (2001 est.)

Italy: males age 15-49: 12,244,166 (2001 est.)

Jamaica: males age 15-49: 517,077 (2001 est.)

Japan: males age 15-49: 25,876,484 (2001 est.)

Jordan: males age 15-49: 1,034,109 (2001 est.)

Kazakhstan: males age 15-49: 3,598,859 (2001 est.)

Kenya: males age 15-49: 4,774,889 (2001 est.)

Korea, North: males age 15-49: 3,574,050 (2001 est.)

Korea, South: males age 15-49: 8,979,778 (2001 est.)

Kuwait: males age 15-49: 466,521 (2001 est.)

Kyrgyzstan: males age 15-49: 975,744 (2001 est.)

Laos: males age 15-49: 710,627 (2001 est.)

Latvia: males age 15-49: 463,944 (2001 est.)

Lebanon: males age 15-49: 605,332 (2001 est.)

Lesotho: males age 15-49: 277,369 (2001 est.)

Liberia: males age 15-49: 385,460 (2001 est.)

Libya: males age 15-49: 866,012 (2001 est.)

Lithuania: males age 15-49: 730,363 (2001 est.)

Luxembourg: males age 15-49: 92,817 (2001 est.)

Macau: males age 15-49: 69,191 (2001 est.)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: males age 15-49: 442,053 (2001 est.)

Madagascar: males age 15-49: 2,159,767 (2001 est.)

Malawi: males age 15-49: 1,265,893 (2001 est.)

Malaysia: males age 15-49: 3,514,023 (2001 est.)

Maldives: males age 15-49: 40,006 (2001 est.)

Mali: males age 15-49: 1,309,612 (2001 est.)

Malta: males age 15-49: 78,783 (2001 est.)

Mauritania: males age 15-49: 302,699 (2001 est.)

Mauritius: males age 15-49: 171,206 (2001 est.)

Mexico: males age 15-49: 19,394,184 (2001 est.)

Moldova: males age 15-49: 921,210 (2001 est.)

Mongolia: males age 15-49: 486,491 (2001 est.)

Morocco: males age 15-49: 5,160,374 (2001 est.)

Mozambique: males age 15-49: 2,670,933 (2001 est.)

Namibia: males age 15-49: 255,016 (2001 est.)

Nauru: males age 15-49: 1,661 (2001 est.)

Nepal: males age 15-49: 3,272,077 (2001 est.)

Netherlands: males age 15-49: 3,555,501 (2001 est.)

Netherlands Antilles: males age 15-49: 30,405 (2001 est.)

New Zealand: males age 15-49: 841,915 (2001 est.)

Nicaragua: males age 15-49: 779,267 (2001 est.)

Niger: males age 15-49: 1,190,787 (2001 est.)

Nigeria: males age 15-49: 17,201,367 (2001 est.)

Norway: males age 15-49: 913,534 (2001 est.)

Oman: males age 15-49: 429,811 (2001 est.)

Pakistan: males age 15-49: 21,897,366 (2001 est.)

Panama: males age 15-49: 530,916 (2001 est.)

Papua New Guinea: males age 15-49: 723,012 (2001 est.)

Paraguay: males age 15-49: 1,001,516 (2001 est.)

Peru: males age 15-49: 4,847,250 (2001 est.)

Philippines: males age 15-49: 14,942,363 (2001 est.)

Poland: males age 15-49: 8,139,245 (2001 est.)

Portugal: males age 15-49: 2,030,759 (2001 est.)

Qatar: males age 15-49: 163,642 (2001 est.)

Reunion: males age 15-49: 97,497 (2001 est.)

Romania: males age 15-49: 4,962,807 (2001 est.)

Russia: males age 15-49: 30,337,743 (2001 est.)

Rwanda: males age 15-49: 924,544 (2001 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe: males age 15-49: 18,043 (2001 est.)

Saudi Arabia: males age 15-49: 3,291,185 (2001 est.)

Senegal: males age 15-49: 1,207,360 (2001 est.)

Seychelles: males age 15-49: 11,452 (2001 est.)

Sierra Leone: males age 15-49: 563,631 (2001 est.)

Singapore: males age 15-49: 959,636 (2001 est.)

Slovakia: males age 15-49: 1,136,811 (2001 est.)

Slovenia: males age 15-49: 416,237 (2001 est.)

Somalia: males age 15-49: 1,011,400 (2001 est.)

South Africa: males age 15-49: 6,977,328 (2001 est.)

Spain: males age 15-49: 8,448,150 (2001 est.)

Sri Lanka: males age 15-49: 4,119,511 (2001 est.)

Sudan: males age 15-49: 5,194,862 (2001 est.)

Suriname: males age 15-49: 71,344 (2001 est.)

Swaziland: males age 15-49: 143,618 (2001 est.)

Sweden: males age 15-49: 1,803,995 (2001 est.)

Switzerland: males age 15-49: 1,570,918 (2001 est.)

Syria: males age 15-49: 2,448,630 (2001 est.)

Tajikistan: males age 15-49: 1,300,252 (2001 est.)

Tanzania: males age 15-49: 4,841,095 (2001 est.)

Thailand: males age 15-49: 10,646,818 (2001 est.)

Togo: males age 15-49: 616,622 (2001 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago: males age 15-49: 247,297 (2001 est.)

Tunisia: males age 15-49: 1,561,484 (2001 est.)

Turkey: males age 15-49: 11,432,438 (2001 est.)

Turkmenistan: males age 15-49: 952,218 (2001 est.)

Uganda: males age 15-49: 2,778,457 (2001 est.)

Ukraine: males age 15-49: 9,630,184 (2001 est.)

United Arab Emirates: males age 15-49: 420,484 (2001 est.)

United Kingdom: males age 15-49: 12,139,930 (2001 est.)

United States: NA

Uruguay: males age 15-49: 661,777 (2001 est.)

Uzbekistan: males age 15-49: 5,318,418 (2001 est.)

Venezuela: males age 15-49: 4,701,062 (2001 est.)

Vietnam: males age 15-49: 13,673,438 (2001 est.)

Yemen: males age 15-49: 2,303,257 (2001 est.)

Yugoslavia: males age 15-49: 2,088,595 (2001 est.)

Zambia: males age 15-49: 1,193,047 (2001 est.)

Zimbabwe: males age 15-49: 1,860,167 (2001 est.)

Taiwan: males age 15-49: 5,025,856 (2001 est.)

======================================================================

@Military manpower - military age

Afghanistan: 22 years of age

Albania: 19 years of age

Algeria: 19 years of age

Angola: 18 years of age

Argentina: 20 years of age

Armenia: 18 years of age

Australia: 17 years of age

Austria: 19 years of age

Azerbaijan: 18 years of age

Bahrain: 15 years of age

Belarus: 18 years of age

Belgium: 19 years of age

Belize: 18 years of age

Benin: 18 years of age

Bhutan: 18 years of age

Bolivia: 19 years of age

Bosnia and Herzegovina: 19 years of age

Botswana: 18 years of age

Brazil: 18 years of age

Brunei: 18 years of age

Bulgaria: 19 years of age

Burma: 18 years of age

Burundi: 16 years of age

Cambodia: 18 years of age

Cameroon: 18 years of age

Canada: 17 years of age

Chad: 20 years of age

Chile: 19 years of age

China: 18 years of age

Colombia: 18 years of age

Congo, Republic of the: 20 years of age

Costa Rica: 18 years of age

Cote d'Ivoire: 18 years of age

Croatia: 19 years of age

Cuba: 17 years of age

Cyprus: 18 years of age

Czech Republic: 18 years of age

Denmark: 18 years of age

Dominican Republic: 18 years of age

Ecuador: 20 years of age

Egypt: 20 years of age

El Salvador: 18 years of age

Estonia: 18 years of age

Ethiopia: 18 years of age

Fiji: 18 years of age

Finland: 17 years of age

France: 18 years of age

Gabon: 20 years of age

Georgia: 18 years of age

Germany: 18 years of age

Ghana: 18 years of age

Greece: 21 years of age

Guatemala: 18 years of age

Haiti: 18 years of age

Honduras: 18 years of age

Hong Kong: 18 years of age

Hungary: 18 years of age

India: 17 years of age

Indonesia: 18 years of age

Iran: 21 years of age

Iraq: 18 years of age

Ireland: 17 years of age

Israel: 18 years of age

Italy: 18 years of age

Jamaica: 18 years of age

Japan: 18 years of age

Jordan: 18 years of age

Kazakhstan: 18 years of age

Korea, North: 18 years of age

Korea, South: 18 years of age

Kuwait: 18 years of age

Kyrgyzstan: 18 years of age

Laos: 18 years of age

Latvia: 18 years of age

Libya: 17 years of age

Lithuania: 18 years of age

Luxembourg: 19 years of age

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: 19 years of age

Madagascar: 20 years of age

Malaysia: 21 years of age

Mexico: 18 years of age

note: starting in 2000, females will be allowed to volunteer for military service

Moldova: 18 years of age

Mongolia: 18 years of age

Morocco: 18 years of age

Nepal: 17 years of age

Netherlands: 20 years of age

Netherlands Antilles: 20 years of age

New Zealand: 20 years of age

Nicaragua: 18 years of age

Niger: 18 years of age

Nigeria: 18 years of age

Norway: 20 years of age

Oman: 14 years of age

Pakistan: 17 years of age

Paraguay: 17 years of age

Peru: 20 years of age

Philippines: 20 years of age

Poland: 19 years of age

Portugal: 20 years of age

Qatar: 18 years of age

Reunion: 18 years of age

Romania: 20 years of age

Russia: 18 years of age

Saudi Arabia: 17 years of age

Senegal: 18 years of age

Slovakia: 18 years of age

Slovenia: 19 years of age

South Africa: 18 years of age

Spain: 20 years of age

Sri Lanka: 18 years of age

Sudan: 18 years of age

Sweden: 19 years of age

Switzerland: 20 years of age

Syria: 19 years of age

Tajikistan: 18 years of age

Thailand: 18 years of age

Tunisia: 20 years of age

Turkey: 20 years of age

Turkmenistan: 18 years of age

Ukraine: 18 years of age

United Arab Emirates: 18 years of age

United States: 18 years of age

Uzbekistan: 18 years of age

Venezuela: 18 years of age

Vietnam: 17 years of age

Yemen: 14 years of age

Yugoslavia: 19 years of age

Taiwan: 19 years of age

======================================================================

@Military manpower - reaching military

Military manpower - reaching military age annually

Country profile category: Military

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V Y

Afghanistan: males: 252,869 (2001 est.)

Albania: males: 35,792 (2001 est.)

Algeria: males: 388,939 (2001 est.)

Angola: males: 103,807 (2001 est.)

Argentina: males: 335,085 (2001 est.)

Armenia: males: 34,998 (2001 est.)

Australia: males: 138,971 (2001 est.)

Austria: males: 50,580 (2001 est.)

Azerbaijan: males: 77,099 (2001 est.)

Bahrain: males: 5,926 (2001 est.)

Belarus: males: 86,396 (2001 est.)

Belgium: males: 63,247 (2001 est.)

Belize: males: 2,847 (2001 est.)

Benin: males: 70,088

females: 73,618 (2001 est.)

Bhutan: males: 21,167 (2001 est.)

Bolivia: males: 90,120 (2001 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina: males: 29,757 (2001 est.)

Botswana: males: 19,479 (2001 est.)

Brazil: males: 1,762,740 (2001 est.)

Brunei: males: 3,005 (2001 est.)

Bulgaria: males: 56,104 (2001 est.)

Burma: males: 470,667

females: 479,691 (2001 est.)

Burundi: males: 79,360 (2001 est.)

Cambodia: males: 162,643 (2001 est.)

Cameroon: males: 174,308 (2001 est.)

Canada: males: 215,627 (2001 est.)

Chad: males: 82,003 (2001 est.)

Chile: males: 136,830 (2001 est.)

China: males: 10,089,458 (2001 est.)

Colombia: males: 379,295 (2001 est.)

Congo, Republic of the: males: 32,350 (2001 est.)

Costa Rica: males: 39,411 (2001 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire: males: 188,411 (2001 est.)

Croatia: males: 30,037 (2001 est.)

Cuba: males: 79,562

females: 85,650 (2001 est.)

Cyprus: males: 6,616 (2001 est.)

Czech Republic: males: 69,393 (2001 est.)

Denmark: males: 29,212 (2001 est.)

Dominican Republic: males: 87,404 (2001 est.)

Ecuador: males: 132,978 (2001 est.)

Egypt: males: 712,983 (2001 est.)

El Salvador: males: 68,103 (2001 est.)

Estonia: males: 11,164 (2001 est.)

Ethiopia: males: 703,625 (2001 est.)

Fiji: males: 9,471 (2001 est.)

Finland: males: 33,883 (2001 est.)

France: males: 390,064 (2001 est.)

Gabon: males: 11,304 (2001 est.)

Georgia: males: 41,561 (2001 est.)

Germany: males: 482,318 (2001 est.)

Ghana: males: 213,237 (2001 est.)

Greece: males: 77,976 (2001 est.)

Guatemala: males: 140,358 (2001 est.)

Haiti: males: 87,049 (2001 est.)

Honduras: males: 72,335 (2001 est.)

Hong Kong: males: 47,139 (2001 est.)

Hungary: males: 64,121 (2001 est.)

India: males: 10,879,384 (2001 est.)

Indonesia: males: 2,263,706 (2001 est.)

Iran: males: 823,040 (2001 est.)

Iraq: males: 274,035 (2001 est.)

Ireland: males: 32,287 (2001 est.)

Israel: males: 49,206

females: 53,379 (2001 est.)

Italy: males: 304,369 (2001 est.)

Jamaica: males: 27,729 (2001 est.)

Japan: males: 765,817 (2001 est.)

Jordan: males: 57,131 (2001 est.)

Kazakhstan: males: 163,628 (2001 est.)

Korea, North: males: 179,136 (2001 est.)

Korea, South: males: 394,397 (2001 est.)

Kuwait: males: 18,309 (2001 est.)

Kyrgyzstan: males: 50,590 (2001 est.)

Laos: males: 64,437 (2001 est.)

Latvia: males: 19,114 (2001 est.)

Libya: males: 61,694 (2001 est.)

Lithuania: males: 28,506 (2001 est.)

Luxembourg: males: 2,565 (2001 est.)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: males: 17,905 (2001 est.)

Madagascar: males: 153,856 (2001 est.)

Malaysia: males: 196,042 (2001 est.)

Mexico: males: 1,077,536 (2001 est.)

Moldova: males: 42,268 (2001 est.)

Mongolia: males: 30,230 (2001 est.)

Morocco: males: 348,380 (2001 est.)

Nepal: males: 292,589 (2001 est.)

Netherlands: males: 96,082 (2001 est.)

Netherlands Antilles: males: 1,610 (2001 est.)

New Zealand: males: 26,480 (2001 est.)

Nicaragua: males: 58,232 (2001 est.)

Niger: males: 108,993 (2001 est.)

Nigeria: males: 1,375,112 (2001 est.)

Norway: males: 27,341 (2001 est.)

Oman: males: 26,469 (2001 est.)

Pakistan: males: 1,657,723 (2001 est.)

Paraguay: males: 58,359 (2001 est.)

Peru: males: 276,458 (2001 est.)

Philippines: males: 848,181 (2001 est.)

Poland: males: 344,781 (2001 est.)

Portugal: males: 71,404 (2001 est.)

Qatar: males: 6,797 (2001 est.)

Reunion: males: 6,243 (2001 est.)

Romania: males: 179,951 (2001 est.)

Russia: males: 1,242,778 (2001 est.)

Saudi Arabia: males: 233,402 (2001 est.)

Senegal: males: 114,189 (2001 est.)

Slovakia: males: 45,502 (2001 est.)

Slovenia: males: 14,513 (2001 est.)

South Africa: males: 466,399 (2001 est.)

Spain: males: 281,043 (2001 est.)

Sri Lanka: males: 193,522 (2001 est.)

Sudan: males: 398,294 (2001 est.)

Sweden: males: 51,506 (2001 est.)

Switzerland: males: 42,597 (2001 est.)

Syria: males: 200,859 (2001 est.)

Tajikistan: males: 72,056 (2001 est.)

Thailand: males: 567,659 (2001 est.)

Tunisia: males: 105,146 (2001 est.)

Turkey: males: 674,805 (2001 est.)

Turkmenistan: males: 48,292 (2001 est.)

Ukraine: males: 390,823 (2001 est.)

United Arab Emirates: males: 25,482 (2001 est.)

United States: males: 2,039,414 (2001 est.)

Uzbekistan: males: 274,602 (2001 est.)

Venezuela: males: 246,185 (2001 est.)

Vietnam: males: 961,124 (2001 est.)

Yemen: males: 238,690 (2001 est.)

Yugoslavia: males: 82,542 (2001 est.)

Taiwan: males: 198,766 (2001 est.)

======================================================================

@National holiday

Afghanistan: Independence Day, 19 August (1919)

Albania: Independence Day, 28 November (1912)

Algeria: Revolution Day, 1 November (1954)

American Samoa: Flag Day, 17 April (1900)

Andorra: Our Lady of Meritxell Day, 8 September (1278)

Angola: Independence Day, 11 November (1975)

Anguilla: Anguilla Day, 30 May

Antigua and Barbuda: Independence Day, 1 November (1981)

Argentina: Revolution Day, 25 May (1810)

Armenia: Independence Day, 21 September (1991)

Aruba: Flag Day, 18 March

Australia: Australia Day, 26 January (1788)

Austria: National Day, 26 October (1955); note - commemorates the passage of the law on permanent neutrality

Azerbaijan: Founding of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaidzhan, 28 May (1918)

Bahamas, The: Independence Day, 10 July (1973)

Bahrain: National Day, 16 December (1971); note - 15 August 1971 is the date of independence from the UK, 16 December 1971 is the date of independence from British protection

Bangladesh: Independence Day, 26 March (1971); note - 26 March 1971 is the date of independence from West Pakistan, 16 December 1971 is Victory Day and commemorates the official creation of the state of Bangladesh

Barbados: Independence Day, 30 November (1966)

Belarus: Independence Day, 3 July (1944); note - 3 July 1944 was the date Minsk was liberated from German troops, 25 August 1991 was the date of independence from the Soviet Union

Belgium: Independence Day, 21 July (1831)

Belize: Independence Day, 21 September (1981)

Benin: National Day, 1 August (1960)

Bermuda: Bermuda Day, 24 May

Bhutan: National Day (Ugyen WANGCHUCK became first hereditary king), 17 December (1907)

Bolivia: Independence Day, 6 August (1825)

Bosnia and Herzegovina: National Day, 25 November (1943)

Botswana: Independence Day, 30 September (1966)

Brazil: Independence Day, 7 September (1822)

British Virgin Islands: Territory Day, 1 July

Brunei: National Day, 23 February (1984); note - 1 January 1984 was the date of independence from the UK, 23 February 1984 was the date of independence from British protection

Bulgaria: Liberation Day, 3 March (1878)

Burkina Faso: Republic Day, 11 December (1958)

Burma: Independence Day, 4 January (1948)

Burundi: Independence Day, 1 July (1962)

Cambodia: Independence Day, 9 November (1953)

Cameroon: Republic Day, 20 May (1972)

Canada: Independence Day/Canada Day, 1 July (1867)

Cape Verde: Independence Day, 5 July (1975)

Cayman Islands: Constitution Day, first Monday in July

Central African Republic: Republic Day, 1 December (1958)

Chad: Independence Day, 11 August (1960)

Chile: Independence Day, 18 September (1810)

China: Founding of the People's Republic of China, 1 October (1949)

Christmas Island: NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands: NA

Colombia: Independence Day, 20 July (1810)

Comoros: Independence Day, 6 July (1975)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: Independence Day, 30 June (1960)

Congo, Republic of the: Independence Day, 15 August (1960)

Cook Islands: Constitution Day, first Monday in August (1965)

Costa Rica: Independence Day, 15 September (1821)

Cote d'Ivoire: Independence Day, 7 August (1960)

Croatia: Republic Day/Statehood Day, 30 May (1990)

Cuba: Independence Day, 10 October (1868); note - 10 October 1868 is the date of independence from Spain, 20 May 1902 is the date of independence from US administration

Cyprus: Independence Day, 1 October (1960); note - Turkish Cypriot area celebrates 15 November (1983) as Independence Day

Czech Republic: Czech Founding Day, 28 October (1918)

Denmark: none designated; Constitution Day, 5 June is generally viewed as the National Day

Djibouti: Independence Day, 27 June (1977)

Dominica: Independence Day, 3 November (1978)

Dominican Republic: Independence Day, 27 February (1844)

Ecuador: Independence Day (independence of Quito), 10 August (1809)

Egypt: Revolution Day, 23 July (1952)

El Salvador: Independence Day, 15 September (1821)

Equatorial Guinea: Independence Day, 12 October (1968)

Eritrea: Independence Day, 24 May (1993)

Estonia: Independence Day, 24 February (1918); note - 24 February 1918 was the date of independence from Soviet Russia, 6 September 1991 was the date of independence from the Soviet Union

Ethiopia: National Day (defeat of MENGISTU regime), 28 May (1991)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): Liberation Day, 14 June (1982)

Faroe Islands: Olaifest, 29 July

Fiji: Independence Day, second Monday of October (1970)

Finland: Independence Day, 6 December (1917)

France: Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

French Guiana: Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

French Polynesia: Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

Gabon: Founding of the Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG), 12 March (1968)

Gambia, The: Independence Day, 18 February (1965)

Georgia: Independence Day, 26 May (1918); note - 26 May 1918 is the date of independence from Soviet Russia, 9 April 1991 is the date of independence from the Soviet Union

Germany: Unity Day, 3 October (1990)

Ghana: Independence Day, 6 March (1957)

Gibraltar: Commonwealth Day, second Monday of March

Greece: Independence Day, 25 March (1821)

Greenland: June 21 (longest day)

Grenada: Independence Day, 7 February (1974)

Guadeloupe: Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

Guam: Discovery Day, first Monday in March (1521)

Guatemala: Independence Day, 15 September (1821)

Guernsey: Liberation Day, 9 May (1945)

Guinea: Independence Day, 2 October (1958)

Guinea-Bissau: Independence Day, 24 September (1973)

Guyana: Republic Day, 23 February (1970)

Haiti: Independence Day, 1 January (1804)

Holy See (Vatican City): Coronation Day of Pope JOHN PAUL II, 22 October (1978)

Honduras: Independence Day, 15 September (1821)

Hong Kong: National Day (Anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic of China), 1 October (1949); note - 1 July 1997 is celebrated as Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Establishment Day

Hungary: St. Stephen's Day, 20 August

Iceland: Independence Day, 17 June (1944)

India: Republic Day, 26 January (1950)

Indonesia: Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

Iran: Republic Day, 1 April (1979)

Iraq: Revolution Day, 17 July (1968)

Ireland: Saint Patrick's Day, 17 March

Israel: Independence Day, 14 May (1948); note - Israel declared independence on 14 May 1948, but the Jewish calendar is lunar and the holiday may occur in April or May

Italy: Republic Day, 2 June (1946)

Jamaica: Independence Day, first Monday in August (1962)

Japan: Birthday of Emperor AKIHITO, 23 December (1933)

Jersey: Liberation Day, 9 May (1945)

Jordan: Independence Day, 25 May (1946)

Kazakhstan: Republic Day, 25 October (1990)

Kenya: Independence Day, 12 December (1963)

Kiribati: Independence Day, 12 July (1979)

Korea, North: Founding of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), 9 September (1948)

Korea, South: Liberation Day, 15 August (1945)

Kuwait: National Day, 25 February (1950)

Kyrgyzstan: Independence Day, 31 August (1991)

Laos: Republic Day, 2 December (1975)

Latvia: Independence Day, 18 November (1918); note - 18 November 1918 is the date of independence from Soviet Russia, 18 November 1991 is the date of independence from the Soviet Union

Lebanon: Independence Day, 22 November (1943)

Lesotho: Independence Day, 4 October (1966)

Liberia: Independence Day, 26 July (1847)

Libya: Revolution Day, 1 September (1969)

Liechtenstein: Assumption Day, 15 August

Lithuania: Independence Day, 16 February (1918); note - 16 February 1918 is the date of independence from German, Austrian, Prussian, and Russian occupation, 11 March 1990 is the date of independence from the Soviet Union

Luxembourg: National Day (Birthday of Grand Duchess Charlotte) 23 June

Macau: National Day (Anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic of China), 1 October (1949); note - 20 December 1999 is celebrated as Macau Special Administrative Region Establishment Day

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: Uprising Day, 2 August (1903)

Madagascar: Independence Day, 26 June (1960)

Malawi: Independence Day, 6 July (1964)

Malaysia: Independence Day/Malaysia Day, 31 August (1957)

Maldives: Independence Day, 26 July (1965)

Mali: Independence Day, 22 September (1960)

Malta: Independence Day, 21 September (1964)

Man, Isle of: Tynwald Day, 5 July

Marshall Islands: Constitution Day, 1 May (1979)

Martinique: Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

Mauritania: Independence Day, 28 November (1960)

Mauritius: Independence Day, 12 March (1968)

Mayotte: Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

Mexico: Independence Day, 16 September (1810)

Micronesia, Federated States of: Constitution Day, 10 May (1979)

Moldova: Independence Day, 27 August (1991)

Monaco: National Day (Prince of Monaco Holiday), 19 November

Mongolia: Independence Day/Revolution Day, 11 July (1921)

Montserrat: Birthday of Queen ELIZABETH II, second Saturday in June (1926)

Morocco: Throne Day (accession of King MOHAMED VI to the throne), 30 July (1999)

Mozambique: Independence Day, 25 June (1975)

Namibia: Independence Day, 21 March (1990)

Nauru: Independence Day, 31 January (1968)

Nepal: Birthday of King GYANENDRA, 7 July (1946)

Netherlands: Queen's Day (Birthday of Queen-Mother JULIANA in 1909 and accession to the throne of her oldest daughter BEATRIX in 1980), 30 April

Netherlands Antilles: Queen's Day (Birthday of Queen-Mother JULIANA in 1909 and accession to the throne of her oldest daughter BEATRIX in 1980), 30 April

New Caledonia: Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

New Zealand: Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over New Zealand), 6 February (1840)

Nicaragua: Independence Day, 15 September (1821)

Niger: Republic Day, 18 December (1958)

Nigeria: Independence Day, 1 October (1960)

Niue: Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over New Zealand), 6 February (1840)

Norfolk Island: Pitcairners Arrival Day, 8 June (1856)

Northern Mariana Islands: Commonwealth Day, 8 January (1978)

Norway: Constitution Day, 17 May (1814); note - 17 May 1814 is the date of independence from Sweden, 7 June 1905 is the date Norway declared the union with Sweden was dissolved

Oman: Birthday of Sultan QABOOS, 18 November (1940)

Pakistan: Republic Day, 23 March (1956)

Palau: Constitution Day, 9 July (1979)

Panama: Independence Day, 3 November (1903)

Papua New Guinea: Independence Day, 16 September (1975)

Paraguay: Independence Day, 14 May (1811)

Peru: Independence Day, 28 July (1821)

Philippines: Independence Day (from Spain), 12 June (1898); note - 12 June 1898 is the date of independence from Spain, 4 July 1946 is the date of independence from the US

Pitcairn Islands: Birthday of Queen ELIZABETH II, second Saturday in June (1926)

Poland: Constitution Day, 3 May (1791)

Portugal: Portugal Day, 10 June (1580)

Puerto Rico: US Independence Day, 4 July (1776)

Qatar: Independence Day, 3 September (1971)

Reunion: Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

Romania: Unification Day (of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)

Russia: Russia Day, 12 June (1990)

Rwanda: Independence Day, 1 July (1962)

Saint Helena: Birthday of Queen ELIZABETH II, second Saturday in June (1926)

Saint Kitts and Nevis: Independence Day, 19 September (1983)

Saint Lucia: Independence Day, 22 February (1979)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon: Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: Independence Day, 27 October (1979)

Samoa: Independence Day Celebration, 1 June (1962); note - 1 January 1962 is the date of independence from the New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship, 1 June 1962 is the date that independence is celebrated

San Marino: Founding of the Republic, 3 September (301)

Sao Tome and Principe: Independence Day, 12 July (1975)

Saudi Arabia: Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932)

Senegal: Independence Day, 4 April (1960)

Seychelles: Constitution Day, 18 June (1993)

Sierra Leone: Independence Day, 27 April (1961)

Singapore: Independence Day, 9 August (1965)

Slovakia: Constitution Day, 1 September (1992)

Slovenia: Independence Day/Statehood Day, 25 June (1991)

Solomon Islands: Independence Day, 7 July (1978)

Somalia: Foundation of the Somali Republic, 1 July (1960)

South Africa: Freedom Day, 27 April (1994)

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: Liberation Day, 14 June (1982)

Spain: Hispanic Day, 12 October

Sri Lanka: Independence Day, 4 February (1948)

Sudan: Independence Day, 1 January (1956)

Suriname: Independence Day, 25 November (1975)

Svalbard: NA

Swaziland: Independence Day, 6 September (1968)

Sweden: Flag Day, 6 June

Switzerland: Founding of the Swiss Confederation, 1 August (1291)

Syria: Independence Day, 17 April (1946)

Tajikistan: Independence Day, 9 September (1991)

Tanzania: Union Day (Tanganyika and Zanzibar), 26 April (1964)

Thailand: Birthday of King PHUMIPHON, 5 December (1927)

Togo: Independence Day, 27 April (1960)

Tokelau: Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over New Zealand), 6 February (1840)

Tonga: Independence Day, 4 June (1970)

Trinidad and Tobago: Independence Day, 31 August (1962)

Tunisia: Independence Day, 20 March (1956)

Turkey: Independence Day, 29 October (1923)

Turkmenistan: Independence Day, 27 October (1991)

Turks and Caicos Islands: Constitution Day, 30 August (1976)

Tuvalu: Independence Day, 1 October (1978)

Uganda: Independence Day, 9 October (1962)

Ukraine: Independence Day, 24 August (1991)

United Arab Emirates: Independence Day, 2 December (1971)

United Kingdom: Birthday of Queen ELIZABETH II, celebrated on the second Saturday in June (1926)

United States: Independence Day, 4 July (1776)

Uruguay: Independence Day, 25 August (1825)

Uzbekistan: Independence Day, 1 September (1991)

Vanuatu: Independence Day, 30 July (1980)

Venezuela: Independence Day, 5 July (1811)

Vietnam: Independence Day, 2 September (1945)

Virgin Islands: Transfer Day (from Denmark to the US), 27 March (1917)

Wallis and Futuna: Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

Yemen: Unification Day, 22 May (1990)

Yugoslavia: Republic Day, 29 November

Zambia: Independence Day, 24 October (1964)

Zimbabwe: Independence Day, 18 April (1980)

Taiwan: Republic Day (Anniversary of the Chinese Revolution), 10 October (1911)

======================================================================

@Nationality

Afghanistan: noun: Afghan(s)

adjective: Afghan

Albania: noun: Albanian(s)

adjective: Albanian

Algeria: noun: Algerian(s)

adjective: Algerian

American Samoa: noun: American Samoan(s)

adjective: American Samoan

Andorra: noun: Andorran(s)

adjective: Andorran

Angola: noun: Angolan(s)

adjective: Angolan

Anguilla: noun: Anguillan(s)

adjective: Anguillan

Antigua and Barbuda: noun: Antiguan(s), Barbudan(s)

adjective: Antiguan, Barbudan

Argentina: noun: Argentine(s)

adjective: Argentine

Armenia: noun: Armenian(s)

adjective: Armenian

Aruba: noun: Aruban(s)

adjective: Aruban; Dutch

Australia: noun: Australian(s)

adjective: Australian

Austria: noun: Austrian(s)

adjective: Austrian

Azerbaijan: noun: Azerbaijani(s)

adjective: Azerbaijani

Bahamas, The: noun: Bahamian(s)

adjective: Bahamian

Bahrain: noun: Bahraini(s)

adjective: Bahraini

Bangladesh: noun: Bangladeshi(s)

adjective: Bangladeshi

Barbados: noun: Barbadian(s) or Bajan (colloquial)

adjective: Barbadian or Bajan (colloquial)

Belarus: noun: Belarusian(s)

adjective: Belarusian

Belgium: noun: Belgian(s)

adjective: Belgian

Belize: noun: Belizean(s)

adjective: Belizean

Benin: noun: Beninese (singular and plural)

adjective: Beninese

Bermuda: noun: Bermudian(s)

adjective: Bermudian

Bhutan: noun: Bhutanese (singular and plural)

adjective: Bhutanese

Bolivia: noun: Bolivian(s)

adjective: Bolivian

Bosnia and Herzegovina: noun: Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s)

adjective: Bosnian, Herzegovinian

Botswana: noun: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)

adjective: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)

Brazil: noun: Brazilian(s)

adjective: Brazilian

British Virgin Islands: noun: British Virgin Islander(s)

adjective: British Virgin Islander

Brunei: noun: Bruneian(s)

adjective: Bruneian

Bulgaria: noun: Bulgarian(s)

adjective: Bulgarian

Burkina Faso: noun: Burkinabe (singular and plural)

adjective: Burkinabe

Burma: noun: Burmese (singular and plural)

adjective: Burmese

Burundi: noun: Burundian(s)

adjective: Burundi

Cambodia: noun: Cambodian(s)

adjective: Cambodian

Cameroon: noun: Cameroonian(s)

adjective: Cameroonian

Canada: noun: Canadian(s)

adjective: Canadian

Cape Verde: noun: Cape Verdean(s)

adjective: Cape Verdean

Cayman Islands: noun: Caymanian(s)

adjective: Caymanian

Central African Republic: noun: Central African(s)

adjective: Central African

Chad: noun: Chadian(s)

adjective: Chadian

Chile: noun: Chilean(s)

adjective: Chilean

China: noun: Chinese (singular and plural)

adjective: Chinese

Christmas Island: noun: Christmas Islander(s)

adjective: Christmas Island

Cocos (Keeling) Islands: noun: Cocos Islander(s)

adjective: Cocos Islander

Colombia: noun: Colombian(s)

adjective: Colombian

Comoros: noun: Comoran(s)

adjective: Comoran

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: noun: Congolese (singular and plural)

adjective: Congolese or Congo

Congo, Republic of the: noun: Congolese (singular and plural)

adjective: Congolese or Congo

Cook Islands: noun: Cook Islander(s)

adjective: Cook Islander

Costa Rica: noun: Costa Rican(s)

adjective: Costa Rican

Cote d'Ivoire: noun: Ivorian(s)

adjective: Ivorian

Croatia: noun: Croat(s)

adjective: Croatian

Cuba: noun: Cuban(s)

adjective: Cuban

Cyprus: noun: Cypriot(s)

adjective: Cypriot

Czech Republic: noun: Czech(s)

adjective: Czech

Denmark: noun: Dane(s)

adjective: Danish

Djibouti: noun: Djiboutian(s)

adjective: Djiboutian

Dominica: noun: Dominican(s)

adjective: Dominican

Dominican Republic: noun: Dominican(s)

adjective: Dominican

Ecuador: noun: Ecuadorian(s)

adjective: Ecuadorian

Egypt: noun: Egyptian(s)

adjective: Egyptian

El Salvador: noun: Salvadoran(s)

adjective: Salvadoran

Equatorial Guinea: noun: Equatorial Guinean(s) or Equatoguinean(s)

adjective: Equatorial Guinean or Equatoguinean

Eritrea: noun: Eritrean(s)

adjective: Eritrean

Estonia: noun: Estonian(s)

adjective: Estonian

Ethiopia: noun: Ethiopian(s)

adjective: Ethiopian

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): noun: Falkland Islander(s)

adjective: Falkland Island

Faroe Islands: noun: Faroese (singular and plural)

adjective: Faroese

Fiji: noun: Fijian(s)

adjective: Fijian

Finland: noun: Finn(s)

adjective: Finnish

France: noun: Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women)

adjective: French

French Guiana: noun: French Guianese (singular and plural)

adjective: French Guianese

French Polynesia: noun: French Polynesian(s)

adjective: French Polynesian

Gabon: noun: Gabonese (singular and plural)

adjective: Gabonese

Gambia, The: noun: Gambian(s)

adjective: Gambian

Gaza Strip: noun: NA

adjective: NA

Georgia: noun: Georgian(s)

adjective: Georgian

Germany: noun: German(s)

adjective: German

Ghana: noun: Ghanaian(s)

adjective: Ghanaian

Gibraltar: noun: Gibraltarian(s)

adjective: Gibraltar

Greece: noun: Greek(s)

adjective: Greek

Greenland: noun: Greenlander(s)

adjective: Greenlandic

Grenada: noun: Grenadian(s)

adjective: Grenadian

Guadeloupe: noun: Guadeloupian(s)

adjective: Guadeloupe

Guam: noun: Guamanian(s)

adjective: Guamanian

Guatemala: noun: Guatemalan(s)

adjective: Guatemalan

Guernsey: noun: Channel Islander(s)

adjective: Channel Islander

Guinea: noun: Guinean(s)

adjective: Guinean

Guinea-Bissau: noun: Guinean (s)

adjective: Guinean

Guyana: noun: Guyanese (singular and plural)

adjective: Guyanese

Haiti: noun: Haitian(s)

adjective: Haitian

Holy See (Vatican City): noun: none

adjective: none

Honduras: noun: Honduran(s)

adjective: Honduran

Hong Kong: noun: Chinese

adjective: Chinese

Hungary: noun: Hungarian(s)

adjective: Hungarian

Iceland: noun: Icelander(s)

adjective: Icelandic

India: noun: Indian(s)

adjective: Indian

Indonesia: noun: Indonesian(s)

adjective: Indonesian

Iran: noun: Iranian(s)

adjective: Iranian

Iraq: noun: Iraqi(s)

adjective: Iraqi

Ireland: noun: Irishman(men), Irishwoman(women), Irish (collective plural)

adjective: Irish

Israel: noun: Israeli(s)

adjective: Israeli

Italy: noun: Italian(s)

adjective: Italian

Jamaica: noun: Jamaican(s)

adjective: Jamaican

Japan: noun: Japanese (singular and plural)

adjective: Japanese

Jersey: noun: Channel Islander(s)

adjective: Channel Islander

Jordan: noun: Jordanian(s)

adjective: Jordanian

Kazakhstan: noun: Kazakhstani(s)

adjective: Kazakhstani

Kenya: noun: Kenyan(s)

adjective: Kenyan

Kiribati: noun: I-Kiribati (singular and plural)

adjective: I-Kiribati

Korea, North: noun: Korean(s)

adjective: Korean

Korea, South: noun: Korean(s)

adjective: Korean

Kuwait: noun: Kuwaiti(s)

adjective: Kuwaiti

Kyrgyzstan: noun: Kyrgyzstani(s)

adjective: Kyrgyzstani

Laos: noun: Lao(s) or Laotian(s)

adjective: Lao or Laotian

Latvia: noun: Latvian(s)

adjective: Latvian

Lebanon: noun: Lebanese (singular and plural)

adjective: Lebanese

Lesotho: noun: Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural)

adjective: Basotho

Liberia: noun: Liberian(s)

adjective: Liberian

Libya: noun: Libyan(s)

adjective: Libyan

Liechtenstein: noun: Liechtensteiner(s)

adjective: Liechtenstein

Lithuania: noun: Lithuanian(s)

adjective: Lithuanian

Luxembourg: noun: Luxembourger(s)

adjective: Luxembourg

Macau: noun: Chinese

adjective: Chinese

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: noun: Macedonian(s)

adjective: Macedonian

Madagascar: noun: Malagasy (singular and plural)

adjective: Malagasy

Malawi: noun: Malawian(s)

adjective: Malawian

Malaysia: noun: Malaysian(s)

adjective: Malaysian

Maldives: noun: Maldivian(s)

adjective: Maldivian

Mali: noun: Malian(s)

adjective: Malian

Malta: noun: Maltese (singular and plural)

adjective: Maltese

Man, Isle of: noun: Manxman (men), Manxwoman (women)

adjective: Manx

Marshall Islands: noun: Marshallese (singular and plural)

adjective: Marshallese

Martinique: noun: Martiniquais (singular and plural)

adjective: Martiniquais

Mauritania: noun: Mauritanian(s)

adjective: Mauritanian

Mauritius: noun: Mauritian(s)

adjective: Mauritian

Mayotte: noun: Mahorais (singular and plural)

adjective: Mahoran

Mexico: noun: Mexican(s)

adjective: Mexican

Micronesia, Federated States of: noun: Micronesian(s)

adjective: Micronesian; Kosrae(s), Pohnpeian(s), Trukese, Yapese

Moldova: noun: Moldovan(s)

adjective: Moldovan

Monaco: noun: Monegasque(s) or Monacan(s)

adjective: Monegasque or Monacan

Mongolia: noun: Mongolian(s)

adjective: Mongolian

Montserrat: noun: Montserratian(s)

adjective: Montserratian

Morocco: noun: Moroccan(s)

adjective: Moroccan

Mozambique: noun: Mozambican(s)

adjective: Mozambican

Namibia: noun: Namibian(s)

adjective: Namibian

Nauru: noun: Nauruan(s)

adjective: Nauruan

Nepal: noun: Nepalese (singular and plural)

adjective: Nepalese

Netherlands: noun: Dutchman(men), Dutchwoman(women)

adjective: Dutch

Netherlands Antilles: noun: Dutch Antillean(s)

adjective: Dutch Antillean

New Caledonia: noun: New Caledonian(s)

adjective: New Caledonian

New Zealand: noun: New Zealander(s)

adjective: New Zealand

Nicaragua: noun: Nicaraguan(s)

adjective: Nicaraguan

Niger: noun: Nigerien(s)

adjective: Nigerien

Nigeria: noun: Nigerian(s)

adjective: Nigerian

Niue: noun: Niuean(s)

adjective: Niuean

Norfolk Island: noun: Norfolk Islander(s)

adjective: Norfolk Islander(s)

Northern Mariana Islands: noun: NA

adjective: NA

Norway: noun: Norwegian(s)

adjective: Norwegian

Oman: noun: Omani(s)

adjective: Omani

Pakistan: noun: Pakistani(s)

adjective: Pakistani

Palau: noun: Palauan(s)

adjective: Palauan

Panama: noun: Panamanian(s)

adjective: Panamanian

Papua New Guinea: noun: Papua New Guinean(s)

adjective: Papua New Guinean

Paraguay: noun: Paraguayan(s)

adjective: Paraguayan

Peru: noun: Peruvian(s)

adjective: Peruvian

Philippines: noun: Filipino(s)

adjective: Philippine

Pitcairn Islands: noun: Pitcairn Islander(s)

adjective: Pitcairn Islander

Poland: noun: Pole(s)

adjective: Polish

Portugal: noun: Portuguese (singular and plural)

adjective: Portuguese

Puerto Rico: noun: Puerto Rican(s) (US citizens)

adjective: Puerto Rican

Qatar: noun: Qatari(s)

adjective: Qatari

Reunion: noun: Reunionese (singular and plural)

adjective: Reunionese

Romania: noun: Romanian(s)

adjective: Romanian

Russia: noun: Russian(s)

adjective: Russian

Rwanda: noun: Rwandan(s)

adjective: Rwandan

Saint Helena: noun: Saint Helenian(s)

adjective: Saint Helenian

Saint Kitts and Nevis: noun: Kittitian(s), Nevisian(s)

adjective: Kittitian, Nevisian

Saint Lucia: noun: Saint Lucian(s)

adjective: Saint Lucian

Saint Pierre and Miquelon: noun: Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women)

adjective: French

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: noun: Saint Vincentian(s) or Vincentian(s)

adjective: Saint Vincentian or Vincentian

Samoa: noun: Samoan(s)

adjective: Samoan

San Marino: noun: Sammarinese (singular and plural)

adjective: Sammarinese

Sao Tome and Principe: noun: Sao Tomean(s)

adjective: Sao Tomean

Saudi Arabia: noun: Saudi(s)

adjective: Saudi or Saudi Arabian

Senegal: noun: Senegalese (singular and plural)

adjective: Senegalese

Seychelles: noun: Seychellois (singular and plural)

adjective: Seychelles

Sierra Leone: noun: Sierra Leonean(s)

adjective: Sierra Leonean

Singapore: noun: Singaporean(s)

adjective: Singapore

Slovakia: noun: Slovak(s)

adjective: Slovak

Slovenia: noun: Slovene(s)

adjective: Slovenian

Solomon Islands: noun: Solomon Islander(s)

adjective: Solomon Islander

Somalia: noun: Somali(s)

adjective: Somali

South Africa: noun: South African(s)

adjective: South African

Spain: noun: Spaniard(s)

adjective: Spanish

Sri Lanka: noun: Sri Lankan(s)

adjective: Sri Lankan

Sudan: noun: Sudanese (singular and plural)

adjective: Sudanese

Suriname: noun: Surinamer(s)

adjective: Surinamese

Swaziland: noun: Swazi(s)

adjective: Swazi

Sweden: noun: Swede(s)

adjective: Swedish

Switzerland: noun: Swiss (singular and plural)

adjective: Swiss

Syria: noun: Syrian(s)

adjective: Syrian

Tajikistan: noun: Tajikistani(s)

adjective: Tajikistani

Tanzania: noun: Tanzanian(s)

adjective: Tanzanian

Thailand: noun: Thai (singular and plural)

adjective: Thai

Togo: noun: Togolese (singular and plural)

adjective: Togolese

Tokelau: noun: Tokelauan(s)

adjective: Tokelauan

Tonga: noun: Tongan(s)

adjective: Tongan

Trinidad and Tobago: noun: Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s)

adjective: Trinidadian, Tobagonian

Tunisia: noun: Tunisian(s)

adjective: Tunisian

Turkey: noun: Turk(s)

adjective: Turkish

Turkmenistan: noun: Turkmen(s)

adjective: Turkmen

Turks and Caicos Islands: noun: none

adjective: none

Tuvalu: noun: Tuvaluan(s)

adjective: Tuvaluan

Uganda: noun: Ugandan(s)

adjective: Ugandan

Ukraine: noun: Ukrainian(s)

adjective: Ukrainian

United Arab Emirates: noun: Emirati(s)

adjective: Emirati

United Kingdom: noun: Briton(s), British (collective plural)

adjective: British

United States: noun: American(s)

adjective: American

Uruguay: noun: Uruguayan(s)

adjective: Uruguayan

Uzbekistan: noun: Uzbekistani(s)

adjective: Uzbekistani

Vanuatu: noun: Ni-Vanuatu (singular and plural)

adjective: Ni-Vanuatu

Venezuela: noun: Venezuelan(s)

adjective: Venezuelan

Vietnam: noun: Vietnamese (singular and plural)

adjective: Vietnamese

Virgin Islands: noun: Virgin Islander(s)

adjective: Virgin Islander

Wallis and Futuna: noun: Wallisian(s), Futunan(s), or Wallis and Futuna Islanders

adjective: Wallisian, Futunan, or Wallis and Futuna Islander

West Bank: noun: NA

adjective: NA

Western Sahara: noun: Sahrawi(s), Sahraoui(s)

adjective: Sahrawian, Sahraouian

Yemen: noun: Yemeni(s)

adjective: Yemeni

Yugoslavia: noun: Serb(s); Montenegrin(s)

adjective: Serbian; Montenegrin

Zambia: noun: Zambian(s)

adjective: Zambian

Zimbabwe: noun: Zimbabwean(s)

adjective: Zimbabwean

Taiwan: noun: Chinese (singular and plural)

adjective: Chinese

======================================================================

@Natural hazards

Afghanistan: damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains; flooding; droughts

Albania: destructive earthquakes; tsunamis occur along southwestern coast; drought

Algeria: mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; mud slides

American Samoa: typhoons common from December to March

Andorra: snowslides, avalanches

Angola: locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on the plateau

Anguilla: frequent hurricanes and other tropical storms (July to October)

Antarctica: katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau; cyclonic storms form over the ocean and move clockwise along the coast; volcanism on Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica; other seismic activity rare and weak; large icebergs may calve from ice shelf

Antigua and Barbuda: hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October); periodic droughts

Arctic Ocean: ice islands occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved from glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada; permafrost in islands; virtually ice locked from October to June; ships subject to superstructure icing from October to May

Argentina: San Miguel de Tucuman and Mendoza areas in the Andes subject to earthquakes; pamperos are violent windstorms that can strike the Pampas and northeast; heavy flooding

Armenia: occasionally severe earthquakes; droughts

Aruba: lies outside the Caribbean hurricane belt

Ashmore and Cartier Islands: surrounded by shoals and reefs that can pose maritime hazards

Atlantic Ocean: icebergs common in Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, and the northwestern Atlantic Ocean from February to August and have been spotted as far south as Bermuda and the Madeira Islands; ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme northern Atlantic from October to May; persistent fog can be a maritime hazard from May to September; hurricanes (May to December)

Australia: cyclones along the coast; severe droughts

Austria: NA

Azerbaijan: droughts; some lowland areas threatened by rising levels of the Caspian Sea

Bahamas, The: hurricanes and other tropical storms that cause extensive flood and wind damage

Bahrain: periodic droughts; dust storms

Baker Island: the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime hazard

Bangladesh: droughts, cyclones; much of the country routinely inundated during the summer monsoon season

Barbados: infrequent hurricanes; periodic landslides

Bassas da India: maritime hazard since it is usually under water during high tide and surrounded by reefs; subject to periodic cyclones

Belarus: NA

Belgium: flooding is a threat in areas of reclaimed coastal land, protected from the sea by concrete dikes

Belize: frequent, devastating hurricanes (September to December) and coastal flooding (especially in south)

Benin: hot, dry, dusty harmattan wind may affect north in winter

Bermuda: hurricanes (June to November)

Bhutan: violent storms coming down from the Himalayas are the source of the country's name which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon; frequent landslides during the rainy season

Bolivia: flooding in the northeast (March-April)

Bosnia and Herzegovina: destructive earthquakes

Botswana: periodic droughts; seasonal August winds blow from the west, carrying sand and dust across the country, which can obscure visibility

Bouvet Island: NA

Brazil: recurring droughts in northeast; floods and occasional frost in south

British Indian Ocean Territory: NA

British Virgin Islands: hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October)

Brunei: typhoons, earthquakes, and severe flooding are very rare

Bulgaria: earthquakes, landslides

Burkina Faso: recurring droughts

Burma: destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides common during rainy season (June to September); periodic droughts

Burundi: flooding, landslides, drought

Cambodia: monsoonal rains (June to November); flooding; occasional droughts

Cameroon: recent volcanic activity with release of poisonous gases

Canada: continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow

Cape Verde: prolonged droughts; harmattan wind can obscure visibility; volcanically and seismically active

Cayman Islands: hurricanes (July to November)

Central African Republic: hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds affect northern areas; floods are common

Chad: hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues

Chile: severe earthquakes; active volcanism; tsunamis

China: frequent typhoons (about five per year along southern and eastern coasts); damaging floods; tsunamis; earthquakes; droughts

Christmas Island: the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime hazard

Clipperton Island: NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands: cyclones may occur in the early months of the year

Colombia: highlands subject to volcanic eruptions; occasional earthquakes; periodic droughts

Comoros: cyclones possible during rainy season (December to April); Le Kartala on Grand Comore is an active volcano

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: periodic droughts in south; volcanic activity

Congo, Republic of the: seasonal flooding

Cook Islands: typhoons (November to March)

Coral Sea Islands: occasional tropical cyclones

Costa Rica: occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along Atlantic coast; frequent flooding of lowlands at onset of rainy season and landslides; active volcanoes

Cote d'Ivoire: coast has heavy surf and no natural harbors; during the rainy season torrential flooding is possible

Croatia: destructive earthquakes

Cuba: the east coast is subject to hurricanes from August to October (in general, the country averages about one hurricane every other year); droughts are common

Cyprus: moderate earthquake activity; droughts

Czech Republic: flooding

Denmark: flooding is a threat in some areas of the country (e.g., parts of Jutland, along the southern coast of the island of Lolland) that are protected from the sea by a system of dikes

Djibouti: earthquakes; droughts; occasional cyclonic disturbances from the Indian Ocean bring heavy rains and flash floods

Dominica: flash floods are a constant threat; destructive hurricanes can be expected during the late summer months

Dominican Republic: lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from June to October; occasional flooding; periodic droughts

Ecuador: frequent earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity; periodic droughts

Egypt: periodic droughts; frequent earthquakes, flash floods, landslides, volcanic activity; hot, driving windstorm called khamsin occurs in spring; dust storms, sandstorms

El Salvador: known as the Land of Volcanoes; frequent and sometimes very destructive earthquakes and volcanic activity

Equatorial Guinea: violent windstorms, flash floods

Eritrea: frequent droughts; locust swarms

Estonia: flooding occurs frequently in the spring

Ethiopia: geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; frequent droughts

Europa Island: NA

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): strong winds persist throughout the year

Faroe Islands: NA

Fiji: cyclonic storms can occur from November to January

Finland: NA

France: flooding; avalanches

French Guiana: high frequency of heavy showers and severe thunderstorms; flooding

French Polynesia: occasional cyclonic storms in January

French Southern and Antarctic Lands: Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul are extinct volcanoes

Gabon: NA

Gambia, The: drought (rainfall has dropped by 30% in the last 30 years)

Gaza Strip: droughts

Georgia: earthquakes

Germany: flooding

Ghana: dry, dusty, harmattan winds occur from January to March; droughts

Gibraltar: NA

Glorioso Islands: periodic cyclones

Greece: severe earthquakes

Greenland: continuous permafrost over northern two-thirds of the island

Grenada: lies on edge of hurricane belt; hurricane season lasts from June to November

Guadeloupe: hurricanes (June to October); Soufriere is an active volcano

Guam: frequent squalls during rainy season; relatively rare, but potentially very destructive typhoons (especially in August)

Guatemala: numerous volcanoes in mountains, with occasional violent earthquakes; Caribbean coast subject to hurricanes and other tropical storms

Guernsey: NA

Guinea: hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season

Guinea-Bissau: hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season; brush fires

Guyana: flash floods are a constant threat during rainy seasons

Haiti: lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from June to October; occasional flooding and earthquakes; periodic droughts

Heard Island and McDonald Islands: Heard Island is dominated by a dormant volcano called Big Ben

Holy See (Vatican City): NA

Honduras: frequent, but generally mild, earthquakes; damaging hurricanes and floods along Caribbean coast

Hong Kong: occasional typhoons

Howland Island: the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime hazard

Iceland: earthquakes and volcanic activity

India: droughts, flash floods, severe thunderstorms common; earthquakes

Indian Ocean: occasional icebergs pose navigational hazard in southern reaches

Indonesia: occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes

Iran: periodic droughts, floods; dust storms, sandstorms; earthquakes along western border and in the northeast

Iraq: dust storms, sandstorms, floods

Ireland: NA

Israel: sandstorms may occur during spring and summer; droughts

Italy: regional risks include landslides, mudflows, avalanches, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding; land subsidence in Venice

Jamaica: hurricanes (especially July to November)

Jan Mayen: dominated by the volcano Haakon VII Toppen/Beerenberg; volcanic activity resumed in 1970

Japan: many dormant and some active volcanoes; about 1,500 seismic occurrences (mostly tremors) every year; tsunamis; typhoons

Jarvis Island: the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime hazard

Jersey: NA

Johnston Atoll: NA

Jordan: droughts

Juan de Nova Island: periodic cyclones

Kazakhstan: earthquakes in the south, mudslides around Almaty

Kenya: recurring drought in northern and eastern regions; flooding during rainy seasons

Kingman Reef: wet or awash most of the time, maximum elevation of about 1 meter makes Kingman Reef a maritime hazard

Kiribati: typhoons can occur any time, but usually November to March; occasional tornadoes; low level of some of the islands make them very sensitive to changes in sea level

Korea, North: late spring droughts often followed by severe flooding; occasional typhoons during the early fall

Korea, South: occasional typhoons bring high winds and floods; low-level seismic activity common in southwest

Kuwait: sudden cloudbursts are common from October to April; they bring inordinate amounts of rain which can damage roads and houses; sandstorms and dust storms occur throughout the year, but are most common between March and August

Kyrgyzstan: NA

Laos: floods, droughts, and blight

Latvia: NA

Lebanon: dust storms, sandstorms

Lesotho: periodic droughts

Liberia: dust-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to March)

Libya: hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in spring and fall; dust storms, sandstorms

Liechtenstein: NA

Lithuania: NA

Luxembourg: NA

Macau: typhoons

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: high seismic risks

Madagascar: periodic cyclones

Malawi: NA

Malaysia: flooding, landslides

Maldives: low level of islands makes them very sensitive to sea level rise

Mali: hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons; recurring droughts

Malta: NA

Man, Isle of: NA

Marshall Islands: occasional typhoons

Martinique: hurricanes, flooding, and volcanic activity (an average of one major natural disaster every five years)

Mauritania: hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind blows primarily in March and April; periodic droughts

Mauritius: cyclones (November to April); almost completely surrounded by reefs that may pose maritime hazards

Mayotte: cyclones during rainy season

Mexico: tsunamis along the Pacific coast, volcanoes and destructive earthquakes in the center and south, and hurricanes on the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean coasts

Micronesia, Federated States of: typhoons (June to December)

Midway Islands: NA

Moldova: landslides (57 cases in 1998)

Monaco: NA

Mongolia: dust and snow storms, grassland and forest fires, drought and "zud", which is a combination of drought followed by harsh winter conditions

Montserrat: severe hurricanes (June to November); volcanic eruptions (full-scale eruptions of the Soufriere Hills volcano occurred during 1996-97)

Morocco: northern mountains geologically unstable and subject to earthquakes; periodic droughts

Mozambique: severe droughts and floods occur in central and southern provinces; devastating cyclones

Namibia: prolonged periods of drought

Nauru: periodic droughts

Navassa Island: NA

Nepal: severe thunderstorms, flooding, landslides, drought, and famine depending on the timing, intensity, and duration of the summer monsoons

Netherlands: flooding

Netherlands Antilles: Curacao and Bonaire are south of Caribbean hurricane belt and are rarely threatened; Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint Eustatius are subject to hurricanes from July to October

New Caledonia: cyclones, most frequent from November to March

New Zealand: earthquakes are common, though usually not severe; volcanic activity

Nicaragua: destructive earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, and occasionally severe hurricanes

Niger: recurring droughts

Nigeria: periodic droughts

Niue: typhoons

Norfolk Island: typhoons (especially May to July)

Northern Mariana Islands: active volcanoes on Pagan and Agrihan; typhoons (especially August to November)

Norway: rockslides, avalanches

Oman: summer winds often raise large sandstorms and dust storms in interior; periodic droughts

Pacific Ocean: surrounded by a zone of violent volcanic and earthquake activity sometimes referred to as the "Pacific Ring of Fire"; subject to tropical cyclones (typhoons) in southeast and east Asia from May to December (most frequent from July to October); tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico and strike Central America and Mexico from June to October (most common in August and September); cyclical El Nino/La Nina phenomenon occurs in the equatorial Pacific, influencing weather in the Western Hemisphere and the western Pacific; ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme north from October to May; persistent fog in the northern Pacific can be a maritime hazard from June to December

Pakistan: frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August)

Palau: typhoons (June to December)

Palmyra Atoll: NA

Panama: NA

Papua New Guinea: active volcanism; situated along the Pacific "Rim of Fire"; the country is subject to frequent and sometimes severe earthquakes; mud slides; tsunamis

Paracel Islands: typhoons

Paraguay: local flooding in southeast (early September to June); poorly drained plains may become boggy (early October to June)

Peru: earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity

Philippines: astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six cyclonic storms per year; landslides; active volcanoes; destructive earthquakes; tsunamis

Pitcairn Islands: typhoons (especially November to March)

Poland: NA

Portugal: Azores subject to severe earthquakes

Puerto Rico: periodic droughts; hurricanes

Qatar: haze, dust storms, sandstorms common

Reunion: periodic, devastating cyclones (December to April); Piton de la Fournaise on the southeastern coast is an active volcano

Romania: earthquakes most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides

Russia: permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula

Rwanda: periodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga mountains are in the northwest along the border with Democratic Republic of the Congo

Saint Helena: active volcanism on Tristan da Cunha

Saint Kitts and Nevis: hurricanes (July to October)

Saint Lucia: hurricanes and volcanic activity

Saint Pierre and Miquelon: persistent fog throughout the year can be a maritime hazard

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: hurricanes; Soufriere volcano on the island of Saint Vincent is a constant threat

Samoa: occasional typhoons; active volcanism

San Marino: NA

Sao Tome and Principe: NA

Saudi Arabia: frequent sand and dust storms

Senegal: lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts

Seychelles: lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare; short droughts possible

Sierra Leone: dry, sand-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to February); sandstorms, dust storms

Singapore: NA

Slovakia: NA

Slovenia: flooding and earthquakes

Solomon Islands: typhoons, but they are rarely destructive; geologically active region with frequent earth tremors; volcanic activity

Somalia: recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains in summer; floods during rainy season

South Africa: prolonged droughts

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: the South Sandwich Islands have prevailing weather conditions that generally make them difficult to approach by ship; they are also subject to active volcanism

Southern Ocean: huge icebergs with drafts up to several hundred meters; smaller bergs and iceberg fragments; sea ice (generally 0.5 to 1 meter thick) with sometimes dynamic short-term variations and with large annual and interannual variations; deep continental shelf floored by glacial deposits varying widely over short distances; high winds and large waves much of the year; ship icing, especially May-October; most of region is remote from sources of search and rescue

Spain: periodic droughts

Spratly Islands: typhoons; serious maritime hazard because of numerous reefs and shoals

Sri Lanka: occasional cyclones and tornadoes

Sudan: dust storms

Suriname: NA

Svalbard: ice floes often block up the entrance to Bellsund (a transit point for coal export) on the west coast and occasionally make parts of the northeastern coast inaccessible to maritime traffic

Swaziland: NA

Sweden: ice floes in the surrounding waters, especially in the Gulf of Bothnia, can interfere with maritime traffic

Switzerland: avalanches, landslides, flash floods

Syria: dust storms, sandstorms

Tajikistan: NA

Tanzania: flooding on the central plateau during the rainy season; drought

Thailand: land subsidence in Bangkok area resulting from the depletion of the water table; droughts

Togo: hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; periodic droughts

Tokelau: lies in Pacific typhoon belt

Tonga: cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic activity on Fonuafo'ou

Trinidad and Tobago: outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical storms

Tromelin Island: NA

Tunisia: NA

Turkey: very severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van

Turkmenistan: NA

Turks and Caicos Islands: frequent hurricanes

Tuvalu: severe tropical storms are usually rare, but, in 1997, there were three cyclones; low level of islands make them very sensitive to changes in sea level

Uganda: NA

Ukraine: NA

United Arab Emirates: frequent sand and dust storms

United Kingdom: NA

United States: tsunamis, volcanoes, and earthquake activity around Pacific Basin; hurricanes along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts; tornadoes in the midwest and southeast; mud slides in California; forest fires in the west; flooding; permafrost in northern Alaska, a major impediment to development

Uruguay: seasonally high winds (the pampero is a chilly and occasional violent wind which blows north from the Argentine pampas), droughts, floods; because of the absence of mountains, which act as weather barriers, all locations are particularly vulnerable to rapid changes in weather fronts

Uzbekistan: NA

Vanuatu: tropical cyclones or typhoons (January to April); volcanism causes minor earthquakes

Venezuela: subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic droughts

Vietnam: occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding

Virgin Islands: several hurricanes in recent years; frequent and severe droughts and floods; occasional earthquakes

Wake Island: occasional typhoons

Wallis and Futuna: NA

West Bank: droughts

Western Sahara: hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and spring; widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely restricting visibility

World: large areas subject to severe weather (tropical cyclones), natural disasters (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions)

Yemen: sandstorms and dust storms in summer

Yugoslavia: destructive earthquakes

Zambia: tropical storms (November to April)

Zimbabwe: recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare

Taiwan: earthquakes and typhoons

======================================================================

@Natural resources

Afghanistan: natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, chromite, talc, barites, sulfur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stones

Albania: petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, timber, nickel, hydropower

Algeria: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc

American Samoa: pumice, pumicite

Andorra: hydropower, mineral water, timber, iron ore, lead

Angola: petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite, uranium

Anguilla: salt, fish, lobster

Antarctica: iron ore, chromium, copper, gold, nickel, platinum and other minerals, and coal and hydrocarbons have been found in small uncommercial quantities; none presently exploited; krill, finfish, and crab have been taken by commercial fisheries

Antigua and Barbuda: NEGL; pleasant climate fosters tourism

Arctic Ocean: sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales)

Argentina: fertile plains of the Pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron ore, manganese, petroleum, uranium

Armenia: small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, alumina

Aruba: NEGL; white sandy beaches

Ashmore and Cartier Islands: fish

Atlantic Ocean: oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales), sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, precious stones

Australia: bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, silver, uranium, nickel, tungsten, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, natural gas, petroleum

Austria: iron ore, oil, timber, magnesite, lead, coal, lignite, copper, hydropower

Azerbaijan: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, nonferrous metals, alumina

Bahamas, The: salt, aragonite, timber, arable land

Bahrain: oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish, pearls

Baker Island: guano (deposits worked until 1891), terrestrial and aquatic wildlife

Bangladesh: natural gas, arable land, timber, coal

Barbados: petroleum, fish, natural gas

Bassas da India: none

Belarus: forests, peat deposits, small quantities of oil and natural gas

Belgium: coal, natural gas

Belize: arable land potential, timber, fish, hydropower

Benin: small offshore oil deposits, limestone, marble, timber

Bermuda: limestone, pleasant climate fostering tourism

Bhutan: timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbide

Bolivia: tin, natural gas, petroleum, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron, lead, gold, timber, hydropower

Bosnia and Herzegovina: coal, iron, bauxite, manganese, forests, copper, chromium, lead, zinc, hydropower

Botswana: diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver

Bouvet Island: none

Brazil: bauxite, gold, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, platinum, tin, uranium, petroleum, hydropower, timber

British Indian Ocean Territory: coconuts, fish, sugarcane

British Virgin Islands: NEGL

Brunei: petroleum, natural gas, timber

Bulgaria: bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land

Burkina Faso: manganese, limestone, marble; small deposits of gold, antimony, copper, nickel, bauxite, lead, phosphates, zinc, silver

Burma: petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, some marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas, hydropower

Burundi: nickel, uranium, rare earth oxides, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum (not yet exploited), vanadium, arable land, hydropower

Cambodia: timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower potential

Cameroon: petroleum, bauxite, iron ore, timber, hydropower

Canada: iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower

Cape Verde: salt, basalt rock, pozzuolana (a siliceous volcanic ash used to produce hydraulic cement), limestone, kaolin, fish

Cayman Islands: fish, climate and beaches that foster tourism

Central African Republic: diamonds, uranium, timber, gold, oil, hydropower

Chad: petroleum (unexploited but exploration under way), uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad)

Chile: copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum, hydropower

China: coal, iron ore, petroleum, natural gas, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, hydropower potential (world's largest)

Christmas Island: phosphate

Clipperton Island: fish

Cocos (Keeling) Islands: fish

Colombia: petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper, emeralds, hydropower

Comoros: NEGL

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: cobalt, copper, cadmium, petroleum, industrial and gem diamonds, gold, silver, zinc, manganese, tin, germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite, iron ore, coal, hydropower, timber

Congo, Republic of the: petroleum, timber, potash, lead, zinc, uranium, copper, phosphates, natural gas, hydropower

Cook Islands: NEGL

Coral Sea Islands: NEGL

Costa Rica: hydropower

Cote d'Ivoire: petroleum, natural gas, diamonds, manganese, iron ore, cobalt, bauxite, copper, hydropower

Croatia: oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, natural asphalt, silica, mica, clays, salt, hydropower

Cuba: cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, manganese, salt, timber, silica, petroleum, arable land

Cyprus: copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay earth pigment

Czech Republic: hard coal, soft coal, kaolin, clay, graphite, timber

Denmark: petroleum, natural gas, fish, salt, limestone, stone, gravel and sand

Djibouti: geothermal areas

Dominica: timber, hydropower, arable land

Dominican Republic: nickel, bauxite, gold, silver

Ecuador: petroleum, fish, timber, hydropower

Egypt: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc

El Salvador: hydropower, geothermal power, petroleum, arable land

Equatorial Guinea: oil, petroleum, timber, small unexploited deposits of gold, manganese, uranium

Eritrea: gold, potash, zinc, copper, salt, possibly oil and natural gas, fish

Estonia: shale oil (kukersite), peat, phosphorite, amber, cambrian blue clay, limestone, dolomite, arable land

Ethiopia: small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash, natural gas, hydropower

Europa Island: NEGL

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): fish, wildlife

Faroe Islands: fish, whales, hydropower

Fiji: timber, fish, gold, copper, offshore oil potential, hydropower

Finland: timber, copper, zinc, iron ore, silver

France: coal, iron ore, bauxite, zinc, potash, timber, fish

French Guiana: bauxite, timber, gold (widely scattered), cinnabar, kaolin, fish

French Polynesia: timber, fish, cobalt, hydropower

French Southern and Antarctic Lands: fish, crayfish

Gabon: petroleum, manganese, uranium, gold, timber, iron ore, hydropower

Gambia, The: fish

Gaza Strip: arable land, natural gas

Georgia: forests, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron ore, copper, minor coal and oil deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important tea and citrus growth

Germany: iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, nickel, arable land

Ghana: gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber, hydropower

Gibraltar: NEGL

Glorioso Islands: guano, coconuts

Greece: bauxite, lignite, magnesite, petroleum, marble, hydropower potential

Greenland: zinc, lead, iron ore, coal, molybdenum, gold, platinum, uranium, fish, seals, whales, hydropower, possible oil and gas

Grenada: timber, tropical fruit, deepwater harbors

Guadeloupe: cultivable land, beaches and climate that foster tourism

Guam: fishing (largely undeveloped), tourism (especially from Japan)

Guatemala: petroleum, nickel, rare woods, fish, chicle, hydropower

Guernsey: cropland

Guinea: bauxite, iron ore, diamonds, gold, uranium, hydropower, fish

Guinea-Bissau: fish, timber, phosphates, bauxite, unexploited deposits of petroleum

Guyana: bauxite, gold, diamonds, hardwood timber, shrimp, fish

Haiti: bauxite, copper, calcium carbonate, gold, marble, hydropower

Heard Island and McDonald Islands: none

Holy See (Vatican City): none

Honduras: timber, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron ore, antimony, coal, fish, hydropower

Hong Kong: outstanding deepwater harbor, feldspar

Howland Island: guano (deposits worked until late 1800s), terrestrial and aquatic wildlife

Hungary: bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land

Iceland: fish, hydropower, geothermal power, diatomite

India: coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, petroleum, limestone, arable land

Indian Ocean: oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules

Indonesia: petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Iran: petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, zinc, sulfur

Iraq: petroleum, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur

Ireland: zinc, lead, natural gas, barite, copper, gypsum, limestone, dolomite, peat, silver

Israel: timber, potash, copper ore, natural gas, phosphate rock, magnesium bromide, clays, sand, oil

Italy: mercury, potash, marble, sulfur, natural gas and crude oil reserves, fish, coal, arable land

Jamaica: bauxite, gypsum, limestone

Jan Mayen: none

Japan: negligible mineral resources, fish

Jarvis Island: guano (deposits worked until late 1800s), terrestrial and aquatic wildlife

Jersey: arable land

Johnston Atoll: guano deposits worked until depletion about 1890, terrestrial and aquatic wildlife

Jordan: phosphates, potash, shale oil

Juan de Nova Island: guano deposits and other fertilizers

Kazakhstan: major deposits of petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, manganese, chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium

Kenya: gold, limestone, soda ash, salt barites, rubies, fluorspar, garnets, wildlife, hydropower

Kingman Reef: terrestrial and aquatic wildlife

Kiribati: phosphate (production discontinued in 1979)

Korea, North: coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite, iron ore, copper, gold, pyrites, salt, fluorspar, hydropower

Korea, South: coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower potential

Kuwait: petroleum, fish, shrimp, natural gas

Kyrgyzstan: abundant hydropower; significant deposits of gold and rare earth metals; locally exploitable coal, oil, and natural gas; other deposits of nepheline, mercury, bismuth, lead, and zinc

Laos: timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold, gemstones

Latvia: minimal; amber, peat, limestone, dolomite, hydropower, arable land

Lebanon: limestone, iron ore, salt, water-surplus state in a water-deficit region, arable land

Lesotho: water, agricultural and grazing land, some diamonds and other minerals

Liberia: iron ore, timber, diamonds, gold, hydropower

Libya: petroleum, natural gas, gypsum

Liechtenstein: hydroelectric potential, arable land

Lithuania: peat, arable land

Luxembourg: iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land

Macau: NEGL

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: chromium, lead, zinc, manganese, tungsten, nickel, low-grade iron ore, asbestos, sulfur, timber, arable land

Madagascar: graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt, quartz, tar sands, semiprecious stones, mica, fish, hydropower

Malawi: limestone, arable land, hydropower, unexploited deposits of uranium, coal, and bauxite

Malaysia: tin, petroleum, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas, bauxite

Maldives: fish

Mali: gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, hydropower

note: bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited

Malta: limestone, salt, arable land

Man, Isle of: none

Marshall Islands: phosphate deposits, marine products, deep seabed minerals

Martinique: coastal scenery and beaches, cultivable land

Mauritania: iron ore, gypsum, fish, copper, phosphate, diamonds, gold

Mauritius: arable land, fish

Mayotte: NEGL

Mexico: petroleum, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber

Micronesia, Federated States of: forests, marine products, deep-seabed minerals

Midway Islands: wildlife, terrestrial and aquatic

Moldova: lignite, phosphorites, gypsum, arable land

Monaco: none

Mongolia: oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron, phosphate

Montserrat: NEGL

Morocco: phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, salt

Mozambique: coal, titanium, natural gas, hydropower, tantalum, graphite

Namibia: diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin, lithium, cadmium, zinc, salt, vanadium, natural gas, hydropower, fish

note: suspected deposits of oil, coal, and iron ore

Nauru: phosphates

Navassa Island: guano

Nepal: quartz, water, timber, hydropower, scenic beauty, small deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore

Netherlands: natural gas, petroleum, arable land

Netherlands Antilles: phosphates (Curacao only), salt (Bonaire only)

New Caledonia: nickel, chrome, iron, cobalt, manganese, silver, gold, lead, copper

New Zealand: natural gas, iron ore, sand, coal, timber, hydropower, gold, limestone

Nicaragua: gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fish

Niger: uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, phosphates, gold, petroleum

Nigeria: natural gas, petroleum, tin, columbite, iron ore, coal, limestone, lead, zinc, arable land

Niue: fish, arable land

Norfolk Island: fish

Northern Mariana Islands: arable land, fish

Norway: petroleum, copper, natural gas, pyrites, nickel, iron ore, zinc, lead, fish, timber, hydropower

Oman: petroleum, copper, asbestos, some marble, limestone, chromium, gypsum, natural gas

Pacific Ocean: oil and gas fields, polymetallic nodules, sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, fish

Pakistan: land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone

Palau: forests, minerals (especially gold), marine products, deep-seabed minerals

Palmyra Atoll: terrestrial and aquatic wildlife

Panama: copper, mahogany forests, shrimp, hydropower

Papua New Guinea: gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber, oil, fisheries

Paracel Islands: none

Paraguay: hydropower, timber, iron ore, manganese, limestone

Peru: copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower

Philippines: timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper

Pitcairn Islands: miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish

note: manganese, iron, copper, gold, silver, and zinc have been discovered offshore

Poland: coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt, arable land

Portugal: fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron ore, uranium ore, marble, arable land, hydro power

Puerto Rico: some copper and nickel; potential for onshore and offshore oil

Qatar: petroleum, natural gas, fish

Reunion: fish, arable land, hydropower

Romania: petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower

Russia: wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, timber

note: formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources

Rwanda: gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), methane, hydropower, arable land

Saint Helena: fish

Saint Kitts and Nevis: arable land

Saint Lucia: forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral springs, geothermal potential

Saint Pierre and Miquelon: fish, deepwater ports

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: hydropower, cropland

Samoa: hardwood forests, fish, hydropower

San Marino: building stone

Sao Tome and Principe: fish, hydropower

Saudi Arabia: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper

Senegal: fish, phosphates, iron ore

Seychelles: fish, copra, cinnamon trees

Sierra Leone: diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromite

Singapore: fish, deepwater ports

Slovakia: brown coal and lignite; small amounts of iron ore, copper and manganese ore; salt; arable land

Slovenia: lignite coal, lead, zinc, mercury, uranium, silver, hydropower

Solomon Islands: fish, forests, gold, bauxite, phosphates, lead, zinc, nickel

Somalia: uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt

South Africa: gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, tin, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum, copper, vanadium, salt, natural gas

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: fish

Southern Ocean: probable large and possible giant oil and gas fields on the continental margin, manganese nodules, possible placer deposits, sand and gravel, fresh water as icebergs, squid, whales, and seals - none exploited; krill, fishes

Spain: coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium, mercury, pyrites, fluorspar, gypsum, zinc, lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin, potash, hydropower, arable land

Spratly Islands: fish, guano, undetermined oil and natural gas potential

Sri Lanka: limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay, hydropower

Sudan: petroleum; small reserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold, hydropower

Suriname: timber, hydropower, fish, kaolin, shrimp, bauxite, gold, and small amounts of nickel, copper, platinum, iron ore

Svalbard: coal, copper, iron ore, phosphate, zinc, wildlife, fish

Swaziland: asbestos, coal, clay, cassiterite, hydropower, forests, small gold and diamond deposits, quarry stone, and talc

Sweden: zinc, iron ore, lead, copper, silver, timber, uranium, hydropower

Switzerland: hydropower potential, timber, salt

Syria: petroleum, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum, hydropower

Tajikistan: hydropower, some petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten, silver, gold

Tanzania: hydropower, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel

Thailand: tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum, lignite, fluorite, arable land

Togo: phosphates, limestone, marble, arable land

Tokelau: NEGL

Tonga: fish, fertile soil

Trinidad and Tobago: petroleum, natural gas, asphalt

Tromelin Island: fish

Tunisia: petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt

Turkey: antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, sulfur, iron ore, arable land, hydropower

Turkmenistan: petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulfur, salt

Turks and Caicos Islands: spiny lobster, conch

Tuvalu: fish

Uganda: copper, cobalt, hydropower, limestone, salt, arable land

Ukraine: iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulfur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber, arable land

United Arab Emirates: petroleum, natural gas

United Kingdom: coal, petroleum, natural gas, tin, limestone, iron ore, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, lead, silica, arable land

United States: coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc, petroleum, natural gas, timber

Uruguay: arable land, hydropower, minor minerals, fisheries

Uzbekistan: natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum

Vanuatu: manganese, hardwood forests, fish

Venezuela: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hydropower, diamonds

Vietnam: phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil and gas deposits, forests, hydropower

Virgin Islands: sun, sand, sea, surf

Wake Island: none

Wallis and Futuna: NEGL

West Bank: arable land

Western Sahara: phosphates, iron ore

World: the rapid using up of nonrenewable mineral resources, the depletion of forest areas and wetlands, the extinction of animal and plant species, and the deterioration in air and water quality (especially in Eastern Europe, the former USSR, and China) pose serious long-term problems that governments and peoples are only beginning to address

Yemen: petroleum, fish, rock salt, marble, small deposits of coal, gold, lead, nickel, and copper, fertile soil in west

Yugoslavia: oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome, hydropower, arable land

Zambia: copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium, hydropower

Zimbabwe: coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin, platinum group metals

Taiwan: small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos

======================================================================

@Net migration rate

Afghanistan: 11.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Albania: -3.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Algeria: -0.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

American Samoa: 3.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Andorra: 6.82 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Angola: -0.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Anguilla: 17.23 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda: -6.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Argentina: 0.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Armenia: -3.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Aruba: NEGL

Australia: 4.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Austria: 2.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Azerbaijan: -5.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Bahamas, The: -2.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Bahrain: 1.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Bangladesh: -0.76 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Barbados: -0.32 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Belarus: 2.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Belgium: 0.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Belize: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Benin: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Bermuda: 2.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Bhutan: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Bolivia: -1.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina: 8.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Botswana: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Brazil: -0.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

British Virgin Islands: 11.39 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Brunei: 4.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Bulgaria: -4.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Burkina Faso: -0.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Burma: -1.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Burundi: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Cambodia: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Cameroon: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) NA migrant(s)/1,000 population

Canada: 6.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Cape Verde: -12.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Cayman Islands: 12.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

note: major destination for Cubans trying to migrate to the US

Central African Republic: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Chad: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Chile: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

China: -0.39 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Christmas Island: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population

Cocos (Keeling) Islands: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population

Colombia: -0.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Comoros: NEGL migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: 0.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

note: one million refugees fled into Zaire (now called the Democratic Republic of the Congo or DROC) in 1994 to escape the fighting between the Hutus and the Tutsis; fighting in the DROC between rebels and government forces in October 1996 caused 875,000 refugees to return to Rwanda in late 1996 and early 1997; an additional 173,000 Rwandan refugees disappeared in early 1997 and are assumed to have been killed by Zairian forces; fighting between the Congolese government and Uganda- and Rwanda-backed Congolese rebels spawned a regional war in DROC in August 1998, which left 1.8 million Congolese displaced in DROC and caused 300,000 Congolese refugees to flee to surrounding countries

Congo, Republic of the: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Costa Rica: 0.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire: 1.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

note: after Liberia's civil war started in 1990, more than 350,000 refugees fled to Cote d'Ivoire; by the end of 1999 most Liberian refugees were assumed to have returned

Croatia: 13.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Cuba: -1.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Cyprus: 0.44 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Czech Republic: 0.96 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Denmark: 1.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Djibouti: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Dominica: -20.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Dominican Republic: -3.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Ecuador: -0.55 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Egypt: -0.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

El Salvador: -3.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Equatorial Guinea: NEGL migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Eritrea: 7.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

note: according to the UNHCR, about 150,000 Eritrean refugees in Sudan have registered for voluntary repatriation, following the restoration of diplomatic relations between Eritrea and Sudan in January 2000

Estonia: -0.76 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Ethiopia: 0.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

note: repatriation of Ethiopians who fled to Sudan for refuge from war and famine in earlier years is expected to continue for several years; small numbers of Sudanese and Somali refugees, who fled to Ethiopia from the fighting or famine in their own countries, continue to return to their homes

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): NA migrant(s)/1,000 population

Faroe Islands: 2.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Fiji: -3.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Finland: 0.61 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

France: 0.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

French Guiana: 10.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

French Polynesia: 3.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Gabon: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Gambia, The: 2.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Gaza Strip: 1.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Georgia: -2.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Germany: 4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Ghana: -0.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Gibraltar: NEGL migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Greece: 1.96 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Greenland: -8.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Grenada: -15.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Guadeloupe: -0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Guam: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Guatemala: -1.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Guernsey: 3.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Guinea: -2.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

note: as a result of civil war in neighboring countries, Guinea is host to almost half a million Liberian and Sierra Leonean refugees

Guinea-Bissau: -1.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Guyana: -8.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Haiti: -2.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Honduras: -2.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Hong Kong: 7.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Hungary: 0.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Iceland: -2.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

India: -0.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Indonesia: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Iran: -4.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Iraq: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Ireland: 4.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Israel: 2.85 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Italy: 1.73 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Jamaica: -7.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Japan: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Jersey: 2.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Jordan: 7.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Kazakhstan: -6.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Kenya: -1.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

note: according to UNHCR, by the end of 1999 Kenya was host to 223,700 refugees from neighboring countries, including: Somalia 141,000 and Sudan 64,250

Kiribati: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Korea, North: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Korea, South: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Kuwait: 14.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Kyrgyzstan: -2.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Laos: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Latvia: -1.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Lebanon: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Lesotho: -0.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Liberia: -11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

note: by the end of 1999, all Liberian refugees, who had fled the domestic strife, were assumed to have returned

Libya: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Liechtenstein: 4.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Lithuania: 0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Luxembourg: 9.26 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Macau: 9.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: -1.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Madagascar: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Malawi: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Malaysia: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

note: does not reflect net flow of an unknown number of illegal immigrants from other countries in the region

Maldives: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Mali: -0.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Malta: 2.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Man, Isle of: 5.44 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Marshall Islands: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Martinique: -0.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Mauritania: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Mauritius: -0.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Mayotte: 10.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Mexico: -2.77 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Moldova: -0.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Monaco: 7.85 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Mongolia: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Montserrat: 123.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Morocco: -1.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Mozambique: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Namibia: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Nauru: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Nepal: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Netherlands: 2.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Netherlands Antilles: -0.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

New Caledonia: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

New Zealand: 4.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Nicaragua: -1.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Niger: -0.73 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Nigeria: 0.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Niue: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population

Norfolk Island: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population

Northern Mariana Islands: 18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Norway: 2.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Oman: 0.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Pakistan: -0.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Palau: 4.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Panama: -1.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Papua New Guinea: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Paraguay: -0.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Peru: -1.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Philippines: -1.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Pitcairn Islands: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population

Poland: -0.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Portugal: 0.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Puerto Rico: -2.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Qatar: 20.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Reunion: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Romania: -0.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Russia: 0.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Rwanda: -1.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Saint Helena: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis: -10.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Saint Lucia: -4.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon: -4.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: -7.72 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Samoa: -11.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

San Marino: 11.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe: -3.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Saudi Arabia: 1.32 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Senegal: 0.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Seychelles: -6.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sierra Leone: 10.23 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

note: by the end of 1999 refugees from Sierra Leone are assumed to be returning

Singapore: 26.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Slovakia: 0.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Slovenia: 2.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Solomon Islands: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Somalia: 5.96 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

South Africa: -1.73 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Spain: 0.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sri Lanka: -1.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sudan: 0.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Suriname: -8.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Svalbard: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population

Swaziland: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sweden: 0.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Switzerland: 1.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Syria: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Tajikistan: -3.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Tanzania: -0.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Thailand: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Togo: 0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Tokelau: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population

Tonga: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago: -9.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Tunisia: -0.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Turkey: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Turkmenistan: -1.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands: 13.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Tuvalu: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Uganda: -0.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

note: according to the UNHCR, by the end of 1999, Uganda was host to 218,000 refugees from a number of neighboring countries, including: Sudan 200,600, Rwanda 8,000, and Democratic Republic of the Congo 8,000

Ukraine: -0.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

United Arab Emirates: 1.61 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

United Kingdom: 1.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

United States: 3.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Uruguay: -0.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Uzbekistan: -2.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Vanuatu: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Venezuela: -0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Vietnam: -0.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Virgin Islands: 0.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Wallis and Futuna: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population

West Bank: 3.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Yemen: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Yugoslavia: -4.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Zambia: -0.16 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Zimbabwe: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

note: there is a small but steady flow of Zimbabweans into South Africa in search of better paid employment

Taiwan: -0.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

======================================================================

@People - note

Cuba: illicit migration is a continuing problem; Cubans attempt to depart the island and enter the US using homemade rafts, alien smugglers, direct flights, or falsified visas; some 3,000 Cubans took to the Straits of Florida in 2000; the US Coast Guard interdicted about 35% of these migrants; Cubans also use non-maritime routes to enter the US; some 2,400 Cubans arrived overland via the southwest border and direct flights to Miami

======================================================================

@Pipelines

Afghanistan: petroleum products - Uzbekistan to Bagram and Turkmenistan to Shindand; natural gas 180 km

Albania: crude oil 145 km; petroleum products 55 km; natural gas 64 km (1991)

Algeria: crude oil 6,612 km; petroleum products 298 km; natural gas 2,948 km

Angola: crude oil 179 km

Argentina: crude oil 4,090 km; petroleum products 2,900 km; natural gas 9,918 km

Armenia: natural gas 900 km (1991)

Australia: crude oil 2,500 km; petroleum products 500 km; natural gas 5,600 km

Austria: crude oil 777 km; natural gas 840 km (1999)

Azerbaijan: crude oil 1,130 km; petroleum products 630 km; natural gas 1,240 km

Bahrain: crude oil 56 km; petroleum products 16 km; natural gas 32 km

Bangladesh: natural gas 1,250 km

Belarus: crude oil 1,470 km; refined products 1,100 km; natural gas 1,980 km (1992)

Belgium: crude oil 161 km; petroleum products 1,167 km; natural gas 3,300 km

Bolivia: crude oil 1,800 km; petroleum products 580 km; natural gas 1,495 km

Bosnia and Herzegovina: crude oil 174 km; natural gas 90 km (1992)

Brazil: crude oil 2,980 km; petroleum products 4,762 km; natural gas 4,246 km (1998)

Brunei: crude oil 135 km; petroleum products 418 km; natural gas 920 km

Bulgaria: petroleum products 525 km; natural gas 1,500 km (1999)

Burma: crude oil 1,343 km; natural gas 330 km

Canada: crude and refined oil 23,564 km; natural gas 74,980 km

Chile: crude oil 755 km; petroleum products 785 km; natural gas 320 km

China: crude oil 9,070 km; petroleum products 560 km; natural gas 9,383 km (1998)

Colombia: crude oil 3,585 km; petroleum products 1,350 km; natural gas 830 km; natural gas liquids 125 km

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: petroleum products 390 km

Congo, Republic of the: crude oil 25 km

Costa Rica: petroleum products 176 km

Croatia: crude oil 670 km; petroleum products 20 km; natural gas 310 km (1992)

Czech Republic: natural gas 3,550 km (2000)

Denmark: crude oil 110 km; petroleum products 578 km; natural gas 700 km

Dominican Republic: crude oil 96 km; petroleum products 8 km

Ecuador: crude oil 800 km; petroleum products 1,358 km

Egypt: crude oil 1,171 km; petroleum products 596 km; natural gas 460 km

Estonia: natural gas 420 km (1992)

Finland: natural gas 580 km

France: crude oil 3,059 km; petroleum products 4,487 km; natural gas 24,746 km

Gabon: crude oil 270 km; petroleum products 14 km

Georgia: crude oil 370 km; refined products 300 km; natural gas 440 km (1992)

Germany: crude oil 2,500 km (1998)

Ghana: 0 km

Gibraltar: 0 km

Greece: crude oil 26 km; petroleum products 547 km

Guatemala: crude oil 275 km

Hungary: crude oil 1,204 km; natural gas 4,387 km (1991)

India: crude oil 3,005 km; petroleum products 2,687 km; natural gas 1,700 km (1995)

Indonesia: crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; natural gas 1,703 km (1989)

Iran: crude oil 5,900 km; petroleum products 3,900 km; natural gas 4,550 km

Iraq: crude oil 4,350 km; petroleum products 725 km; natural gas 1,360 km

Ireland: natural gas 7,592 km (transmission 1,158 km; distribution 6,434 km) (2000)

Israel: crude oil 708 km; petroleum products 290 km; natural gas 89 km

Italy: crude oil 1,703 km; petroleum products 2,148 km; natural gas 19,400 km

Jamaica: petroleum products 10 km

Japan: crude oil 84 km; petroleum products 322 km; natural gas 1,800 km

Jordan: crude oil 209 km; note - may not be in use

Kazakhstan: crude oil 2,850 km; refined products 1,500 km; natural gas 3,480 km (1992)

Kenya: petroleum products 483 km

Korea, North: crude oil 37 km; petroleum product 180 km

Korea, South: petroleum products 455 km; note - additionally, there is a parallel petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) pipeline being completed

Kuwait: crude oil 877 km; petroleum products 40 km; natural gas 165 km

Kyrgyzstan: natural gas 200 km

Laos: petroleum products 136 km

Latvia: crude oil 750 km; refined products 780 km; natural gas 560 km (1992)

Lebanon: crude oil 72 km (none in operation)

Libya: crude oil 4,383 km; petroleum products 443 km (includes liquefied petroleum gas or LPG 256 km); natural gas 1,947 km

Lithuania: crude oil, 105 km; natural gas 760 km (1992)

Luxembourg: petroleum products 48 km

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: 10 km

Malaysia: crude oil 1,307 km; natural gas 379 km

Mexico: crude oil 28,200 km; petroleum products 10,150 km; natural gas 13,254 km; petrochemical 1,400 km

Midway Islands: 7.8 km

Moldova: natural gas 310 km (1992)

Morocco: crude oil 362 km; petroleum products 491 km (abandoned); natural gas 241 km

Mozambique: crude oil 306 km; petroleum products 289 km

note: not operating

Netherlands: crude oil 418 km; petroleum products 965 km; natural gas 10,230 km

New Zealand: petroleum products 160 km; natural gas 1,000 km; liquefied petroleum gas or LPG 150 km

Nicaragua: crude oil 56 km

Nigeria: crude oil 2,042 km; petroleum products 3,000 km; natural gas 500 km

Norway: refined petroleum products 53 km

Oman: crude oil 1,300 km; natural gas 1,030 km

Pakistan: crude oil 250 km; petroleum products 885 km; natural gas 4,044 km (1987)

Panama: crude oil 130 km (2001)

Peru: crude oil 800 km; natural gas and natural gas liquids 64 km

Philippines: petroleum products 357 km

Poland: crude oil and petroleum products 2,280 km; natural gas 17,000 km (1996)

Portugal: crude oil 22 km; petroleum products 58 km; natural gas 700 km

note: the secondary lines for the natural gas pipeline that will be 300 km long have not yet been built

Qatar: crude oil 235 km; natural gas 400 km

Romania: crude oil 2,800 km; petroleum products 1,429 km; natural gas 6,400 km (1992)

Russia: crude oil 48,000 km; petroleum products 15,000 km; natural gas 140,000 km (June 1993 est.)

Saudi Arabia: crude oil 6,400 km; petroleum products 150 km; natural gas 2,200 km (includes natural gas liquids 1,600 km)

Slovakia: petroleum products NA km; natural gas 2,700 km

Slovenia: crude oil 290 km; natural gas 305 km

Somalia: crude oil 15 km

South Africa: crude oil 931 km; petroleum products 1,748 km; natural gas 322 km

Spain: crude oil 265 km; petroleum products 1,794 km; natural gas 1,666 km

Sri Lanka: crude oil and petroleum products 62 km (1987)

Sudan: refined products 815 km

Sweden: natural gas 84 km

Switzerland: crude oil 314 km; natural gas 1,506 km

Syria: crude oil 1,304 km; petroleum products 515 km

Tajikistan: natural gas 400 km (1992)

Tanzania: crude oil 982 km

Thailand: petroleum products 67 km; natural gas 350 km

Trinidad and Tobago: crude oil 1,032 km; petroleum products 19 km; natural gas 904 km

Tunisia: crude oil 797 km; petroleum products 86 km; natural gas 742 km

Turkey: crude oil 1,738 km; petroleum products 2,321 km; natural gas 708 km

Turkmenistan: crude oil 250 km; natural gas 4,400 km

Ukraine: crude oil 4,000 km (1995); petroleum products 4,500 km (1995); natural gas 34,400 km (1998)

United Arab Emirates: crude oil 830 km; natural gas, including natural gas liquids, 870 km

United Kingdom: crude oil (almost all insignificant) 933 km; petroleum products 2,993 km; natural gas 12,800 km

United States: petroleum products 276,000 km; natural gas 331,000 km (1991)

Uzbekistan: crude oil 250 km; petroleum products 40 km; natural gas 810 km (1992)

Venezuela: crude oil 6,370 km; petroleum products 480 km; natural gas 4,010 km

Vietnam: petroleum products 150 km

Yemen: crude oil 644 km; petroleum products 32 km

Yugoslavia: crude oil 415 km; petroleum products 130 km; natural gas 2,110 km

Zambia: crude oil 1,724 km

Zimbabwe: petroleum products 212 km

Taiwan: petroleum products 3,400 km; natural gas 1,800 km (1999)

======================================================================

@Political parties and leaders

Afghanistan: Taliban (Religious Students Movement) [Mullah Mohammad OMAR]; United National Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan or UNIFSA [Burhanuddin RABBANI, chairman; Gen. Abdul Rashid DOSTAM, vice chairman; Ahmad Shah MASOOD, military commander; Mohammed Yunis QANUNI, spokesman]; note - made up of 13 parties opposed to the Taliban including Harakat-i-Islami Afghanistan (Islamic Movement of Afghanistan), Hizb-i-Islami (Islamic Party), Hizb-i-Wahdat-i-Islami (Islamic Unity Party), Jumaat-i-Islami Afghanistan (Islamic Afghan Society), Jumbish-i-Milli (National Front), Mahaz-i-Milli-i-Islami (National Islamic Front)

Albania: Albanian National Front (Balli Kombetar) or PBK [Abaz ERMENJI]; Albanian Republican Party or PR [Fatmir MEDIU]; Albanian Socialist Party or PS (formerly the Albania Workers Party) [Fatos NANO, chairman]; Christian Democratic Party or PDK [Zef BUSHATI]; Democratic Alliance or PAD [Neritan CEKA]; Democratic Party or PD [Sali BERISHA]; Group of Reformist Democrats [Leonard NDOKA]; Liberal Union Party [Teodor LACO]; note - Teodor LACO of the Liberal Union Party was leader of the Social Democratic Union of Albania or PBSD; Movement of Legality Party or PLL [Nderim KUPI]; OMONIA [Vagjelis DULES]; Party of National Unity or PUK [Idajet BEQUIRI]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Skender GJINUSHI]; Unity for Human Rights Party or PBDNJ [Vasil MELO, chairman]

Algeria: Democratic National Rally or RND [Ahmed OUYAHIA, chairman]; Islamic Salvation Front or FIS (outlawed April 1992) [Ali BELHADJ and Dr. Abassi MADANI (imprisoned), Rabeh KEBIR (self-exile in Germany)]; Movement of a Peaceful Society or MSP [Mahfoud NAHNAH, chairman]; National Liberation Front or FLN [Boualem BENHAMOUDA, secretary general]; Progressive Republican Party [Khadir DRISS]; Rally for Culture and Democracy or RCD [Said SAADI, secretary general]; Renaissance Movement or EnNahda Movement [Lahbib ADAMI]; Social Liberal Party or PSL [Ahmed KHELIL]; Socialist Forces Front or FFS [Hocine Ait AHMED, secretary general (self-exile in Switzerland)]; Union for Democracy and Liberty [Mouley BOUKHALAFA]; Workers Party or PT [Louisa HANOUN]

note: a party law banning political parties based on religion was enacted in March 1997

American Samoa: Democratic Party [leader NA]; Republican Party [leader NA]

Andorra: Liberal Union or UL [Marc Forne MOLNE] (renamed Liberal Party of Andorra or PLA); National Democratic Group or AND [Ladislau BARO SOLA]; National Democratic Initiative or IDN [Vincenc MATEU Zamora]; New Democracy or ND [Jaume BARTOMEU Cassany]; Union of the People of Ordino (Unio Parroquial d'Ordino) or UPO [Simo DURO Coma]

note: there are two other small parties

Angola: Liberal Democratic Party or PLD [Analia de Victoria PEREIRA]; National Front for the Liberation of Angola or FNLA [disputed leadership: Lucas NGONDA, Holden ROBERTO]; National Union for the Total Independence of Angola or UNITA [Jonas SAVIMBI], largest opposition party has engaged in years of armed resistance; Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola or MPLA [Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS] ruling party in power since 1975; Social Renewal Party or PRS [disputed leadership: Eduardo KUANGANA, Antonio MUACHICUNGO]; UNITA-Renovada [Eugenio NGOLO "Manuvakola", leader]

note: about a dozen minor parties participated in the 1992 elections but won few seats and have little influence in the National Assembly

Anguilla: Anguilla United Movement or AUM [Hubert HUGHES]; The United Front or UF [Osbourne FLEMMING, Victor BANKS], a coalition of the Anguilla Democratic Party or ADP and the Anguilla National Alliance or ANA

Antigua and Barbuda: Antigua Labor Party or ALP [Lester Bryant BIRD]; Barbuda People's Movement or BPM [Thomas H. FRANK]; United Progressive Party or UPP [Baldwin SPENCER] (a coalition of three opposition parties - United National Democratic Party or UNDP, Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement or ACLM, and Progressive Labor Movement or PLM)

Argentina: Action for the Republic or AR [Domingo CAVALLO]; Front for a Country in Solidarity or Frepaso (a four-party coalition) [Carlos ALVAREZ]; Justicialist Party or PJ [Carlos Saul MENEM] (Peronist umbrella political organization); Radical Civic Union or UCR [Raul ALFONSIN]; several provincial parties

Armenia: Armenia Party [Myasnik ALKHASYAN]; Armenian Communist Party or ACP [Vladimir DARBINYAN]; Armenian Revolutionary Federation ("Dashnak" Party) or ARF [Hrant MARKARYAN]; Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Azat ARSHAKYN, chairman]; Democratic Liberal Party [Ramkavar AZATAKAN, chairman]; Free Armenian's Mission [Ruben MNATSANIAN, chairman]; Law and Unity Party [Artashes GEGAMIAN, chairman]; Law-Governed Party [Artur BAGDASARIAN, chairman]; Mission Party [Artush PAPOIAN, chairman]; National Democratic Union or NDU [Vazgen MANUKIAN]; National State Party [Samvel SHAGINIAN]; Pan-Armenian National Movement or PANM [Vano SIRADEGHYAN]; People's Party of Armenia [Stepan DEMIRCHYAN]; Republican Party or RPA [Andranik MARKARYAN]; Shamiram Women's Movement or SWM [Gayane SARUKHYAN]; Social Democratic (Hnchakian) Party [Ernst SOGOMONYAN]; Stability Group [Vartan AYVAZIAN, chairman]; Union of National Self-Determination or NSDU [Paruir HAIRIKIAN, chairman]; Unity Bloc [Stepan DEMIRCHIAN and Andranik MARKARYAN] (a coalition of the Republican Party and People's Party of Armenia)

Aruba: Aruba Solidarity Movement or MAS [leader NA]; Aruban Democratic Party or PDA [Leo BERLINSKI]; Aruban Liberal Party or OLA [Glenbert CROES]; Aruban Patriotic Party or PPA [Benny NISBET]; Aruban People's Party or AVP [Tico CROES]; Electoral Movement Party or MEP [Nelson ODUBER]; For a Restructured Aruba Now or PARA [leader NA]; National Democratic Action or ADN [Pedro Charro KELLY]

Australia: Australian Democratic Party [Meg LEES]; Australian Labor Party [Kim BEAZLEY]; Green Party [Bob BROWN]; Liberal Party [John Winston HOWARD]; National Party [John ANDERSON]; One Nation Party [Pauline HANSON]

Austria: Austrian People's Party or OeVP [Wolfgang SCHUESSEL]; Freedom Party of Austria or FPOe [Susanne RIESS-PASSER]; Social Democratic Party of Austria or SPOe [Alfred GUSENBAUER]; The Greens Alternative or GA [Alexander VAN DER BELLEN]

Azerbaijan: Alliance for Azerbaijan Party [Abutalyb SAMADOV]; Azerbaijani Democratic Party or ADP [Sardar JALAL]; Azerbaijani Independent Democratic Party or AMDP [Leyla YUNUSOVA]; Azerbaijan Popular Front or APF [Ali KERIMOV, leader of "reform faction"; Mirmahmud FATTAYEV, leader of "traditionalist" faction]; Civic Solidarity Party or CSP [Sabir RUSTAMKHANLY]; Civic Union Party [Ayaz MUTALIBOV]; Communist Party of Azerbaijan or CPA [Ramiz AHMADOV]; Communist Party of Azerbaijan or CPA-2 [Firudin HASANOV]; Compatriot Party [Mais SAFARLI]; Democratic Enlightenment Party [Mammadhanifu MUSAYEV]; Democratic Party for Azerbaijan or DPA [Ilyus ISMAILOV and Rasul QULIYEV, co-chairman]; Democratic World Party of Azerbaijan [Mamnad ALIZADE]; Liberal Party of Azerbaijan [Lala Shvkat HAJIYEVA]; Motherland Party [Fazail AGAMALI]; National Congress Party of Azerbaijan [Ihtiyar SHIRIN]; National Movement Party [Samir JAFAROV]; National Statehood Party [Sabir TARIVERDIYEV]; Musavat [Isa GAMBAR, chairman]; New Azerbaijan Party or NAP [Heydar ALIYEV, chairman]; Party for National Independence of Azerbaijan or PNIA [Etibar MAMMADOV, chairman]; People's Democratic Party of Azerbaijan or PDPA [Rafig TURABKHANOGLU]; Social Democratic Party of Azerbaijan or SDP [Zardusht ALIZADE, chairman]

note: opposition parties regularly factionalize and form new parties

Bahamas, The: Free National Movement or FNM [Hubert Alexander INGRAHAM]; Progressive Liberal Party or PLP [Perry CHRISTIE]

Bahrain: political parties prohibited

Bangladesh: Awami League or AL [Sheikh HASINA]; Bangladesh Communist Party or BCP [Saifuddin Ahmed MANIK]; Bangladesh Nationalist Party or BNP [Khaleda ZIAur Rahman]; Islami Oikya Jote or IOJ [Azizol HAQ]; Jamaat-E-Islami or JI [Motiur Rahman NIZAMI]; Jatiya Party or JP [Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD]

Barbados: Barbados Labor Party or BLP [Owen ARTHUR]; Democratic Labor Party or DLP [David THOMPSON]; National Democratic Party or NDP [Richard HAYNES]

Belarus: Agrarian Party or AP [Semyon SHARETSKY, chairman]; Belarusian Communist Party or KPB [Viktor CHIKIN, chairman]; Belarusian Ecological Green Party (merger of Belarusian Ecological Party and Green Party of Belarus) [leader NA]; Belarusian Patriotic Movement (Belarusian Patriotic Party) or BPR [Anatoliy BARANKEVICH, chairman]; Belarusian Popular Front or BNF [Vintsuk VYACHORKA]; Belarusian Social-Democrat or SDBP [Nikolay STATKEVICH, chairman]; Belarusian Social-Democratic Party Hromada [Stanislav SHUSHKEVICH, chairman]; Belarusian Socialist Party [Vyacheslav KUZNETSOV]; Civic Accord Bloc (United Civic Party) or CAB [Stanislav BOGDANKEVICH, chairman]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDPB [Sergei GAYDUKEVICH, chairman]; Party of Communists Belarusian or PKB [Sergei KALYAKIN, chairman]; Republican Party of Labor and Justice or RPPS [Anatoliy NETYLKIN, chairman]; Social-Democrat Party of Popular Accord or PPA [Leanid SECHKA]; Women's Party Nadezhda [Valentina POLEVIKOVA, chairperson]

Belgium: AGALEV (Flemish Greens) [Dos GEYSELS]; ECOLO (Francophone Greens) [no president]; Flemish Christian Democrats or CVP (Christian People's Party) [Stefaan DE CLERCK, president]; Flemish Liberal Democrats or VLD [Karel DE GUCHT, president]; Flemish Socialist Party or SP [Patrick JANSSENS, president]; Francophone Christian Democrats or PSC (Social Christian Party) [Joelle MILQUET, president]; Francophone Liberal Reformation Party or PRL [Daniel DUCARME, president]; Francophone Socialist Party or PS [Elio DI RUPO, president]; National Front or FN [Daniel FERET]; Vlaams Blok or VB [Frank VANHECKE]; Volksunie or VU [leader vacant]; other minor parties

Belize: People's United Party or PUP [Said MUSA]; United Democratic Party or UDP [Manuel ESQUIVEL, Dean BARROW, Doug SINGH]

Benin: African Movement for Democracy and Progress or MADEP [Sefou FAGBOHOUN]; Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP [Sylvain Adekpedjou AKINDES]; Alliance of the Social Democratic Party or PSD and the National Union for Solidarity and Progress or UNSP [Bruno AMOUSSOU]; Cameleon Alliance or AC [leader NA]; Car-DUNYA [Saka SALEY]; Communist Party of Benin or PCB [Pascal FANTONDJI, first secretary]; Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Adrien HOUNGBEDJI]; Front for Renewal and Development or FARD-ALAFIA [Jerome Sakia KINA]; Impulse for Progress and Democracy or IPD [Bertin BORNA]; Liberal Democrats' Rally for National Reconstruction-Vivoten or RDL-Vivoten [Severin ADJOVI]; Movement for Citizens' Commitment and Awakening or MERCI [Severin ADJOVI]; New Generation for the Republic or NGR [Paul DOSSOU]; Our Common Cause or NCC [Francois Odjo TANKPINON]; Party Democratique du Benin or PDB [Col. Soule DANKORO]; Rally for Democracy and Pan-Africanism or RDP [Dominique HOYMINOU, Dr. Giles Auguste MINONTIN]; Renaissance Party du Benin or RB [Nicephore SOGLO]; The Star Alliance (Alliance E'toile) [Sacca LAFIA]; Union for National Democracy and Solidarity or UDS [Adamou N'Diaye MAMA]

note: the Coalition of Democratic Forces is an alliance of parties and organizations supporting President KEREKOU [Gatien HOUNGBEDJI]

Bermuda: National Liberal Party or NLP [Dessaline WALDRON]; Progressive Labor Party or PLP [Jennifer SMITH]; United Bermuda Party or UBP [Pamela GORDON]

Bhutan: no legal parties

Bolivia: Christian Democratic Party or PDC [leader NA]; Civic Solidarity Union or UCS [Johnny FERNANDEZ]; Conscience of the Fatherland or CONDEPA [Remedios LOZA Alvarado]; Free Bolivia Movement or MBL [Antonio ARANIBAR]; Movement of the Revolutionary Left or MIR [Jaime PAZ Zamora]; Nationalist Democratic Action or ADN [Hugo BANZER Suarez]; Nationalist Revolutionary Movement or MNR [Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA]; New Republican Force or NFR [leader NA]; Pachacuti Indigenous Movement [Filipe QUISPE]; United Left or IU [Marcos DOMIC]

note: the ADN, MIR, and UCS comprise the ruling coalition

Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosnian Party or BOSS [Mirnes AJANOVIC]; Bosnian Patriotic Party or BPS [Sefer HALILOVIC]; Civic Democratic Party of BiH or GDS [Ibrahim SPAHIC]; Croat Christian Democratic Union or HKDU BiH [Ante PASALIC]; Croatian Democratic Union of BiH or HDZ-BiH [leader vacant]; Croatian Party of Rights or HSP [Zdravko HRSTIC]; Croatian Peasants Party of BiH or HSS-BiH [Ilija SIMIC]; Democratic Action Party or SDA [Alija IZETBEGOVIC]; Democratic National Alliance or DNS [Dragan KOSTIC]; Democratic Party of Pensioners or DPS [Alojz KNEZOVIC]; Democratic Party of RS or DSRS [Dragomir DUMIC]; Democratic Peoples Union or DNZ [Fikret ABDIC]; Democratic Socialist Party or DSP [Nebojsa RADMANOVIC]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDS [Rasim KADIC]; New Croatian Initiative or NHI [Kresimir ZUBAK]; Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina or SBH [Haris SILAJDZIC]; Party of Democratic Progress or PDP [Mladen IVANIC]; Party of Independent Social Democrats or SNSD [Milorad DODIK]; Pensioners' Party of FBiH [Husein VOJNIKOVIC]; Pensioners' Party of SR [Stojan BOGOSAVAC]; Republican Party of BiH or RP [Stjepan KLJUIC]; Serb Democratic Party or Serb Lands or SDS [Dragan KALINIC]; Serb National Alliance (Serb People's Alliance) or SNS [Biljana PLAVSIC]; Social Democratic Party BIH or SDP-BiH [Zlatko LAGUMDZIJA]; Socialist Party of Republika Srpska or SPRS [Zivko RADISIC]

Botswana: Botswana Democratic Party or BDP [Festus MOGAE]; Botswana National Front or BNF [Kenneth KOMA]; Botswana Congress Party or BCP [Michael DINGAKE]; Botswana Alliance Movement or BAM [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO]

note: main parties are: BDP, BNF, BCP; other minor parties joined forces in 1999 to form the Botswana Alliance Movement or BAM [Ephraim SETSHWAELO, chairman] but did not capture any parliamentary seats; the BAM parties are: the United Action Party [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO], the Botswana Peoples Party, the Independence Freedom Party [Motsamai MPHO], and the Botswana Progressive Union [D. K. KWELE]

Brazil: Brazilian Democratic Movement Party or PMDB [Jader BARBALHO, president]; Brazilian Labor Party or PTB [Roberto JEFFERSON]; Brazilian Social Democracy Party or PSDB [Teotonio VILELA Filno]; Brazilian Socialist Party or PSB [Miguel ARRAES, president]; Brazilian Progressive Party or PPB [Paulo Salim MALUF]; Communist Party of Brazil or PCdoB [Sergio Roberto Gomes SOUZA, chairman]; Democratic Labor Party or PDT [Leonel BRIZOLA, president]; Liberal Front Party or PFL [Jorge BORNHAUSEN, president]; Liberal Party or PL [Francisco Teixeira de OLIVEIRA]; Popular Socialist Party or PPS [Ciro GOMEZ, president]; Worker's Party or PT [Jose DIRCEU, president]

British Virgin Islands: Concerned Citizens Movement or CCM [Ethlyn SMITH]; National Democratic Party or NDP [Orlando SMITH]; United Party or UP [Gregory MADURO]; Virgin Islands Party or VIP [Ralph T. O'NEAL]

Brunei: Brunei Solidarity National Party or PPKB in Malay [Haji Mohd HATTA bin Haji Zainal Abidin, president]; the PPKB is the only legal political party in Brunei; it was registered in 1985, but became largely inactive after 1988, it was revived in 1995 and again in 1998; it has less than 200 registered party members; other parties include Brunei People's Party or PRB (banned in 1962) and Brunei National Democratic Party (registered in May 1965, deregistered by the Brunei Government in 1988)

Bulgaria: Alliance for National Salvation or ANS (coalition led mainly by Movement for Rights and Freedoms or MRF) [Ahmed DOGAN]; Bulgarian Business Bloc or BBB [Georgi GANCHEV]; Bulgarian Socialist Party or BSP [Georgi PURVANOV, chairman]; Democratic Left or DL (bloc led by BSP, includes Ecoglasnost Political Club and Bulgarian Agrarian National Union) [leader NA]; Euro-left [Aleksandur TOMOV]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization or UMRO [Aleksander KARAKACHNOV]; Kingdom of Bulgaria Federation [leader NA]; Movement for Rights and Freedom or DPS [Ahmed DOGAN]; National Movement for Simeon II [Simeon II, former king]; New Civic Party for Bulgaria [Bogomil BONEV]; People's Union or PU (includes Bulgarian Agrarian People's Union and Democratic Party) [Anastasiya MOZER]; St. George's Day [Lyuben DILOV]; Union of Democratic Forces or UDF (an alliance of pro-democratic parties) [Ivan KOSTOV]

Burkina Faso: African Democratic Rally-Alliance for Democracy and Federation or RDA-ADF [Herman YAMEOGO]; Congress for Democracy and Progress or CDP [Roch Marc-Christian KABORE]; Movement for Tolerance and Progress or MTP [Noyabtigungu Congo KABORE]; Party for African Independence or PAI [Philippe OUEDRAOGO]; Party for Democracy and Progress or PDP [Joseph KI-ZERBO]; Union of Greens for the Development of Burkina Faso or UVDB [Ram OVEDRAGO]

Burma: National League for Democracy or NLD [AUNG SHWE, chairman, AUNG SAN SUU KYI, general secretary]; National Unity Party or NUP (proregime) [THA KYAW]; Shan Nationalities League for Democracy or SNLD [U KHUN TUN OO]; Union Solidarity and Development Association or USDA (proregime, a social and political organization) [THAN AUNG, general secretary]; and other smaller parties

Burundi: Two national, mainstream governing parties are: Unity for National Progress or UPRONA [Luc RUKINGAMA, president]; Burundi Democratic Front or FRODEBU [Jean MINANI, president]

note: A multiparty system was introduced after 1998, included are: Burundi African Alliance for the Salvation or ABASA [Terrence NSANZE]; Rally for Democracy and Economic and Social Development or RADDES [Joseph NZENZIMANA]; Party for National Redress or PARENA [Jean-Baptiste BAGAZA]; People's Reconciliation Party or PRP [Mathias HITIMANA]

Cambodia: Buddhist Liberal Party or BLP [IENG MOULY]; Cambodian Pracheachon Party or Cambodian People's Party or CPP [CHEA SIM]; Khmer Citizen Party or KCP [NGUON SOEUR]; National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia or FUNCINPEC [Prince NORODOM RANARIDDH]; Sam Rangsi Party or SRP (formerly Khmer Nation Party or KNP) [SAM RANGSI]

Cameroon: Cameroonian Democratic Union or UDC [Adamou NDAM NJOYA]; Democratic Rally of the Cameroon People or RDCP [Paul BIYA]; Movement for the Defense of the Republic or MDR [Dakole DAISSALA]; Movement for the Liberation and Development of Cameroon or MLDC [leader NA]; Movement for the Youth of Cameroon or MLJC [Marcel YONDO]; National Union for Democracy and Progress or UNDP [Maigari BELLO BOUBA, chairman]; Social Democratic Front or SDF [John FRU NDI]; Union of Cameroonian Populations has two sections UPC-N [Ndeh NTUMAZAH] and UPC-K [Augustin Frederic KODOCK]

Canada: Bloc Quebecois [Gilles DUCEPPE]; Canadian Alliance [Stockwell DAY]; Liberal Party [Jean CHRETIEN]; New Democratic Party [Alexa MCDONOUGH]; Progressive Conservative Party [Joe CLARK]

Cape Verde: African Party for Independence of Cape Verde or PAICV [Jose Maria NEVES, chairman]; Democratic Alliance for Change or ADM [Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO] (a coalition of PCD, PTS, and UCID); Democratic Renovation Party or PRD [Jacinto SANTOS, president]; Movement for Democracy or MPD [Antonio Gualberto do ROSARIO, president]; Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO, president]; Party of Work and Solidarity or PTS [Dr. Oresimo SILVEIRA, president]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Joao ALEM, president]; Union for an Independent Democratic Cape Verde or UCID [Antonio MONTEIRO, president]

Cayman Islands: there are no formal political parties but the following loose groupings act as political organizations; National Team; Democratic Alliance; Team Cayman

Central African Republic: Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP [Francois PEHOUA]; Central African Democratic Assembly or RDC [Andre KOLINGBA]; Civic Forum or FC [Gen. Timothee MALENDOMA]; Democratic Forum or FODEM [Charles MASSI]; Liberal Democratic Party or PLD [Nestor KOMBO-NAGUEMON]; Movement for Democracy and Development or MDD [David DACKO]; Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People or MLPC [the party of the president, Ange-Felix PATASSE]; Patriotic Front for Progress or FPP [Abel GOUMBA]; People's Union for the Republic or UPR [leader NA]; National Unity Party or PUN [Jean-Paul NGOUPANDE]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Enoch LAKOUE]

Chad: National Union for Development and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh KEBZABO]; Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Mahamat Saleh AHMAT, chairman] (originally in opposition but now the party in power and the party of the president); Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Lal Mahamat CHOUA]; Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Gen. Wadal Abdelkader KAMOUGUE]

Chile: Center-Center Union Party or UCCP [Francisco Javier ERRAZURIZ]; Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Ricardo HORMAZABAL]; Coalition of Parties for Democracy ("Concertacion") or CPD - including PDC, PS, PPD, PRSD; Independent Democratic Union or UDI [Pablo LONGUEIRA]; National Renewal or RN [Alberto CARDEMIL]; Party for Democracy or PPD [Guido GIRARDI]; Radical Social Democratic Party or PRSD [Anselmo SULE]; Socialist Party or PS [Ricardo NUNEZ]

China: Chinese Communist Party or CCP [JIANG Zemin, General Secretary of the Central Committee]; eight registered small parties controlled by CCP

Christmas Island: none

Cocos (Keeling) Islands: none

Colombia: Conservative Party or PSC [Ciro RAMIREZ Anzon]; Liberal Party or PL [Luis Guillermo VELEZ]; Patriotic Union or UP is a legal political party formed by Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia or FARC and Colombian Communist Party or PCC [Jaime CAICEDO]; 19 of April Movement or M-19 [Antonio NAVARRO Wolff]

Comoros: Front National pour la Justice or FNJ (Islamic party in opposition) [Ahmed Abdallah MOHAMED, Ahmed ABOUBACAR, Soidiki M'BAPANOZA]; Rassemblement National pour le Development or RND (party of the government) [Ali Bazi SELIM]

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: Democratic Social Christian Party or PDSC [Andre BO-BOLIKO]; Popular Movement of the Revolution or MPR [leader NA]; Unified Lumumbast Party or PALU [Antoine GIZENGA]; Union for Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS [Etienne TSHISEKEDI wa Mulumba]; Union of Federalists and Independent Republicans or UFERI [Kouyoumba MUCHULI Mulembe]

Congo, Republic of the: the most important of the many parties are the Democratic and Patriotic Forces or FDP (an alliance of Convention for Alternative Democracy, Congolese Labor Party or PCT, Liberal Republican Party, National Union for Democracy and Progress, Patriotic Union for the National Reconstruction, and Union for the National Renewal) [Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO, president]; Association for Democracy and Social Progress or RDPS [Jean-Pierre Thystere TCHICAYA, president]; Congolese Movement for Democracy and Integral Development or MCDDI [Michel MAMPOUYA]; Pan-African Union for Social Development or UPADS [Martin MBERI]; Union of Democratic Forces or UFD [Sebastian EBAO]

Cook Islands: Cook Islands People's Party or CIP [Tai CARPENTER]; Democratic Alliance Party or DAP [Terepai MAOATE]; New Alliance Party or NAP [Norman GEORGE]

Costa Rica: Agricultural Labor Action or PALA [Carlos Alberto SOLIS Blanco]; Costa Rican Renovation Party or PRC [Justo OROZCO]; Democratic Force Party or PFD [Jose M. NUNEZ]; Libertarian Movement Party or PML [Otto GUEVARA Guth]; National Christian Alliance Party or ANC [Alejandro MADRIGAL]; National Independent Party or PNI [Jorge GONZALEZ Marten]; National Integration Party or PIN [Walter MUNOZ Cespedes]; National Liberation Party or PLN [Sonia PICADO]; Social Christian Unity Party or PUSC [Luis Manuel CHACON]

note: mainly a two-party system - PUSC and PLN; numerous small parties share less than 25% of population's support

Cote d'Ivoire: Democratic Party of Cote d'Ivoire-African Democratic Rally or PDCI-RDA [Aime Henri Konan BEDIE]; Ivorian Popular Front or FPI [Laurent GBAGBO]; Ivorian Worker's Party or PIT [Francis WODIE]; Rally of the Republicans or RDR [Henriette DAGRI-DIABATE]; Union for Democracy and Peace [Gen. Robert GUEI]; over 20 smaller parties

Croatia: Alliance of Croatian Coast and Mountains Department or PGS [Luciano SUSANJ]; Croatian Christian Democratic Union or HKDU [Marko VESELICA]; Croatian Democratic Union or HDZ [Ivo SANADER]; Croatian Party of Rights or HSP [Dobroslav PARAGA]; Croatian Peasant Party or HSS [Zlatko TOMCIC]; Croatian People's Party or HNS [Vesna PUSIC]; Croatian Social Liberal Party or HSLS [Drazen BUDISA]; Independent Democratic Serb Party or SDSS [Vojislav STANIMIROVIC]; Istrian Democratic Assembly or IDS [Ivan JAKOVCIC]; Liberal Party or LP [leader NA]; Social Democratic Party of Croatia or SDP [Ivica RACAN]

note: the Social Democratic Party or SDP and the Croatian Social Liberal Party or HSLS formed a coalition as did the HSS, HNS, LP, and IDS, which together defeated the Croatian Democratic Union or HDZ in the 2000 lower house parliamentary election

Cuba: only party - Cuban Communist Party or PCC [Fidel CASTRO Ruz, first secretary]

Cyprus: Greek Cypriot area: Democratic Party or DIKO [Tassos PAPADOPOULOS]; Democratic Rally or DISY [Nikos ANASTASIADHIS]; Restorative Party of the Working People or AKEL (Communist Party) [Dimitrios CHRISTOFIAS]; Social Democrats Movement or KISOS (formerly United Democratic Union of Cyprus or EDEK) [Vassos LYSSARIDIS]; United Democrats Movement or EDE (formerly Free Democrats Movement or KED) [George VASSILIOU]; Turkish Cypriot area: Communal Liberation Party or TKP [Mustafa AKINCI]; Democratic Party or DP [Salih COSAR]; National Birth Party or UDP [Enver EMIN]; National Unity Party or UBP [Dervis EROGLU]; Our Party or BP [Okyay SADIKOGLU]; Patriotic Unity Movement or YBH [Izzet IZCAN]; Republican Turkish Party or CTP [Mehmet ALI TALAT]

Czech Republic: Christian and Democratic Union-Czechoslovak People's Party or KDU-CSL [Jan KASAL, chairman]; Civic Democratic Alliance or ODA [Daniel KROUPA, chairman]; Civic Democratic Party or ODS [Vaclav KLAUS, chairman]; Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia or KSCM [Miroslav GREBENICEK, chairman]; Communist Party of Czechoslovakia or KSC [Miroslav STEPAN, chairman]; Czech National Social Party of CSNS [Jan SULA, chairman]; Czech Social Democratic Party or CSSD [Milos ZEMAN, chairman]; Democratic Union or DEU [Ratibor MAJZLIK, chairman]; Freedom Union or US [Karel KUEHNL, chairman]; Quad Coalition [Cyril SVOBODA, chairman] (includes KDU-CSL, US, ODA, DEU); Republicans of Miroslav SLADEK or RMS [Miroslav SLADEK, chairman]

Denmark: Center Democratic Party [Mimi JAKOBSEN]; Christian People's Party [Jann SJURSEN]; Conservative Party (sometimes known as Conservative People's Party) [Bendt BENDTSEN]; Danish People's Party [Pia KJAERSGAARD]; Liberal Party [Anders Fogh RASMUSSEN]; Progress Party (now named Freedom 2000) [Kim BEHNKE]; Social Democratic Party [Poul Nyrup RASMUSSEN]; Social Liberal Party (sometimes called the Radical Left) [Marianne JELVED, leader; Johannes LEBECH, chairman]; Socialist People's Party [Holger K. NIELSEN]; Red-Green Unity List (bloc includes Left Socialist Party, Communist Party of Denmark, Socialist Workers' Party) [collective leadership]

Djibouti: Democratic National Party or PND [ADEN Robleh Awaleh]; Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Abdillahi HAMARITEH]; People's Progress Assembly or RPP (governing party) [Ismail Omar GELLEH]

Dominica: Dominica Freedom Party or DFP [Charles SAVARIN]; Dominica Labor Party or DLP [Pierre CHARLES]; United Workers Party or UWP [Edison JAMES]

Dominican Republic: Dominican Liberation Party or PLD [Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna]; Dominican Revolutionary Party or PRD [Hatuey DE CAMPS]; Social Christian Reformist Party or PRSC [Joaquin BALAGUER Ricardo]

Ecuador: Concentration of Popular Forces or CFP [Averroes BUCARAM]; Democratic Left or ID [Rodrigo BORJA Cevallos]; Ecuadorian Conservative Party or PCE [Sixto DURAN Ballen]; Independent National Movement or MIN [leader NA]; Pachakutik-New Country or P-NP [Rafael PANDAM]; Popular Democracy or DP [Ramiro RIVERA]; Popular Democratic Movement or MPD [leader NA]; Radical Alfarista Front or FRA [Fabian ALARCON, director]; Roldosist Party or PRE [Abdala BUCARAM Ortiz, director]; Social Christian Party or PSC [Jaime NEBOT Saadi, president]

Egypt: Nasserist Arab Democratic Party or Nasserists [Dia' al-din DAWUD]; National Democratic Party or NDP [President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK, leader] - governing party; National Progressive Unionist Grouping or Tagammu [Khalid MUHI AL-DIN]; New Wafd Party or NWP [No'man GOMA]; Socialist Liberal Party or LSP [leader NA]

note: formation of political parties must be approved by government

El Salvador: Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Rene AGUILUZ]; Democratic Convergence or CD (includes PSD, MNR, MPSC) [Ruben ZAMORA, secretary general]; Democratic Party or PD [Jorge MELENDEZ]; Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front or FMLN [Fabio CASTILLO]; Liberal Democratic Party or PLD [Kirio Waldo SALGADO, president]; National Action Party or PAN [Gustavo Rogelio SALINAS, secretary general]; National Conciliation Party or PCN [Ciro CRUZ Zepeda, president]; National Republican Alliance or ARENA [Walter ARAUJO]; Social Christian Union or USC (formed by the merger of Christian Social Renewal Party or PRSC and Unity Movement or MU) [Abraham RODRIGUEZ, president]

Equatorial Guinea: Convergence Party for Social Democracy or CPDS [Placido Miko ABOGO]; Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea or PDGE (ruling party) [Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO]; Party for Progress of Equatorial Guinea or PPGE [Severo MOTO]; Popular Action of Equatorial Guinea or APGE [Miguel Esono EMAN]; Popular Union or UP [Andres Moises Bda ADA]; Progressive Democratic Alliance or ADP [Victorino Bolekia BONAY, mayor of Malabo]; Union of Independent Democrats of UDI [Daniel OYONO]

Eritrea: People's Front for Democracy and Justice or PFDJ, the only party recognized by the government [ISAIAS Afworki, PETROS Solomon]; note - the National Assembly has appointed a committee to draft a law on political parties

Estonia: Center Party or K [Edgar SAVISAAR, chairman]; Christian People's Party [Aldo VINKEL]; Coalition Party and Rural Union or KMU [Andrus OOBEL, chairman]; Estonian Democratic Party (formerly Estonian Blue Party) [Jaan LAAS]; Estonian Independence Party [leader NA]; Estonian National Democratic Party or ENDP [leader NA]; Estonian Pensioners and Families Party [Mai TREIAL]; Estonian Progressive Party [Andra VEIDEMANN]; Estonian Republican Party [leader NA]; Estonian Social-Democratic Labor Party [Tiit TOOMSALU]; Estonian Rural People's Union (1999 merger of Estonian Country People's Party and the Estonian Rural Union) [Arvo SIRENDI]; Party of Consolidation Today [leader NA]; People's Party Moderates (1999 merger of People's Party and Moderates) [Andres TARAND]; Reform Party or RE [Siim KALLAS, chairman]; Russian Party in Estonia [Nikolai MASPANOV]; Russian Unity Party [Igor SEDASHEV]; Union of Pro Patria or Fatherland League (Isamaaliit) [Mart LAAR, chairman]; United People's Party or UPPE [Viktor ANDREJEV, chairman]

Ethiopia: Afar National Democratic Party or ANDP [leader NA]; All-Amhara People's Organization or AAPO [KEGNAZ MATCH Neguea Tibeb]; Amhara National Democratic Movement or ANDM [TEFERA Walwa]; Bench Madji People's Democratic Organization or BMPDO [leader NA]; Benishangul Gumuz People's Democratic Unity Front or BGPDUF [leader NA]; Coalition of Alternative Forces for Peace and Democracy or CAFPD [Kifle TIGNEH Abate and BEYENE Petros]; Ethiopian Democratic Unity Party or EDUP [Lt. Gen. TESFAYE Gebre Kidan]; Ethiopian National Democratic Party or ENDP [FEKADU Gedamu]; Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front or EPRDF [MELES Zenawi] (an alliance of the ANDM, OPDO, and TPLF); Gedeyo People's Revolutionary Democratic Movement or GPRDF [leader NA]; Gurange Nationalities Democratic Movement or GNDM [leader NA]; Kafa Shaka People's Democratic Organization or KSPDO [leader NA]; Kembata, Alabaa, and Tembaro or KAT [leader NA]; Oromo Liberation Front or OLF [DAOUD Ibsa Gudina]; Oromo People's Democratic Organization or OPDO [KUMA Demeksa]; Sidama People's Democratic Organization or SPDO [leader NA]; South Omo People's Democratic Movement or SOPDM [leader NA]; Tigrai People's Liberation Front or TPLF [MELES Zenawi]; Walayta, Gamo, Gofa, Dawro, Konta People's Democratic Organization or WGGPDO [leader NA]; dozens of small parties

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): none; all independents

Faroe Islands: Center Party [Jenis A. RANA]; Home Rule Party [Helena Dam a NEYSTABO]; People's Party [Oli BRECKMANN]; Republican Party [Hogni HOYDAL]; Social Democratic Party [Joannes EIDESGAARD]; Union Party [Edmund JOENSEN]

Fiji: Fiji Labor Party or FLP [Mahendra CHAUDHRY]; Fijian Nationalist Federation Party or NFP [Singh RAKKA]; Fijian Political Party or SVT (primarily Fijian) [Maj. Gen. Sitiveni RABUKA]; National Federation Party or NFP (primarily Indian) [Jai Ram REDDY]; United General Party or UGP [David PICKERING]

Finland: Center Party or Kesk [Esko AHO]; Finnish Christian Union or SKL [C. P. Bjarne KALLIS]; Green Union [Satu HASSI]; Leftist Alliance (Communist) composed of People's Democratic League and Democratic Alternative [Suvi-Anne SIIMES]; National Coalition (conservative) Party or Kok [Sauli NIINISTO]; Reform Group [Risto KUISMA]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Paavo LIPPONEN]; Swedish People's Party or SFP [Jan-Erik ENESTAM]; True Finns [Timo SOINI]

France: Citizens Movement or MdC [Jean Pierre CHEVENEMENT]; French Communist Party or PCF [Robert HUE]; Independent Ecological Movement or MEI [Antoine WAECHTER]; Left Radical Party or PRG (previously Radical Socialist Party or PRS and the Left Radical Movement or MRG) [Jean-Michel BAYLET]; Liberal Democracy or DL (originally Republican Party or PR) [Alain MADELIN]; Movement for France or MPF [Philippe DEVILLIERS]; National Front or FN [Jean-Marie LE PEN]; Rally for the Republic or RPR [Michelle ALLIOT-MARIE]; Socialist Party or PS [Francois HOLLANDE]; Union for French Democracy or UDF (coalition of UDC, FD, RRRS, PPDF) [Francois BAYROU]; Union of the Center or UDC [leader NA]

French Guiana: Guianese Socialist Party or PSG [Antoine KARAM]; Guyana Democratic Forces or FDG [Georges OTHILY]; Rally for the Republic or RPR [Roland HO-WEN-SZE]; Socialist Party or PS [Pierre RIBARDIERE] (may be a subset of PSG); Walwari Committee [Christine TAUBIRA-DELANON]

French Polynesia: Centrist Union or UC [leader NA]; Independent Front for the Liberation of Polynesia (Tavini Huiraatira) [Oscar TEMARU]; New Fatherland Party (Ai'a Api) [Emile VERNAUDON]; People's Rally for the Republic (Tahoeraa Huiraatira) [Gaston FLOSSE]

Gabon: African Forum for Reconstruction or FAR [Leon MBOU-YEMBI]; Circle of Liberal Reformers or CLR [General Jean Boniface ASSELE]; Democratic and Republican Alliance or ADERE [Divungui-di-Ndinge DIDJOB]; Gabonese Democratic Party or PDG, former sole party [Simplice Nguedet MANZELA, secretary general]; Gabonese Party for Progress or PGP [Pierre-Louis AGONDJO-OKAWE, president]; Gabonese People's Union or UPG [Pierre MAMBOUNDOU]; Gabonese Socialist Union or USG [Serge MBA BEKALE]; National Rally of Woodcutters (Bucherons) or RNB [Fr. Paul M'BA-ABESSOLE]; People's Unity Party or PUP [Louis Gaston MAYILA]; Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Pierre EMBONI]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Pierre Claver MAGANGA-MOUSSAVOU]

Gambia, The: Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction or APRC [Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH]; National Reconciliation Party or NRP [Hamat N. K. BAH]; People's Democratic Organization for Independence and Socialism or PDOIS [Sidia JATTA]; United Democratic Party or UDP [Ousainou DARBOE]

note: in August 1996 the government banned the following from participation in the elections of 1996: People's Progressive Party or PPP [former President Dawda K. JAWARA (in exile)], and two opposition parties - the National Convention Party or NCP [former Vice President Sheriff DIBBA] and the Gambian People's Party or GPP [Hassan Musa CAMARA]

Georgia: Citizen's Union of Georgia or CUG [Eduard SHEVARDNADZE]; Georgian United Communist Party or UCPG [Panteleimon GIORGADZE, chairman]; Industry Will Save Georgia or IWSG [Georgi TOPADZE]; National Democratic Party or NDP [Irina SARISHVILI-CHANTURIA]; Socialist Party or SPG [Temur GAMTSEMLIDZE]; Union for "Revival" Party or AGUR [Alsan ABASHIDZE]; United Republican Party or URP [Nodar NATADZE, chairman]

Germany: Alliance '90/Greens [Renate KUENAST and Fritz KUHN]; Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Angela MERKEL]; Christian Social Union or CSU [Edmund STOIBER, chairman]; Free Democratic Party or FDP [Wolfgang GERHARDT, chairman]; note - Wolfgang GERHARDT will probably be replaced by Guido WESTERWELLE in May 2001; Party of Democratic Socialism or PDS [Gabi ZIMMER]; Social Democratic Party or SPD [Gerhard SCHROEDER, chairman]

Ghana: Every Ghanaian Living Everywhere or EGLE [Owuraku AMOFA, chairman]; National Convention Party or NCP [Sarpong KUMA-KUMA]; National Democratic Congress or NDC [Dr. Huudu YAHAYA, general secretary]; New Patriotic Party or NPP [Samuel Arthur ODOI-SYKES]; People's Convention Party or PCP [P. K. DONKOH-AYIFI, acting chairman]; People's Heritage Party or PHP [Emmanuel Alexander ERSKINE]; People's National Convention or PNC [Edward MAHAMA]

Gibraltar: Gibraltar Social Democrats or GSD [Peter CARUANA]; Gibraltar Socialist Labor Party or GSLP [Joseph John BOSSANO]

Greece: Coalition of the Left and Progress (Synaspismos) [Nikolaos KONSTANDOPOULOS]; Communist Party of Greece or KKE [Aleka PAPARIGA]; New Democracy or ND (conservative) [Konstandinos KARAMANLIS]; Panhellenic Socialist Movement or PASOK [Konstandinos SIMITIS]

Greenland: Akulliit Party [Bjarne KREUTZMANN]; Atassut Party (Solidarity, a conservative party favoring continuing close relations with Denmark) [Daniel SKIFTE]; Inuit Ataqatigiit or IA (Eskimo Brotherhood, a leftist party favoring complete independence from Denmark rather than home rule) [Josef MOTZFELDT]; Issituup (Polar Party) [Nicolai HEINRICH]; Kattusseqatigiit (Candidate List, an independent right-of-center party with no official platform [leader NA]; Siumut (Forward Party, a social democratic party advocating more distinct Greenlandic identity and greater autonomy from Denmark) [Jonathan MOTZFELDT]

Grenada: Grenada United Labor Party or GULP [Herbert PREUDHOMME]; National Democratic Congress or NDC [leader vacant]; New National Party or NNP [George McGUIRE]

Guadeloupe: Communist Party of Guadeloupe or PCG [Christian CELESTE]; Progressive Democratic Party or PPDG [Henri BANGOU]; Rally for the Republic or RPR [Aldo BLAISE]; Socialist Party or PS [Georges LOUISOR]; Union for French Democracy or UDF [Marcel ESDRAS]

Guam: Democratic Party (party of the Governor) [leader NA]; Republican Party (controls the legislature) [leader NA]

Guatemala: Authentic Integral Development or DIA [Jorge Luis ORTEGA]; Democratic Union or UD [Jose Luis CHEA Urruela]; Green Party or LOV [Jose ASTURIAS Rudecke]; Guatemalan Christian Democracy or DCG [Vinicio CEREZO Arevalo]; Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity or URNG [Pablo MONSANTO, also known as Jorge SOTO]; Guatemalan Republican Front or FRG [Efrain RIOS Montt]; New Nation Alliance or ANN [leader NA], which includes the URNG; National Advancement Party or PAN [Leonel LOPEZ Rodas]; Progressive Liberator Party or PLP [Acisclo VALLADARES Molina]

Guernsey: none; all independents

Guinea: Democratic Party of Guinea or PDG-AST [Marcel CROS]; Democratic Party of Guinea-African Democratic Rally or PDG-RDA [El Hadj Ismael Mohamed Gassim GUSHEIN]; National Union for Progress or UNP [Paul Louis FABER]; Party for Unity and Progress or PUP [Lansana CONTE] - the governing party; Party for Renewal and Progress or PRP [Siradiou DIALLO]; Rally for the Guinean People or RPG [Alpha CONDE]; Union for Progress of Guinea or UPG [Jean-Marie DORE, secretary-general]; Union for the New Republic or UNR [Mamadou Boye BA]; Union of Republican Forces or UFR [Sidya TOURE]

Guinea-Bissau: African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde or PAIGC [Francisco BENANTE]; Front for the Liberation and Independence of Guinea or FLING [Francois MENDY]; Guinea-Bissau Resistance-Ba Fata Movement or RGB-MB [Helder Vaz LOPES]; Guinean Civic Forum or FCG [Antonieta Rosa GOMES]; International League for Ecological Protection or LIPE [Alhaje Bubacar DJALO, president]; National Union for Democracy and Progress or UNDP [Abubacer BALDE, secretary general]; Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Victor MANDINGA]; Social Renovation Party or PRS [Koumba YALLA]; Union for Change or UM [Jorge MANDINGA, president, Dr. Anne SAAD, secretary general]; United Social Democratic Party or PUSD [Victor Sau'de MARIA]

Guyana: Alliance for Guyana or AFG (includes Guyana Labor Party or GLP and Working People's Alliance or WPA [Rupert ROOPNARINE]; Guyana Action Party or GAP [leader NA]; Guyana Labor Party or GLP [leader NA]; People's National Congress or PNC [Hugh Desmond HOYTE]; People's Progressive Party or PPP [Janet JAGEN]; Rise, Organize and Rebuild or ROAR [Ravi DEV]; The United Force or TUF [Manzoor NADIR]; Working People's Alliance or WPA [Rupert ROOPARNINE]

Haiti: Alliance for the Liberation and Advancement of Haiti or ALAH [Reynold GEORGES]; Assembly of Progressive National Democrats or RDNP [Leslie MANIGAT]; Convergence (opposition coalition composed of ESPACE, OPL, and MOCHRENA) [Gerard PIERRE-CHARLES, Evans PAUL, Luc MESADIEU, Victor BENOIT]; Democratic Consultation Group coalition or ESPACE [Evans PAUL, Victor Benoit] composed of the following parties: National Congress of Democratic Movements or KONAKOM, National Progressive Revolutionary Party or PANPRA, Generation 2004, and Haiti Can; Haitian Christian Democratic Party or PDCH [Marie-France CLAUDE]; Haitian Democratic Party or PADEM [Clark PARENT]; Lavalas Family or FL [Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE]; Mobilization for National Development or MDN [Hubert DE RONCERAY]; Movement for National Reconstruction or MRN [Rene THEODORE]; Movement for the Installation of Democracy in Haiti or MIDH [Marc BAZIN]; Movement for the Organization of the Country or MOP [Gesner COMEAU and Jean MOLIERE]; National Front for Change and Democracy or FNCD [Evans PAUL and Turneb DELPE]; New Christian Movement for a New Haiti or MOCHRENA [Luc MESADIEU]; Struggling People's Organization or OPL [Gerard PIERRE-CHARLES]

Holy See (Vatican City): none

Honduras: Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Efrain DIAZ Arrivillaga, president]; Democratic Unification Party or PUD [Marias FUNES Valladares, president]; Liberal Party or PL [Carlos Roberto FLORES Facusse, president]; National Innovation and Unity Party-Social Democratic Party or PINU-SD [Olban VALLADARES, president]; National Party of Honduras or PN [Carlos URBIZO, president]

Hong Kong: Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood [Frederick FUNG Kin-kee, chairman]; Citizens Party [leader NA]; Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong [Jasper TSANG Yok-sing, chairman]; Democratic Party [Martin LEE Chu-ming, chairman]; Frontier Party [Emily LAU Wai-hing, chairwoman]; Hong Kong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood [leader NA]; Hong Kong Progressive Alliance [Ambrose LAU Hon-chuen]; Liberal Party [James TIEN Pei-chun, chairman]; New Century Forum [NQ Ching-fai, chairman]

note: political blocs include: pro-democracy - Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood, Citizens Party, Democratic Party, Frontier Party; pro-Beijing - Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Progressive Alliance, Liberal Party, New Century Forum

Hungary: Alliance of Free Democrats or SZDSZ [Gabor DEMSZKY]; Christian Democratic People's Party or KDNP [Gyorgy GICZY, president]; Federation of Young Democrats-Hungarian Civic Party or FYD-HCP [Laszlo KOVER]; note - used to be Hungarian Civic Party or FIDESZ; Hungarian Democratic Forum or MDF [Ibolya DAVID]; Hungarian Democratic People's Party or MDNP [Erzsebet PUSZTAI, chairman]; Hungarian Justice and Life Party or MIEP [Istvan CSURKA, chairman]; Hungarian Socialist Party or MSZP [Laszlo KOVACS, chairman]; Hungarian Workers' Party or MMP [Gyula THURMER, chairman]; Independent Smallholders or FKGP [Jozsef TORGYAN, president]

Iceland: Independence Party (conservative) or IP [David ODDSSON]; Left-Green Alliance [Steinsvimur SIGFUSSON]; Liberal Party [Sverrir HERMANNSSON]; People's Party (Social Democratic Party) or SDP [Sighvatyr BJORGIVINSSON]; Progressive Party (liberal) or PP [Halldor ASGRIMSSON]; The Alliance (includes People's Alliance or PA, Social Democratic Party or SVP, People's Movement, Women's List) [Ossur SKARPHEDINSSON]; Women's List or WL [Kristin ASTGEIRSDOTTIR]

India: All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or AIADMK [C. Jayalalitha JAYARAM]; All India Forward Bloc or AIFB [Prem Dutta PALIWAL (chairman), Chitta BASU (general secretary)]; Asom Gana Parishad [Prafulla Kumar MAHANTA]; Bahujan Samaj Party or BSP [Kanshi RAM]; Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP [Bangaru LAXMAN, president]; Biju Janata Dal or BJD [Naveen PATNAIK]; Communist Party of India or CPI [Ardhendu Bhushan BARDHAN]; Communist Party of India/Marxist-Leninist or CPI/ML [Vinod MISHRA]; Congress (I) Party [Sonia GANDHI, president]; Dravida Munnetra Kazagham or DMK (a regional party in Tamil Nadu) [M. KARUNANIDHI]; Indian National League [Suliaman SAIT]; Janata Dal (Secular) [H. D. Deve GOWDA]; Janata Dal (United) or JDU [Sharad YADAV, president, I. K. GUJRAL]; Kerala Congress (Mani faction) [K. M. MANI]; Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or MDMK [VAIKO]; Muslim League [G. M. BANATWALA]; Nationalist Congress Party or NCP [Sharad PAWAR]; National Democratic Alliance, a 16-party alliance including BJP, DMK, Janata Dal (U), SHS, Shiromani Akali Dal, Telugu Desam, BJD, Rinamool Congress]; Rashtriya Janata Dal or RJD [Laloo Prasad YADAV]; Revolutionary Socialist Party or RSP [Tridip CHOWDHURY]; Samajwadi Party or SP [Mulayam Singh YADAV, president]; Shiromani Akali Dal [Prakash Singh BADAL]; Shiv Sena [Bal THACKERAY]; Tamil Maanila Congress [G. K. MOOPANAR]; Telugu Desam Party or TDP (a regional party in Andhra Pradesh) [Chandrababu NAIDU]; Trinamool Congress [Mamata BANERJEE]

Indonesia: Crescent Moon and Star Party or PBB [Yusril Ihza MAHENDRA, chairman]; Development Unity Party or PPP (federation of former Islamic parties) [Hamzah HAZ, chairman]; Federation of Functional Groups or Golkar [Akbar TANJUNG, general chairman]; Indonesia Democracy Party or PDI (federation of former Nationalist and Christian Parties) [Budi HARDJONO, chairman]; Indonesia Democracy Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri, chairperson]; National Awakening Party or PKB [Matori Abdul DJALIL, chairman]; National Mandate Party or PAN [Amien RAIS, chairman]

Iran: the following organizations appeared to have achieved considerable success at elections to the sixth Majlis in early 2000: Assembly of the Followers of the Imam's Line, Freethinkers' Front, Islamic Iran Participation Front, Moderation and Development Party, Servants of Construction Party, Society of Self-sacrificing Devotees

Iraq: Ba'th Party [SADDAM Husayn, central party leader]

Ireland: Democratic Left [Proinsias DE ROSSA]; Fianna Fail [Bertie AHERN]; Fine Gael [Michael NOONAN]; Green Party [Mary BOWERS]; Labor Party [Ruairi QUINN]; Progressive Democrats [Mary HARNEY]; Sinn Fein [Gerry ADAMS]; Socialist Party [Joe HIGGINS]; The Workers' Party [Tom FRENCH]

Israel: Balad or National Democratic Alliance [Amnon LIPKIN-SHAHAK]; Center Party [Yitzhak MORDECHAI]; Democratic Movement [Roman BRONFMAN]; Gesher [David LEVI]; Hadash [Muhammad BARAKA]; Labor Party [leader vacant]; Likud Party [Ariel SHARON]; MERETZ [Yossi SARID]; National Democratic Alliance (Balad) [leader NA]; National Religious Party [Yitzhak LEVY]; National Union [Rehavam ZEEVI] (includes Herut, Tekuma, and Moledet); One Israel [leader NA] (includes Labor, Gesher, and Meimad); One Nation [Amir PERETZ]; Shas [Eliyahu YISHAI]; Shinui [Tommy LAPID]; United Arab List [Abd al-Malik DAHAMSHAH]; United Torah Judaism [Rabbi Eliezer SHACK, spiritual leader]; Yisra'el Ba'Aliya [Natan SHARANSKY]; Yisra'el Beiteinu [Avigdor LIEBERMAN]

Italy: Center-Left Olive Tree Coalition [Francesco RUTELLI] - Democrats of the Left, Daisy Alliance (including Italian Popular Party, Italian Renewal, Union of Democrats for Europe, The Democrats), Sunflower Alliance (including Green Federation, Italian Democratic Socialists), Italian Communist Party; Christian Democratic Center or CDC [Pier Ferdinando CASINI]; Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Rocco BUTTIGLIONE]; Communist Renewal or RC [Fausto BERTINOTTI]; Forza Italia or FI [Silvio BERLUSCONI]; Green Federation [Grazia FRANCESCATO]; House of Liberties (formerly Freedom Alliance, a center-right coalition) [leader Silvio BERLUSCONI] - Forza Italian, National Alliance, Christian Democratic Center, Christian Democratic Union, Northern League; Italian Communist Party or PdCI [Oliviero DILIBERTO]; Italian Democratic Socialists [Enrico BOSELLI]; Italian Popular Party [Pierluigi CASTAGNETTI]; Italian Renewal [Lamberto DINI]; Italian Social Movement-Tricolored Flame or MSI-FI [Pino RAUTI]; National Alliance or AN [Gianfranco FINI]; Northern League or NL [Umberto BOSSI]; Radical Party (formerly Panella Reformers and Autonomous List) [Marco PANNELLA]; Southern Tyrols People's Party or SVP (German speakers) [Siegfried BRUGGER]; Union of Democrats for Europe [Clemente MASTELLA]; The Democrats [Arturo PARISI]

Jamaica: Jamaica Labor Party or JLP [Edward SEAGA]; National Democratic Movement or NDM [Bruce GOLDING]; People's National Party or PNP [Percival James PATTERSON]

Japan: Democratic Party of Japan or DPJ [Yukio HATOYAMA, leader, Naoto KAN, secretary general]; Japan Communist Party or JCP [Kazuo SHII, chairman, Tadaaki ICHIDA, secretary general]; Komeito [Takenori KANZAKI, president, Tetsuzo FUYUSHIBA, secretary general]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Junichiro KOIZUMI, president, Taku YAMASAKI, secretary general]; Liberal Party [Ichiro OZAWA, president, Hirohisa FUJII, secretary general]; New Conservative Party [Chikage OGI, president, Takeshi NODA, secretary general]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Takako DOI, chairperson, Sadao FUCHIGAMI, secretary general]

Jersey: none; all independents

Jordan: Al-Umma (Nation) Party [Ahmad al-HANANDEH, secretary general]; Arab Land Party [Dr. Muhammad al-'ORAN, secretary general]; Jordanian Democratic Popular Unity Party [Sa'eed THIYAB, secretary general]; National Constitutional Party [Abdul Hadi MAJALI, secretary general]

Kazakhstan: Agrarian Party [Romin MADENOV]; Alash [Soverkazhy AKATAYEV]; AZAMAT Movement [Petr SVOIK, Murat AUEZOV, and Galym ABILSIITOV, cochairmen]; Civic Party [Azat PERUASHEV, first secretary]; Communist Party or KPK [Serikbolsyn ABDILDIN, first secretary]; Forum of Democratic Forces [Nurbulat MASANOV, Deputy Chairman of the Republican People's Party of Kazakhstan (RNPK); Amirzhan KOSANOV, RNPK activist; Seidakhmet KUTTYKADAM, Orleu Movement; cochairmen]; Labor and Worker's Movement [Madel ISMAILOV, chairman]; Orleu Movement [Seidakhmet KUTTYKADAM]; Otan [Sergei TERESCHENKO, chairman]; Pensioners Movement or Pokoleniye [Irina SAVOSTINA, chairwoman]; People's Congress of Kazakhstan of NKK [Olzhas SULEIMENOV, chairman]; People's Cooperative Party [Umirzak SARSENOV]; People's Unity Party or PUP [Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV]; Republican People's Party of Kazakhstan or RNPK [Akezhan KAZHEGELDIN]

Kenya: Democratic Party of Kenya or DP [Mwai KIBAKI]; Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-Asili or FORD-A [Martin SHIKUKU, secretary general]; Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-Kenya or FORD-K [Michael Kijana WAMALWA]; Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-People or FORD-People [Kimaniwa NYOIKE, chairman]; Kenya African National Union or KANU [President Daniel Toroitich arap MOI] - the governing party; National Development Party or NDP [Raila ODINGA, president]; SAFINA [Farah MAALIM, chairman]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Dr. Apollo NJONJO, secretary general and Justus NYANG'AYA, chairman]

Kiribati: Maneaban Te Mauri Party [Teburoro TITO]; National Progressive Party [Teatao TEANNAKI]

note: there is no tradition of formally organized political parties in Kiribati; they more closely resemble factions or interest groups because they have no party headquarters, formal platforms, or party structures

Korea, North: Chondoist Chongu Party [YU Mi-yong, chairwoman]; Korean Social Democratic Party [KIM Pyong-sik, chairman]; major party - Korean Workers' Party or KWP [KIM Chong-il, General Secretary]

Korea, South: Grand National Party or GNP [YI Hoe-chang, president]; Millennium Democratic Party or MDP [KIM Dae-jung, president]; United Liberal Democrats or ULD [KIM Chong-p'il, honorary chairman, KIM Chong-ho, acting president]

note: on 20 January 2000, the National Congress for New Politics or NCNP was renamed the Millennium Democratic Party or MDP

Kuwait: none; formation of political parties is illegal

Kyrgyzstan: Agrarian Labor Party of Kyrgyzstan [Uson S. SYDYKOV]; Agrarian Party of Kyrgyzstan [Arkin ALIYEV]; Ata-Meken Socialist Party or Fatherland [Onurbek TEKEBAYEV]; Banner National Revival Party or ASABA [Chaprashty BAZARBAY]; Democratic Movement of Kyrgyzstan or DDK [Jypar JEKSHEYEV]; Democratic Women's Party of Kyrgyzstan [T. A. SHAILIYEVA]; Dignity Party [Feliks KULOV]; Erkin Kyrgyzstan Progressive and Democratic Party [Tursunbay Bakir UULU]; Justice Party [Chingiz AYTMATOV]; Movement for the People's Salvation [Jumgalbek AMAMBAYEV]; Mutual Help Movement or Ashar [Jumagazy USUPOV]; My Country of Action [Almazbek ISMANKULOV]; National Unity Democratic Movement or DDNE [Yury RAZGULYAYEV]; Party of Communists of Kyrgyzstan or KCP [Absamat M. MASALIYEV]; Party of the Veterans of the War in Afghanistan [leader NA]; Peasant Party [leader NA]; People's Party [Melis ESHIMKANOV]; Poor and Unprotected People's Party [Daniyar USENOV]; Republican Popular Party of Kyrgyzstan [J. SHARSHENALIYEV]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [J. IBRAMOV]; Union of Democratic Forces (composed of Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan or PSD [J. IBRAMOV], Economic Revival Party, and Birimdik Party

Laos: Lao People's Revolutionary Party or LPRP [KHAMTAI Siphandon, party president]; other parties proscribed

Latvia: Anticommunist Union or PA [P. MUCENIEKS]; Christian Democrat Union or LKDS [Talavs JUNDZIS]; Christian People's Party or KTP [Uldis AUGSTKALNS]; Democratic Party "Saimnieks" or DPS [Ziedonis CEVERS, chairman]; For Fatherland and Freedom or TB [Maris GRINBLATS], merged with LNNK; For Human Rights in a United Latvia [Janis JURKANS], a coalition of the People's Harmony Party or TSP, the Latvian Socialist Party or LSP, and the Equal Rights Movement; Green Party or LZP [Olegs BATAREVSKI]; Latvian Liberal Party or LLP [J. DANOSS]; Latvian National Conservative Party or LNNK [Andrejs KRASTINS]; Latvian National Democratic Party or LNDP [A. MALINS]; Latvian Social-Democratic Workers Party (Social Democrats) or LSDWU [Juris BOJARS and Janis ADAMSONS, leaders]; Latvian Unity Party or LVP [Alberis KAULS]; Latvia's Way or LC [Andrei PANTELEJEVS]; New Christian Party [Ainars SLESERS]; New Faction [Ingrida UDRE]; "Our Land" or MZ [M. DAMBEKALNE]; Party of Russian Citizens or LKPP [V. SOROCHIN, V. IVANOV]; People's Party [Andris SKELE]; Political Union of Economists or TPA [Edvins KIDE]

Lebanon: political party activity is organized along largely sectarian lines; numerous political groupings exist, consisting of individual political figures and followers motivated by religious, clan, and economic considerations

Lesotho: Basotho Congress Party or BCP [Tseliso MAKHAKHE]; Basotho National Party or BNP [Maj. Gen. Justine Metsing LEKHANYA]; Lesotho Congress for Democracy or LCD [Phebe MOTEBANO, chairwoman; Dr. Pakalitha MOSISILI, leader] - the governing party; United Democratic Party or UDP [Charles MOFELI]; Marematlou Freedom Party or MFP and Setlamo Alliance [Vincent MALEBO]; Progressive National Party or PNP [Chief Peete Nkoebe PEETE]; Sefate Democratic Party or SDP [Bofihla NKUEBE]

Liberia: All Liberia Coalition Party or ALCOP [Lusinee KAMARA]; Liberian Action Party or LAP [Cletus WOTORSON]; Liberian National Union or LINU [Henry MONIBA, chairman]; Liberian People's Party or LPP [Togba-Nah TIPOTEH, chairman]; National Democratic Party of Liberia or NDPL [Isaac DAKINAH]; National Patriotic Party or NPP [Charles Ghankay TAYLOR] - governing party; People's Progressive Party or PPP [Chea CHEAPOO, chairman]; Reformation Alliance Party or RAP [Henry Boimah FAHNBULLEH, chairman]; True Whig Party or TWP [Rudolph SHERMAN, chairman]; United People's Party or UPP [Gabriel Baccus MATTHEWS, chairman]; Unity Party or UP [Charles Clarke]

Libya: none

Liechtenstein: Fatherland Union or VU [Dr. Oswald KRANZ]; Progressive Citizens' Party or FBP [Dr. Ernst WALCH]; The Free List or FL [Dr. Pepo FRICK, Karin JENNY, Rene HASLER]

Lithuania: Christian Democratic Party or LKDP [Zigmas ZINKEVICIUS, chairman]; Electoral Action of Lithuanian Poles [Valdemar TOMASZEVSKI, chairman]; Homeland Union/Conservative Party or TS [Vytautas LANDSBERGIS, chairman]; Lithuanian Center Union or LCS [Kestutis GLAVECKAS, chairman]; Lithuanian Farmer's Party or LUP [Ramunas KARBAUSKIS, chairman]; Lithuanian Liberal Union [Rolandas PAKSAS, chairman]; Lithuanian Social Democratic Coalition [Algirdas BRAZAUSKAS, chairman] consists of the Lithuanian Democratic Labor Party or LDDP, the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party or LSPD, and New Democracy; Modern Christian Democratic Union [Vytautas BOGUSIS, chairman]; New Union-Social Liberals [Arturas PAULAUSKAS, chairman]

Luxembourg: Action Committee for Democracy and Justice or ADR [Robert MEHLEN]; Christian Social People's Party or CSV (known also as Christian Social Party or PCS) [Erna HENNICOT-SCHOEPGES]; Democratic Party or DP [Lydie POLFER]; Green Party [Abbes JACOBY and Felix BRAS]; Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party or LSAP [Jean ASSELBORN]; Marxist and Reformed Communist Party DEI LENK (the Left) [no formal leadership]; other minor parties

Macau: the following is a listing of those associations that participated in the last legislative elections: Associacao de Novo Macau Democratico or ANMD [leader NA]; Associacao Promotora para a Economia de Macau or APPEM [leader NA]; Convergencia para o Desenvolvimento or CODEM [leader NA]; Uniao Geral para o Desenvolvimento de Macau or UDM [leader NA]; Uniao para o Desenvolvimento or UPD [leader NA]; Uniao Promotora para o Progresso or UNIPRO [leader NA]

note: there are no formal political parties, but civic associations are used instead

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: Democratic Alternative or DA [Vasil TUPURKOVSKI, president]; Democratic Party for Albanians or DPA [Arben XHAFERI, president]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity or VMRO-DPMNE [Ljubcho GEORGIEVSKI, president]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization-True Macedonian Reform Option or VMRO-VMRO [Boris STOJMANOV]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Risto GUSTERVO]; Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP [Imeri IMERI, president]; Social-Democratic Alliance of Macedonia or SDSM (former Communist Party) [Branko CRVENKOVSKI, president]; Socialist Party of Macedonia or SP [Ljubisav IVANOV, president]; Union of Romanies of Macedonia or SRM [leader NA]

Madagascar: Action, Truth, Development, and Harmony or AFFA [Professor Albert ZAFY]; Association for the Rebirth of Madagascar or AREMA [leader vacant]; Congress Party for Malagasy Independence or AKFM/Fanavaozana; Economic Liberalism and Democratic Action for National Recovery or LEADER/Fanilo [Herizo RAZAFIMAHALEO]; Fihaonana Rally or Fihaonana [Guy RAZANAMASY]; Group of Reflection and Action for the Development of Madagascar or GRAD/Iloafo; Judged by Your Work or AVI [Norbert RATSIRAHONANA]; Movement for the Progress of Madagascar or MFM [Manandafy RAKOTONIRINA]; Renewal of the Social Democratic Party or RPSD [Evariste MARSON]; Tranobe (Big House) [Ny Hasina ANDRIAMANJATO]

Malawi: Alliance for Democracy or AFORD [Chakufwa CHIHANA, president]; Malawi Congress Party or MCP [Gwanda CHAKUAMBA, president, John TEMBO, vice president]; Malawi Democratic Party or MDP [Kampelo KALUA, president]; National Independence Party; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Eston KAKHOME, president]; United Democratic Front or UDF [Bakili MULUZI] - governing party

Malaysia: Alternative Coalition or Barisan Alternatif-BA (includes the following parties: Party Islam Se-Malaysia or PAS [FADZIL Mohamad Noor], National Justice Party or NJP [WAN AZIZAH Wan Ismail], Democratic Action Party or DAP [LIM Kit Siang], and Malaysian People's Party or PRM [SYED HUSIN]); National Front or NF (ruling coalition dominated by the United Malays National Organization or UMNO [MAHATHIR bin Mohammad], includes the following parties: Malaysian Indian Congress or MIC [S. Samy VELLU], Malaysian Chinese Association or MCA [LING Liong Sik], Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia or Gerakan [LIM Keng Yaik], Parti Pesaka Bumiputra Bersatu or PBB [Patinggi Haji Abdul TAIB Mahmud], Parti Angkatan Keadilan Rakyat Bersatu or Akar [PANDIKAR Amin Mulia], Parti Bangsa Dayak Sarawak or PBDS [Leo MOGGIE], Sarawak United People's Party or SUPP [George CHAN Hong Nam], Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [CHONG Kah Kiat], Sabah Progressive Party or SAPP [YONG Teck Lee], People's Progressive Party or PPP [M. KAYVEAS], Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah or PBRS [Joseph KURUP], Sarawak National Party or SNAP [Amar James WONG], Parti Demokratik Sabah or PDS [leader NA], and United Pasok Momogun Kadazan Organization or UPKO (state level only) [Bernard DOMPOK]); Parti Bersatu Sabah or PBS [Joseph PAIRIN Kitingan]; Parti Bersekutu [HARRIS Salleh]; State Reform Party of Sarawak or STAR [PATAU Rubis]

Maldives: although political parties are not banned, none exist

Mali: Alliance for Democracy or ADEMA [Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA, party chairman]; Block of Alternative for the Renewal of Africa or BARA [Yoro DIAKITE]; Democratic and Social Convention or CDS [Mamadou Bakary SANGARE, chairman]; Movement for the Independence, Renaissance and Integration of Africa or MIRIA [Mohamed Lamine TRAORE, Mouhamedou DICKO]; National Congress for Democratic Initiative or CNID [Mountaga TALL, chairman]; Party for Democracy and Progress or PDP [Me Idrissa TRAORE]; Party for National Renewal or PARENA [Yoro DIAKITE, chairman; Tiebile DRAME, secretary general]; Rally for Democracy and Labor or RDT [Ali GNANGADO]; Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Almamy SYLLA, chairman]; Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally or US/RDA [Mamadou Bamou TOURE, secretary general]; Union of Democratic Forces for Progress or UFDP [Youssouf TOURE, secretary general]; Union for Democracy and Development or UDD [Moussa Balla COULIBALY]

Malta: Alternativa Demokratika/Alliance for Social Justice or AD [Harry VASSALLO]; Malta Labor Party or MLP [Alfred SANT]; Nationalist Party or PN [Edward FENECH ADAMI]

Man, Isle of: there is no party system; members sit as independents

Marshall Islands: traditionally there have been no formally organized political parties; what has existed more closely resembles factions or interest groups because they do not have party headquarters, formal platforms, or party structures; the following two "groupings" have competed in legislative balloting in recent years - Kabua Party [Imata KABUA] and United Democratic Party or UDP [Litokwa TOMEING]

Martinique: Martinique Independence Movement or MIM [Alfred MARIE-JEANNE]; Martinique Progressive Party or PPM [Camille DARSIERES]; Martinique Socialist Party or PMS [Ernest WAN-AJOUHU]; Rally for the Republic or RPR [Michel CHARLONE]; Union for French Democracy or UDF (replaced by Martinique Forces of Progress) [Jean MAREN]

Mauritania: Action for Change or AC [Messoud Ould BOULKHEIR]; Assembly for Democracy and Unity or RDU [Ahmed Ould SIDI BABA]; Democratic and Social Republican Party or PRDS (ruling party) [President Col. Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA]; Mauritanian Party for Renewal and Concorde or PMRC [Molaye El Hassen Ould JIYID]; National Union for Democracy and Development or UNDD [Tidjane KOITA]; Party for Liberty, Equality and Justice or PLEJ [Daouda M'BAGNIGA]; Popular Front or FP [Ch'bih Ould CHEIKH MALAININE]; Popular Progress Alliance or APP [Mohamed El Hafed Ould ISMAEL]; Popular Social and Democratic Union or UPSD [Mohamed Mahmoud Ould MAH]; Progress Force Union or UFP [Mohamed Ould MOLOUD]; Union for Progress and Democracy or UNDD [Naha Mint MOUKNASS]

note: parties legalized by constitution ratified 12 July 1991; however, politics continue to be tribally based

Mauritius: Hizbullah [Cehl Mohamed FAKEEMEEAH]; Mauritian Labor Party or MLP [Navinchandra RAMGOOLAM]; Mauritian Militant Movement or MMM [Paul BERENGER] - in coalition with MSM; Mauritian Militant Renaissance or MMR [Dr. Paramhansa NABABSING]; Mauritian Social Democrat Party or PMSD [Charles Xavier-Luc DUVAL]; Militant Socialist Movement or MSM [Sir Anerood JUGNAUTH] - governing party; Rodrigues Movement or OPR [Joseph (Nicholas) Von MALLY]

Mayotte: Democratic Front or FD [Youssouf MOUSSA]; Mahoran Popular Movement or MPM [Younoussa BAMANA]; Mahoran Rally for the Republic or RPR [Mansour KAMARDINE]; Movement for Department Status Mayotte or MDM [Henri JEAN-BAPTISTE]; Socialist Party or PS (local branch of French Parti Socialiste) [Ibrahim ABUBACAR]; Union for French Democracy or UDF [Henri JEAN-BAPTISTE]

Mexico: Convergence for Democracy or CD [Dante DELGADO Ranauro]; Institutional Revolutionary Party or PRI [Dulce Maria SAURI Riancho]; Mexican Green Ecological Party or PVEM [Jorge GONZALEZ Torres]; National Action Party or PAN [Luis Felipe BRAVO Mena]; Party of the Democratic Center or PCD [Manuel CAMACHO Solis]; Party of the Democratic Revolution or PRD [Amalia GARCIA Medina]; Party of the Nationalist Society or PSN [Gustavo RIOJAIS Santana]; Social Alliance Party or PAS [Jose Antonio CALDERON Cardoso]; Workers Party or PT [Alberto ANAYA Gutierrez]

Micronesia, Federated States of: no formal parties

Moldova: Braghis Alliance [Dumitru BRAGHIS]; Popular Christian Democratic Party or PPCD [Iurie ROSCA]; Communist Party or PCM [Vladimir VORONIN, first chairman]

Monaco: National and Democratic Union or UND [leader NA]; National Union for the Future of Monaco or UNAM [leader NA]; Rally for the Monegasque Family [leader NA]

Mongolia: Citizens' Will Party or CWP (also called Civil Will Party) [Sanjaasurengyn OYUN]; Democratic Party or DP [D. DORLIGAN]; Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR]; Mongolian Democratic New Socialist Party or MDNSP [B. ERDENEBAT]; Mongolian Republican Party or MRP [B. JARGALSAIHAN]

note: the MPRP is the ruling party

Montserrat: Movement for National Reconstruction or MNR [Percival Austin BRAMBLE]; National Development Party or NDP [leader NA]; National Progressive Party or NPP [Reuben T. MEADE]; People's Progressive Alliance or PPA [John A. OSBORNE]

Morocco: Action Party or PA [Muhammad IDRISS]; Constitutional Union or UC [leader NA]; Democratic Forces Front or FFD [Thami KHIARI]; Democratic Socialist Party or PSD [Issa OUARDIGHI]; Democratic Party for Independence or PDI [Thami EL-OUAZZANI, Said BOUACHRINE]; Istiqlal Party or IP [Abbas El-FASSI]; Labor Party or UT [leader NA]; National Democratic Party or PND [Mohamed Arsalane EL-JADIDI]; National Popular Movement or MNP [Mahjoubi AHERDANE]; National Rally of Independents or RNI [Ahmed OSMAN]; Organization of Democratic and Popular Action or OADP [Mohamed BEN SAID ait Idder]; Party of Progress and Socialism or PPS [Moulay Ismail ALAOUI]; Popular Constitutional and Democratic Movement or MPCD (has become Party of Justice and Development or PJD) [Dr. Abdelkarim KHATIB]; Popular Movement or MP [Mohamed LAENSER]; Social Democratic Movement or MDS [Mahmoud ARCHANE]; Socialist Union of Popular Forces or USFP [Abd ar-Rahman EL-YOUSSOUFI]

Mozambique: Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (Frente de Liberatacao de Mocambique) or Frelimo [Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO, chairman]; Mozambique National Resistance - Electoral Union (Resistencia Nacional Mocambicana - Uniao Eleitoral) or Renamo-UE [Afonso DHLAKAMA, president]

Namibia: Congress of Democrats or COD [Ben ULENGA]; Democratic Turnhalle Alliance of Namibia or DTA [Katuutire KAURA, president]; Monitor Action Group or MAG [Kosie PRETORIUS]; South West Africa People's Organization or SWAPO [Sam NUJOMA]; United Democratic Front or UDF [Justus GAROEB]

Nauru: loose multiparty system; Democratic Party [Kennan ADEANG]; Nauru Party (informal) [Bernard DOWIYOGO]

Nepal: Communist Party of Nepal/United Marxist-Leninist or CPN/UML [Madhav Kumar NEPAL, general secretary]; National Democratic Party or NDP (also called Rastriya Prajantra Party or RPP) [Surya Bahadur THAPA, chairman]; Nepal Sadbhavana (Goodwill) Party or NSP [Gajendra Narayan SINGH, president]; Nepal Workers and Peasants Party or NWPP [Narayan Man BIJUKCHHE, party chair]; Nepali Congress or NC [Girija Prasad KOIRALA, party president, Sushil KOIRALA, general secretary]; Rastriya Jana Morcha [Chitra Bahadur K. C., chairman]; Samyukta Janmorcha Nepal [Lila Mani POKHAREL, general secretary]

Netherlands: Christian Democratic Appeal or CDA [Jaap de Hoop SCHEFFER]; Democrats '66 or D'66 [Tom DE GRAAF]; Labor Party or PvdA [Wim KOK]; People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (Liberal) or VVD [Hans F. DIJKSTAL]; a host of minor parties

Netherlands Antilles: Antillean Restructuring Party or PAR [Miguel POURIER]; C 93 [Stanley BROWN]; Democratic Party of Bonaire or PDB [Jopi ABRAHAM]; Democratic Party of Curacao or DP [Errol HERNANDEZ]; Democratic Party of Sint Eustatius or DP-St. E [Julian WOODLEY]; Democratic Party of Sint Maarten or DP-St. M [Sarah WESCOTT-WILLIAMS]; Foundation Energetic Management Anti-Narcotics or FAME [Eric LODEWIJKS]; Labor Party People's Crusade or PLKP [Errol COVA]; National People's Party or PNP [Susanne F. C. CAMELIA-ROMER]; New Antilles Movement or MAN [Kenneth GIJSBERTHA]; Patriotic Union of Bonaire or UPB [Ramon BOOI]; Patriotic Movement of Sint Maarten or SPA [Vance JAMES, Jr.]; People's Party or PAPU [Richard Hodi]; Pro Curacao Party or PPK [Winston LOURENS]; Saba Democratic Labor Movement [Steve HASSELL]; Saba Unity Party [Carmen SIMMONDS]; St. Eustatius Alliance or SEA [Kenneth VAN PUTTEN]; Serious Alternative People's Party or Sapp [Julian ROLLOCKS]; Social Action Cause or KAS [Benny DEMEI]; Windward Islands People's Movement or WIPM [Will JOHNSTON]; Workers' Liberation Front or FOL [Anthony GODETT, Rignald LAK, Editha WRIGHT]

note: political parties are indigenous to each island

New Caledonia: Alliance pour la Caledonie [Didier LEROUX]; Developper Ensemble pour Construire l'Avenir or DEPCA [Robert FROUIN]; Federation des Comites de Coordination des Independantistes or FCCI [Leopald SOREDIE]; Front Uni de Liberation Kanak or FULK [Ernest UNE]; Groupe de l'Alliance Multiraciale or GAM [Dany DALMAYRAE]; Independance et Progres [Alphonse PUJAPUJANE]; Kanak Socialist Front for National Liberation or FLNKS [Rock WAMYTAN] (includes PALIKA, UNI, UC, and UPM); La Caledonie Autrement [Denis MILLIARD]; Loyalty Islands Development Front or FDIL [Cono HAMU]; National Front or FN [Guy GEORGE]; Parti de Liberation Kanak or PALIKA [Charles WASHETINE]; Rally for Caledonia in the Republic or RPCR [Jacques LAFLEUR]; Rally for the Republic or RPR [leader NA]; Renouveau [Thierry VALET]; Socialist Kanak Liberation or LKS [Nidoish NAISSELINE]; Union Caledonienne or UC [Bernard LEPEU]; Union Nationale pour l'Independance or UNI [Paul NEAOUTYINE]; Union Progressiste Melanesienne or UPM [Andre GOPEA]

New Zealand: ACT, New Zealand [Richard PREBBLE]; Alliance (a coalition of the New Labor Party, Democratic Party, New Zealand Liberal Party, and Mana Motuhake) [Jim ANDERTON]; Green Party [Jeanette FITZSIMONS and Rod DONALD]; National Party or NP [Jenny SHIPLEY]; New Zealand First Party or NZFP [Winston PETERS]; New Zealand Labor Party or NZLP [Helen CLARK]; United New Zealand or UNZ [Peter DUNNE]

Nicaragua: Conservative Party of Nicaragua or PCN [Dr. Fernando AGUERO Rocha]; Independent Liberal Party or PLI [Virgilio GODOY]; Liberal Alliance (ruling alliance including Liberal Constitutional Party or PLC, New Liberal Party or PALI, Independent Liberal Party for National Unity or PLIUN, and Central American Unionist Party or PUCA) [leader NA]; National Conservative Party or PC [Pedro SOLARZANO, Noel VIDAURRE]; National Project or PRONAL [Benjamin LANZAS]; Nicaraguan Party of the Christian Path or PCCN [Guillermo OSORNO, Roberto RODRIGUEZ]; Nicaraguan Resistance Party or PRN [Salvador TALAVERA]; Sandinista National Liberation Front or FSLN [Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra]; Sandinista Renovation Movement or MRS [Sergio RAMIREZ]; Unity Alliance or AU [Alejandro SERRANO]; Union Nacional Opositora 96 or UNO-96 [Alfredo CESAR Aguirre]

Niger: Democratic Rally of the People-Jama'a or RDP-Jama'a [Hamid ALGABID]; Democratic and Social Convention-Rahama or CDS-Rahama [Mahamane OUSMANE]; National Movement for a Developing Society-Nassara or MNSD-Nassara [Mamadou TANDJA, chairman]; Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Social Progress-Zaman Lahiya or ANDPS-Zaman Lahiya [Moumouni Adamou DJERMAKOYE]; Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism-Tarayya or PNDS-Tarayya [Mahamadou ISSOUFOU]; Union of Democratic Patriots and Progressives-Chamoua or UPDP-Chamoua [Professor Andre' SALIFOU, chairman]

Nigeria: All People's Party or APP [Alhaji Yusuf ALI]; Alliance for Democracy or AD [contested between Yusuf MAMMAN and Alhasi Adamu ABDULKADIR]; People's Democratic Party or PDP [Barnabas GEMADE]

Niue: Niue People's Action Party or NPP [Sani LAKATANI]

Norfolk Island: none

Northern Mariana Islands: Democratic Party [Dr. Carlos S. CAMACHO]; Republican Party [Benigno R. FITIAL]

Norway: Center Party [Odd Roger ENOKSEN]; Christian People's Party [Kiell Magne BONDEVIK]; Conservative Party [Jan PETERSEN]; Labor Party [Jens STOLTENBERG]; Liberal Party [Lars SPONHEIM]; Progress Party [Carl I. HAGEN]; Socialist Left Party [Kristin HALVORSEN]

Oman: none

Pakistan: note: Gen. Pervez MUSHARRAF dissolved Parliament following the military takeover of 12 October 1999, however, political parties have been allowed to operate; Awami National Party or ANP [Wali KHAN]; Balochistan National Movement/Hayee Group or BNM/H [Dr. HAYEE Baluch]; Baluch National Party or BNP [Sardar Akhtar MENGAL]; Jamhoori Watan Party or JWP [Akbar Khan BUGTI]; Jamiat-al-Hadith or JAH [Sajid MIR]; Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Fazlur Rehman faction or JUI/F [Fazlur REHMAN]; Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan, Niazi faction or JUP/NI [Abdul Sattar Khan NIAZI]; Millat Party [Farooq LEGHARI]; Milli Yakjheti Council or MYC is an umbrella organization which includes Jamaat-i-Islami or JI [Qazi Hussain AHMED], Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Sami-ul-Haq faction or JUI/S [Sami ul-HAQ], Tehrik-I-Jafria Pakistan or TJP [Allama Sajid NAQVI], and Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan, Noorani faction or JUP/NO [Shah Ahmad NOORANI]; Mutahida Qaumi Movement, Altaf faction or MQM/A [Altaf HUSSAIN]; National People's Party or NPP [Ghulam Mustapha JATOI]; Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami Party or PKMAP [Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI]; Pakhtun Quami Party or PQP [Mohammed AFZAL Khan]; Pakistan Awami Tehrik or PAT [Tahir ul QADRI]; Pakistan Muslim League, Functional Group or PML/F [Pir PAGARO]; Pakistan Muslim League, Junejo faction or PML/J [Hamid Nasir CHATTHA]; Pakistan Muslim League, Nawaz Sharif faction or PML/N [Nawaz SHARIF]; Pakistan National Party or PNP [Hasil BIZENJO]; Pakistan People's Party or PPP [Benazir BHUTTO]; Pakistan People's Party/Shaheed Bhutto or PPP/SB [Ghinva BHUTTO]; Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaaf or PTI [Imran KHAN]

note: political alliances in Pakistan can shift frequently

Palau: Palau Nationalist Party [Johnson TORIBIONG]; Ta Belau Party [Kuniwo NAKAMURA]

Panama: Arnulfista Party or PA [Mireya Elisa MOSCOSO Rodriguez]; Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Ruben AROSEMENA]; Civic Renewal Party or PRC [Serguei DE LA ROSA]; Democratic Change [Ricardo MARTINELLI]; Democratic Revolutionary Party or PRD [Martin TORRIJOS]; National Liberal Party or PLN [Raul ARANGO Gasteazopo]; National Renovation Movement or MORENA [Pedro VALLARINO Cox]; Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement or MOLIRENA [Ramon MORALES]; Solidarity Party or PS [Samuel LEWIS Galindo]

Papua New Guinea: National Alliance or NA [Michael SOMARE]; National Party or NP [Michael MEL]; Papua New Guinea United Party or Pangu Pati [Chris HAIVETA]; People's Action Party or PAP [Ted DIRO]; People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Sir Mekere MORAUTA]; People's National Congress or PNC [Simon KAUMI]; People's Progress Party or PPP [Michael NALI]; People's Unity Party or PUP [Alfred KAIABE]; United Party or UP [Rimbiuk PATO]

Paraguay: Authentic Radical Liberal Party or PLRA [Miguel Abdon SAGUIER]; Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Adalina GUITERREZ DE GALEANO]; Febrerista Revolutionary Party or PRF [Carlos Maria LJUBETIC]; National Encounter or PEN [Euclides ACEVEDO]; National Republican Association - Colorado Party [acting president Bader RACHID LICHI]

Peru: American Popular Revolutionary Alliance or APRA [Alan GARCIA]; Andean Rebirth [Ciro GALVEZ Herreria]; Avancemos [leader NA]; Democratic Cause [Jorge SANTISTEVAN]; Independent Moralizing Front or FIM [Fernando OLIVERA Vega]; National Solidarity or SN [Luis CASTANEDA Lossio]; National Unity [Lourdes FLORES Nano]; Peru 2000 [leader NA]; Peru Posible or PP [Alejandro TOLEDO Maniquez]; Popular Action or AP [leader NA]; Popular Agrarian Front of Peru or Frepap [leader NA]; Popular Solution [Carlos BOLONA Behr]; Project Country [Mario Antonio ARRUNATEGUI]; Somos Peru or SP [Alberto ANDRADE]; Union for Peru or UPP [leader NA]; Vamos Vecinos or VV [Absalon VASQUEZ]

Philippines: People Power Coalition or PPC includes: Aksyon Demokratiko or Democratic Action [Raul ROCO], Lakas-NUCD [Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO, titular head, Teofisto GUINGONA, party president], Liberal Party or LP [Florencio ABAD], Probinsiya Muna Development Initiative or Promdi [Lito OSMENA], and Reporma Party [Renato DE VILLA]; Puwersa ng Masa (Force of the Masses) includes: Laban Ng Demokratikong Pilipino (Struggle of Filipino Democrats) or LDP [Eduardo ANGARA], Laban Ng Masang Pilipino or LAMP (Struggle of the Filipino Masses) [Joseph ESTRADA], and People's Reform Party or PRP [Miriam DEFENSOR-SANTIAGO]; Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (New Society Movement) [Imelda MARCOS]; Nacionalista Party [Jose OLIVEROS]; National People's Coalition or NPC [Eduardo COJUANGCO]

Pitcairn Islands: none

Poland: Coalition for Poland or KdP [first name unknown GRABOWSKI]; Confederation for an Independent Poland-Patriotic Camp or KPN-OP (KPN-Fatherland or KPN-O is a small group within the KPN-OP) [Michal JANISZEWSKI]; Democratic Left Alliance or SLD (Social Democracy of Poland) [Leszek MILLER]; Freedom Union or UW [Bronislaw GEREMEK]; German Minority of Lower Silesia or MNSO [Henryk KROLL]; Movement for the Reconstruction of Poland or ROP-PC [Jan OLSZEWSKI]; Polish Accord or PP [Jan LOPUSZANSKI]; Polish Peasant Party or PSL [Jaroslaw KALINOWSKI]; Polish Socialist Party or PPS [Piotr IKONOWICZ]; Solidarity Electoral Action or AWS (includes RS-AWS and Solidarity) [Marian KRZAKLEWSKI]; Social Movement-Solidarity Electoral Action or RS-AWS [Jerzy BUZEK]

Portugal: The Greens or PEV [leader NA]; Popular Party or PP [Paulo PORTAS]; Portuguese Communist Party/United Democratic Coalition or PCP/CDU [Carlos CARVALHAS]; Portuguese Socialist Party or PS [Antonio GUTERRES]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [leader vacant]; The Left Bloc [no leader]

Puerto Rico: National Democratic Party [Celeste BENITEZ]; National Republican Party of Puerto Rico [Luis FERRE]; New Progressive Party or PNP [Pedro ROSSELLO]; Popular Democratic Party or PPD [Hector Luis ACEVEDO]; Puerto Rican Independence Party or PIP [Ruben BERRIOS Martinez]

Qatar: none

Reunion: Communist Party of Reunion or PCR [Paul VERGES]; Rally for the Republic or RPR [Andre Maurice PIHOUEE]; Socialist Party or PS [Jean-Claude FRUTEAU]; Union for French Democracy or UDF [Gilbert GERARD]

Romania: Democratic Party or PD [Petre ROMAN]; Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Bela MARKO]; National Liberal Party or PNL [Mircea IONESCU-QUINTUS]; Party of Social Democracy in Romania or PDSR [Adrian NASTASE]; Romania Mare Party (Greater Romanian Party) or PRM [Corneliu Vadim TUDOR]; The Democratic Convention or CDR [Ion DIACONESCU]

Russia: Agrarian Party [Mikhail Ivanovich LAPSHIN]; Communist Party of the Russian Federation or KPRF [Gennadiy Andreyevich ZYUGANOV]; Fatherland-All Russia or OVR [Yuriy Mikhailovich LUZHKOV]; Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR [Vladimir Volfovich ZHIRINOVSKIY]; Union of Right Forces [Anatoliy Borisovich CHUBAYS, Yegor Timurovich GAYDAR, Irina Mutsuovna KHAKAMADA, Boris Yefimovich NEMTSOV]; Unity [Sergey Kuzhugetovich SHOYGU]; Yabloko Bloc [Grigoriy Alekseyevich YAVLINSKIY]

note: some 150 political parties, blocs, and movements registered with the Justice Ministry as of the 19 December 1998 deadline to be eligible to participate in the 19 December 1999 Duma elections; of these, 36 political organizations actually qualified to run slates of candidates on the Duma party list ballot, 6 parties cleared the 5% threshold to win a proportional share of the 225 party seats in the Duma, 9 other organizations hold seats in the Duma: Bloc of Nikolayev and Academician Fedorov, Congress of Russian Communities, Movement in Support of the Army, Our Home Is Russia, Party of Pensioners, Power to the People, Russian All-People's Union, Russian Socialist Party, and Spiritual Heritage; primary political blocs include pro-market democrats - (Yabloko Bloc and Union of Right Forces), anti-market and/or ultranationalist (Communist Party of the Russian Federation and Liberal Democratic Party of Russia)

Rwanda: Centrist Democratic Party or PDC [Jean-Nipomuscene NAYINZIRA]; Democratic Socialist Party or PSD [Charles NTAKIRUTINKA, Vincent BIRUTA, Augusin IYAMUREMYE]; Democratic Popular Union of Rwanda or UDPR [Adrien RANGIRA]; Democratic Republican Movement or MDR [Celestin KABANDA, Emile NTWARABAKIGA, Christian MARARA]; Islamic Democratic Party or PDI [Andre BUMAYA]; Liberal Party or PL [Pie MUGABO, Enock KABERA, Prosper MUGIRANEZA]; Rwanda Patriotic Army or RPA [Maj. Gen. Paul KAGAME, commander]; Rwanda Patriotic Front or FPR [Maj. Gen. Paul KAGAME]; Rwandan Socialist Party or PSR [Medard RUTIJANWA]

Saint Helena: none

Saint Kitts and Nevis: Concerned Citizens Movement or CCM [Vance AMORY]; Nevis Reformation Party or NRP [Joseph PARRY]; People's Action Movement or PAM [Lindsey GRANT]; Saint Kitts and Nevis Labor Party or SKNLP [Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS]

Saint Lucia: National Freedom Party or NFP [Martinus FRANCOIS]; Saint Lucia Labor Party or SLP [Kenneth ANTHONY]; United Workers Party or UWP [Dr. Morella JOSEPH]

Saint Pierre and Miquelon: Rassemblement pour la Republique or RPR [leader NA]; Socialist Party or PS [leader NA]; Union pour la Democratie Francaise or UDF [leader NA]

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: National Reform Party or NRP [Joel MIGUEL]; New Democratic Party or NDP [Arnhim EUSTACE]; People's Progressive Movement or PPM [Ken BOYEA]; Progressive Labor Party or PLP [leader NA]; United People's Movement or UPM [Adrian SAUNDERS]; Unity Labor Party or ULP [Ralph GONSALVES] (formed by the coalition of Saint Vincent Labor Party or SVLP and the Movement for National Unity or MNU)

Samoa: Human Rights Protection Party or HRPP [TUILA'EPA Sailele Malielegaoi, chairman]; Samoa All People's Party or SAPP [Matatumua NAIMOAGA]; Samoan National Development Party or SNDP [TAPUA Tamasese Efi, chairman] (opposition); Samoa National Party [FETU Tiatia, party secretary]; Samoan Progressive Conservative Party [LEOTA Ituau Ale]

San Marino: Communist Refoundation or RC [Ivan FOSHI]; Ideas in Movement or IM [Alessandro ROSSI]; San Marino Christian Democratic Party or PDCS [Pier Marino MENICUCCI]; San Marino Popular Alliance of Democrats or APDS [Mario VENTURINI]; San Marino Progressive Democratic Party or PPDS [Claudio FELICI]; San Marino Socialist Party or PSS [Augusto CASALI]; Socialists for Reform or SR [Renzo GIARDI]

Sao Tome and Principe: Independent Democratic Action or ADI [Carlos NEVES]; Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe-Social Democratic Party or MLSTP-PSD [Manuel Pinto Da COSTA]; Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Aldo BANDEIRA]; Democratic Renovation Party [Armindo GRACA]; other small parties

Saudi Arabia: none allowed

Senegal: African Party for Democracy and Socialism or And Jef (also known as PADS/AJ) [Landing SAVANE, secretary general]; African Party of Independence [Majhemout DIOP]; Alliance of Forces of Progress or AFP [Moustapha NIASSE]; Democratic and Patriotic Convention or CDP (also known as Garab-Gi) [Dr. Iba Der THIAM]; Democratic League-Labor Party Movement or LD-MPT [Dr. Abdoulaye BATHILY]; Front for Socialism and Democracy or FSD [Cheikh Abdoulaye DIEYE]; Gainde Centrist Bloc or BGC [Jean-Paul DIAS]; Independence and Labor Party or PIT [Amath DANSOKHO]; National Democratic Rally or RND [Madier DIOUF]; Senegalese Democratic Party or PDS [Abdoulaye WADE]; Senegalese Democratic Party-Renewal or PDS-R [Serigne Lamine DIOP, secretary general]; Senegalese Democratic Union-Renewal or UDS-R [Mamadou Puritain FALL]; Socialist Party or PS [President Abdou DIOUF]; SOPI Coalition (a 40-party coalition led by the PDS) [Abdoulaye WADE]; Union for Democratic Renewal or URD [Djibo Leyti KA]; other small parties

Seychelles: Democratic Party or DP [James MANCHAM]; Seychelles National Party or SNP (formerly the United Opposition or UO) [Wavel RAMKALAWAN]; Seychelles People's Progressive Front or SPPF [France Albert RENE] - the governing party

Sierra Leone: All People's Congress or APC [Edward Mohammed TURAY, chairman]; Democratic Centre Party or DCP [Adu Aiah KOROMA]; National Democratic Alliance or NDA [Amadu M. B. JALLOH]; National Republican Party or NRP [Sahr Stephen MAMBU]; National Unity Party or NUP [Dr. John KARIMU, chairman]; People's Democratic Party or PDP [Thaimu BANGURA, chairman]; People's Progressive Party or PPP [Abass Chernok BUNDU, chairman]; Revolutionary United Front Party or RUFP [Foday SANKOH, chairman]; Sierra Leone People's Party or SLPP [President Ahmad Tejan KABBAH, chairman]; United National People's Party or UNPP [John KARIFA-SMART in exile, Raymond KAMARA, acting leader]

Singapore: People's Action Party or PAP [GOH Chok Tong, secretary general] - the governing party; Singapore Democratic Party or SDP [CHEE Soon Juan]; Singapore People's Party or SPP [CHIAM See Tong]; Workers' Party or WP [J. B. JEYARETNAM]

Slovakia: Christian Democratic Movement or KDH [Pavol HRUSOVSKY]; Liberal Democratic Union or LDU [Jan BUDAJ]; Movement for a Democratic Slovakia or HZDS [Vladimir MECIAR]; Party of Civic Understanding or SOP [Pavol HAMZIK]; Party of the Democratic Left or SDL [Jozef MIGAS]; Party of the Hungarian Coalition or SMK [Bela BUGAR]; Slovak Democratic and Christian Union or SDKU [Mikulas DZURINDA]; note - this is DZURINDA's new party for 2002 elections; he remains chairman of a rump and splintering SDK; Slovak Democratic Coalition or SDK (loose parliamentary club grouping representing members of the smaller SSDS, SZS, and those committed to run under SDKU in 2002) [Mikulas DZURINDA]; Slovak National Party or SNS [Anna MALIKOVA]

Slovenia: Democratic Party of Retired (Persons) of Slovenia or DeSUS [Janko KUSAR]; Liberal Democratic or LDS [Janez DRNOVSEK, chairman]; New Slovenia or NSI [Andrej BAJUK, chairman]; Slovene National Party or SNS [Zmago JELINCIC, chairman]; Slovene People's Party or SLS (Slovenian People's Party or SLS and Slovenian Christian Democrats or SKD merged in April 2000) [Franc ZAGOZEN, chairman]; Slovene Youth Party or SMS [leader NA]; Social Democratic Party of Slovenia or SDS [Janez JANSA, chairman]; United List of Social Democrats (former Communists and allies) or ZLSD [Borut PAHOR, chairman]

Solomon Islands: there are two main coalitions - Coalition for National Unity, Reconciliation, and Peace or CNURP and Alliance for Change; the CNURP took power on 30 June 2000, it comprises members of the Liberal Party, People's Alliance Party, and the United Party, as well as a number of independents; the Alliance for Change, represents the former government and now is the opposition; in general, Solomon Islands politics is characterized by fluid coalitions; Group for National Unity and Reconciliation or GNUR [leader NA]; Liberal Party [Bartholomew ULUFA'ALU]; National Action Party of Solomon Islands or NAPSI [Francis SAEMALA]; People's Alliance Party or PAP [George LEPPING]; People's Progressive Party [Mannaseh Damukana SOGAVARE]; Solomon Islands Labor Party or SILP [Joses TUHANUKU]; United Party or UP [leader NA]

Somalia: none

South Africa: African Christian Democratic Party or ACDP [Kenneth MESHOE, president]; African National Congress or ANC [Thabo MBEKI, president]; Democratic Alliance (formed from the merger of the Democratic Party or DP and the New National Party or NP) [Anthony LEON, leader]; Freedom Front or FF [Constand VILJOEN, president]; Inkatha Freedom Party or IFP [Mangosuthu BUTHELEZI, president]; Pan-Africanist Congress or PAC [Stanley MOGOBA, president]; United Democratic Movement or UDM [Bantu HOLOMISA]

Spain: Basque Nationalist Party or PNV [Xabier ARZALLUS Antia]; Canarian Coalition or CC (a coalition of five parties) [Paulino RIVERO]; Convergence and Union or CiU [Jordi PUJOL i Soley, secretary general] (a coalition of the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia or CDC [Jordi PUJOL i Soley] and the Democratic Union of Catalonia or UDC [Josep Antoni DURAN y LLEIDA]); Galician Nationalist Bloc or BNG [Xose Manuel BEIRAS]; Party of Independents from Lanzarote or PIL [Dimas MARTIN Martin]; Popular Party or PP [Jose Maria AZNAR Lopez]; Spanish Socialist Workers Party or PSOE [Jose Luis Rodriguez ZAPATERO]; United Left or IU (a coalition of parties including the PCE and other small parties) [Gaspar LLAMAZARES]

Sri Lanka: All Ceylon Tamil Congress or ACTC [Nalliah GURUPAUAN]; Ceylon Workers Congress or CLDC [Arumugam THONDAMAN]; Communist Party [Raja COLLURE]; Democratic United National (Lalith) Front or DUNLF [Srimani ATHULATHMUDALI]; Eelam People's Democratic Party or EPDP [Douglas DEVANANDA]; Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front or EPRLF [Suresh PREMACHANDRA]; Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna or JVP [Tilvan SILVA]; National Unity Alliance or NUA [leader NA]; People's Alliance or PA [Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA]; People's Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam or PLOTE [D. SIDDATHAN]; Sihala Urumaya or SU [leader NA]; Sri Lanka Freedom Party or SLFP [Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA]; Sri Lanka Muslim Congress or SLMC [Rauff HAKEEM and Ferial ASHRAFF]; Sri Lanka Progressive Front or SLPF [leader NA]; Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization or TELO [SUBRAMANIUM]; Tamil United Liberation Front or TULF [R. SAMPATHAN]; United National Party or UNP [Ranil WICKREMASINGHE]; Upcountry People's Front or UPF [P. CHANDRASEKARAN]; several ethnic Tamil and Muslim parties, represented in either parliament or provincial councils

Sudan: the government allows political "associations" under a 1998 law revised in 2000; to obtain government approval parties must accept the constitution and refrain from advocating or using violence against the regime; approved parties include the National Congress Party or NCP [Ibrahim Ahmed UMAR], Popular National Congress [Hassan al-TURABI], and a handful of minor pro-government parties

Suriname: Democratic Alternative '91 or DA '91 (a coalition of the Alternative Forum or AF and Party for Brotherhood and Unity in Politics or BEP, formed in January 1991) [S. RAMKHELAWAN]; Democratic National Platform 2000 or DNP 2000 (coalition of two parties, Democratic Party and Democrats of the 21st Century) [Jules WIJDENBOSCH]; Independent Progressive Democratic Alternative or OPDA [Joginder RAMKHILAWAN]; Millennium Combination or MC (a coalition of three parties, Democratic Alternative, Party for National Unity and Solidarity, and National Democratic Party) [leader NA]; National Democratic Party or NDP [Desire BOUTERSE]; Naya Kadam or NK [leader NA]; Party for Renewal and Democracy or BVD [Tjan GOBARDHAN]; Party of National Unity and Solidarity or KTPI [Willy SOEMITA]; Pertjaja Luhur [Paul SOMOHARDJO]; Progressive Workers' and Farm Laborers' Union or PALU [Ir Iwan KROLIS]; The New Front or NF (a coalition of four parties Suriname National Party or NPS, Progressive Reform Party or VHP, Suriname Labor Party or SPA, and Pertjaja Luhur) [Ronald R. VENETIAAN]; The Progressive Development Alliance (a combination of three parties, Renewed Progressive Party or HPP, Party of the Federation of Land Workers or PVF, and Suriname Progressive People's Party or PSV) [Harry KISOENSINGH]

Swaziland: Imbokodvo National Movement or INM [leader NA]; Ngwane National Libertatory Congress or NNLC [Obed DLAMINI, president]; People's United Democratic Movement or PUDEMO [Mario MASUKU, president]; Swaziland National Front or SWANAFRO [Elmond SHONGWE, president]; Swaziland Progressive Party or SPP [J. J. NQUKU, president]; Swaziland United Front or SUF [Matsapa SHONGWE, leader]

note: political parties are banned by the constitution promulgated on 13 October 1978; illegal parties are prohibited from holding large public gatherings; the organizations listed are political associations

Sweden: Center Party [Lennart DALEUS]; Christian Democratic Party [Alf SVENSSON]; Communist Workers' Party [Rolf HAGEL]; Green Party [no formal leader but party spokesperson is Briger SCHLAUG]; Left Party or VP (formerly Communist) [Gudrun SCHYMAN]; Liberal People's Party [Lars LEIJONBORG]; Moderate Party (conservative) [Bo LUNDGREN]; New Democracy Party [Vivianne FRANZEN]; Social Democratic Party [Goran PERSSON]

Switzerland: Christian Democratic People's Party (Christichdemokratische Volkspartei der Schweiz or CVP, Parti Democrate-Chretien Suisse or PDC, Partito Democratico-Cristiano Popolare Svizzero or PDC, Partida Cristiandemocratica dalla Svizra or PCD) [Adalbert DURRER, president]; Green Party (Grune Partei der Schweiz or Grune, Parti Ecologiste Suisse or Les Verts, Partito Ecologista Svizzero or I Verdi, Partida Ecologica Svizra or La Verda) [Ruedi BAUMANN, president]; Radical Free Democratic Party (Freisinnig-Demokratische Partei der Schweiz or FDP, Parti Radical-Democratique Suisse or PRD, Partitio Liberal-Radicale Svizzero or PLR) [Franz STEINEGGER, president]; Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei der Schweiz or SPS, Parti Socialist Suisse or PSS, Partito Socialista Svizzero or PSS, Partida Socialdemocratica de la Svizra or PSS) [Christiane BRUNNER, president]; Swiss People's Party (Schweizerische Volkspartei or SVP, Union Democratique du Centre or UDC, Unione Democratica de Centro or UDC, Uniun Democratica dal Center or UDC) [Ueli MAURER, president]; and other minor parties

Syria: National Progressive Front or NPF (includes the Ba'th Party, ASU, Arab Socialist Party, Socialist Unionist Democratic Party, ASP, SCP) [President Bashar al-ASAD]; Arab Socialist Renaissance (Ba'th) Party (governing party) [Bashar al-ASAD, secretary general of the party, and chairman of the National Progressive Front after the death of Hafiz al-ASAD on 10 June 2000]; Arab Socialist Unionist Movement or ASU [Sami SOUFAN]; Arab Socialist Party [Abd al-Ghani KANNUT]; Socialist Unionist Democratic Party [Ahmad al-ASAD]; Syrian Arab Socialist Party or ASP [Safwan KOUDSI]; Syrian Communist Party or SCP [Yusuf FAYSAL]

Tajikistan: Congress of People's Unity of Tajikistan [Saiffidin TURAYEV]; Democratic Party or TDP [Mahmadruzi ISKANDAROV, chairman]; Islamic Rebirth Party [Muhammadsharif HIMMAT-ZODA, chairman]; Lali Badakhshan Movement [Atobek AMIRBEKOV]; National Movement Party [Hakim MUHHABATOV]; Party of Justice and Development [Rahmatullo ZOIROV]; People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan or PDPT [Emomali RAHMONOV]; Rastokhez (Rebirth) Movement [Tohiri ABDUJABBOR]; Socialist Party [Sherali KENJAEV]; Tajik Communist Party or CPT [Shodi SHABDOLOV]; Adolatho "Justice" Party [Abdurahmon KARIMOV, chairman]

Tanzania: Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo or CHADEMA [Bob MAKANI, chairman]; Chama Cha Mapinduzi or CCM (Revolutionary Party) [Benjamin William MKAPA, chairman]; Civic United Front or CUF [Seif Sharif HAMAD, secretary-general]; Democratic Party (unregistered) [Reverend Christopher MTIKLA, leader]; National Convention for Construction and Reform or NCCR [Kassim MAGUTU, secretary-general]; Tanzania Labor Party or TLP [Augustine Lyatonga MREMA, chairman]; Union for Multiparty Democracy or UMD [leader NA]; United Democratic Party or UDP [John CHEYO, leader]

Thailand: Democratic Party or DP (Prachathipat Party) [CHUAN Likphai]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDP (Seri Tham) [PHINIT Charusombat]; Mass Party or MP [CHALERM Yoobamrung, SOPHON Petchsavang]; National Development Party or NDP (Chat Phattana) [KORN Dabbaransi]; New Aspiration Party or NAP (Khwamwang Mai) [Gen. CHAWALIT Yongchaiyut]; Phalang Dharma Party or PDP (Phalang Tham) [CHAIWAT Sinsuwong]; Social Action Party or SAP (Kitsangkhom Party) [leader vacant]; Solidarity Party or SP (Ekkaphap Party) [CHAIYOT Sasomsap]; Thai Citizen's Party or TCP (Prachakon Thai) [SAMAK Sunthonwet]; Thai Nation Party or TNP (Chat Thai Party) [BANHAN Sinlapa-acha]; Thai Rak Thai Party or TRT [THAKSIN Chinnawat]

Togo: Action Committee for Renewal or CAR [Yawovi AGBOYIBO]; Coordination des Forces Nouvelles or CFN [Joseph KOFFIGOH]; Democratic Convention of African Peoples or CDPA [Leopold GNININVI]; Party for Democracy and Renewal or PDR [Zarifou AYEVA]; Patriotic Pan-African Convergence or CPP [Edem KODJO]; Rally of the Togolese People or RPT [President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA]; Union of Forces for Change or UFC [Gilchrist OLYMPIO (in exile), Jeane-Pierre FABRE, general secretary in Togo]; Union of Independent Liberals or ULI [Jacques AMOUZO]

note: Rally of the Togolese People or RPT, led by President EYADEMA, was the only party until the formation of multiple parties was legalized 12 April 1991

Tokelau: none

Tonga: Human Rights and Democracy Movement [Huliki WATAB, chairman, Viliami FUKOFUKA, president, 'Akilisi POHIVA, vice president]

Trinidad and Tobago: National Alliance for Reconstruction or NAR [Hochay CHARLES]; People's Empowerment Party or PEP [leader NA]; People's National Movement or PNM [Patrick MANNING]; United National Congress or UNC [Basdeo PANDAY]

Tunisia: Al-Tajdid Movement [Adel CHAOUCH]; Constitutional Democratic Rally Party (Rassemblement Constitutionnel Democratique) or RCD [President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI (official ruling party)]; Liberal Social Party or PSL [Mounir BEJI]; Movement of Democratic Socialists or MDS [Khamis CHAMMARI]; Popular Unity Party or PUP [Mohamed Belhaj AMOR]; Unionist Democratic Union or UDU [Abderrahmane TLILI]

Turkey: Democratic Left Party or DSP [Bulent ECEVIT]; Motherland Party or ANAP [Mesut YILMAZ]; Nationalist Action Party or MHP [Devlet BAHCELI]; True Path Party or DYP [Tansu CILLER]; Virtue Party or FP [Recai KUTAN]; note - in June 2001, Turkey's Constitutional Court banned the party; its representatives (except for two) can stay on in the Grand National Assembly as independents

note: Welfare Party or RP [Necmettin ERBAKAN] was officially outlawed on 22 February 1998

Turkmenistan: Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or DPT [Saparmurat NIYAZOV]

note: formal opposition parties are outlawed; unofficial, small opposition movements exist underground or in foreign countries

Turks and Caicos Islands: People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Derek H. TAYLOR]; Progressive National Party or PNP [Washington MISICK]; United Democratic Party or UDP [Wendal SWANN]

Tuvalu: there are no political parties but members of Parliament usually align themselves in informal groupings

Uganda: only one political organization, the National Resistance Movement or NRM [President MUSEVENI, chairman] is allowed to operate unfettered; note - the president maintains that the NRM is not a political party, but a movement which claims the loyalty of all Ugandans

note: the new constitution requires the suspension of political parties while the Movement system is in governanace; of the political parties that exist but are prohibited from sponsoring candidates, the most important are the Ugandan People's Congress or UPC [Milton OBOTE]; Democratic Party or DP [Paul SSEMOGERERE]; Conservative Party or CP [Joshua S. MAYANJA-NKANGI]; Justice Forum [Muhammad Kibirige MAYANJA]; and National Democrats Forum [Chapaa KARUHANGA]

Ukraine: Communist Party of Ukraine [Petro SYMONENKO]; Fatherland (Motherland) All Ukrainian Party [Yuliya TYMOSHENKO, chairperson]; Green Party of Ukraine or PZU [Vitaliy KONONOV, chairman]; Hromada [Pavlo LAZARENKO]; Party of Regional Revival of Ukraine or PRVU [Volodymyr RYBAK]; Peasant Party of Ukraine or SelPU [Serhiy DOVHAN]; People's Democratic Party [Valeriy PUSTOVOYTENKO, chairman]; People's Movement of Ukraine or Rukh U [Hennadiy UDOVENKO, chairman]; Progressive Socialist Party [Nataliya VITRENKO]; Reforms and Order Party/Reforms-Congress [Viktor PYNZENYK]; Socialist Party of Ukraine or SPU [Oleksandr MOROZ, chairman]; Solidarity [leader NA]; Trudova Ukrayina/Working Ukraine [Igor SHAROV, chairman]; Ukrainian Popular Movement or Rukh K [Yuriy KOSTENKO, chairman]; United Social Democratic Party of Ukraine [Viktor MEDVEDCHUK]

note: and numerous smaller parties

United Arab Emirates: none

United Kingdom: Conservative and Unionist Party [William HAGUE]; Democratic Unionist Party (Northern Ireland) [Rev. Ian PAISLEY]; Labor Party [Anthony (Tony) Blair]; Liberal Democrats [Charles KENNEDY]; Party of Wales (Plaid Cymru) [Ieuan Wyn JONES]; Scottish National Party or SNP [John SWINNEY]; Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland) [Gerry ADAMS]; Social Democratic and Labor Party or SDLP (Northern Ireland) [John HUME]; Ulster Unionist Party (Northern Ireland) [David TRIMBLE]

United States: Democratic Party [Terence McAULIFFE, national committee chairman]; Republican Party [James S. GILMORE III, national committee chairman]; several other groups or parties of minor political significance

Uruguay: Colorado Party [Jorge BATLLE]; National Party or Blanco [Alberto VOLONTE]; New Sector/Space Coalition or Nuevo Espacio [Rafael MICHELINI]; Progressive Encounter in the Broad Front or Encuentro Progresista [Tabare VAZQUEZ]

Uzbekistan: Adolat (Justice) Social Democratic Party [Anwar JURABAYEV, first secretary]; Democratic National Rebirth Party (Milly Tiklanish) or MTP [Aziz KAYUMOV, chairman]; Fatherland Progress Party [Anwar Z. YOLDASHEV]; People's Democratic Party or NDP (formerly Communist Party) [Abdulkhafiz JALOLOV, first secretary]; Self-Sacrificers Party or Fidokorlar National Democratic Party [Ahtam TURSUNOV, first secretary]

Vanuatu: Melanesian Progressive Party or MPP [Barak SOPE]; National United Party or NUP [Willie TITONGOA]; Union of Moderate Parties or UMP [Serge VOHOR]; Vanuaaku Party (Our Land Party) or VP [Edward NATAPEI]; Vanuatu Republican Party [Maxime Carlot KORMAN]

Venezuela: Brave Peoples Alliance or ABP [leader NA]; Democratic Action or AD [Henry RAMOS Allup]; Fifth Republic Movement or MVR [leader Luis MIQUILENA]; Homeland for All or PPT [Pablo MEDINA]; Justice First [leader NA]; Movement Toward Socialism or MAS [Felipe MUJICA]; National Convergence or Convergencia [Dr. Rafael CALDERA Rodriguez]; Radical Cause or La Causa R [Andres VELASQUEZ]; Social Christian Party or COPEI [Jose CURIEL]; Venezuela Project or PV [Henrique SALAS Ronier]

Vietnam: only party - Communist Party of Vietnam or CPV [Le Kha PHIEU, general secretary]

Virgin Islands: Democratic Party [Arturo WATLINGTON]; Independent Citizens' Movement or ICM [Usie RICHON]; Republican Party [Gary SCROUVE]

Wallis and Futuna: Lua Kae Tahi (Giscardians) [leader NA]; Mouvement des Radicaux de Gauche or MRG [leader NA]; Rally for the Republic or RPR [Clovis LOGOLOGOFOLAU]; Taumu'a Lelei [Soane Muni UHILA]; Union Populaire Locale or UPL [Falakiko GATA]; Union Pour la Democratie Francaise or UDF [leader NA]

Yemen: there are over 12 political parties active in Yemen, some of the more prominent are: General People's Congress or GPC [President Ali Abdallah SALIH]; Islamic Reform Grouping or Islah [Shaykh Abdallah bin Husayn al-AHMAR]; National Arab Socialist Baath Party [Dr. Qassim SALAAM]; Nasserite Unionist Party [Abdel Malik al-MAKHLAFI]; Yemeni Socialist Party or YSP [Ali Salih MUQBIL]

note: President SALIH's General People's Congress or GPC won a landslide victory in the April 1997 legislative election and no longer governs in coalition with Shaykh Abdallah bin Husayn al-AHMAR's Islamic Reform Grouping or Islah - the two parties had been in coalition since the end of the civil war in 1994; the YSP, a loyal opposition party, boycotted the April 1997 legislative election, but announced that it would participate in Yemen's first local elections to be held in February 2001; these local elections aim to decentralize political power and are a key element of the government's political reform program

Yugoslavia: Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM [Jozsef KASZA]; Civic Alliance of Serbia or GSS [Vesna PESIC]; Coalition Sandzak [Rasim JAJIC]; Coalition Sumadija [Branislav KOVACEVIC]; Democratic Alternative of DA [Nebojsa COVIC]; Democratic Center or DC [Dragoljub MICUNOVIC]; Democratic Christian Party of Serbia of DHSS [Vladan BATIC]; Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK [Dr. Ibrahim RUGOVA, president]; Democratic Opposition of Serbia or DOS [leader NA]; Democratic Party or DS [Zoran DJINDJIC]; Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS [Vojislav KOSTUNICA]; Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC]; Movement for a Democratic Serbia or PDS [Momcilo PERISIC]; New Democracy or ND [Dusan MIHAJLOVIC]; New Serbia [Velimir ILIC and Milan St. PROTIC]; People's Party of Montenegro or NS [Dragan SOC]; Serb People's Party or SNS [leader NA]; Serbian Radical Party or SRS [Vojislav SESELJ]; Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO [Vuk DRASKOVIC, president]; Serbian Socialist Party or SPS (former Communist Party) [Slobodan MILOSEVIC]; Social Democracy or SD [Vuk OBRADOVIC]; Social Democratic Union or SDU [Zarko KORAC]; Socialist People's Party of Montenegro or SNP [Momir BULATOVIC]; Yugoslav United Left or JUL [Ljubisa RISTIC]

Zambia: Agenda for Zambia or AZ [Akashambatwa LEWANIKA]; Labor Party or LP [Chibiza MFUNI]; Liberal Progressive Front or LPF [Roger CHONGWE, president]; Movement for Democratic Process or MDP [Chama CHAKOM BOKA]; Movement for Multiparty Democracy or MMD [Frederick CHILUBA]; National Party or NP [Daniel LISULO]; Republican Party or RP [Ben MWILA]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Gwendoline Konie]; United National Independence Party or UNIP [Tilyenji KAUNDA]; United Party for National Development or UPND [Anderson MAZOKA]; Zambia Democratic Congress or Zadeco [Eden JERRY, acting head]

Zimbabwe: Movement for Democratic Change or MDC [Morgan TSVANGIRAI]; Popular Democratic Front or PDF [Austin CHAKAODZA]; United Parties [Abel MUZOREWA]; Zimbabwe African National Union-Ndonga or ZANU-Ndonga [Ndabaningi SITHOLE]; Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front or ZANU-PF [Robert MUGABE]; Zimbabwe Unity Movement or ZUM [Edgar TEKERE]

Taiwan: Chinese New Party or CNP [HAU Lang-bin]; Democratic Progressive Party or DPP [Frank HSIEH, chairman]; Kuomintang or KMT (Nationalist Party) [LIEN Chan, chairman]; New Party or NP [LI Ching-hwa]; People First Party or PFP [James SOONG, chairman]; other minor parties

======================================================================

@Political pressure groups and leaders

Afghanistan: Afghan refugees in Pakistan, Australia, US, and elsewhere have organized politically; Mellat (Social Democratic Party) [leader NA]; Peshawar, Pakistan-based groups such as the Coordination Council for National Unity and Understanding in Afghanistan or CUNUA [Ishaq GAILANI]; tribal elders represent traditional Pashtun leadership; Writers Union of Free Afghanistan or WUFA [A. Rasul AMIN]

Albania: NA

Algeria: NA

American Samoa: NA

Andorra: NA

Angola: Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda or FLEC [N'zita Henriques TIAGO; Antonio Bento BEMBE]

note: FLEC is waging a small-scale, highly factionalized, armed struggle for the independence of Cabinda Province

Anguilla: NA

Antigua and Barbuda: Antigua Trades and Labor Union or ATLU [William ROBINSON]; People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Hugh MARSHALL]

Argentina: Argentine Association of Pharmaceutical Labs (CILFA); Argentine Industrial Union (manufacturers' association); Argentine Rural Society (large landowners' association); business organizations; General Confederation of Labor or CGT (Peronist-leaning umbrella labor organization); Peronist-dominated labor movement; Roman Catholic Church; students

Armenia: NA

Aruba: NA

Australia: Australian Democratic Labor Party (anti-Communist Labor Party splinter group); Peace and Nuclear Disarmament Action (Nuclear Disarmament Party splinter group)

Austria: Austrian Trade Union Federation (primarily Socialist) or OeGB; Federal Economic Chamber; OeVP-oriented League of Austrian Industrialists or VOeI; Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay organization, Catholic Action; three composite leagues of the Austrian People's Party or OeVP representing business, labor, and farmers

Azerbaijan: Sadval, Lezgin movement; self-proclaimed Armenian Nagorno-Karabakh Republic; Talysh independence movement

Bahamas, The: NA

Bahrain: Shi'a activists fomented unrest sporadically 1994-97, demanding the return of an elected National Assembly and an end to unemployment; several small, clandestine leftist and Islamic fundamentalist groups are active

Bangladesh: NA

Barbados: Barbados Workers Union [Leroy TROTMAN]; Clement Payne Labor Union [David COMMISSIONG]; People's Progressive Movement [Eric SEALY]; Worker's Party of Barbados [Dr. George BELLE]

Belarus: NA

Belgium: Christian and Socialist Trade Unions; Federation of Belgian Industries; numerous other associations representing bankers, manufacturers, middle-class artisans, and the legal and medical professions; various organizations represent the cultural interests of Flanders and Wallonia; various peace groups such as Pax Christi and groups representing immigrants

Belize: Society for the Promotion of Education and Research or SPEAR [Diane HAYLOCK]; United Worker's Front

Benin: NA

Bermuda: Bermuda Industrial Union or BIU [Derrick BURGESS]; Bermuda Public Services Association or BPSA [Betty CHRISTOPHER]

Bhutan: Buddhist clergy; ethnic Nepalese organizations leading militant antigovernment campaign; Indian merchant community; United Front for Democracy (exiled)

Bolivia: Cocalero Groups; indigenous organizations; labor unions

Bosnia and Herzegovina: NA

Botswana: NA

Brazil: left wing of the Catholic Church, Landless Worker's Movement, and labor unions allied to leftist Worker's Party are critical of government's social and economic policies

British Virgin Islands: NA

Brunei: NA

Bulgaria: agrarian movement; Bulgarian Democratic Center; Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria or CITUB; Democratic Alliance for the Republic or DAR; New Union for Democracy or NUD; Podkrepa Labor Confederation; numerous regional, ethnic, and national interest groups with various agendas

Burkina Faso: Burkinabe General Confederation of Labor or CGTB; Burkinabe Movement for Human Rights or HBDHP; Group of 14 February; National Confederation of Burkinabe Workers or CNTB; National Organization of Free Unions or ONSL; watchdog/political action groups throughout the country in both organizations and communities

Burma: All Burma Student Democratic Front or ABSDF; Kachin Independence Army or KIA; Karen National Union or KNU; National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma or NCGUB [Dr. SEIN WIN] consists of individuals legitimately elected to the People's Assembly but not recognized by the military regime; the group fled to a border area and joined with insurgents in December 1990 to form a parallel government; several Shan factions; United Wa State Army or UWSA

Burundi: Loosely organized Tutsi militias, often affiliated with Tutsi extremist parties

Cambodia: NA

Cameroon: Cameroon Anglophone Movement or CAM [Vishe FAI, secretary general]; Southern Cameroon National Council [Nfor Ngala NFOR, acting]

Canada: NA

Cape Verde: NA

Cayman Islands: NA

Central African Republic: NA

Chad: NA

Chile: revitalized university student federations at all major universities; Roman Catholic Church; United Labor Central or CUT includes trade unionists from the country's five largest labor confederations

China: no substantial political opposition groups exist, although the government has identified the Falungong sect and the China Democracy Party as potential rivals

Christmas Island: none

Cocos (Keeling) Islands: none

Colombia: two largest insurgent groups active in Colombia - National Liberation Army or ELN and Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia or FARC; largest paramilitary group is United Self-Defense Groups of Colombia or AUC

Comoros: NA

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: NA

Congo, Republic of the: Congolese Trade Union Congress or CSC; General Union of Congolese Pupils and Students or UGEEC; Revolutionary Union of Congolese Women or URFC; Union of Congolese Socialist Youth or UJSC

Cook Islands: NA

Costa Rica: Authentic Confederation of Democratic Workers or CATD (Communist Party affiliate); Chamber of Coffee Growers; Confederated Union of Workers or CUT (Communist Party affiliate); Costa Rican Confederation of Democratic Workers or CCTD (Liberation Party affiliate); Federation of Public Service Workers or FTSP; National Association for Economic Development or ANFE; National Association of Educators or ANDE; Rerum Novarum or CTRN (PLN affiliate) [Gilbert Brown]

Cote d'Ivoire: NA

Croatia: NA

Cuba: NA

Cyprus: Confederation of Cypriot Workers or SEK (pro-West); Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions or Dev-Is; Federation of Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions or Turk-Sen; Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation or PEO (Communist controlled)

Czech Republic: Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions [Richard FALBR]

Denmark: NA

Djibouti: Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy or FRUD and affiliates; Movement for Unity and Democracy or MUD

Dominica: Dominica Liberation Movement or DLM (a small leftist party)

Dominican Republic: Collective of Popular Organizations or COP

Ecuador: Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador or CONAIE [Antonio VARGAS]; Coordinator of Social Movements or CMS [F. Napoleon SANTOS]; Popular Front or FP [Luis VILLACIS]

Egypt: despite a constitutional ban against religious-based parties, the technically illegal Muslim Brotherhood constitutes MUBARAK's potentially most significant political opposition; MUBARAK tolerated limited political activity by the Brotherhood for his first two terms, but moved more aggressively since then to block its influence; civic society groups are sanctioned, but constrained in practical terms; trade unions and professional associations are officially sanctioned

El Salvador: labor organizations - Electrical Industry Union of El Salvador or SIES; Federation of the Construction Industry, Similar Transport and other activities, or FESINCONTRANS; National Confederation of Salvadoran Workers or CNTS; National Union of Salvadoran Workers or UNTS; Port Industry Union of El Salvador or SIPES; Salvadoran Union of Ex-Petrolleros and Peasant Workers or USEPOC; Salvadoran Workers Central or CTS; Workers Union of Electrical Corporation or STCEL; business organizations - National Association of Small Enterprise or ANEP; Salvadoran Assembly Industry Association or ASIC; Salvadoran Industrial Association or ASI

Equatorial Guinea: NA

Eritrea: Eritrean Islamic Jihad or EIJ; Eritrean Liberation Front or ELF [ABDULLAH Muhammed]; Eritrean Liberation Front-Revolutionary Council or ELF-RC [Ahmed NASSER]; Eritrean Liberation Front-United Organization or ELF-UO [Mohammed Said NAWD]

Estonia: NA

Ethiopia: Southern Ethiopia People's Democratic Coalition; numerous small, ethnically based groups have formed since the defeat of the former MENGISTU regime in 1991, including several Islamic militant groups

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): none

Faroe Islands: NA

Fiji: NA

Finland: Communist Workers Party [Timo LAHDENMAKI]; Constitutional Rightist Party; Finnish Communist Party-Unity [Yrjo HAKANEN]; Finnish Pensioners Party

France: Communist-controlled labor union (Confederation Generale du Travail) or CGT, nearly 2.4 million members (claimed); independent labor union or Force Ouvriere, 1 million members (est.); independent white-collar union or Confederation Generale des Cadres, 340,000 members (claimed); National Council of French Employers (Conseil National du Patronat Francais) or CNPF or Patronat; Socialist-leaning labor union (Confederation Francaise Democratique du Travail) or CFDT, about 800,000 members (est.)

French Guiana: NA

French Polynesia: NA

Gabon: NA

Gambia, The: NA

Georgia: Georgian refugees from Abkhazia (Abkhaz faction in Georgian Parliament); separatist elements in the breakaway region of Abkhazia; supporters of the late ousted President Zviad GAMSAKHURDYA remain a source of opposition

Germany: employers' organizations; expellee, refugee, trade unions, and veterans groups

Ghana: NA

Gibraltar: Chamber of Commerce; Gibraltar Representatives Organization; Housewives Association

Greece: NA

Greenland: NA

Grenada: NA

Guadeloupe: Christian Movement for the Liberation of Guadeloupe or KLPG; General Federation of Guadeloupe Workers or CGT-G; General Union of Guadeloupe Workers or UGTG; Movement for Independent Guadeloupe or MPGI

Guam: NA

Guatemala: Agrarian Owners Group or UNAGRO; Alliance Against Impunity or AAI; Committee for Campesino Unity or CUC; Coordinating Committee of Agricultural, Commercial, Industrial, and Financial Associations or CACIF; Mutual Support Group or GAM

Guernsey: none

Guinea: NA

Guinea-Bissau: NA

Guyana: Civil Liberties Action Committee or CLAC; Guyana Council of Indian Organizations or GCIO; Rise, Organize and Rebuild or ROAR [Ravi DEV]; Trades Union Congress or TUC

note: the GCIO and the CLAC are small and active but not well organized

Haiti: Autonomous Haitian Workers or CATH; Confederation of Haitian Workers or CTH; Federation of Workers Trade Unions or FOS; National Popular Assembly or APN; Papaye Peasants Movement or MPP; Popular Organizations Gathering Power or PROP; Roman Catholic Church

Holy See (Vatican City): none (exclusive of influence exercised by church officers)

Honduras: Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in Honduras or CODEH; Confederation of Honduran Workers or CTH; Coordinating Committee of Popular Organizations or CCOP; General Workers Confederation or CGT; Honduran Council of Private Enterprise or COHEP; National Association of Honduran Campesinos or ANACH; National Union of Campesinos or UNC; Popular Bloc or BP; United Federation of Honduran Workers or FUTH

Hong Kong: Chinese General Chamber of Commerce (pro-China); Chinese Manufacturers' Association of Hong Kong; Confederation of Trade Unions (pro-democracy) [LAU Chin-shek, president; LEE Cheuk-yan, general secretary]; Federation of Hong Kong Industries; Federation of Trade Unions (pro-China) [LEE Chark-tim, president]; Hong Kong Alliance in Support of the Patriotic Democratic Movement in China [Szeto WAH, chairman]; Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade Union Council (pro-Taiwan); Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce; Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union [CHEUNG Man-kwong, president]; Liberal Democratic Federation [HU Fa-kuang, chairman]

Hungary: NA

Iceland: NA

India: numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations, including Vishwa Hindu Parishad, Bajrang Dal, and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh; various separatist groups seeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy, including the All Parties Hurriyat Conference

Indonesia: NA

Iran: active student groups include the pro-reform "Organization for Strengthening Unity" and "the Union of Islamic Student Societies'; groups that generally support the Islamic Republic include Ansar-e Hizballah, Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution, Muslim Students Following the Line of the Imam, and the Islamic Coalition Association; opposition groups include the Liberation Movement of Iran and the Nation of Iran party; armed political groups that have been almost completely repressed by the government include Mojahedin-e Khalq Organization (MEK), People's Fedayeen, Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan; the Society for the Defense of Freedom

Iraq: any formal political activity must be sanctioned by the government; opposition to regime from Kurdish groups and southern Shi'a dissidents

Ireland: NA

Israel: Gush Emunim, Israeli nationalists advocating Jewish settlement on the West Bank and Gaza Strip; Peace Now supports territorial concessions in the West Bank and is critical of government's Lebanon policy

Italy: Italian manufacturers and merchants associations (Confindustria, Confcommercio); organized farm groups (Confcoltivatori, Confagricoltura); Roman Catholic Church; three major trade union confederations (Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro or CGIL [Sergio COFFERATI] which is left wing, Confederazione Italiana dei Sindacati Lavoratori or CISL [Sergio D'ANTONI] which is Catholic centrist, and Unione Italiana del Lavoro or UIL [Pietro LARIZZA] which is lay centrist)

Jamaica: New Beginnings Movement or NBM; Rastafarians (black religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists)

Japan: NA

Jersey: none

Jordan: Council of Professional Association Presidents [Ahmad al-QADIRI, chairman]; Jordanian Press Association [Sayf al-SHARIF, president]; Muslim Brotherhood [Abd-al-Majid DHUNAYBAT, secretary general]

Kazakhstan: Kazakhstan International Bureau on Human Rights [Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS, executive director]

Kenya: human rights groups; labor unions; Muslim organizations; National Convention Executive Council or NCEC, a proreform coalition of political parties and nongovernment organizations [Kivutha KIBWANA]; Protestant National Council of Churches of Kenya or NCCK [Mutava MUSYIMI]; Roman Catholic and other Christian churches; Supreme Council of Kenya Muslims or SUPKEM [Shaykh Abdul Gafur al-BUSAIDY, chairman]

Kiribati: NA

Korea, North: NA

Korea, South: Federation of Korean Industries; Federation of Korean Trade Unions; Korean Confederation of Trade Unions; Korean National Council of Churches; Korean Traders Association; Korean Veterans' Association; National Council of Labor Unions; National Democratic Alliance of Korea; National Federation of Farmers' Associations; National Federation of Student Associations

Kuwait: several political groups act as de facto parties: Bedouins, merchants, Sunni and Shi'a activists, and secular leftists and nationalists

Kyrgyzstan: Council of Free Trade Unions; Kyrgyz Committee on Human Rights [Ramazan DYRYIDAYEV]; National Unity Democratic Movement; Union of Entrepreneurs

Laos: noncommunist political groups proscribed; most opposition leaders fled the country in 1975

Latvia: NA

Lebanon: NA

Lesotho: NA

Liberia: NA

Libya: various Arab nationalist movements with almost negligible memberships may be functioning clandestinely, as well as some Islamic elements

Liechtenstein: NA

Lithuania: NA

Luxembourg: ABBL (bankers' association); ALEBA (financial sector trade union); Centrale Paysanne (federation of agricultural producers); CEP (professional sector chamber); CGFP (trade union representing civil service); Chambre de Commerce (Chamber of Commerce); Chambre des Metiers (Chamber of Artisans); FEDIL (federation of industrialists); LCGP (center-right trade union); OGBL (center-left trade union)

Macau: Catholic Church [Domingos LAM, bishop]; Macau Society of Tourism and Entertainment or STDM [Stanley HO, managing director]; Union for Democracy Development [Antonio NG Kuok-cheong, leader]

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: NA

Madagascar: Federalist Movement; National Council of Christian Churches or FFKM

Malawi: NA

Malaysia: NA

Maldives: none

Mali: Patriotic Movement of the Ghanda Koye or MPGK; United Movement and Fronts of Azawad or MFUA

Malta: NA

Man, Isle of: none

Marshall Islands: NA

Martinique: Association for the Protection of Martinique's Heritage (ecologist) [Garcin MALSA]; Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance or ARC; Central Union for Martinique Workers or CSTM [Marc PULVAR]; Frantz Fanon Circle; League of Workers and Peasants; Proletarian Action Group or GAP; Socialist Revolution Group or GRS [Philippe PIERRE-CHARLES]

Mauritania: Arab nationalists; Ba'athists; General Confederation of Mauritanian Workers or CGTM [Abdallahi Ould MOHAMED, secretary general]; Independent Confederation of Mauritanian Workers or CLTM [Samory Ould BEYE]; Islamists; Mauritanian Workers Union or UTM [Mohamed Ely Ould BRAHIM, secretary general]

Mauritius: various labor unions

Mayotte: NA

Mexico: Confederation of Employers of the Mexican Republic or COPARMEX; Confederation of Industrial Chambers or CONCAMIN; Confederation of Mexican Workers or CTM; Confederation of National Chambers of Commerce or CONCANACO; Coordinator for Foreign Trade Business Organizations or COECE; Federation of Unions Providing Goods and Services or FESEBES; National Chamber of Transformation Industries or CANACINTRA; National Peasant Confederation or CNC; National Union of Workers or UNT; Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers or CROM; Revolutionary Confederation of Workers and Peasants or CROC; Roman Catholic Church

Moldova: NA

Monaco: NA

Mongolia: NA

Montserrat: NA

Morocco: Association of Popular Trade Unions or ADP [leader NA]; Democratic Confederation of Labor or CDT [Noubir AMAOUI]; Democratic National Trade Union or USND [leader NA]; Democratic Trade Union or SD [leader NA]; General Union of Moroccan Workers or UGTM [Abderrazzak AFILAL]; Labor Union Commissions or CS [leader NA]; Moroccan National Workers Union or UNMT [leader NA]; Moroccan Union of Workers or UTM [Mahjoub BENSEDIQ]; Party of Shura and Istiqla [Abdelwaheb MAASH]

Mozambique: NA

Namibia: NA

Nauru: NA

Nepal: Maoist guerrilla-based insurgency; numerous small, left-leaning student groups in the capital; several small, radical Nepalese antimonarchist groups

Netherlands: Federation of Netherlands Trade Union Movement (comprising Socialist and Catholic trade unions) and a Protestant trade union; Federation of Catholic and Protestant Employers Associations; Interchurch Peace Council or IKV; large multinational firms; the nondenominational Federation of Netherlands Enterprises

Netherlands Antilles: NA

New Caledonia: NA

New Zealand: NA

Nicaragua: National Workers Front or FNT is a Sandinista umbrella group of eight labor unions including - Farm Workers Association or ATC, Health Workers Federation or FETASALUD, Heroes and Martyrs Confederation of Professional Associations or CONAPRO, National Association of Educators of Nicaragua or ANDEN, National Union of Employees or UNE, National Union of Farmers and Ranchers or UNAG, Sandinista Workers Central or CST, and Union of Journalists of Nicaragua or UPN; Permanent Congress of Workers or CPT is an umbrella group of four non-Sandinista labor unions including - Autonomous Nicaraguan Workers Central or CTN-A, Confederation of Labor Unification or CUS, Independent General Confederation of Labor or CGT-I, and Labor Action and Unity Central or CAUS; Nicaraguan Workers' Central or CTN is an independent labor union; Superior Council of Private Enterprise or COSEP is a confederation of business groups

Niger: NA

Nigeria: NA

Niue: NA

Norfolk Island: none

Northern Mariana Islands: NA

Norway: NA

Oman: none

Pakistan: military remains important political force; ulema (clergy), landowners, industrialists, and small merchants also influential

Palau: NA

Panama: Chamber of Commerce; National Civic Crusade; National Council of Organized Workers or CONATO; National Union of Construction and Similar Workers (SUNTRACS); National Council of Private Enterprise or CONEP; Panamanian Association of Business Executives or APEDE; Panamanian Industrialists Society or SIP; Workers Confederation of the Republic of Panama or CTRP

Papua New Guinea: NA

Paraguay: Ahorristas Estafados or AE; National Workers Central or CNT; Paraguayan Workers Confederation or CPT; Roman Catholic Church; Unitary Workers Central or CUT

Peru: leftist guerrilla groups include Shining Path [Abimael GUZMAN Reynoso (imprisoned), Gabriel MACARIO (top leader at-large)]; Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement or MRTA [Victor POLAY (imprisoned), Hugo AVALLENEDA Valdez (top leader at-large)]

Philippines: NA

Pitcairn Islands: none

Poland: All Poland Trade Union Alliance or OPZZ (trade union); Roman Catholic Church; Solidarity (trade union)

Portugal: NA

Puerto Rico: Armed Forces for National Liberation or FALN; Armed Forces of Popular Resistance; Boricua Popular Army (also known as the Macheteros); Volunteers of the Puerto Rican Revolution

Qatar: none

Reunion: NA

Romania: various human rights and professional associations

Russia: NA

Rwanda: IBUKA - association of genocide survivors

Saint Helena: none

Saint Kitts and Nevis: NA

Saint Lucia: NA

Saint Pierre and Miquelon: NA

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: NA

Samoa: NA

San Marino: NA

Sao Tome and Principe: NA

Saudi Arabia: none

Senegal: labor; Muslim brotherhoods; students; teachers

Seychelles: Roman Catholic Church; trade unions

Sierra Leone: Trade Unions and Student Unions

Singapore: NA

Slovakia: Association of Employers of Slovakia; Association of Towns and Villages or ZMOS; Confederation of Trade Unions or KOZ; Metal Workers Unions or KOVO and METALURG

Slovenia: NA

Solomon Islands: NA

Somalia: numerous clan and subclan factions are currently vying for power

South Africa: Congress of South African Trade Unions or COSATU [Zwelinzima VAVI, general secretary]; South African Communist Party or SACP [Blade NZIMANDE, general secretary]; South African National Civics Organization or SANCO [Mlungisi HLONGWANE, national president]; note - COSATU and SACP are in a formal alliance with the ANC

Spain: business and landowning interests; Catholic Church; Euskal Herritarok or EH [Herri BATASUNA]; free labor unions (authorized in April 1977); on the extreme left, the Basque Fatherland and Liberty or ETA and the First of October Antifascist Resistance Group or GRAPO use terrorism to oppose the government; Opus Dei; Socialist General Union of Workers or UGT and the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union or USO; university students; Workers Confederation or CC.OO

Sri Lanka: Buddhist clergy; labor unions; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam or LTTE (insurgent group fighting for a separate state); radical chauvinist Sinhalese groups such as the National Movement Against Terrorism; Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups

Sudan: National Congress Party [Ibrahim Ahmed UMAR] (front for the National Islamic Front or NIF); Popular National Congress [Hassan al-TURABI]; Umma [Sadiq al-MAHDI]; Democratic Unionist Party [Muhammed Uthman AL-MIRGHANI]; National Democratic Alliance [Muhammed Uthman AL-MIRGHANI, chairman]; Sudan People's Liberation Army [Dr. John GARANG]

Suriname: General Liberation and Development Party or ABOP [Ronnie BRUNSWIJK]; Mandela Bushnegro Liberation Movement [Leendert ADAMS]; Tucayana Amazonica [Alex JUBITANA, Thomas SABAJO]; Union for Liberation and Democracy [Kofi AFONGPONG]

Swaziland: NA

Sweden: NA

Switzerland: NA

Syria: conservative religious leaders; Muslim Brotherhood (operates in exile in Jordan and Yemen); non-Ba'th parties have little effective political influence

Tajikistan: NA

Tanzania: NA

Thailand: NA

Togo: NA

Tokelau: none

Tonga: Pro-Democracy and Human Rights Movement [leader NA]

Trinidad and Tobago: Jamaat Al Musilmeen [Abu BAKR]

Tunisia: the Islamic fundamentalist party, Al Nahda (Renaissance), is outlawed

Turkey: Confederation of Revolutionary Workers Unions or DISK [Ridvan BUDAK]; Independent Industrialists and Businessmen's Association or MUSIAD [Erol YARAR]; Moral Rights Workers Union or Hak-Is [Salim USLU]; Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or TUSIAD [Muharrem KAYHAN]; Turkish Confederation of Employers' Unions or TISK [Refik BAYDUR]; Turkish Confederation of Labor or Turk-Is [Bayram MERAL]; Turkish Union of Chambers of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges or TOBB [Fuat MIRAS]

Turkmenistan: NA

Turks and Caicos Islands: NA

Tuvalu: none

Uganda: NA

Ukraine: NA

United Arab Emirates: NA

United Kingdom: Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament; Confederation of British Industry; National Farmers' Union; Trades Union Congress

United States: NA

Uruguay: NA

Uzbekistan: Birlik (Unity) Movement [Abdurakhim PULAT, chairman]; Erk (Freedom) Democratic Party [Muhammad SOLIH, chairman] was banned 9 December 1992; Human Rights Society of Uzbekistan [Abdumanob PULAT, chairman]; Independent Human Rights Society of Uzbekistan [Mikhail ARDZINOV, chairman]

Vanuatu: NA

Venezuela: FEDECAMARAS, a conservative business group; VECINOS groups; Venezuelan Confederation of Workers or CTV (labor organization dominated by the Democratic Action)

Vietnam: none

Virgin Islands: NA

Wallis and Futuna: NA

Western Sahara: none

Yemen: NA

Yugoslavia: Alliance for the Future of Kosovo or AAK [leader RAMUSH]; Group of 17 Independent Economists or G-17 [leader NA]; National Movement for the Liberation of Kosovo or LKCK [Sabit GASHI]; Otpor Student Resistance Movement [leader NA]; Political Council for Presevo, Meveda and Bujanovac or PCPMB [leader NA]; The People's Movement for Kosovo or LPK [leader NA]

Zambia: NA

Zimbabwe: National Constitutional Assembly or NCA

Taiwan: Taiwan independence movement, various business and environmental groups

note: debate on Taiwan independence has become acceptable within the mainstream of domestic politics on Taiwan; political liberalization and the increased representation of opposition parties in Taiwan's legislature have opened public debate on the island's national identity; a broad popular consensus has developed that Taiwan currently enjoys de facto independence and - whatever the ultimate outcome regarding reunification or independence - that Taiwan's people must have the deciding voice; advocates of Taiwan independence oppose the stand that the island will eventually reunify with mainland China; goals of the Taiwan independence movement include establishing a sovereign nation on Taiwan and entering the UN; other organizations supporting Taiwan independence include the World United Formosans for Independence and the Organization for Taiwan Nation Building

======================================================================

@Population

Afghanistan: 26,813,057 (July 2001 est.)

Albania: 3,510,484 (July 2001 est.)

Algeria: 31,736,053 (July 2001 est.)

American Samoa: 67,084 (July 2001 est.)

Andorra: 67,627 (July 2001 est.)

Angola: 10,366,031 (July 2001 est.)

Anguilla: 12,132 (July 2001 est.)

Antarctica: no indigenous inhabitants, but there are seasonally staffed research stations

note: approximately 29 nations, all signatory to the Antarctic Treaty, send personnel to perform seasonal (summer) and year-round research on the continent and in its surrounding oceans; the population of persons doing and supporting science on the continent and its nearby islands south of 60 degrees south latitude (the region covered by the Antarctic Treaty) varies from approximately 4,000 in summer to 1,000 in winter; in addition, approximately 1,000 personnel including ship's crew and scientists doing onboard research are present in the waters of the treaty region; Summer (January) population - 3,687 total; Argentina 302, Australia 201, Belgium 13, Brazil 80, Bulgaria 16, Chile 352, China 70, Finland 11, France 100, Germany 51, India 60, Italy 106, Japan 136, South Korea 14, Netherlands 10, NZ 60, Norway 40, Peru 28, Poland 70, Russia 254, South Africa 80, Spain 43, Sweden 20, UK 192, US 1,378 (1998-99); Winter (July) population - 964 total; Argentina 165, Australia 75, Brazil 12, Chile 129, China 33, France 33, Germany 9, India 25, Japan 40, South Korea 14, NZ 10, Poland 20, Russia 102, South Africa 10, UK 39, US 248 (1998-99); year-round stations - 42 total; Argentina 6, Australia 4, Brazil 1, Chile 4, China 2, Finland 1, France 1, Germany 1, India 1, Italy 1, Japan 1, South Korea 1, NZ 1, Norway 1, Poland 1, Russia 6, South Africa 1, Spain 1, Ukraine 1, UK 2, US 3, Uruguay 1 (1998-99); Summer-only stations - 32 total; Argentina 3, Australia 4, Bulgaria 1, Chile 7, Germany 1, India 1, Japan 3, NZ 1, Peru 1, Russia 3, Sweden 2, UK 5 (1998-99); in addition, during the austral summer some nations have numerous occupied locations such as tent camps, summer-long temporary facilities, and mobile traverses in support of research (July 2001 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda: 66,970 (July 2001 est.)

Argentina: 37,384,816 (July 2001 est.)

Armenia: 3,336,100 (July 2001 est.)

Aruba: 70,007 (July 2001 est.)

Ashmore and Cartier Islands: no indigenous inhabitants

note: there are only seasonal caretakers (July 2001 est.)

Australia: 19,357,594 (July 2001 est.)

Austria: 8,150,835 (July 2001 est.)

Azerbaijan: 7,771,092 (July 2001 est.)

Bahamas, The: 297,852

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Bahrain: 645,361

note: includes 228,424 non-nationals (July 2001 est.)

Baker Island: uninhabited

note: American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air and naval attacks during World War II; occupied by US military during World War II, but abandoned after the war; public entry is by special-use permit from US Fish and Wildlife Service only and generally restricted to scientists and educators; a cemetery and remnants of structures from early settlement are located near the middle of the west coast; visited annually by US Fish and Wildlife Service (July 2001 est.)

Bangladesh: 131,269,860 (July 2001 est.)

Barbados: 275,330 (July 2001 est.)

Bassas da India: uninhabited (July 2001 est.)

Belarus: 10,350,194 (July 2001 est.)

Belgium: 10,258,762 (July 2001 est.)

Belize: 256,062 (July 2001 est.)

Benin: 6,590,782

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Bermuda: 63,503 (July 2001 est.)

Bhutan: 2,049,412 (July 2001 est.)

note: other estimates range as low as 800,000

Bolivia: 8,300,463 (July 2001 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina: 3,922,205

note: all data dealing with population are subject to considerable error because of the dislocations caused by military action and ethnic cleansing (July 2001 est.)

Botswana: 1,586,119

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Bouvet Island: uninhabited (July 2001 est.)

Brazil: 174,468,575

note: Brazil took an intercensal count in August 1996 which reported a population of 157,079,573; that figure was about 5% lower than projections by the US Census Bureau, which is close to the implied underenumeration of 4.6% for the 1991 census; estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

British Indian Ocean Territory: no indigenous inhabitants

note: approximately 1,200 former agricultural workers resident in the Chagos Archipelago, often referred to as Chagossians or Ilois, were relocated to Mauritius and the Seychelles around the time of the construction of UK-US military facilities; in 1995, there were approximately 1,700 UK and US military personnel and 1,500 civilian contractors living on the island of Diego Garcia

British Virgin Islands: 20,812 (July 2001 est.)

Brunei: 343,653 (July 2001 est.)

Bulgaria: 7,707,495 (July 2001 est.)

Burkina Faso: 12,272,289

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Burma: 41,994,678

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Burundi: 6,223,897

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Cambodia: 12,491,501

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Cameroon: 15,803,220

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Canada: 31,592,805 (July 2001 est.)

Cape Verde: 405,163 (July 2001 est.)

Cayman Islands: 35,527 (July 2001 est.)

Central African Republic: 3,576,884

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Chad: 8,707,078 (July 2001 est.)

Chile: 15,328,467 (July 2001 est.)

China: 1,273,111,290 (July 2001 est.)

Christmas Island: 2,771 (July 2001 est.)

Clipperton Island: uninhabited (July 2001 est.)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands: 633 (July 2001 est.)

Colombia: 40,349,388 (July 2001 est.)

Comoros: 596,202 (July 2001 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: 53,624,718

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Congo, Republic of the: 2,894,336

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Cook Islands: 20,611 (July 2001 est.)

Coral Sea Islands: no indigenous inhabitants

note: there is a staff of three to four at the meteorological station (July 2001 est.)

Costa Rica: 3,773,057 (July 2001 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire: 16,393,221

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Croatia: 4,334,142 (July 2001 est.)

Cuba: 11,184,023 (July 2001 est.)

Cyprus: 762,887 (July 2001 est.)

Czech Republic: 10,264,212 (July 2001 est.)

Denmark: 5,352,815 (July 2001 est.)

Djibouti: 460,700 (July 2001 est.)

Dominica: 70,786 (July 2001 est.)

Dominican Republic: 8,581,477 (July 2001 est.)

Ecuador: 13,183,978 (July 2001 est.)

Egypt: 69,536,644 (July 2001 est.)

El Salvador: 6,237,662 (July 2001 est.)

Equatorial Guinea: 486,060 (July 2001 est.)

Eritrea: 4,298,269 (July 2001 est.)

Estonia: 1,423,316 (July 2001 est.)

Ethiopia: 65,891,874

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Europa Island: no indigenous inhabitants

note: there is a small French military garrison (July 2001 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): 2,895 (July 2001 est.)

Faroe Islands: 45,661 (July 2001 est.)

Fiji: 844,330 (July 2001 est.)

Finland: 5,175,783 (July 2001 est.)

France: 59,551,227 (July 2001 est.)

French Guiana: 177,562 (July 2001 est.)

French Polynesia: 253,506 (July 2001 est.)

French Southern and Antarctic Lands: no indigenous inhabitants (July 2001 est.)

note: in 1997, there were about 100 researchers whose numbers vary from winter (July) to summer (January)

Gabon: 1,221,175

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Gambia, The: 1,411,205 (July 2001 est.)

Gaza Strip: 1,178,119 (July 2001 est.)

note: in addition, there are some 6,900 Israeli settlers in the Gaza Strip (August 2000 est.)

Georgia: 4,989,285 (July 2001 est.)

Germany: 83,029,536 (July 2001 est.)

Ghana: 19,894,014

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Gibraltar: 27,649 (July 2001 est.)

Glorioso Islands: no indigenous inhabitants

note: there is a small French military garrison (July 2001 est.)

Greece: 10,623,835 (July 2001 est.)

Greenland: 56,352 (July 2001 est.)

Grenada: 89,227 (July 2001 est.)

Guadeloupe: 431,170 (July 2001 est.)

Guam: 157,557 (July 2001 est.)

Guatemala: 12,974,361 (July 2001 est.)

Guernsey: 64,342 (July 2001 est.)

Guinea: 7,613,870 (July 2001 est.)

Guinea-Bissau: 1,315,822 (July 2001 est.)

Guyana: 697,181

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Haiti: 6,964,549

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Heard Island and McDonald Islands: uninhabited (July 2001 est.)

Holy See (Vatican City): 890 (July 2001 est.)

Honduras: 6,406,052

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Hong Kong: 7,210,505 (July 2001 est.)

Howland Island: uninhabited

note: American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air and naval attacks during World War II; occupied by US military during World War II, but abandoned after the war; public entry is by special-use permit from US Fish and Wildlife Service only and generally restricted to scientists and educators; visited annually by US Fish and Wildlife Service (July 2001 est.)

Hungary: 10,106,017 (July 2001 est.)

Iceland: 277,906 (July 2001 est.)

India: 1,029,991,145 (July 2001 est.)

Indonesia: 228,437,870 (July 2001 est.)

Iran: 66,128,965 (July 2001 est.)

Iraq: 23,331,985 (July 2001 est.)

Ireland: 3,840,838 (July 2001 est.)

Israel: 5,938,093 (July 2001 est.)

note: includes about 176,000 Israeli settlers in the West Bank, about 20,000 in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, about 6,900 in the Gaza Strip, and about 173,000 in East Jerusalem (August 2000 est.)

Italy: 57,679,825 (July 2001 est.)

Jamaica: 2,665,636 (July 2001 est.)

Jan Mayen: no indigenous inhabitants

note: there are personnel who operate the Long Range Navigation (Loran-C) base and the weather and coastal services radio station (July 2001 est.)

Japan: 126,771,662 (July 2001 est.)

Jarvis Island: uninhabited

note: Millersville settlement on western side of island occasionally used as a weather station from 1935 until World War II, when it was abandoned; reoccupied in 1957 during the International Geophysical Year by scientists who left in 1958; public entry is by special-use permit from US Fish and Wildlife Service only and generally restricted to scientists and educators; visited annually by US Fish and Wildlife Service (July 2001 est.)

Jersey: 89,361 (July 2001 est.)

Johnston Atoll: no indigenous inhabitants

note: in previous years, there was an average of 1,100 US military and civilian contractor personnel present; as of 1 October 2000, population decreased to approximately 970 when US Army Chemical Activity Pacific (USACAP) departed (January 2001 est.)

Jordan: 5,153,378 (July 2001 est.)

Juan de Nova Island: no indigenous inhabitants

note: there is a small French military garrison (July 2001 est.)

Kazakhstan: 16,731,303 (July 2001 est.)

Kenya: 30,765,916

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Kingman Reef: uninhabited (July 2001 est.)

Kiribati: 94,149 (July 2001 est.)

Korea, North: 21,968,228 (July 2001 est.)

Korea, South: 47,904,370 (July 2001 est.)

Kuwait: 2,041,961

note: includes 1,159,913 non-nationals (July 2001 est.)

Kyrgyzstan: 4,753,003 (July 2001 est.)

Laos: 5,635,967 (July 2001 est.)

Latvia: 2,385,231 (July 2001 est.)

Lebanon: 3,627,774 (July 2001 est.)

Lesotho: 2,177,062

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Liberia: 3,225,837 (July 2001 est.)

Libya: 5,240,599

note: includes 662,669 non-nationals, of which an estimated 500,000 or more are Africans living in Libya (July 2001 est.)

Liechtenstein: 32,528 (July 2001 est.)

Lithuania: 3,610,535 (July 2001 est.)

Luxembourg: 442,972 (July 2001 est.)

Macau: 453,733 (July 2001 est.)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: 2,046,209 (July 2001 est.)

Madagascar: 15,982,563 (July 2001 est.)

Malawi: 10,548,250

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Malaysia: 22,229,040 (July 2001 est.)

Maldives: 310,764 (July 2001 est.)

Mali: 11,008,518 (July 2001 est.)

Malta: 394,583 (July 2001 est.)

Man, Isle of: 73,489 (July 2001 est.)

Marshall Islands: 70,822 (July 2001 est.)

Martinique: 418,454 (July 2001 est.)

Mauritania: 2,747,312 (July 2001 est.)

Mauritius: 1,189,825 (July 2001 est.)

Mayotte: 163,366 (July 2001 est.)

Mexico: 101,879,171 (July 2001 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of: 134,597 (July 2001 est.)

Midway Islands: no indigenous inhabitants; approximately 150 people make up the staff of US Fish and Wildlife Service and their services cooperator living at the atoll (July 2001 est.)

Moldova: 4,431,570 (July 2001 est.)

Monaco: 31,842 (July 2001 est.)

Mongolia: 2,654,999 (July 2001 est.)

Montserrat: 7,574

note: an estimated 8,000 refugees left the island following the resumption of volcanic activity in July 1995; some have returned (July 2001 est.)

Morocco: 30,645,305 (July 2001 est.)

Mozambique: 19,371,057

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected; the 1997 Mozambican census reported a population of 16,099,246 (July 2001 est.)

Namibia: 1,797,677

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Nauru: 12,088 (July 2001 est.)

Navassa Island: uninhabited

note: transient Haitian fishermen and others camp on the island (July 2001 est.)

Nepal: 25,284,463 (July 2001 est.)

Netherlands: 15,981,472 (July 2001 est.)

Netherlands Antilles: 212,226 (July 2001 est.)

New Caledonia: 204,863 (July 2001 est.)

New Zealand: 3,864,129 (July 2001 est.)

Nicaragua: 4,918,393 (July 2001 est.)

Niger: 10,355,156 (July 2001 est.)

Nigeria: 126,635,626

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Niue: 2,124 (July 2001 est.)

Norfolk Island: 1,879 (July 2001 est.)

Northern Mariana Islands: 74,612 (July 2001 est.)

Norway: 4,503,440 (July 2001 est.)

Oman: 2,622,198

note: includes 527,078 non-nationals (July 2001 est.)

Pakistan: 144,616,639 (July 2001 est.)

Palau: 19,092 (July 2001 est.)

Palmyra Atoll: no indigenous inhabitants; 4 to 20 Nature Conservancy staff, US Fish and Wildlife staff (July 2001 est.)

Panama: 2,845,647 (July 2001 est.)

Papua New Guinea: 5,049,055 (July 2001 est.)

Paracel Islands: no indigenous inhabitants

note: there are scattered Chinese garrisons (July 2001 est.)

Paraguay: 5,734,139 (July 2001 est.)

Peru: 27,483,864 (July 2001 est.)

Philippines: 82,841,518 (July 2001 est.)

Pitcairn Islands: 47 (July 2001 est.)

Poland: 38,633,912 (July 2001 est.)

Portugal: 10,066,253 (July 2001 est.)

Puerto Rico: 3,937,316 (July 2001 est.)

Qatar: 769,152 (July 2001 est.)

Reunion: 732,570 (July 2001 est.)

Romania: 22,364,022 (July 2001 est.)

Russia: 145,470,197 (July 2001 est.)

Rwanda: 7,312,756

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Saint Helena: 7,266 (July 2001 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis: 38,756 (July 2001 est.)

Saint Lucia: 158,178 (July 2001 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon: 6,928 (July 2001 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: 115,942 (July 2001 est.)

Samoa: 179,058 (July 2001 est.)

San Marino: 27,336 (July 2001 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe: 165,034 (July 2001 est.)

Saudi Arabia: 22,757,092

note: includes 5,360,526 non-nationals (July 2001 est.)

Senegal: 10,284,929 (July 2001 est.)

Seychelles: 79,715 (July 2001 est.)

Sierra Leone: 5,426,618 (July 2001 est.)

Singapore: 4,300,419 (July 2001 est.)

Slovakia: 5,414,937 (July 2001 est.)

Slovenia: 1,930,132 (July 2001 est.)

Solomon Islands: 480,442 (July 2001 est.)

Somalia: 7,488,773

note: this estimate was derived from an official census taken in 1975 by the Somali Government; population counting in Somalia is complicated by the large number of nomads and by refugee movements in response to famine and clan warfare (July 2001 est.)

South Africa: 43,586,097

note: South Africa took a census October 1996 which showed a population of 40,583,611 (after an official adjustment for a 6.8% underenumeration based on a postenumeration survey); estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: no indigenous inhabitants

note: the small military garrison on South Georgia withdrew in March 2001, to be replaced by a permanent group of scientists of the British Antarctic Survey which also has a biological station on Bird Island; the South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited (July 2001 est.)

Spain: 40,037,995 (July 2001 est.)

Spratly Islands: no indigenous inhabitants

note: there are scattered garrisons occupied by personnel of several claimant states (July 2001 est.)

Sri Lanka: 19,408,635 (July 2001 est.)

note: since the outbreak of hostilities between the government and armed Tamil separatists in the mid-1980s, several hundred thousand Tamil civilians have fled the island; as of mid-1999, approximately 66,000 were housed in 133 refugee camps in south India, another 40,000 lived outside the Indian camps, and more than 200,000 Tamils have sought refuge in the West

Sudan: 36,080,373 (July 2001 est.)

Suriname: 433,998 (July 2001 est.)

Svalbard: 2,332 (July 2001 est.)

Swaziland: 1,104,343

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Sweden: 8,875,053 (July 2001 est.)

Switzerland: 7,283,274 (July 2001 est.)

Syria: 16,728,808

note: in addition, there are about 38,200 people living in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights - 18,200 Arabs (16,500 Druze and 1,700 Alawites) and about 20,000 Israeli settlers (July 2001 est.)

Tajikistan: 6,578,681 (July 2001 est.)

Tanzania: 36,232,074

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Thailand: 61,797,751

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Togo: 5,153,088

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Tokelau: 1,445 (July 2001 est.)

Tonga: 104,227 (July 2001 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago: 1,169,682 (July 2001 est.)

Tromelin Island: uninhabited (July 2001 est.)

Tunisia: 9,705,102 (July 2001 est.)

Turkey: 66,493,970 (July 2001 est.)

Turkmenistan: 4,603,244 (July 2001 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands: 18,122 (July 2001 est.)

Tuvalu: 10,991 (July 2001 est.)

Uganda: 23,985,712

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Ukraine: 48,760,474 (July 2001 est.)

United Arab Emirates: 2,407,460

note: includes 1,576,472 non-nationals (July 2001 est.)

United Kingdom: 59,647,790 (July 2001 est.)

United States: 278,058,881 (July 2001 est.)

Uruguay: 3,360,105 (July 2001 est.)

Uzbekistan: 25,155,064 (July 2001 est.)

Vanuatu: 192,910 (July 2001 est.)

Venezuela: 23,916,810 (July 2001 est.)

Vietnam: 79,939,014 (July 2001 est.)

Virgin Islands: 122,211 (July 2001 est.)

Wake Island: no indigenous inhabitants

note: US military personnel have left the island, but civilian personnel remain; as of December 2000, one US Army civilian and 123 civilian contractor personnel were present (January 2001 est.)

Wallis and Futuna: 15,435 (July 2001 est.)

West Bank: 2,090,713 (July 2001 est.)

note: in addition, there are some 176,000 Israeli settlers in the West Bank and about 173,000 in East Jerusalem (August 1999 est.)

Western Sahara: 250,559 (July 2001 est.)

World: 6,157,400,560 (July 2001 est.)

Yemen: 18,078,035 (July 2001 est.)

Yugoslavia: 10,677,290

note: all data dealing with population is subject to considerable error because of the dislocations caused by military action and ethnic cleansing (July 2001 est.)

Zambia: 9,770,199

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Zimbabwe: 11,365,366

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Taiwan: 22,370,461 (July 2001 est.)

======================================================================

@Population below poverty line

Afghanistan: NA%

Albania: 19.6% (1996 est.)

Algeria: 23% (1999 est.)

American Samoa: NA%

Andorra: NA%

Angola: NA%

Anguilla: NA%

Antigua and Barbuda: NA%

Argentina: 37% (1999 est.)

Armenia: 45% (1999 est.)

Aruba: NA%

Australia: NA%

Austria: NA%

Azerbaijan: 60% (2000 est.)

Bahamas, The: NA%

Bahrain: NA%

Bangladesh: 35.6% (FY95/96 est.)

Barbados: NA%

Belarus: 22% (1995 est.)

Belgium: 4%

Belize: 33% (1999 est.)

Benin: 37.2% (1999 est.)

Bermuda: NA%

Bhutan: NA%

Bolivia: 70% (1999 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina: NA%

Botswana: 47% (2000 est.)

Brazil: 17.4% (1990 est.)

British Virgin Islands: NA%

Brunei: NA%

Bulgaria: 35% (2000 est.)

Burkina Faso: NA%

Burma: 23% (1997 est.)

Burundi: 36.2% (1990 est.)

Cambodia: 36% (1997 est.)

Cameroon: 48% (2000 est.)

Canada: NA%

Cape Verde: NA%

Cayman Islands: NA%

Central African Republic: NA%

Chad: 64% (1995 est.)

Chile: 22% (1998 est.)

China: 10% (1999 est.)

Christmas Island: NA%

Cocos (Keeling) Islands: NA%

Colombia: 55% (1999)

Comoros: NA%

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: NA%

Congo, Republic of the: NA%

Cook Islands: NA%

Costa Rica: 20.6% (1999 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire: NA%

Croatia: 4% (1999 est.)

Cuba: NA%

Cyprus: NA%

Czech Republic: NA%

Denmark: NA%

Djibouti: NA%

Dominica: NA%

Dominican Republic: 25% (1999 est.)

Ecuador: 50% (1999 est.)

Egypt: 22.9% (FY95/96 est.)

El Salvador: 48% (1999 est.)

Equatorial Guinea: NA%

Eritrea: NA%

Estonia: 8.9% (1995 est.)

Ethiopia: NA%

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): NA%

Faroe Islands: NA%

Fiji: NA%

Finland: NA%

France: NA%