Part 765

Exchange rates: Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 60,502.1 (January 1996), 45,845.1 (1995), 29,608.7 (1994), 10,984.6 (1993), 6,872.4 (1992), 4,171.8 (1991)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Transportation --------------

Railways: total: 10,386 km standard gauge: 10,386 km 1.435-m gauge (1,088 km electrified)

Highways: total: 386,704 km paved: 45,683 km (including 862 km of expressways) unpaved: 341,021 km (1992 est.)

Waterways: about 1,200 km

Pipelines: crude oil 1,738 km; petroleum products 2,321 km; natural gas 708 km

Ports: Gemlik, Hopa, Iskenderun, Istanbul, Izmir, Izmit, Mersin, Samsun, Trabzon

Merchant marine: total: 465 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,509,741 GRT/9,494,434 DWT ships by type: bulk 139, cargo 212, chemical tanker 18, combination bulk 7, combination ore/oil 12, container 2, liquefied gas tanker 4, livestock carrier 1, oil tanker 43, passenger-cargo 1, refrigerated cargo 2, roll-on/roll-off cargo 15, short-sea passenger 7, specialized tanker 2 note: Turkey owns an additional 18 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 247,369 DWT operating under the registries of Malta, Panama, Libya, and Greece (1995 est.)

Airports: total: 104 with paved runways over 3 047 m: 17 with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 19 with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 12 with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 18 with paved runways under 914 m: 28 with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 2 with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 8 (1995 est.)

Heliports: 2 (1995 est.)

Communications --------------

Telephones: 6.89 million (1990 est.)

Telephone system: fair domestic and international systems domestic: trunk microwave radio relay network; limited open-wire network international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 2 Inmarsat (Indian and Atlantic Ocean regions); 1 submarine cable

Radio broadcast stations: AM 15, FM 94, shortwave 0

Radios: 9.4 million (1992 est.)

Television broadcast stations: 357

Televisions: 10.53 million (1993 est.)

Defense -------

Branches: Land Forces, Navy (includes Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force, Coast Guard, Gendarmerie

Manpower availability: males age 15-49: 16,937,828 males fit for military service: 10,312,010 males reach military age (20) annually: 637,456 (1996 est.)

Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $6.0 billion, 4% of GDP (1995); note - figures do not include about $7 billion for the government's counterinsurgency effort against the separatist Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)

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@Turkmenistan ------------

Map ---

Location: 40 00 N, 60 00 E -- Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Kazakstan

Flag ----

Description: green field, including a vertical stripe on the hoist side, with a claret vertical stripe in between containing five white, black, and orange carpet guls (an asymmetrical design used in producing rugs) associated with five different tribes; a white crescent and five white stars in the upper left corner to the right of the carpet guls