Part 7

The =Respiratory Tract= in the cervical lateral columns just referred to.

A =Glycogenic Centre= in the anterior cervical section between the bulb and the fourth cervical nerve.

=Centres which Dilate the Pupil= between the fifth cervical and the sixth dorsal nerve.

=Cardiac Accelerator Centres= between the three last cervical and the five first dorsal nerves.

=Vaso-Motor Sudoriparous Centres= in the central gray matter.

=Centre for Anal Sphincter= between the sixth and seventh dorsal nerves.

=Centre for Vesical Sphincter= between the third and fifth lumbar nerves.

=Genital Centre=, opposite the first lumbar nerve.

=Vaso-motor and Trophic Centres= are found in the inferior horns of gray matter, and their degeneration causes progressive muscular atrophy.

The =Muscular Sense Tract= is located near the surface of the superior columns, so that a certain amount of incoördination and unsteadiness of progression follows its destruction.

The =Deeper Part of the Superior Columns= and the =Column of Goll= which bounds the superior median fissure control muscular sense and coördination, and their disease (posterior lateral sclerosis) entails locomotor ataxy.

TABLE SHOWING PROMINENT PHENOMENA FROM LESIONS OF THE CORD.

─────────────────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────────── │ LESIONS IN ─────────────────┼─────────────────┬─────────────────┬───────────────── „ │Cervical Region. │ Dorsal Region. │ Lumbar Region. ─────────────────┼─────────────────┼─────────────────┼───────────────── Paralysis in │Neck muscles; │Dorsal, abdominal│Paraplegia. │ diaphragm; │ and intercostal│ │ trunk; limbs. │ muscles. │ │ │ Paraplegia. │ Sensation │Local │Hyperæsthesia in │Hyperæsthesia in │ hyperæsthesia │ lower part of │ zone around │ in fore limbs. │ abdominal wall.│ loins; │ Anæsthesia in │ │ anæsthesia in │ rest of limbs │ │ hind limbs. │ and trunk. │ │ Atrophy │Rare in neck; │Slight in muscles│In hind limbs. │ common in fore │ behind lesion. │ │ legs. │ │ Electric reaction│Lessened in │Lessened in │Lessened in │ atrophied │ dorsal and │ atrophied │ muscles. │ abdominal │ muscles; in │ │ muscles: │ ratio. │ │ slightly in │ │ │ wasted leg. │ Bladder │Retention or │Same as cervical.│Incontinence from │ intermittent │ │ palsy of │ incontinence │ │ sphincter. │ reflex, or │ │ │ (later) from │ │ │ overflow. │ │ │ Cystitis │ │ │ common. │ │ Bowels │Involuntary │Same as cervical.│Paralysis of │ evacuation │ │ sphincter with │ (reflex spasm) │ │ incontinence; │ or │ │ costiveness. │ constipation. │ │ Superficial │Temporary loss; │Same as cervical.│Lost. reflex │ then rapid │ │ │ increase. │ │ Deep reflex │Temporary loss; │Same as cervical.│Lost. │ then slow │ │ │ increase. │ │ Priapism │Often present. │Often present. │Absent. ─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────

HALLUCINATIONS.

Subjective cerebral impressions projected as real. Rabies. Toxins. Poisons. Essential oils. Chloroform.

Hallucinations are subjective impressions which the animal supposes to be real. The disorders in his brain are projected outward and become to him real objects and occurrences.

They may arise from the presence and proliferation of microbes in the brain as in rabies in animals. They may proceed from poisoning of the brain by toxins as in anthrax.

They may be developed, in dogs especially, by the action of certain essential oils on the cerebral cortex. The first two classes will be considered with those special diseases. The mental disorders from drugs have been studied experimentally by Cadeac and Mennier, and may be noticed in this place.

Lavender, fennel and angelica produce in the dog a condition of extreme terror, and overcome all disposition to exercise self-defense.

Mints and origanum induce hallucinations of odor. The dog seeks around with head and nose elevated, sniffs the air, moves cautiously, fixes his eye on some phantom object, and starts to hunt imaginary game. The love of catmint seems to amount to a mania in the feline animal.

Kidney vetch evidently causes a sensation of itching or formication; the dog bites the hair of the tail, the hind limbs or the flank as if to destroy fleas or other vermin.

Dogs under chloroform have sought to hunt, and stallions under ether have shown generative excitement with erection of the penis and movements of coition.

TIMIDITY. PANIC. STAMPEDE.

Timidity. Panic. Timid driver. Impaired vision. Nervous. Irritability. Gadding. Gregarious habit. Absence of natural weapons. Treatment. Habit. Substitution. Absolute constraint. Kindness. Boldness. Work. Moderate diet.

An animal is naturally nervous, and by habit has become timid until it is virtually impossible to utilize it. In a body of animals, fear is quickly transferred from one to the other until all join in a wild panic or stampede. This is common in range cattle or horses, but is found in army horses as well, and a whole regiment will sometimes refuse to longer face the enemy and flee in spite of every effort of the rider. On a smaller scale, two timid horses in a team, scared by some unusual sight, add each to the sense of fear of the other, as they try to escape, until they gallop blindly into any danger. This sense of terror is often fostered by the timid rider or driver, every feeling of apprehension conveyed through the trembling or uncertain hand, or the voice which has lost the element of confidence, tending to undermine the last vestige of trust on the part of the horse. Imperfect sight is one cause of panic, as the perception of common objects in distorted form or unwonted situations strikes terror to the timid animal, causing shying or bolting. Better absolute blindness than such imperfect vision.

A constitutional timidity tends constantly to increase unless the animal is judiciously accustomed to the object of terror. The horse once scared, seems to become more and more watchful for other objects of dread, and even inclined to bolt from such as are common and of every day occurrence.

Cattle and sheep attacked by the gadfly (œstrus) flee in great terror, and this dread is communicated from animal to animal so that the whole herd or flock is suddenly panic-stricken. The bellow of the ox attacked and the erection of its tail is the signal for every other within reach to join the stampede.

These panics are associated with the instinct of these races toward a gregarious life; they mass together for protection and they learn to heed the slightest indication of approaching danger. This instinct grows more powerful by constant exercise, and is most marked in those genera which have the least natural means of protection. Hence, of all animals sheep are most easily panic-stricken, and once affected, they move in mass, one following its fellow, without object, without definite direction or destination, and without consideration of the other dangers they are to meet. Hence, if one sheep jumps over the parapet of a bridge to certain destruction, the whole flock speedily follows. If one leaps over a fallen tree into a snow bank, all at once follow suit and pile above each other in one suffocating, perishing mass.