Part 1

TEXT BOOK OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

JAMES LAW, F.R.C.V.S.

Director of the New York State Veterinary College Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.

VOL. III

DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM—GENITO-URINARY ORGANS—EYE—SKIN CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES

ITHACA PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR 1901

Copyright by JAMES LAW 1901

PRESS OF ANDRUS & CHURCH ITHACA, N. Y.

CONTENTS

DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. GENERAL SYMPTOMATOLOGY AND DIAGNOSIS. TROPHIC SYMPTOMS AND DISORDERS. SENSORY SYMPTOMS AND DISORDERS. PSYCHIC SYMPTOMS AND DISORDERS. DIAGNOSIS, SYMPTOMS AND THEIR IMMEDIATE CAUSES. LOCALIZATION OF LESION IN SPECIAL SYMPTOMS. HALLUCINATIONS. TIMIDITY. PANIC. STAMPEDE. BALKING. RESTIVENESS. DELIRIUM. VICIOUSNESS. AGGRESSIVE VICE. CATALEPSY. INSOLATION. HEAT EXHAUSTION. SUNSTROKE. THERMIC FEVER. EPILEPSY. FALLING SICKNESS. ECLAMPSIA. CONVULSIONS. SPASMS. CHOREA. ST. VITUS DANCE. CONVULSIVE TWITCHING OF THE FACE. VERTIGO. MEGRIMS. BLIND STAGGERS. CONCUSSION OF THE BRAIN. LIGHTNING STROKE. ELECTRIC SHOCK. INTRACRANIAL HÆMORRHAGE AND THROMBOSIS. APOPLEXY. SOFTENING OF THE BRAIN. CEREBRAL HYPERÆMIA. MENINGO—ENCEPHALIC CONGESTION. MENINGO—ENCEPHALITIS. STAGGERS. CHRONIC HYDROCEPHALUS. DROPSY OF THE VENTRICLES. IMMOBILITY. CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. ABSCESS OF THE BRAIN. TUBERCULAR MENINGITIS. TUMORS OF THE BRAIN. NEOPLASMS. CHOLESTEATOMA. MELANOMA OF THE ENCEPHALON. PSAMMOMATA (GRITTY TUMORS) OF THE BRAIN. MYXOMA OF THE BRAIN. ACROMEGALY. HYPERTROPHY OF THE PITUITARY BODY. CEREBELLAR DISEASE. BULBAR PARALYSIS. DISEASE OF MEDULLA OBLONGATA. LOCO POISONING. OXYTROPIS LAMBERTI. ASTRAGALUS MOLLISSIMUS LEAD POISONING. PLUMBISM. ALCOHOLIC INTOXICATION. ANILINE POISONING. POISONING BY NITRO-BENZOL. POISONING BY CARBON DISULPHIDE. TETANY. CONGESTION OF THE SPINAL CORD IN THE HORSE AND COW. ACUTE MYELITIS. POLIOMYELITIS. INFLAMMATION OF THE SPINAL CORD. SPINAL MENINGITIS. ACUTE MYELITIS IN THE DOG. MENINGO-MYELITIS. CHRONIC MYELITIS. SCLEROSIS. ARTERITIS (THROMBOSIS, EMBOLISM) OF THE SPINAL CORD AND MEMBRANES. HEMORRHAGES INTO THE SPINAL MEMBRANES. Meningeal Spinal Apoplexy. Hæmatorrachis. Hemorrhage into the Spinal Cord. Spinal Apoplexy. Hæmatomyelia. SPINA BIFIDA. SPINAL CARIES. TUBERCULAR OR OTHER INFECTIVE DISEASE OF THE VERTEBRÆ. SLOW COMPRESSION OF SPINAL CORD. PARALYSIS. DILATATION OF THE CENTRAL CANAL OF THE SPINAL CORD. SYRINGOMYELIA. NEURASTHENIA IN PREGNANT EWES. NEURITIS. PERINEURITIS. NEURALGIA. ATROPHY OF NERVES. DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE URINE. GENERAL SYMPTOMS OF URINARY DISEASE. HEMATURIA. ACUTE CONGESTION OF THE KIDNEYS IN SOLIPEDS. ACUTE CONGESTION OF THE KIDNEYS IN CATTLE. ACUTE CONGESTION OF THE KIDNEYS IN SHEEP AND GOAT. ACUTE CONGESTION OF THE KIDNEYS IN SWINE. CONGESTION OF THE KIDNEYS IN CARNIVORA. NEPHRITIS. ACUTE NEPHRITIS. ACUTE BRIGHT’S DISEASE. PURULENT NEPHRITIS. PERINEPHRITIS. PYELITIS. PYELONEPHRITIS. INFLAMMATION OF THE RENAL PELVIS. CHRONIC NEPHRITIS. HYPERTROPHY OF THE KIDNEY. ATROPHY OF THE KIDNEY. FATTY DEGENERATION OF THE KIDNEY AMYLOID KIDNEY. LARDACEOUS OR WAXY KIDNEY. RENAL CALCULUS. INJURIES OF THE URETERS. URETERITIS. ACUTE CATARRHAL CYSTITIS. ACUTE CROUPOUS CYSTITIS. CHRONIC CATARRHAL CYSTITIS. CYSTITIS IN THE OX. CYSTITIS IN DOGS. ATONY AND PARALYSIS OF THE BLADDER. TUMORS OF THE BLADDER. VESICAL PARASITES. SPASM OF NECK OF BLADDER. RUPTURE AND LACERATION OF THE BLADDER. EVERSION OF THE BLADDER. HERNIA OF THE BLADDER. ANOMALIES OF THE BLADDER. URETHRAL ANOMALIES. ACUTE URETHRITIS. CATARRH OF THE URETHRA. WOUNDS OF THE URETHRA. FOREIGN BODIES IN THE URETHRA. STRICTURE OF THE URETHRA. ACUTE PROSTATITIS AND HYPERÆMIA OF THE PROSTATE. CHRONIC PROSTATITIS. HYPERTROPHY OF THE PROSTATE. TUBERCULOSIS OF THE PROSTATE. CANCER OF THE PROSTATE. PROSTATIC CYSTS. CALCULUS OF THE PROSTATE. DISEASES OF THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. Malposition of ovary and womb. Hernia of the ovaries. UNDEVELOPED OVARIES. ABSENCE OF OVARIES. ATROPHY OF OVARIES. SUPERNUMERARY OVARIES. IRRITABLE OVARY. NEURALGIA OF THE OVARY. HÆMORRHAGE ON THE OVARY. INFLAMMATION OF THE OVARIES. OÖPHORITIS. PERIOÖPHORITIS. OVARIAN CYSTS. DERMOID CYSTS OF THE OVARY. PILOUS CYSTS. SOLID OVARIAN TUMORS. INFLAMMATION OF THE FALLOPIAN TUBES. SALPINGITIS. DISEASES OF THE OVIDUCT IN BIRDS. HYDROMETRA AND PYOMETRA. UTERINE TUMORS. UTERINE TUBERCLE. IMPERFORATE HYMEN. VAGINITIS. LEUCORRHŒA. TUMORS OF THE VAGINA. PARTURITION FEVER (COLLAPSE). MILK FEVER. PARTURIENT APOPLEXY. CALVING FEVER. PARTURITION PARESIS. DISEASES OF THE EYE. DESIRABLE FEATURES IN THE EYE. DEFECTS, BLEMISHES AND ABNORMALITIES OF THE HORSE’S EYE. SYSTEMATIC INSPECTION OF THE EYE. OPHTHALMOSCOPE. WOUNDS OF THE EYELIDS. DEFICIENCY OF THE EYELIDS. COLOBOMA PALPEBRARUM. ORGANIC UNION OF THE EYELIDS. ANKYLOBLEPHARON. NARROWED FISSURE BETWEEN THE LIDS. BLEPHAROPHYMOSIS. WIDENED PALPEBRAL FISSURE. LAGOPHTHALMOS. INABILITY TO CLOSE EYELIDS. ADHESION OF THE EYELID TO THE BULB. SYMBLEPHARON. INFLAMMATION OF THE EYELIDS. BLEPHARITIS. ŒDEMA OF EYELIDS. EMPHYSEMA OF THE EYELIDS. DISEASE OF THE MEIBOMIAN GLANDS. BLEPHARADENITIS. SEBORRHŒA. HORDEOLUM. STYE. ACNE. CHALAZION. TUBERCULOSIS OF THE EYELID. TURNED IN EYELASH. TRICHIASIS. ENTROPION. TURNING IN OF THE EYELID. TURNING OUT OF THE EYELID. ECTROPION. TUMORS OF THE EYELIDS. FRACTURE OF THE ORBIT. BRUISES AND WOUNDS OF THE ORBIT. RETRO-BULBAR ABSCESS. PERIOSTITIS OF THE ORBIT. TUMORS OF THE ORBIT. DISEASE OF THE LACHRYMAL GLAND AND DUCTS. DACRYO-ADENITIS. OBSTRUCTION OF THE LACHRYMAL PUNCTA. ATRESIA. INFLAMMATION. WOUND AND FISTULA OF THE LACHRYMAL SAC. CATARRH OF THE LACHRYMAL SAC. DACRYOCYSTITIS. STENOSIS OF THE LACHRYMO-NASAL DUCT. DISEASE OF THE LACHRYMAL CARUNCLE. WOUNDS AND INFLAMMATION OF THE MEMBRANA NICTITANS. TUMORS AND HYPERTROPHY OF THE MEMBRANA NICTITANS. ADENOMA OF THE GLAND OF HARDER. FOREIGN BODIES IN THE CONJUNCTIVAL SAC. WOUNDS OF THE CONJUNCTIVA. BURNS OF THE CONJUNCTIVA. SIMPLE ACUTE CATARRHAL CONJUNCTIVITIS. CHRONIC CONJUNCTIVITIS. PURULENT CONJUNCTIVITIS. BLENNORRHŒA. INFECTIOUS CONJUNCTIVITIS IN HERBIVORA. ENZOOTIC OPHTHALMIA. VARIOLOUS CONJUNCTIVITIS. APHTHOUS CONJUNCTIVITIS. PHLYCTENULAR CONJUNCTIVITIS. DIPHTHERITIC CONJUNCTIVITIS IN BIRDS. FOLLICULAR CONJUNCTIVITIS. NEOPLASMS OF THE CONJUNCTIVA. PTERYGIUM. XEROSIS CORNEÆ (EPITHELIALIS). DRY KERATITIS. WOUNDS OF THE CORNEA. FOREIGN BODIES IN THE CORNEA. ACUTE KERATITIS. INFLAMMATION OF THE CORNEA. POISONING WITH COTTON SEED OR COTTON SEED MEAL. CHRONIC KERATITIS. OPACITY OF THE CORNEA. NEBULA. MACULA. LEUCOMA. ULCER OF THE CORNEA. CORNEAL STAPHYLOMA. ECTASIA CORNEÆ. KERATOCONUS. CONICAL CORNEA. KERATOGLOBUS. TUMORS OF THE CORNEA. WOUNDS OF THE SCLERA. EPISCLERITIS. INFLAMMATION OF THE SCLERA. ECTASIA (BULGING) OF THE SCLERA. PROLAPSE OF THE IRIS. INTERNAL OPHTHALMIA. SIMPLE IRITIS. SYMPTOMATIC OR METASTATIC IRITIS. FOREIGN BODIES IN THE IRIS. COLOBOMA IRIDIS. CONGENITAL APERTURE IN IRIS. DOUBLE PUPIL. ALBINISM. WATCH EYE. PERSISTENT PUPILLARY MEMBRANE. OCCLUDED PUPIL. CYCLITIS. CYSTS OF THE IRIS AND CORPORA NIGRA. TUBERCULOSIS OF THE IRIS. CHOROIDITIS. DETACHMENT OF THE CHOROID. RECURRENT OPHTHALMIA OF SOLIPEDS. PERIODIC OPHTHALMIA. MOONBLINDNESS. PANOPHTHALMITIS. GLAUCOMA. EXOPHTHALMOS. HYDROPHTHALMOS OR BUPHTHALMUS CONGENITUS. CATARACT. OPACITY OF THE LENS OR ITS CAPSULE. DISLOCATION OF THE LENS. PERSISTENT ARTERIA HYALOIDEA. OPACITY OF THE VITREOUS. RETINITIS. DETACHMENT OF THE RETINA. RETINAL HEMORRHAGE. TUMORS OF THE RETINA. INFLAMMATION OF THE OPTIC NERVE. PAPILLITIS. RETRO-BULBAR OPTIC NEURITIS. ATROPHY. PARALYSIS OF THE OPTIC NERVE. AMBLYOPIA. AMAUROSIS. ANOPHTHALMOS. ATROPHY OF THE EYEBALL. PHTHISIS BULBI. MICROPHTHALMOS. LUXATIO BULBI. DISLOCATION OF THE GLOBE OF THE EYE. ARTIFICIAL EYE. STRABISMUS. SQUINTING. LACK OF MUSCULAR BALANCE. NYSTAGMUS. OSCILLATORY MOVEMENT OF THE EYE. DISEASES OF THE SKIN. GENERAL CAUSES OF SKIN DISEASES. DIAGNOSIS OF SKIN DISEASES. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT OF SKIN DISEASES. ERYTHEMA. ERYTHEMATOUS DERMATITIS. INTERTRIGO. INTERTRIGO OF CHAFING. ERYTHEMA CALORICUM BUCKWHEAT ERYTHEMA ERYTHEMA FROM IRRITANTS. DERMATITIS. ECZEMA. A BOILING OUT. A PUSTULE. ACUTE ECZEMA IN SOLIPEDS. DORSAL ASPECT. CHRONIC ECZEMA OF THE HEAD IN SOLIPEDS. CHRONIC MOIST ECZEMA (IMPETIGO) AT THE MANE AND TAIL. CHRONIC ECZEMA OF THE CARPUS AND TARSUS; MALANDERS ECZEMA OF ALIMENTARY ORIGIN IN CATTLE. STARVATION MANGE. STALK DISEASE. MALT ECZEMA. POTATO ECZEMA. MOIST ECZEMA OF THE PASTERNS IN THE OX. MOIST ECZEMA OF THE TAIL, NECK, CHINE AND DEWLAP OF CATTLE. CHRONIC ECZEMA IN CATTLE. ECZEMA IN SHEEP. ECZEMA IN SWINE. VESICULAR IRRUPTION IN PIGS. PITCHY AFFECTION. SEBORRHŒA. GRANULAR ERUPTION IN SWINE. ACUTE ECZEMA OF THE DOG. OTHER ACUTE ECZEMAS IN DOGS. CHRONIC ECZEMA IN THE DOG. LICHEN. HEAT PAPULES. PRICKLY HEAT. PITYRIASIS PITYRIASIS IN CATTLE. PITYRIASIS IN THE DOG AND CAT. CONTAGIOUS PUSTULAR DERMATITIS IN THE HORSE. ACNE. PEMPHIGUS IN HORSE, OX, PIG AND DOG. CRACKED HEELS IN HORSES. SCRATCHES. SEBORRHŒA OF THE DIGITAL REGION CUTANEOUS HEMORRHAGE ULCERATION. GANGRENE. BED SORES. CUTANEOUS HYPERTROPHY. ELEPHANTIASIS. PACHYDERMIA. ICHTHYOSIS. FISH-SKIN DISEASE. FURUNCULUS. BOIL. HYPERPLASIA OF THE SKIN. ALOPECIA CONGENITA. CONGENITAL BALDNESS. ALOPECIA. POST PARTEM. ALOPECIA AREATA. TRICHORRHEXIS NODOSA. NODULAR SWELLING AND SPLITTING OF HAIR. CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES. RHEUMATISM. SYMPTOMS OF ACUTE ARTICULAR RHEUMATISM IN THE HORSE. SYMPTOMS OF CHRONIC ARTICULAR RHEUMATISM IN THE HORSE. SYMPTOMS OF MUSCULAR RHEUMATISM IN HORSES. SYMPTOMS OF ACUTE ARTICULAR RHEUMATISM IN CATTLE. SYMPTOMS OF MUSCULAR RHEUMATISM IN CATTLE. SYMPTOMS OF RHEUMATISM IN SHEEP. SYMPTOMS OF ARTICULAR RHEUMATISM IN SWINE. SYMPTOMS OF ARTICULAR RHEUMATISM IN THE DOG. SYMPTOMS OF MUSCULAR RHEUMATISM IN THE DOG. PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF RHEUMATISM. GOUT. PODAGRA. ARTHRITIS URICA. SCURVY GOITRE. BRONCHOCELE. ENLARGEMENT OF THE THYROID. EXOPHTHALMIC GOITRE. RACHITIS. RICKETS. BRAN DISEASE OSTEO-MALACIA (MALAXOS SOFT) RAREFYING OSTEITIS. OSTEOPOROSIS. OSTEO-MALACIA OF THE HORSE. BIG HEAD. OSTEO-MALACIA IN OTHER ANIMALS. INDEX.

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Nervous control of bodily functions: affected through disease of nerve centres or nerve trunks, sensory, motor, vaso-motor, etc. Modes of impaired nervous function: objective; subjective. Nervous characteristics in different breeds, individuals, sexes, castrated animals. Nervous disorder from microbian toxins, narcotics, nervous stimulants, etc.

All bodily functions are more or less directly controlled by the nervous system, hence nervous troubles are interwoven with the diseases of all other organs. Disorder of the nerve centres or nerve trunks affects the most distant parts over which these preside, or to and from which they convey nervous impulse. In different cases we see this operating through the sensory or motor functions, through lack of coördination or of balance, through modification of the circulation, respiration, secretion, absorption, nutrition, metabolism, special sensation, intellection, emotion, etc. These manifestations are less evident or less diagnostic in the lower animal, because we cannot fully avail of the subjective symptoms. While the human patient can tell us his feelings and experience in their regular order and succession, we can only infer most of these in the animal, through dependent objective symptoms. In many cases we cannot even infer for lack of these dependent symptoms.

The practitioner must carefully watch for and accurately observe all objective symptoms, and seek to rightly interpret them. Among other things he must note the nervous conformation, organization and susceptibility; the hereditary nervous characteristics as seen in breeds, temperament, habit, aptitude to learn, docility, instinct, intelligence, emotions and affections, and judge the case in the light of these. Similarly he must take into account the hereditary, racial and individual irritability, obstinacy, restiveness, vice, alertness, sluggishness, stupidity, moroseness, and diagnose accordingly. Congestion, anæmia, coma, paresis, paralysis, may result from the nervous disorder and offer valuable concurrent testimony to the same. Allowance must always be made for the use to which the animal has been put, thus sexuality tells strongly in the horse, bull, boar, or ram which has been used for breeding and has become relatively indocile and even dangerous; food tells in the horse that “shows his corn”, and in the dog fed on flesh; the comparatively untrained English race horse is far less docile than the one inured to saddle or harness and the horse fresh from the range, though previously trained, is far less tractable than the one in steady work. The sexual products are especially liable to modify the temper, hence the docility of the gelding, and castrated mare, and the undisturbed life and steady growth and fattening of castrated animals from cattle to capons.

The products of certain diseases and many drugs derange the innervation and intellection. Of this we have examples in the hebetude of the victims of milk sickness and dourine, in the wild delirium of rabies, in the varied nervous disorders that attend on the use of narcotics, essential oils, alcohol, chloral, sulphonal, trional, strychnia, lead, phosphorus, arsenic, etc.

GENERAL SYMPTOMATOLOGY AND DIAGNOSIS.

Motor disorders: paralysis, paresis, hemiplegia, crossed hemiplegia, spinal hemiplegia, paraplegia, monoplegia, local palsy, pseudo-paralysis, spasm,—tonic,—clonic, tremor, hemispasm, monospasm, spasm of eyeball, spasm of head, paraplegic spasm, general spasms—convulsions, local spasms. Incoördination. Staggering. Reflex action. Morbid reflex: increased reflex, reflex tonic spasm.

It seems desirable to note specially some of the more prominent morbid nervous phenomena and conditions, with lesions or other conditions which cause them, before considering what are usually recognized as special diseases.

MOTOR DISORDERS.

=Paralysis= (Akinesis) is loss of voluntary or involuntary muscular movement through defective innervation.

=Paresis= is a paralysis which is partial in degree; power of motion is impaired but not completely lost.

=Hemiplegia= is the loss of voluntary motion in many muscles on one side of the face or body. In general hemiplegia, the following muscles are usually excepted: muscles of the tongue, of mastication, of the eye, of respiration, of the neck and trunk, generally and of the proximal part of the limbs. The hind limbs are usually most affected, and muscles that are most exclusively under the control of the will those dominated by the cortical centres of the brain. When due to a clot on the brain or degeneration it occurs on the side opposite to that occupied by the clot, on account of the motor fibres crossing at the anterior pyramids of the medulla. Hemianæsthesia is a rare attendant and when present is often on the side opposite to the hemiplegia. Sensory fibres cross in the spinal cord, and the lesion is probably spinal.

=Crossed Hemiplegia= is motor paralysis of certain cephalic nerves (3d, 7th, 5th, 6th, and 8th,) on the same side with the clot or lesion, and of the muscles of the trunk on the other side. The cranial nerves proceed to muscles on the same side as their origin, while filaments going to the trunk through the spinal cord, cross in the pyramids (motor), or spinal cord (sensory). In crossed hemiplegia, hemianæsthesia is common with both forms of paralysis on one side.

=Spinal Hemiplegia= has the face and head sound (except sometimes the iris), and half the body paralyzed on the side opposite to that on which the spinal lesion (clot) exists. If anæsthesia exists it is on the side opposite to the lesion and posterior to it—the sensory filaments crossing just before leaving the cord.

=Paraplegia= is loss of voluntary power of one transverse half of the body; usually the posterior, and affects the tail, and has coincident anæsthesia, being due to a spinal lesion. Anal and vesical sphincters may or may not be paralyzed according as the lesions implicate their respective spinal centres or not. If there is neither anæsthesia nor vesical paralysis the lesion may be cerebral, in the paracentral lobes of both hemispheres (meso-vertix at the fissure of Rolando).

=Monoplegia= is a circumscribed paralysis, as of one limb, or on one side of the face, one group of muscles or a single muscle. It may be due to cerebral, spinal or nervous lesion. Cerebral monoplegias are distinguished by: 1st, initial spasm; 2nd, absence of anæsthesia; 3d, persistence of nutrition; 4th, paralysis greatest in the distal portion of the member.

=Localized Paralysis= is usually due to lesion of a nerve, and is both motor and sensory. If due to a spinal lesion it usually affects one or more groups of muscles. In case the lesion is in the nerve, be guided, in investigating it, by Van der Kolk’s law, that the sensory fibres are usually distributed in the skin corresponding to the muscles which receive the motor fibres.