Part 37

Variety—a subdivision of a species, designated by a third name when a variety is designated.

Ventral—pertaining to the abdomen; as opposed to dorsal, pertaining to the back.

Vertebrate—an animal having a backbone or spinal column.

Whorl—a single turn or volution of a coiled shell.

-zoic—combining form meaning “life” (Greek zoikos, life).

Zooecium (plural, zooecia)—tube or chamber occupied by an individual of the bryozoan colony; also called an autopore.

Footnotes

Associate Professor of Geology, Lamar State College of Technology, Beaumont, Texas.

Entries marked with asterisk are published by the Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas, Austin. Those not out of print are distributed at nominal sale price; list sent on request. These publications may be consulted at many public libraries and/or Chamber of Commerce offices.

Index

Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.

A Acanthoceras: 77 Actinomma: 49 Africa: 87 Agnatha: 87 Alaska: 7 Alectryonia lugubris: 68 algae: 44, 46, 47 “algal biscuits”: 44 alligators: 95 Allorisma: 67 Allosaurus: 90, 97, 98 Allotheria: 100 allotherians: 100 Amarillo College: 27 amber: 7 amblypods: 102 Ambocoelia: 57 Amelanchier: 48 American Museum of Natural History: 2, 15, 96 ammonites: 11, 75, 76, 77, 78 Ammonoidea: 66 ammonoids: 75, 76, 77, 78 Amphibia: 89 amphibians: 87, 92 Amphineura: 56 Amphiscapha: 61 Ancilla: 64 Angulotreta: 55, 56 ankylosaurs: 90, 97, 99 Annelida: 78 annelids: 78 Anomia: 74 anteaters: 100 Anthozoa: 49, 51 Apsotreta: 55, 56 aragonite: 11 Archelon: 91 Archetectonica: 64 Archaeopteryx: 100 Archeozoic, derivation and pronunciation: 33 Archer County: 89 Archimedes: 54 arietina, Exogyra: 70 Aristotle: 3 Arizona: 7 Arkansas: 37 Arlington State College: 1, 27 armadillos: 100, 102 Aronow, Saul: 1 Arthropoda: 78, 79, 80 arthropods: 10, 78, 79, 80 crustaceans: 79, 80 insects: 7, 79 ostracodes: 79, 80 trilobites: 78, 80 Articulata: 56 Artiodactyla: 106 artiodactyls: 106 camels: 106 entelodonts: 101, 106 ash, volcanic: 5 Astacodes: 79 Astartella: 67 Asteroidea: 82 asteroids: 82, 83 Asterozoa: 82 Astraeospongium: 50 Astrhelia: 53 Astylospongia: 50 Aulosteges tuberculatus: 12, 13 Austin: 14, 17, 19, 87 Austin College: 27 Australia: 87 author, of a fossil: 22 autopores: 51 Aves: 89, 100 Avonia: 12, 13 signata: 12, 13 subhorrida: 12, 13

B bacteria: 47 Baculites: 77 bags, collecting: 17, 18 Balcones fault zone: 36, 37 baluchitheres: 104, 106 Baluchitherium: 106 Barbatia: 74 Baylor County: 89 Baylor University: 1, 2, 27, 90, 91, 95 Beaumont: 1, 34 clay: 34 Beaver, Harold: 1 Belemnites: 77, 78 Belemnoidea: 78 belemnoids: 77, 78 Bellerophon: 61 Big Bend area: 35, 36 National Park: 35, 97, 102 Big Spring: 89 binomial nomenclature: 21-22 Bird, R. T.: 2, 15, 96 birds, fossil: 5, 100 Blastoidea: 81 blastoids: 26, 28, 81 Blinn College: 27 bone, permineralized: 9 Books About Fossils: 108-110 Boon, Jack: 1 Brachiopoda: 54, 55, 56 brachiopods: 26, 29, 54, 55, 56 articulate: 54, 55, 56, 57, 58 Cambrian: 55 Cretaceous: 56 inarticulate: 55, 56 Mississippian: 55 Pennsylvanian: 57, 58 Permian: 12, 13 Recent: 56 silicified: 12, 13 symmetry: 24, 26, 29 Brachiosaurus: 90 Brewster County: 11, 12, 35, 41 brittle stars: 82 Bronaugh, Richmond L.: 1 Brontosaurus: 90, 97, 98 Brontotherium: 104, 105, 106 Brown, L. F., Jr.: 1 Bryophyta: 44 Bryozoa: 51, 54, 55 bryozoans: 26, 27, 28, 30, 51, 54, 55, 84 Mississippian: 54 Pennsylvanian: 55 bulla, Venericardia: 72 Bureau of Economic Geology: 2, 19 burrows: 14 “button corals”: 49, 53

C Calamites: 48 calcite: 10, 11 callus: 59 Calyptraphorus: 64 Camarotoechia: 55 Cambrian— derivation and pronunciation: 34 fossils: 40 brachiopods: 55 graptolites: 86 of Franklin Mountains, Llano, Marathon, and Solitario uplifts: 40 camels: 106 cameratus, Neospirifer: 58 Caninia: 51, 52 Canis diris: 102, 103 domestica: 22 caprinid: 27, 30 caprock, of High Plains: 35 carbon residues: 10, 86 Carboniferous: 34 carinata, Ostrea: 71 Carnivora: 102 carnivores: 102, 103 Caryocorbula: 74 Caryocrinites: 81 Casey, Josephine: 2 casts: 11 catalog, fossil; number: 31 cement, portland: 19 Cenozoic— derivation and pronunciation: 33 periods of: 34 rocks in Texas: 43 central Asia: 106 central Texas: 11, 42 Cephalopoda: 56, 66, 75, 78 cephalopods: 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 66, 75, 76, 77, 78 ammonites: 75, 76, 77, 78 ammonoids: 75, 76, 77, 78 belemnoids: 77, 78 ceratites: 75, 78 coleoids: 77, 78 cuttlefish: 78 goniatites: 75, 76 nautiloids: 66, 75, 76 octopus: 66, 78 squid: 66, 78 sutures: 66, 75, 78 ceratites: 75, 78 ceratopsians: 90, 99, 100 Ceratosaurus: 90 Cerithium: 62 chalicotheres: 104, 106 Chelonia. See turtles. chisels: 17 chitin: 10 chitons: 56 Chondrichthyes: 87 Chonetes: 57 Chordata: 84-102 chordates: 84 amphibians: 89, 92 birds: 100 fishes: 87, 88, 89 graptolites: 40, 84, 86 mammals: 100-107 reptiles: 89-100 Cladochonus: 51, 52 Cladophyllia: 53 clams: 11, 56, 59. See also pelecypods. class, taxonomic: 22 classification, binomial nomenclature: 21-22 units of: 22 club mosses: 47 coal: 20, 47 mines: 20, 47 plants: 16, 46, 47, 48 Cochlespiropsis: 63 Coelenterata: 49, 51, 84 coelenterates: 49, 51-53 Coleoidea: 66 coleoids: 77, 78 collecting bags: 17, 18 columella, corals: 51 gastropods: 59, 60 columnal, crinoid: 81, 82, 83 Comanchean series of Cretaceous: 34. See also Lower Cretaceous. compass: 19 Composita subtilita: 57 compound corals. See corals, colonial. concretions: 16 coniferous trees: 7 conodonts: 41, 88, 89 Conus: 63 Cooper, G. A.: 2, 12 coprolites: 14 corallite: 49, 51 corallum: 51 corals: 11, 24, 26, 27, 49, 51, 52, 53 “button”: 49, 53 colonial: 24, 27, 30, 51, 52, 53 Cretaceous: 53 “horn”: 49, 51, 52 morphology: 51 Pennsylvanian: 52 polyp: 49 solitary: 24, 28, 29, 30, 49, 51, 52, 53 symmetry: 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 Tertiary: 53 Cordaites: 48 correlation: 32 Corythosaurus: 90 cotylosaurs: 89, 92 crabs: 78, 79 Crassatella: 72 crayfish: 78 creodonts: 102 Cretaceous— See also Comanchean and Gulf series. derivation and pronunciation: 34 fossils: 42-43 arthropods: 79 brachiopods: 56 cephalopods: 66, 67, 76, 77 corals: 53 crocodiles: 95, 96 dinosaurs: 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 97, 99 echinoderms: 83, 84, 85 foraminifers: 49 gastropods: 59, 62 nautiloids: 76 pelecypods: 59, 66, 68-71 shark teeth: 88 worms: 78 tubes: 9 of central Texas, Edwards Plateau, Gulf Coastal Plain, High Plains, north Texas, and Trans-Pecos Texas: 42 “Pyrite Fossil Zone” of: 11 crinoidal limestone: 41, 82, 83 Crinoidea: 81 crinoids: 26, 28, 41, 81, 82, 83 calyx: 81, 82, 83 morphology: 81 stems: 26, 28, 81, 82, 83 Crockett County: 42 Crockett formation: 43 crocodiles: 95, 96 crossopterygians: 87 crustaceans: 79, 80 Culberson County: 35 cuttlefish: 78 cycads: 47, 48 Cymatoceras: 75, 76 Cystoidea: 81 cystoids: 81, 82, 83

D “Dark Ages”: 3 da Vinci, Leonardo: 3 Davis, Darrell: 1 Decapoda. See Coleoidea. deer: 106 Del Mar College: 27 dendrites: 14 Dendrograptus: 86 Denver, Colorado: 19 Derbya: 57 Devonian— derivation and pronunciation: 34 fossils: 41 placoderms: 87, 88 Psilophyton: 48 of El Paso and Van Horn regions, Llano and Marathon uplifts: 41 Diablo Mountains: 41 diatoms: 44, 46, 47 Dibranchiata. See Coleoidea. Dictyoclostus: 55 Dimetrodon: 92 Dinobastis: 102, 103 Dinocerata: 102 dinocerates: 102, 105 dinosaurs: 89, 90-94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100 armored: 90, 97, 99, 100 duck-billed: 90, 97, 99 flying: 91, 94, 95 horned: 90, 99, 100 plate-bearing: 90, 97, 99 swimming: 91, 93, 95 Diplodocus: 90 Diplograptus: 86 dire wolf: 102, 103 diris, Canis: 102, 103 distillation: 10 Distorsio: 63 division, plant: 44 Dixon, J. W., Jr.: 2, 90, 91 dolomite: 11 dolphins: 95 domestica, Canis: 22 DuBar, Jules: 1 Dufrenoyia: 77

E Eastland County: 20 East Texas State College: 27 Echinodermata: 80-84 echinoderms: 80-84 asteroids: 82, 83 blastoids: 81 crinoids: 81, 82, 83 cystoids: 81, 82, 83 echinoids: 82, 84, 85 holothuroids: 84 sclerites: 83 Echinoidea: 82 echinoids: 26, 28, 29, 82, 84, 85 Cretaceous: 84, 85 plates: 84, 85 spines: 84, 85 Echinozoa: 82 Edentata: 100 edentates: 100, 101, 102 Edwards Plateau: 19, 36, 37, 42, 43 Egyptian desert: 3 Elasmosaurus: 91 elephants: 102 Eleutherozoa: 82 Ellison, Samuel P.: 1 El Paso region— Devonian of: 41 Ordovician of: 40 Precambrian of: 40 Silurian of: 40 Endopachys: 53 Enoploclytia: 79 entelodont: 101, 106 Eohippus. See Hyracotherium. epoch, geologic: 33 era, geologic: 33-34 Erath County: 20 Eryops: 92 Euomphalus: 61 Euphemites: 62 Europe: 89 Exogyra arietina: 70 laeviscula: 70 ponderosa: 70 texana: 70

F “false fossils”: 14 family, taxonomic: 22 “feather stars”: 82 ferns: 47, 48 fish: 87, 88, 89 armored: 41, 88 carbon residue: 9 scales: 10 teeth: 10 vertebrae: 10 Fistulipora: 55 Flabellum: 53 foramen, pedicle: 54, 56 Foraminifera: 47, 49 Cretaceous: 49 fusulinids: 26, 29, 49 orbitoid: 26, 28 Pennsylvanian: 49 forams: 26, 28, 29, 47, 49 formation, geologic: 34 fossil— birds: 5, 100 burrows: 14 cataloging: 31 collecting: 17 equipment: 17 ethics: 20 how to collect: 20 where to look: 19 definition: 3 dung: 14 footprints: 14 gizzard stone: 14 identification: 21, 23-30 keys: 26-30 preservation— altered hard parts: 10-11 carbonization: 9, 10 mineralization: 10 permineralization: 10 petrifaction: 10 replacement, calcareous, iron, siliceous: 10, 11, 13 kinds of: 7 original hard and soft parts: 7 record, missing pages in: 5 wood: 47 fossilization, requirements of: 5 fossils— animal: 47-107 Cambrian: 40 carbonized: 10 classification of: 21-22 cleaning: 21 etching in acid: 21 frozen: 5, 7, 104 guide and/or index: 32 in amber: 7 in oil saturated soil: 7 in quicksand: 5 in tar: 5 in volcanic ash: 5 main types of: 44 natural mummies: 7 permineralized or petrified: 10 plant: 4, 10, 20, 32, 44-48 Pleistocene: 101, 102, 103, 104 Precambrian: 40 preparation of: 21 Quaternary: 43, 101, 102, 103, 104 replaced or mineralized: 10 silicified: 21 Cretaceous: 11 Permian: 11 etching: 21 Silurian: 40, 81 Tertiary: 43 Triassic: 42 uses of: 31-32 France: 106 Franklin Mountains, Cambrian of: 40 frogs: 89 Frondicularia: 49 fungi: 44 Fusselman limestone: 40 Fusulina: 49 fusulinids: 26, 29, 47, 49 Fusus: 63

G Gaptank formation: 35, 41 gastroliths: 14 Gastropoda: 56, 59 gastropods: 26, 27, 29, 30, 56, 59, 60 Cretaceous: 59, 62 morphology: 60 ornamentation: 59 Pennsylvanian: 61, 62 Tertiary: 59, 63, 64 generic name: 21-22 genus: 21-22 geologic— column: 33 history: 33 map, definition: 40 map of Texas: 38-39 time: 34 time scale: frontispiece, 33 geology of Texas: 37-43 Germany: 5, 100 Gingko: 47, 48 Girtyocoelia: 50 Glasscock County: 42 Glass Mountains: 11, 12, 35, 41, 42 glauconite: 11 Globigerina: 49 Glossary: 111-114 Glycymeris: 74 Glyptodon: 101, 102 glyptodont: 101, 102 goats: 106 goniatites: 75, 76 Grand Prairie: 36, 37 Graptolithina: 84, 86 graptolites: 27, 30, 40, 84, 86 of Marathon uplift: 40, 86 Graptozoa. See graptolites. graysonana, Gryphaea: 69 Great Flood: 3 ground sloths: 7, 101, 102 Gryphaea graysonana: 69 washitaensis: 69 Guadalupe Mountains, Peak: 35 Gulf Coast: 32 Gulf Coastal Plain of Texas: 35, 36, 37, 42, 43, 106 Gulf of Mexico: 37 Gulf series of Cretaceous: 34. See also Upper Cretaceous. Gyrodes: 62

H hagfish: 87 hammer, geologist’s: 17, 18 Hamulus: 78 hand lens: 17, 18 hard parts, animal—calcareous, chitinous, phosphatic, siliceous remains: 10 Hardin-Simmons University: 27 heart urchins: 82, 83 Heliospongia: 50 hematite: 11 Hemiaster: 85 Hemichordata: 84 Henderson County Junior College: 27 Herodotus: 3 Heterostegina: 32 Heteralosia hystricula: 12, 13 “het” zone: 32 Hexacoralla: 51 High Plains: 35, 36, 37, 42, 43, 89, 95, 106 hippopotamuses: 106 Holaster: 85 Holectypus: 85 Holothuroidea: 82 holothuroids: 84 sclerites: 83 Homo sapiens: 22 “horn corals”: 49, 51, 52 horses: 103, 104 teeth: 104 Howard County Junior College: 27 Hudspeth County: 35, 41, 42 Hueco Mountains: 41 Hughes, Jack T.: 1 hydroids: 49 Hydrozoa: 49, 84 Hyracotherium: 103, 104 hystricula, Heteralosia: 12, 13

I ichthyosaurs: 91, 93, 95 Ichthyosaurus: 91, 93 identification keys, fossil: 26-30 use of: 23-27 igneous rocks: 5, 19 Inarticulata: 54, 56 Inoceramus: 69 insects: 7, 78, 79 in amber: 7 iron, replacement by: 11 Italy: 3

J Jack County: 20 jellyfish: 5, 49 Jurassic— derivation and pronunciation: 34 fossils: 42 birds: 100 dinosaurs: 90, 91, 95, 97, 98, 99 Gingko: 48 of Hudspeth County and/or Malone Mountain: 41 Juresania: 58

K keys. See identification keys. Kilgore College: 27 Kingena wacoensis: 56

L labels, paper: 19 laeviscula, Exogyra: 70 Lamar State College of Technology: 1, 2, 27 lampreys: 87 Latirus: 63 Lee College: 27 Lepidodendron: 46 Levifusus: 64 Lima: 72 limonite: 11 Lingula: 55, 56 Linnaeus: 21 Linné: 21 Linoproductus: 57 lisbonensis, Ostrea: 72 liverworts: 44 lizards: 89 Llano uplift: 36, 37, 40, 41 Lonsdale, John T.: 1 lophophore, brachiopod: 54 Lophophyllidium: 49, 51, 52 proliferum: 52 radicosum: 52 Los Angeles, California: 5 Louisiana: 37 Lower Cretaceous: 34, 42, 56, 97. See also Comanchean. lugubris, Alectryonia: 68 Lunatia: 62 lungfishes: 87

M Macon, J. W.: 2 magnifying glass: 17, 18 Malone Mountain: 42 Mammalia: 89, 100-107 mammoths: 102, 104, 107 frozen: 7, 102 tooth: 104 woolly: 102, 104, 107 mantle, brachiopod: 54 pelecypod: 59 maps— county: 17 geologic: 19 of Texas: 38-39 physiographic of Texas: 36 topographic: 19, 20 Marathon uplift: 35, 36, 40, 41 marcasite: 11 Marginifera: 57 opima: 12, 13 mastodon, tooth: 104 Meandrostia: 50 Mediterranean Sea: 3 mercenaria, Venus: 22 Mesalia: 63 Mesolobus: 57 Mesozoic— derivation and pronunciation: 33 periods of: 34 rocks in Texas: 42-43 metamorphic rocks: 5, 19 Metoicoceras: 76 Michelinia: 52 Micrabacia: 49, 52 microfossils: 4, 10, 32, 47, 49, 50, 78 micropaleontological slides: 32 micropaleontologist: 32, 47, 80 micropaleontology: 4, 89 Midwestern University: 27 mine dumps: 20, 47 Mississippian— derivation and pronunciation: 34 fossils: 41 blastoid: 81 brachiopods: 55 bryozoan: 54 of Hueco Mountains: 41 of Llano region: 41 mold, external: 9, 11, 59, 66 internal: 9, 11, 59, 62, 66 Mollusca: 56-78 mollusks: 7, 56, 59-78. See also Mollusca. Moropus: 106 mosasaur: 91, 93, 95 “moss animals”: 54 mosses: 44 Muirwoodia multistriatus: 12, 13 multituberculates: 100 multistriatus, Muirwoodia: 12, 13 mussels: 56, 59 museums, as aid in identification: 23 American, Natural History: 2, 15, 96 Strecker: 95 Texas Memorial: 14, 87, 95, 97, 100, 102 Myalina: 67 Mylodon: 100, 101

N Nautiloidea: 66 nautiloids: 66 Cretaceous: 76 morphology: 75 Pennsylvanian: 76 sutures: 75 Nautilus: 66 morphology: 75 Neithea: 70 Neospirifer: 57 cameratus: 58 Nerinea: 62 Neuropteris: 48 Neverita: 64 New Mexico: 7 New York City: 14 North-Central Plains: 35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 42, 43 north Texas: 42 North Texas State College: 27 notebook, field: 17 Notopocorystes: 79, 80 Nucula: 73 Nuculana: 67 Nuculopsis: 67

O octopus: 66, 78 Odessa College: 27 operculum: 59 Ophiuroidea: 82 ophiuroids: 82 opima, “Marginifera”: 12, 13 order, taxonomic: 22 Ordovician— derivation and pronunciation: 34 fossils: 40 graptolites: 86 of El Paso region, Llano, Marathon, Solitario, and Van Horn uplifts: 40 ornamentation, brachiopod: 54 gastropod: 59 pelecypod: 66 Ornithischia: 97 ornithischians: 90, 97, 98, 100 Ornithopoda: 97 ornithopods: 90, 97, 99 Orthoceras: 66, 76 Orthoyoldia: 73 ossicles. See sclerites. Osteichthyes: 87 Ostracoda: 80 ostracoderms: 87 ostracodes: 78, 79, 80 Ostrea carinata: 71 lisbonensis: 72 quadriplicata: 71 sellaeformis: 72 Oxytropidoceras: 77 oysters: 56, 59

P Pachecoa: 72 Pachymya: 71 paleobotany: 4 paleobotanists: 44 paleontology— definition: 4 divisions of: 4 history of: 3 invertebrate: 4 vertebrate: 4 Paleoscincus: 90, 97, 99, 100 Paleozoic— derivation and pronunciation: 33 periods of: 34 rocks of Texas: 40-42 Palo Pinto County: 20 Paluxy Creek: 14, 15 Pan American College: 27 Pantodonta: 102 pantodonts: 102 Parasaurolophus: 90 Parasmilia: 53 Parker County: 20 Pawpaw formation: 11 pearly nautilus: 66 morphology: 75 Pecos County: 42 Pecos River valley: 35 Pecten: 59, 68, 74 pedicle: 54, 56 foramen: 54, 56 valve, brachiopod: 54 Pelycosaurs: 89, 92 Pelecypoda: 56, 59, 65-66 pelecypods: 26, 29, 30, 56, 59, 60, 66 Cretaceous: 59, 66, 68-71 dentition: 66 morphology: 59, 60, 65, 66 ornamentation: 66 Pennsylvanian: 66, 67 teeth: 60, 65, 66 Tertiary: 72, 73, 74 Pelmatozoa: 80, 81 Pennsylvanian— derivation and pronunciation: 34 fossils: 41 brachiopods: 57, 58 bryozoans: 55 cephalopods: 66, 76 corals: 52 crinoids: 41, 82, 83 fusulinids: 47, 49 gastropods: 61, 62 nautiloids: 76 pelecypods: 66, 67 plants: 46, 47, 48 shark teeth: 87 sponges: 50 of Diablo and Hueco Mountains, Llano and Marathon uplifts, and north-central Texas: 41 Pentaceros: 83 Pentagonaster: 83 Pentremites: 81 period, geologic: 33 periostracum: 60 Perissodactyla: 104 perissodactyls: 103, 104, 105 Permian— derivation and pronunciation: 34 fossils: 41 amphibian: 89, 92 brachiopods: 12, 13 cotylosaurs: 89, 92 pelycosaurs: 89, 92 of Glass Mountains: 11, 12, 35 permiana, Prorichthofenia: 12, 13 permineralized bone: 9 petroleum geologist: 4 Phaneroceras: 76 Phobosuchus: 95, 96 Pholadomya: 71, 72 phyla: 22 Phyllograptus: 86 phylum: 22 physiographic provinces, of Texas: 35-37 physiography, definition: 35 of Texas: 35-37 phytosaurs: 42, 91, 94, 95 pick, mineralogist’s or prospector’s: 17, 18 pigs: 106 Pinna: 67 Pisces: 86-89 Pitar: 72 Placodermi: 87 placoderms: 87, 88 plant kingdom: 44 plants, classification: 44 Pennsylvanian: 46, 47, 48 Platyceras: 62 Pleistocene: 43. See also Quaternary. fossils: 101, 102, 103, 104 plesiosaurs: 91, 93, 95 Pleurocora: 53 Plicatula: 68, 74 Pliohippus: 103 Poland: 7, 106 pollen: 47 polyp, coral: 49 Polypora: 55 ponderosa, Exogyra: 70 Porifera: 49 Porodiscus: 49 portland cement: 19 Precambrian— definition: 34 fossils: 40 of El Paso region: 40 of Llano uplift: 37, 40 of Van Horn uplift: 40 rocks of Texas: 40 Presidio County: 35 Proboscidea: 102 proboscideans: 102, 104, 107 teeth: 104 proliferum, Lophophyllidium: 52 Prorichthofenia permiana: 12, 13 Proterozoic, derivation and pronunciation: 33 Protista: 47 Protocardia: 68 Protoceratops: 90 Protozoa: 47, 49 protozoans: 47 pseudofossils: 14 Pseudoliva: 63 Psilophyton: 48 Pteranodon: 91, 94 Pterodactyloids: 91 pterosaurs: 91, 94, 95 Punctospirifer: 57 pyrite: 11 “Pyrite Fossil Zone” of Cretaceous: 11

Q quadriplicata, Ostrea: 71 quarries: 19 Quaternary— derivation and pronunciation: 34 fossils: 43, 101, 102, 103, 104 of Edwards Plateau, Gulf Coast, High Plains, North-Central Plains, and Trans-Pecos Texas: 43 quicksand: 5