CHAPTER VII. The Relation of the Territory to Migration 259

THE RELATION OF THE TERRITORY TO MIGRATION 259

INDEX 302

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

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A pair of Lesser Spotted Woodpeckers attacking a Great Spotted Woodpecker Frontispiece

Territorial flight of the Black-tailed Godwit 54

Competition for territory is seldom more severe than among cliff-breeding seabirds, and the efforts of individual Razorbills to secure positions on the crowded ledges lead to desperate struggles 64

Male Blackbirds fighting for the possession of territory. The bare skin on the crown of the defeated bird shows the nature of the injuries from which it succumbed 74

Male Cuckoos fighting before the arrival of a female 82

Two pairs of Pied Wagtails fighting in defence of their territories 86

Long-tailed Tit: males fighting for the possession of territory. The feathers have been torn from the crown of the defeated and dying rival 96

A battle between two pairs of Jays 106

The Female Chaffinch shares in the defence of the territory and attacks other females 110

Peregrine Falcon attacking a Raven 216

A battle between a pair of Green Woodpeckers and a Great Spotted Woodpecker for the possession of a hole in an oak-tree 238

Plans of the Water-meadow showing the Territories occupied by Lapwings in 1915 and 1916 Between 58 and 59

SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF BIRDS MENTIONED IN THE TEXT

Raven Corvus corax.

Carrion-Crow Corvus corone.

Hooded Crow Corvus cornix.

Rook Corvus frugilegus.

Magpie Pica pica.

Jay Garrulus glandarius rufitergum.

Chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax.

Starling Sturnus vulgaris.

Greenfinch Chloris chloris.

Hawfinch Coccothraustes coccothraustes.

House-Sparrow Passer domesticus.

Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs.

Brambling Fringilla montifringilla.

Linnet Acanthis cannabina.

Corn-Bunting Emberiza calandra.

Yellow Bunting Emberiza citrinella.

Cirl Bunting Emberiza cirlus.

Reed-Bunting Emberiza schoeniclus.

Sky-Lark Alauda arvensis.

Pied Wagtail Motacilla lugubris.

Tree-Pipit Anthus trivialis.

Meadow-Pipit Anthus pratensis.

Great Titmouse Parus major newtoni.

Blue Titmouse Parus coeruleus obscurus.

Long-tailed Titmouse Ægithalus caudatus roseus.

Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio.

Whitethroat Sylvia communis.

Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia curruca.

Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla.

Grasshopper-Warbler Locustella noevia.

Savi's Warbler Locustella luscinioides.

Reed-Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus.

Marsh-Warbler Acrocephalus palustris.

Sedge-Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobænus.

Willow-Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus.

Wood-Warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix.

Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita.

Song-Thrush Turdus musicus clarkii.

Redwing Turdus iliacus.

Blackbird Turdus merula.

Redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus.

Redbreast Erithacus rubecula melophilus.

Nightingale Luscinia megarhyncha.

Stonechat Saxicola rubicola.

Whinchat Saxicola rubetra.

Wheatear OEnanthe oenanthe.

Hedge-Sparrow Accentor modularis.

Wren Troglodytes troglodytes.

Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata.

Swallow Hirundo rustica.

Martin Delichon urbica.

Sand-Martin Riparia riparia.

Great Spotted Woodpecker Dryobates major anglicus.

Lesser Spotted Woodpecker Dryobates minor.

Green Woodpecker Picus viridis.

Cuckoo Cuculus canorus.

Tawny Owl Strix aluco.

Buzzard Buteo buteo.

Sparrow-Hawk Accipiter nisus.

Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus.

Merlin Falco æsalon.

Kestrel Falco tinnunculus.

Shag Phalacrocorax graculus.

Wild Duck Anas boschas.

Snipe Gallinago gallinago.

Dunlin Tringa alpina.

Ruff Machetes pugnax.

Redshank Totanus totanus.

Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa.

Curlew Numenius arquata.

Whimbrel Numenius phæopus.

American Golden Plover Charadrius dominicus.

Lapwing Vanellus vanellus.

Oyster-Catcher Hæmatopus ostralegus.

Herring-Gull Larus argentatus.

Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla.

Razorbill Alca torda.

Guillemot Uria troille.

Puffin Fratercula arctica.

Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis.

Water-Rail Rallus aquaticus.

Corn-Crake Crex crex.

Moor-Hen Gallinula chloropus.

Coot Fulica atra.

Wood-Pigeon Columba palumbus.

Turtle-Dove Streptopelia turtur.

Partridge Perdix perdix.

Black Grouse Lyrurus tetrix britannicus.

Red Grouse Lagopus scoticus.

TERRITORY IN BIRD LIFE