CHAPTER XI. étui, Etc.

ÉTUI, ETC.

Portable Outfit.

After describing the larger apparatus necessary for the equipment of the surgery, Hippocrates mentions a portable equipment for use on journeys:

'Have also another apparatus ready to hand for journeys, simply prepared, and handy too by method of arrangement, for one cannot overhaul everything' (i. 72).

The component parts of this portable outfit so far known to us are as follows:

The scalpels of different shapes seem to have been carried in boxes, probably wooden, which opened in two halves like a modern mathematical instrument box. In these the scalpels lay head and tail, separated from each other by small fixed partitions. A box of scalpels of this kind is represented in a marble votive tablet which was found on the Acropolis on the site of the Temple of Aesculapius. A similar box with different instruments is seen in a donarium in the Capitoline Museum. The probes and forceps were carried in cylindrical cases like those in which the scribes carried their pens. A good many of these have come down to us. From the fact that in the grave of the surgeon of Paris there were found two buckles, it is probable that there had been buried along with the instruments a case of leather or some such perishable material, which had been used to contain instruments, but which had disappeared when the grave was opened. There have also been found boxes of various shapes for containing medicaments, cylindrical boxes for drugs in sticks, boxes divided into little partitions for drugs in semi-solid form, and other boxes for powders.

Portable Probe Cases.

The spatulae, sounds, hooks, and forceps were carried about in a cylindrical case of bronze. Several of these étui have been found containing instruments. They average 18 cm. in length and 1·5 cm. in diameter. The lid lifts off. One in the museum at Lausanne was found in a Roman conduit at Bosséaz and contained a cyathiscomele of the usual type (Bonstetten, Recueil des Antiqq. Suisses, pl. xii, figs. 11 and 12). A case exactly similar to the above containing a cyathiscomele and a toothed vulsellum was found in the Rhine Valley. Another case of the same kind was found at Bregenz. It contained a long ligula, a spathomele, a cyathiscomele, and a double olivary probe.

In the Naples Museum are four of these cases, three of which were found in Pompeii and one in Herculaneum. One of these is a plain cylindrical case 18 cm. long and 1·5 in diameter. It contained instruments (Pl. LIII, fig. 1). Another case is ornamented with raised rings. It was found in the House of the Physician, and contained six specilla of different kinds and a vulsellum. A third is of similar size and shape, but it is considerably destroyed by oxidation, and it is adherent to a rectangular slab of black stone which had been used for mixing medicaments. Through the cracks in the case there may be seen the probes which it contains. The case from Herculaneum is a plain cylindrical case 19 cm. long and 2 cm. in diameter.

Lately, several other cases have been found in Italy which are placed in the Naples Museum. One in a fragmentary condition showing its contents is seen in Pl. LIII, fig. 2.

In the Musée de Cinquantenaire, Brussels, there is one of these cases which was brought by M. Ravenstein from Italy. It contained three instruments all of silver, a cyathiscomele, a grooved director, and a plain double-ended stylet. It is 18 cm. long and 1·5 in diameter.

A fragment of a similar case was found in the Roman Hospital at Baden.

Box for Scalpels.

Among the ruins of the Temple of Aesculapius on the top of the Acropolis at Athens there was found a marble donarium or votive tablet, which represents a box of scalpels flanked by a pair of bleeding-cups.

The box reminds one of a modern box for mathematical instruments, being divided into a top and bottom half, each of which contains instruments separated from each other by small blocks. There are three instruments in each half and they are arranged head and tail. Five are scalpels of different shapes; the sixth has a curved cutting instrument at one end and at the other a lithotomy scoop. The size of each half of the box is 9 × 18 cm. outside measurement, and 7 × 16·5 cm. inside. See Pl. IV.

A similar box is seen in a marble tablet in the Capitoline Museum at Rome. Here the instruments are different.

Ointment Boxes.

Among the instruments of the surgeon of Paris was a box which Deneffe regards as a portable unguentarium. Unlike the medicament boxes it is not divided into compartments and the lid lifts off instead of sliding in grooves. It is 83 mm. long, 45 wide, and 35 deep. A line running round the middle of the box divides it into two equal parts and shows the division between cover and box. On the top is a little ring attached by a little pyramidal eminence 1·5 cm. high by which the cover was lifted off. Several circular ointment boxes, some containing medicaments, are to be seen in the Naples Museum.

Collyrium Boxes.

A large number of cylindrical boxes containing sticks of medicament have been found in Pompeii. In the find of the oculist of Rheims there were five cylindrical boxes, all of the same size and shape. They were 14 cm. long and 12 mm. in diameter. The covers are 35 mm. high. In them were the remains of sticks of collyria which they had contained. The term collyrium includes in classical writings not only liquid but also solid applications. Collyria were often moulded into sticks for portability, and liquefied with water, wine, white of egg, &c., as required. These boxes which have come down to us are exactly similar to the case shown in Pl. LIII, but they are on a smaller scale.

Slabs for preparation of Ointment.

In the Roman provinces small rectangular slabs are occasionally found which have evidently been used for rubbing medicaments upon. Some have also their edges worn by the sharpening of scalpels. As they are rarely of the stone of the country in which they are found they have evidently been manufactured in Italy and carried by their owners on their travels. They are rather rare. There are two in the museum at Naples. One was discovered in Herculaneum which is 13 cm. long and 8 cm. broad. A cylindrical instrument case is adherent to it. The edges are bevelled on its upper surface. One of similar size and shape, but made of white marble, was found in the grave of the surgeon of Paris. It shows by the hollowing out of one of its edges that it has been used for sharpening scalpels.

There are two in the Archaeological Museum at Namur. They are of black marble. They measure 11 cm. by 7·5, but a bevelling of ·75 cm. all round reduced the top surface to 9·5 cm. by 6. One of these was found along with surgical instruments in a second-century cemetery at Wancennes near Namur.

There is one of a dark-coloured stone in the museum at Chesters, Northumberland. A small specimen of my own is shown in Pl. LII, fig. 4. Similar small slabs, engraved with oculists' names and the names of drugs to serve as seals, have been found in considerable numbers, but these oculists' seals have already an extensive literature of their own.

Boxes for Drugs.

A considerable number of medicament boxes have been found. They are usually of bronze, rectangular and of a convenient size and weight for carrying in the pocket. In size they average 12 cm. in length by 7·5 in breadth and 2 in height. As a rule they are divided into four or more small divisions by partitions. Those reported are as follows:

There are two in the Royal Antiquarian Museum at Berlin. Of these, one was found in the Rhenish country between Neuss and Xanten. It is of bronze. Inlaid with silver on its sliding cover is the figure of Aesculapius standing in a small temple.

The second, of similar construction and appearance, was brought by Friedlander from Naples and presented by him to the museum.

A third, in the museum at Mainz, was found in the Rhine while dredging near the town. It is of bronze, 10 cm. long, 8 wide, 2 in height. It weighs 123 grammes. The sliding lid is decorated with the snake of Aesculapius, twisted round the stem of a laurel tree. The tree and the body of the snake are formed by inlaying copper in the bronze. The outline of the head of the snake and the scales of the body are of silver. On withdrawing the lid the interior is seen to be divided into four compartments each shut by a little hinged lid, which may be lifted by means of a little ring. Two of these compartments are 6 cm. by 3, the two others are 4 cm. by 3.

In the Naples Museum there are three of these boxes. They are all of bronze and divided into compartments. One is divided into five compartments. It is 18 cm. long by 8 wide and 2 deep. Of the compartments three are 8 cm. by 2 and two are 5 cm. by 3. There is at the upper end of the box a small handle by which to carry it. Another box is 13 cm. by 7·5. On removing the lid it is seen to be divided into six compartments, two of which have hinged lids of their own, like the Mainz box. These compartments still contain medicaments (Pl. LIV).

The third of the Naples boxes is of an unusual type. It is 12·5 cm. by 7·5, but it is 3 cm. high and is divided into an upper and a lower division each 1·5 cm. deep. Each division has a sliding lid of its own. The upper division is separated into four compartments, two of which are 7 cm. by 2 and two are 4 cm. by 2. The lower stage occupies the whole area of the box.

A medicament box of a unique character was in use in a chapel as a reliquary till its original use was pointed out. It is of ivory, and carved on its sliding lid is a representation of Aesculapius and his daughter Hygeia. Aesculapius carries in his left hand a staff, round which is coiled a snake, and in his right a pine cone. Hygeia carries a snake in her right hand, and in her left a bowl from which she feeds the snake. The execution of the design shows the box to belong to the third century. The box is divided into eleven compartments. It is now in the Castle Valeria at Sitten.

APPENDIX

I. INVENTORY OF CHIEF INSTRUMENTS IN VARIOUS MUSEUMS

ENGLISH MUSEUMS.

The British Museum contains the following (Case ii. B):

Bleeding cup (No. 2313); collyrium spoon with spout (two, Nos. 2314-5); staphylagra (two, Nos. 2316-7); hook, sharp (No. 2318); ditto blunt, i. e. retractor (No. 2319); forceps (No. 2320); two-pronged retractors (Nos. 2322-6); scarifier (No. 2327); knife, steel (No. 2321); scalpel handles (Nos. 2331-9); spathomeles; cyathiscomeles; spatulae; ligulae; ear specilla; aneurism needle (No. 2372); epilation forceps (narrow), ditto (broad), ditto ditto with catch.

The Guildhall Museum contains a good few instruments found in London, amongst others a considerable number of ear specilla, vulsella, lancets, and numberless instruments common to both domestic and surgical use, such as strigils, ligulae, styli, and needles. The Celtic cutting instruments are of interest for comparison. This collection is in many ways one of the most interesting we have in England.

The museum at Shrewsbury contains several surgical instruments from the ancient Roman city of Uriconium on which Wroxeter now stands. The most interesting is a bleeding lancet. There are also styli and an ointment slab and the seal of an oculist.

The museum at Chesters, Northumberland, containing finds from the Roman camps at Cilurnum, Procolitia, Borcovicus, and other sites on the Roman Wall, contains amongst other things hooks, spatulae, bougie, a triangular medicine weight of tin, forceps, needles of bone and bronze, borers, knife blades, ear specilla, steelyard, counterpoises, many in the form of snakes and therefore, perhaps, for pharmaceutical purposes, the serpent being the symbol of Aesculapius.

MUSEUMS IN FRANCE.

Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Outfit of Severus, viz. two iron pitchers, four bowls, mortar, two balances, seven forceps, one spathomele, scalpel handle, ditto damascened, spatulae (two), two knife-and-needle handles, four needle handles, olive-and-needle, scalpel-handle-and-borer, three sharp hooks, blunt and sharp hook, small blunt hook, seal. Also four scalpel handles, forty forceps, four pocket companions with forceps, fifty bodkins and needles, thirty-three ligulae, fourteen spathomeles, thirty cyathiscomeles, twelve olivary probes.

Le Puy-en-Velay. Outfit of Sollemnis, viz. two knife-handles, ditto damascened, amulet, fragments of two forceps, seal, spathomele.

Paris. Private museum of M. Tolouse. Instruments from the grave of the Surgeon of Paris--Large bronze bowl which contained:

1, Marble slab for preparing ointments; 2, amulet of black obsidian; 3, bronze ointment box with silver damascening; 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, five cylindrical boxes for collyrium sticks; 9, 10, two buckles; 11, pharyngeal insufflator; 12, collyrium spoon; 13, 14, 15, three spathomeles; 16, 17, probes; 18, polypus forceps and scoop; 19, 20, epilation forceps; 21, 22, vulsella (toothed); 23, staphylagra; 24, 25, coudé vulsella; 26, spathomele of elegant form; 27, bleeding cup; 28, three-pronged fork.

Louvre Museum. Double curette, cyathiscomele, ear probe, stylet with large olivary point, forceps with olivary point.

Cluniac Museum. Scoop probe, scalpel.

Orfila Museum. All from Herculaneum. Ligula, ear scoop, two raspatories, hook and scoop, scalpel, fork and hook, curette and hook, bodkin.

Montauban Museum. (Tarn-et-Garonne.) Large surgical needle, cyathiscomeles (four), spathomele (one), scoop and spatula (steel), epilation forceps (one), four ear specilla, round spatula, bistoury handle, all from Cosa.

Rouen. Four epilation forceps, one small forceps with locking arrangement, one forceps with narrow rounded legs, one fine-toothed forceps, twelve cyathiscomeles, three needles and bodkins, twenty styloid instruments, three ligulae.

Amiens. Round scalpel handle with spiral lines, one large epilation forceps, one spud and probe, one blunt hook, one styloid probe, two spathomeles, six cyathiscomeles.

MUSEUMS IN BELGIUM.

Namur. Find of Surgeon of Wancennes, including ointment slab (Deneffe).

Brussels. Mus. de Ravenstein alias Cinquantenaire. Étui with silver specilla brought from Italy by M. Ravenstein; three specilla; scalpels.

Charleroi. Fine bistoury.

MUSEUMS IN GERMANY.

Mainz (Germano-Roman Museum). Spatula-probe, medicine box, staphylagra, four bleeding-cups.

Frankfort (Historical Museum). Four epilation forceps with sliding catch, two ligulae.

Kiel. Forceps of silver.

Cologne. Chisel, two forceps, pestle, phlebotome.

MUSEUMS IN AUSTRIA.

Vienna. Staphylocaustus.

MUSEUMS IN GREECE.

Athens. Six knives (four from tomb in Milos, two from tomb in Tanagra); forceps and porte-caustic, large cup and chain (Tanagra); ex-voto tablet from Acropolis, representing box of scalpels and two cups, twenty-four spathomeles, one trivalve vaginal speculum.

MUSEUMS IN DENMARK.

Copenhagen (Thorwaldsen). Two epilation forceps, one ditto with leaf shaped ends and catch, three spoon probes, one spatula probe.

MUSEUMS IN SWITZERLAND.

The instruments from the Roman hospital at Baden, now in the Baden Museum, have already been summarized (page 22). Instruments in other museums in Switzerland are:

Basel Augst. (Augusta Rauracorum). Uvula forceps, probe, spoon-probe.

Avenches. Broken uvula forceps, two vulsella, spatula of bronze plated with silver, probes, needle.

Yverdon. Probes.

Bern. Two probes from Hermance, forceps and spatula probe from Tiefenau.

Lausanne. Spoon probe from Bosséaz and Allaz. Étui for probes, seal for medicament pots, vulsella.

Sierre. Four spoon probes, spatula probe, large needle.

Schaffhausen. Probe from Schleitheim.

Zürich (Landesmuseum). A. Fifteen specilla (spathomeles) all with a sharp-edged long and narrow spoon at one end and at the other an elongated knob; length 130-160 mm.; seven from Galgenbuck in Albisrieden, seven from Windisch, one from Upper Italy. B. Small bronze instrument probably for extracting weapons from wounds; present length 110 mm. (Naples). C. Probably a spatula for applying plaster (Athens). D. Ear spoons (three) of bone, 80-130 mm. long (two from Rome, one from Athens). E. Small bronze spatula, 125 mm. (Athens). F. Similar one of bone, 110 mm. (Windisch). G. Rod pointed at both ends, 155 mm. long (Zürich). H. Bronze rod with a depression 30 mm. long in the middle, 225 mm. long (Windisch).

MUSEUMS IN ITALY.

Naples. Bleeding-cups (fourteen), spoons with bone handles (two), lancet and spoon, shears (bronze), fleams (veterinary), cannulae for ascites (two), bone elevators (two), catheter (one male, one female), bone forceps, specula uteri, trivalve and quadrivalve, speculum ani, toothed forceps, cauteries (three), needles, tongue tie guard, enema tube, probes, whetstones, étui, scalpels, medicament boxes, balances, ointment slabs.

Rome, Capitoline Museum. Curved double olivary probe, four spathomeles, four cyathiscomeles, thirty-six forceps toothed and plain, bodkins (four) eight cm. in length, three ear specilla, four ascites tubes, large scalpel, votive tablet with box of instruments.

Rome, Lateran Museum. Votive tablet representing forceps and other instruments.

Milan. Many knife blades, two bodkins, spathomele, two ligulae, scoop and curette, olive and stylet.

II. BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHOULANT.--De rebus Pompeianis ad medicinam facientibus. Leipzig, 1823.

KUEHN.--De instrumentis chirurgicis veteribus cognitis et nuper effossis. Leipzig, 1823.

In 1846-7 Benedetto Vulpes made a series of communications to the Royal Academy of Archaeology at Herculaneum as follows:--

(1) Illustrazione di un forcipe Ercolanese a branche curve. (March 3, 1846.)

(2) Memoria concernente la interpretazione dell' uso di un forcipe Ercolanese di bronzo con le estremità delle branche a semi-cucchiai dentellati: la illustrazione di due cannelli di bronzo anche trovati in Ercolano, de' quali servivansi gli antichi per cavar l'acqua dall' addomine degl' idropici: l'indicamento di tre cannelli Pompejani di bronzo. (April 28, 1846.)

(3) Illustrazione degli specilli e di altri strumenti chirurgici affini trovati negli scavi di Ercolano e di Pompei. (September 15, 1846.)

(4) Descrizione dello speculum magnum matricis e dello speculum ani. (November 24, 1846.)

(5) Delle pinzette, degli ametti, degli aghi chirurgici e del tridente scavati en Ercolano e in Pompeii. (December 1, 1846.)

(6) Illustrazione degli strumenti chirurgici di ferro trovati in Ercolano e in Pompeii. (January 19, 1847.)

In March, 1846, Quaranta made a communication to the same Society entitled 'Osservazioni sopra nu forcipe Pompeiano', in which he expressed a different opinion from that held by Vulpes, and pointed out that the forceps described by the latter in his first communication was found in Pompeii. This is the famous forceps which is always referred to as the 'Pompeian Forceps'.

These valuable papers of Vulpes and Quaranta were published in vol. vii of the Memorie della Regale Academia Ercolanese di Archeologia. These articles are profusely illustrated. In 1847 Vulpes gathered these papers together, and with some slight alterations published them under the title of 'Illustrazione di tutti gli instrumenti chirurgici scavati in Ercolano e in Pompeii'.

At the time when Vulpes wrote there were in the Museum among other things 45 probes of various kinds, upwards of 90 forceps, 13 bleeding-cups of bronze, and 16 scalpels.

VACHER.--Les instruments de chirurgie à Herculanum et Pompeï. (Gazette Médicale, 1867, xxii. pp. 491-94.)

SCOUTETTEN.--Histoire des instruments de chirurgie trouvés à Herculanum et à Pompeï. (France Médicale, Paris, 1867, xiv. p. 483.)

OVERBECK.--Pompeji, 1884, p. 461.

Museo Borbonico, Vol. xiv. Pl. 35, Vol. xv. Pl. 23.

CECI.--Piccoli bronzi del Museo Nazionale di Napoli.

NEUGEBAUER.--Warsaw Medical Transactions, 1882.

NEUGEBAUER.--Über Pincetten alter Völker. (Korrespondenzblatt der Deutschen Anthropologischen Gesellschaft, 1884, No. 11.)

HAESER.--Lehrbuch der Geschichte der Medicin, 1875, p. 499.

GUHL and KOHNER.--Life of the Greeks and Romans, 1862, p. 296.

MONACO.--Guide Général du Musée National de Naples. (Naples, 1900.)

MONACO.--Les monuments du Musée National de Naples.

MONACO.--Specimens of domestic articles from the Naples Museum (Naples, n.d.).

LINDENSCHMIDT.--Die Altertümer unserer heidnischen Vorzeit, Bd. iv. Heft iii.

Anzeiger für schweizerische Geschichte and Altertumskunde, Jahrgang 1857, No. 3.

ULRICH.--Jahrbücher des Vereins für Altertumsfreunde in den Rheinländen, xiv. 1849.

ULRICH.--Catalogue of the Collection of the Antiquarian Society of Zürich (now placed in the Landesmuseum). Pt. I. Roman and Pre-Roman, by R. Ulrich, Conservator. (Published by Ulrich & Co., 1890, p. 140, pl. 1037.)

BRUNNER.--Die Spuren der römischen Aerzte auf dem Boden der Schweiz. (Zürich, 1894.)

ANONYMOUS.--Un hôpital militaire romain. Zürich. (A sketchy pamphlet published as an advertisement by the town of Baden.)

Mitteilungen der Antiquarischen Gesellschaft, Zürich.--References of interest occur in the following volumes: vol. vii, Meyer, Geschichte der XI. und XXI. Legion; vol. ix, Mommsen, Die Schweiz in römischer Zeit (15); vol. xii, Die römischen Ansiedelungen in der Ostschweiz (19. M. B.); vol. xiv, Bochat, Recherches sur les antiquités d'Yverdon; vol. xvi, Römische Alterthümer aus Vindonissa; Römische Ansiedelungen in der Ostschweiz, ii; vol. xvi, Bursian, Aventicum Helvetiorum, Mosaikbild von Orbe.

TOLOUSE.--Recherches historiques et archéologiques sur divers points du vieux Paris (Mémoires de la Société Dunkerkoise pour l'encouragement des Sciences, des Lettres et des Arts, 1885).

HAESER.--Lehrbuch der Geschichte der Medicin, 1875.

FREIND.--History of Physick from the time of Galen to the beginning of the Sixteenth Century, 1725.

DAREMBERG.--Histoire des sciences médicales, 1870.

MCKAY.--History of ancient Gynaecology, 1901.

LAMBROS.--Περὶ σικυῶν καὶ σικυάσεως παρὰ τοῖς ἀρχαίοις. Athens, 1895. An exhaustive monograph with many illustrations of ancient cups.

I. INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Abaptista, 129.

Abortion, artificial, 81.

Acanthobolus, 100.

Aesculapius, 19, 172.

Aetius, 4.

Albucasis, 8.

Alexander Trallianus, 6.

Ali Abbas, 8.

Amputation, 125, 130.

Antyllus, band of, 36, 164.

Aretaeus, 3.

Arrow scoop of Diocles, 142.

Ascites cannula, 112.

Aspiration syringe, 109.

Avicenna, 8.

Bellied scalpel, 27.

Bellows, 108.

Bistoury, blunt-pointed, 30. curved, 43, 48. probe-pointed, 43. sharp-pointed, 28.

Blacksmith's bellows, 108. tongs, 136.

Bladder calculus, 145, 146. sound, 145.

Blepharoxyston, 71.

Block, 125.

Blowpipe, 25.

Bodkin, 76, 158.

Bone, 17. forceps, 135. lever, 133.

Bougie, 145.

Bow drill, 127.

Box, collyrium, 170. drug, 172. ointment, 170. scalpel, 170.

Boxwood cautery, 120.

Brass, 14.

Bronze, 14.

Buckle, 164.

Caelius Aurelianus, 4.

Calculus, bladder, 40, 135, 145, 146. urethral, 64, 145, 147.

Cannula for ascites and empyema, 112. for rectum and vagina, 113.

Case, instrument, 164, 168, 169, 170.

Cataract needle, 69.

Catgut, 162.

Catheter, 143.

Caustic forceps for haemorrhoids and uvula, 99. spoon, 89.

Cautery, 116.

Celsus, 2.

Cephalotribe, 155.

Chair, obstetrical, 159.

Chisel, 122.

Clyster, 105.

Copper, 14, 58.

Couching needle, 69.

Cranioclast, 154.

Craniotome, 43.

Crowbill, 43.

Crusher, pile and uvula, 97.

Cupping vessel, 101.

Curette, 62, 65. uterine, 157.

Curved bistoury, 43, 48.

Cuttlefish bone, 72.

Cyathiscomele, 61.

Damascening, 17, 25, 133, 172.

Decapitator, 154.

Deities, 19, 172.

Depilation, 90.

Dilator, rectal, 149. uterine, 81. vaginal, 150.

Diocles, scoop of, 142.

Dioscorides, 7.

Dipyrene, 56.

Director, grooved, 73.

Dissector, 60, 84, 85.

Donarium, 26, 147, 168, 170.

Douche, aural, 110. bladder, 108. rectal, 106. uterine, 107. vaginal, 107.

Drill, 126. with guard, 129.

Ear probe, 63, 68. syringe, 110.

Electrum, 16.

Elevator, bone, 133. periosteal, 140. tooth, 72, 134, 138.

Embryo hook, 152. killer, 157.

Embryotome, 43.

Empyema, 27, 33, 112, 117, 132. of lachrymal sac, 44.

Enema, 106.

Entropion, 55.

Epilation forceps, 90.

Étui, 168.

Excavator, dental, 138.

Fibula, 162, 164.

File, 139.

Fillet, 36, 156, 164.

Finds, 20.

Fistula knife, 47.

Forceps, blacksmith's, 136. bone, 135. coudée, 96. epilation, 90. for applying caustic to piles and uvula, 98. for crushing foetal cranium, 154. for crushing piles and uvula, 97. lithotomy, 147. midwifery, 155. pharyngeal, 100. polypus, 93. Pompeian, 135. stump, 136. tooth, 135, 136, 140. tumour, 94. uvula, 97. varix, 135. weapon, 139. with sliding catch, 92, 96.

Fraenum guard, 62.

Fumigation, uterine, 158.

Fungi as cautery, 120.

Galen, 3.

Gold, 15.

Gouge, 123.

Granular lids, curette for, 71.

Grooved director, 73.

Haemorrhoids, crusher for, 98. forceps for applying caustic to, 99.

Hammer, 125.

Handled needles, 69.

Haussa surgeon, 13.

Heister, 8.

Hemispathion, 38.

Hernia, 49, 118.

Hero of Alexandria, 7, 104, 109.

Hippocrates, 1.

Honain, 8.

Hook, blunt, 87. eyed, 88. lithotomy. 146. sharp, 85. traction, 152.

Horn, 16.

Hospital at Baden, 22.

Hygeia, 19, 173.

Hypospathister, 140.

Impellent, 141.

Inlaying, 17, 25, 133, 172.

Iron, 10.

Iscae, 120.

Ivory, 17, 76, 173.

Katias, 36.

Knife, 24.

Labour difficult, 31, 43, 135, 137, 152, 154, 155, 157.

Lancet, 28, 32.

Lead, 15, 166.

Lenticular, 124.

Lever, bone, 133.

Ligula, 77.

Lithotomy forceps, 147. knife, 40. scoop, 25, 41, 146.

Lithotripsy, 149.

Lithotrite, 148.

Löffelsonde, 61.

Long dissecting knife of Galen, 31.

Marcellus, 6.

Meges, lithotomy knife of, 27, 41.

Meningophylax, 126, 135.

Minerva Medica, 19, 25, 79.

Mirror handle, 35.

Mortar, 165.

Moschion, 4.

Mounting scalpel blade, 24.

Myzon, 94.

Nasal insufflator, 111.

Needle, 69, 74, 75. knife, 36. netting, 84.

Obstetrical chair, 159.

Octavianus Horatianus, 6.

Oculist, 21.

Oilstone, 167.

Ointment box, 170. slab, 171.

Ophthalmic needle, 69. probe, 71. scalpel, 44.

Oribasius, 3.

Ornamentation, 17.

Osteotome, 122.

Painter, 59, 62.

Paré, 8.

Paris, surgeon of, 20.

Patina, 19.

Paulus Aegineta, 6.

Perforator for foetal cranium, 43. for lachrymal fistula, 133.

Periosteal elevator, 140.

Periscyphismus, 36.

Pessary, 159.

Pestle, 166.

Pharyngeal forceps, 100.

Phlebotome, 32.

Pile crusher, 98.

Plating, 18, 56, 61, 112.

Pocket companion, 92.

Polypus forceps, 93. knife, 39.

Pompeian forceps, 135.

Portable outfit, 168.

Primitive shaving, 13.

Probe, 51.

Probe pointed bistoury, 43.

Pterygotome, 44.

Pumice, 71.

Pyulcus, 109.

Quill, 111, 115.

Ram's head, 19, 79.

Rasp, 139.

Raspatory, 121, 138.

Razor, 29.

Rectal tube, 113.

Reed, 114, 120.

Retractor, 83.

Rhases, 8.

Ring knife, 31, 157.

Rufus of Ephesus, 3.

Rugine, 94, 121.

Saw, 130.

Scaler, dental, 138.

Scalpel, 24.

Scarfication lancet, 28.

Scolopomachaerion, 28.

Scoop of Diocles, 142. lithotomy, 27, 146.

Screw probe, 68.

Scribonius Largus, 6.

Scultetus, 8.

Seal of oculist, 171.

Sequestrum forceps, 135.

Serpent, 18, 164, 172.

Serres fines, 162.

Shaving, 29, 90.

Shears, 49.

Sieve, 165.

Silver, 16.

Sinus irrigator, 109. knife, 47.

Smelting iron, 10.

Solder, 25.

Soranus, 3.

Sound, 51. bladder, 145. uterine, 79.

Spathion, 38.

Spathomele, 58.

Spatula probe, 58. double, 79.

Specillum, 51.

Speculum, rectal, 149. vaginal, 150, 158.

Spiral ornamentation, 17, 61.

Sponge, 161.

Spoon of probe, 61, 63, 71, 77. for pouring collyria, 78.

Steel, 10.

Stone, 17.

Strainer, 165.

Strigil, 88, 157.

Stump forceps, 136.

Stylet for destroying foetus, 157.

Stylus, 72.

Sutures, 161.

Syphon, 143.

Syringe, aspiration, 109. aural, 110. nasal, 109.

Syringotome, 47.

Tempering steel, 10.

Tents, sponge, 161.

Theodorus Priscianus, 6.

Tin, 15.

Tongs, smith's, 136.

Tongue depressor, 59, 79. tie guard, 62.

Tonsil knife, 47.

Tooth elevator, 134, 138. excavator, 138. file, 139. forceps, 136. powder, 167. scaler, 138.

Traction hook, 152, 157.

Trephine, 131.

Tube for ascites and empyema, 112. for drinking by, 115.

Tube for guarding cautery, 120. for preventing adhesion, 113 for removing warts, 115.

Unguent spatula, 58, 7

Uterine curette, 157. dilator, 81. douche, 107. prolapse, 159. sound, 54, 60, 79. tube, 113.

Uvula, forceps for cauterizing, 98. forceps for crushing, 97. knife, 46. spoon for cauterizing, 89.

Vaginal douche, 107. fumigation, 158. medicament tube, 113. pessary, 159.

Varix extractor, 135.

Vindicianus Afer, 6.

Vulsellum, 94.

Weapon, extraction of, 68, 83, 114, 127, 138, 139, 141. forceps, 139.

Wood, 16.

Y-shaped retractor, 83.

II. LATIN INDEX

Abaptista, 129.

Acus, 69, 74.

Anuloculter, 81, 157.

Asperatum specillum, 71.

Auriscalpium, 68.

Aversum specillum, 65.

Baca, 58.

Bacula, 53.

Calamus scriptorius, 114.

Clyster, 105.

Corvus, 44.

Cos, 166.

Cribrum, 165.

Cucurbitula, 101.

Cultellus, 30.

Culter, 30.

Ferramentum acutum in modo spathae factum, 39. crassitudinis modicae prima parte tenui, 148. cuius tertiam digiti partem, &c., 112. factum ad similitudinem Graecae litterae Y, 84. quo in sectione calculus protrahitur, 146. quod a similitudine corvum vocant, 44. rectum in summa parte labrosum, &c., 41.

Ferrum candens, 116.

Fibula, 162.

Ficulneum folium, 71.

Fistula aenea, 112.

Fistula fictilis, 120. plumbea, 112.

Flebotomum, 33.

Forfex, 49.

Hamulus, 85.

Hamus, 85, 87.

Ligula, 77.

Lima, 139.

Limula, 139.

Malleolus, 125.

Membranae custos, 126.

Meningophylax, 126.

Modiolus, 131.

Mortarium, 165.

Novacula, 30.

Nucleus, 53.

Organon, 150.

Pessulum, 159.

Pessum, 159.

Pessus, 159.

Phlebotomum, 37.

Pilum, 165.

Rhinenchytes, 16, 109.

Rudicula, 58.

Sarcolabos, 95.

Scalpellus vel scalpellum, 27, 40.

Scalper, 121, 122, 123, 138.

Scalprum, 121, 122.

Serrula, 130.

Spathomela, 58.

Specillum, 51.

Speculum magnum, 150.

Spiculum aeneum, 157.

Spongia, 161.

Stilus, 72.

Strigilis, 88.

Stylus, 72.

Terebella, 126.

Terebra, 126.

Uncus, 146, 152, 154.

Vulsella, 90, 94, 136.

III. GREEK INDEX

ἀβάπτιστος, 129.

ἄγκιστρον, 85.

ἀγκτήρ, 162.

ἀγκυλοτόμος, 47.

ἀγκυρομήλη, 85.

αἱμορροϊδοκαύστης, 99.

ἀκανθοβόλος, 100.

ἀκόνη, 166.

ἀμφίσμιλος, 56.

ἀναβολεύς, 133.

ἀναρραφικός, 45.

ἀντίθετος, 123.

ἀπυρομήλη, 63.

ἄτρακτος, 120.

αὐλίσκος, 145.

βάλανος, 159.

βελουλκόν, 139.

βλεφαροκάτοχος, 97.

βλεφαρόξυστον, 71.

γαμμοειδής, 118.

γαστρώδης, 28.

γλωσσοκάτοχος, 79.

γραφεῖον, 72.

γραφικός, 114.

γράφιον, 72.

γραφίς, 72.

διαπύρηνος, 56.

διαστελλούσας, 81.

διαστολεύς, 81.

διαστομωτρίς, 81.

δικροῦς, 83.

διόπτρα, 151.

διόπτριον, 149.

διοπτρισμός, 150.

διωστήρ, 141.

δοῖδυξ, 165.

ἑδροδιαστολεύς, 149.

ἐκκοπεύς, 122.

ἐλαιακόνη, 167.

ἐμβρυοθλάστης, 154.

ἐμβρυοσφάκτης, 157.

ἐμβρυοτόμον, 43.

ἐμβρυουλκός, 152.

ἐξωτίς, 63.

ἐπίκοπον, 125.

ἠθμός, 165.

ἡλωτός, 118.

ἡμισπάθιον, 38.

θλάστης, 154.

ἰγδίον, 165.

ἴσκαι, 120.

καθετήρ, 105, 145.

καθιάς, 36.

καλαμίσκος, 112.

κάλαμος, 114.

κατειάδιον, 36.

κατιάδιον, 36.

κατοπτήρ, 149.

καυτήρ, 116.

καυτηρίδιον, 116.

καυτήριον, 116.

κιρσουλκός, 136.

κλυστήρ, 105.

κοιλισκωτός, 123.

κότυλος, 106.

κυαθίσκος, 64, 77, 142.

κύαθος, 101.

κυκλίσκος, 123.

κυκλισκωτός, 123.

κυρτίς, 165.

λιθοτόμον, 40.

λιθουλκός, 5, 147.

μάχαιρα, 27.

μαχαίριον, 27.

μαχαιρίς, 27.

μήλη διαστέλλουσα, 81. δικροῦς, 83. ἐντετμημένη, 83. ἐξωτίς, 63. ἰσχυρά, 69. ὀφθαλμική, 71. τραυματική, 68.

μηλωτίς, 63.

μηλωτρίς, 63.

μηνιγγοφύλαξ, 126.

μηνοειδής, 118.

μητρεγχύτης, 107.

μοτός, 113.

μοχλίσκος, 133.

μύδιον, 94.

μυδιόσκελλον, 96.

μύκης, 120.

ξυράφιον, 117.

ξυστήρ, 121.

ξυστήριον, 94, 121, 138.

ξύστρα, 88, 157.

ὀδοντάγρα, 136.

ὄνυξ, 31.

ὀξυβελής, 32.

ὀξυκόρακος, 43.

ὀρείχαλκος, 14.

ὀρθοπρίων, 131.

ὀστάγρα, 135.

ὀφθαλμικός, 71.

πεσσόν, 159.

πεσσός, 159.

πίεστρον, 154.

πλινθωτός, 118.

πολύκμητος, 10.

πολυπικός, 39.

πολυποδικός, 39.

πολυποξύστης, 94.

πρίων, 130.

προμήκης, 119.

πρόσθετον, 82.

πτερυγοτόμος, 44.

πτίλον, 111, 115.

πυουλκός, 109.

πυρήν, 53.

πυρηνοσμήλη, 55.

ῥινάριον, 139.

ῥινεγχύτης, 109.

ῥίνη, 139.

ῥινίον, 139.

σαρκολάβος, 94.

σίδηρος, 10.

σικύα, 101.

σκολόπιον, 28.

σκολοπομαχαίριον, 28.

σκυλισκωτός, 123.

σμήλη, 52.

σμιλάριον, 38.

σμίλη, 27, 52.

σμιλίον, 45.

σμιλιωτός, 138.

σμύρις, 167.

σπαθίον, 38.

σπαθιστήρ, 140.

σπόγγος, 161.

σταφυλάγρα, 97.

σταφυλεπάρτης, 89.

σταφυλοκαύστης, 98.

σταφυλοτόμον, 46.

στηθοειδής, 27.

συριγγοτόμον, 47.

σῦριγξ, 47, 120.

σφηνίσκος, 119.

σφῦρα, 125.

τέρετρον, 127.

τραυματικός, 68.

τρίαινα, 117.

τριχολάβιον, 90.

τριχολαβίς, 90.

τρύπανον, 126.

τυφλάγκιστρον, 87.

ὑδροκηλικός, 85.

ὑπαλειπτρίς, 51.

ὑπάλειπτρον, 51.

ὑποσπαθιστήρ, 140.

φακωτός, 118.

φαλακρός, 118.

φλεβοτόμον, 32.

φλεβοτόμος, 32.

φῦσα, 108.

χαρακτός, 131.

χηλή, 83.

χοινικίς, 131.

ψαλίς, 49.

ὠτεγχύτης, 110.

ὠτικός, 110.

ὠτογλυφίς, 63.

OXFORD PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS BY HORACE HART, M.A. PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 7{cm},5 British 2. 6{cm} " 3. 9{cm},5 "

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 5{cm},2 Saint-Germain 2. 6{cm} " 3. 10{cm} " 4. 11{cm},5 " 5. 10{cm},5 " 6. 8{cm},7 Puy-en-Velay 7. 6{cm} Saint-Germain

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 7{cm},5 British 2. 8{cm},5 " 3. 12{cm},2 Author's

Size of original. Museum.

43 x 33{cm} Athens

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 14{cm},3 British 2. 12{cm},3 " 3. 17{cm} Naples 4. 15{cm},5 " 5. 17{cm} " 6. 18{cm} "

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 15{cm} Naples 2. 14{cm} Charleroi

Size of originals. Museum.

1. Modern catalogue 2. 9{cm},5 Cologne 3. 7{cm},8 Author's 4. 10{cm},7 " 5. 11{cm} Shrewsbury 6. 7 After Heister

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 15{cm} Montauban 2. 13{cm},5 Bibliothèque Nationale 3. 12{cm} Naples 4, 5, 6. Hypothetical 7. After Albucasis 8. 14{cm} Orfila

Size of originals. Museum.

1. After Heister 2, 3, 4. " Albucasis 5. 10{cm} Baden 6. 7{cm} After Védrènes

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 15{cm},7 Naples 2. 6{cm},5 Thorwaldsen 3. 17{cm},6 Naples 4. 13{cm},5 Author's 5. 10{cm} Naples

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 11{cm},2 Author's 2. 8{cm} Baden 3. 10{cm},2 Author's 4. 18{cm} Author's 5. 12{cm} Saint-Germain

Size of original. Museum.

1. 14{cm},5 Naples 2. 18{cm} Author's 3. 17{cm},2 Author's 4. 18{cm} Athens

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 18{cm},5 Naples 2. 16{cm} Mainz 3. 17{cm} Athens 4. 20{cm} Author's

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 17{cm} Naples 2. 11{cm} Author's 3. 15{cm},8 " 4. 15{cm},5 Mainz 5. 12{cm} Author's

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 17{cm},2 Author's 2. 13{cm} " 3. 16{cm} Naples 4. 14{cm} Author's 5. 13{cm},8 Baden

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 15{cm},3 After Védrènes 2. 8{cm},7 Saint-Germain 3. 6{cm} " 4. 7{cm} " 5. 7{cm} " 6. 6{cm} " 7. 12{cm},7 Author's

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 11{cm},5 Baden 2. 12{cm},5 Author's 3. 14{cm} " 4. 7{cm} " 5. 10{cm},5 " 6. 12{cm},5 Naples

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 11{cm},2 Author's 2. 10{cm},8 " 3. 18{cm},4 " 4. 20{cm} " 5. 10{cm},5 " 6. 10{cm},5 " 7. 14{cm} " 8. 16{cm},7 "

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 7{cm},8 Naples 2. 12{cm},2 " 3. 14{cm},2 " 4. 17{cm},5 British

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 17{cm},5 Naples 2. 11{cm},4 After Védrènes 3. 12{cm} Saint-Germain 4. 12{cm} " 5. 7{cm},5 Naples 6. 11{cm},5 After Védrènes

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 15{cm} After Védrènes 2. 6{cm} Saint-Germain 3. 18{cm},2 Author's 4. 4{cm} Saint-Germain 5. 8{cm} Author's 6. 10{cm},2 "

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 12{cm} British 2. 7{cm},5 " 3. 13{cm},2 " 4. 14{cm} " 5. 10{cm} "

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 14{cm},2 Author's 2. 16{cm},8 Saint-Germain 3. 12{cm},8 British 4. 5{cm},6 Saint-Germain

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 14{cm},8 Saint-Germain 2. 11{cm},5 " 3. 10{cm},8 " 4. 15{cm},5 Author's 5. 17{cm} Naples

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 21{cm} Author's 2. 13{cm},3 After Védrènes

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 17{cm} Naples 2. 9{cm},5 Author's 3. 8{cm} Naples 4. 6{cm} Guildhall 5. 6{cm},9 Author's 6. 15{cm} Naples

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 15{cm},5 Toulouse 2. 4{cm},8 Saint-Germain 3. 5{cm},5 Mainz 4. 11{cm},8 Thorwaldsen 5. 11{cm},8 Saint-Germain

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 12{cm},4 British 2. 10{cm},5 Naples 3. 12{cm} Author's

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 17{cm} Toulouse 2. 5{cm},8 Saint-Germain 3. 5{cm} Mainz 4. 10{cm} Naples

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 19{cm} British 2. 18{cm} "

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 19{cm} Toulouse 2. 20{cm},2 Basle

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 15{cm},2 After Védrènes 2. 12{cm},5 Vienna 3. 11{cm} Naples

Size of original. Museum.

14{cm},5 Athens

Size of original. Museum.

10{cm},2 British

Size of original. Museum.

15{cm} Naples

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 2{cm},8 Mainz 2. After Alpinus 3. 3{cm} Mainz

1. After Alpinus 2. " Hero 3. " Heister

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 13{cm} Naples 2. 5{cm},5 Baden 3, 4, 5. After Hero

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 17{cm} Naples 2. 9{cm} " 3. 12{cm} "

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 25{cm} Naples 2, 3. After Vidius 4. 15{cm},5 Toulouse

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 15{cm},5 Naples 2. 8{cm},5 Cologne 3. 11{cm} British

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 18{cm} Guildhall 2. 15{cm} " 3, 4, 5. After Vidius

Size of original. Museum.

21{cm} Naples

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 26{cm},5 Naples 2. 20{cm} " 3. 15{cm} Mainz 4. Hypothetical

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 15{cm} Naples 2. 11{cm},5 " 3. 11{cm},5 "

Size of original. Museum.

23{cm} Naples

Size of original. Museum.

23{cm} Athens

Size of original. Museum.

31{cm},5 Naples

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 17{cm} Naples 2. 15{cm},3 After Védrènes

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 21{cm} Naples 2. 3{cm},3 After Védrènes 3, 4. " Albucasis

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 6{cm} Cologne 2. 3{cm} Toulouse 3. 2{cm} × 4{cm},2 Author's 4. 4{cm},4 × 2{cm},5 " 5. 5{cm} Guildhall 6. 4{cm} " 7. 7{cm} " 8. 3{cm},6 "

Size of originals. Museum.

1. 18{cm} Naples 2. 17{cm} "

Size of original. Museum.

13{cm} × 7{cm},5 Naples

Transcriber's Notes:

Passages in italics are indicated by italics.

Gesperrt passages are indicated by =gesperrt=.

Superscripted characters are indicated by {superscript}.