Surgical Anatomy

Part 1

Thanks to Carol Presher of Timeless Antiques, Valley, Alabama, for lending the original book for this production. The 140 year old binding had disintegrated, but the paper and printing was in amazingly good condition, particularly the multicolor images.

Thanks also to the Mayo Clinic. This book has increased my appreciation of their skilled care of my case by showing the many ways that things could go wrong.

Footnotes are indicated by "[Footnote]" where they appear in the text. The body of the footnote appears immediately following the complete paragraph. If more than one footnote appears in the same paragraph, they are numbered.

A few obvious misspellings have been corrected. Several cases of alternate spelling of the same(?) word have not been modified.

Pages have been reorganized to avoid splitting sentences and paragraphs. Each image is inserted immediately following its description.

Some of the plates did not fit on the scanner and were captured as two separate images. The merged images show some artifacts of the merge process due to slightly different lighting of the page. The contrast and gamma values have been adjusted to restore the images.

Here are the definitions of some words used in the text. Medical terms are defined only relating to humans. Words are omitted that have ambiguous or technical meanings not expressible in lay language.

acromial (acromion) Outward end of the spine of the scapula or shoulder blade.

adipose Consisting of, resembling, or relating to fat.

anasarca Pronounced, generalized edema; accumulation of serous fluid in various tissues and cavities of the body.

anastomosing (anastomoses, anastomosis) Communication between blood vessels by means of collateral channels, when usual routes are obstructed. Opening between two organs or spaces that normally are not connected.

aneurism Localized blood-filled dilatation of a blood vessel caused by disease or weakening of the vessel's wall.

anthropotomist (anthropotomy) One versed in human anatomy.

aorta (aortic) Main trunk of the arterial system, conveying blood from the left ventricle of the heart to all of the body except the lungs.

apices (plural of apex) Pointed end of an object; the tip.

aponeurosis Sheet-like fibrous membrane, resembling a flattened tendon, that serves as a fascia to bind muscles together or as a means of connecting muscle to bone.

armamentaria Complete equipment of a physician or medical institution, including books, supplies, and instruments.

auscultation Listening, either directly or through a stethoscope or other instrument, to sounds within the body as a method of diagnosis.

axilla (axillary) Armpit.

azygos Occurring singly; not one of a pair.

bifid Separated or cleft into two equal parts or lobes.

biliary Relating to bile, the bile ducts, or the gallbladder; transporting bile.

bistoury Long, narrow surgical knife for minor incisions.

bougie Slender, flexible instrument introduced into body passages, to dilate, examine, or medicate.

brachial (brachio) Belonging to the arm.

bubonocele Inguinal hernia, in which the protrusion of the intestine is limited to the region of the groin.

cannula Metal tube for insertion into the body to draw off fluid or to introduce medication.

carotid Two large arteries, one on each side of the head.

Part 2

cephalic Relating to the head.

cervical Pertaining to the neck.

chlorotic Benign iron-deficiency anemia in adolescent girls, marked by a pale yellow-green complexion.

clavicle Either of two slender bones extending from the upper part of the sternum (breastbone) to the shoulder.

coaptation Joining together of two surfaces, such as the edges of a wound or the ends of a broken bone.

condyle Smooth surface area at the end of a bone, forming part of a joint.

costal Pertaining to the ribs or the upper sides of the body.

cremaster Suspensory muscle of the testis.

crural Relating to the leg or thigh.

director A smoothly grooved instrument used with a knife to limit the incision of tissues.

distal Situated away from the point of origin or attachment.

dropsy (dropsical) (edema) Swelling from excessive accumulation of watery fluid in cells, tissues, or serous cavities

emphysema Chronic, irreversible disease of the lungs; abnormal enlargement of air spaces in the lungs accompanied by destruction of the tissue lining the walls of the air spaces.

emunctory Organ or duct that removes or carries waste from the body.

epigastric (epigastrium) Upper middle region of the abdomen.

episternal See sternum.

esophagus See oesophagus.

euphoneously (euphoniously) Pleasant in sound; agreeable to the ear;

exigence Urgency, need, demand, or requirement intrinsic to a circumstance.

extravasation Exuding or passing out of a vessel into surrounding tissues; said of blood, lymph or urine

fascia A band of connective tissue supporting, or binding together internal organs or parts of the body.

femoral Pertaining to, or situated at, in, or near the thigh or femur.

fistula Abnormal duct or passage resulting from injury, disease, or a congenital disorder that connects an abscess, cavity, or hollow organ to the body surface or to another hollow organ.

foramen (foramina) Opening, orifice, or short passage, as in a bone.

fossa (fossae) Small cavity or depression, as in a bone.

hepatic Pertaining to the liver.

herniae (hernia) Protrusion of an organ or tissue through an opening in its surrounding walls, especially in the abdomen.

humerus Bone in the arm of humans extending from the shoulder to the elbow.

Part 3

hydragogue Cathartics that aid in the removal of edematous fluids and thus promote the discharge of watery fluid from the bowels.

hydrocele An accumulation of serous fluid, usually about the testis.

hydrops See dropsy. Edema.

iliac artery Common iliac artery--either of two large arteries that conduct blood to the pelvis and the legs. External iliac artery--the outer branch of an iliac artery that becomes the femoral artery. Hypogastric artery--internal iliac artery; the inner branch of an iliac artery that conducts blood to the gluteal region.

infundibuliform Shaped like a funnel.

inguinal Relating to, or located in the groin.

innominate Designated parts otherwise unnamed; as, the innominate artery, a great branch of the arch of the aorta; the innominate vein, a great branch of the superior vena cava.

inosculate Unite by openings; connect or join so as to become or make continuous, as fibers; blend, unite intimately

integument Natural covering, coating, enclosure, etc., as a skin, shell, or rind.

laryngotomy Cutting into the larynx, from the outside of the neck, to assist respiration, or to remove foreign bodies.

ligature Thread or wire for constriction of blood vessels or for removing tumors by strangulation.

lithotomy Surgery to remove one or more stones from an organ or duct.

meatus Body opening such as the opening of the ear or the urethral canal.

metamorphosis Profound change in form from one stage to the next, as from the caterpillar to the pupa and from the pupa to the adult butterfly.

micturition Passing urine; urination.

nares (naris) Nostrils or the nasal passages.

nisus Effort or endeavor to realize an aim.

occiput Back part of the head or skull.

oesophagus (esophagus) Muscular membranous tube for the passage of food from the pharynx to the stomach.

osseous Bone, bony;

palmar Pertaining to, or located in the palm of the hand.

paracentesis Puncture of the wall of a cavity to drain off fluid.

parietes Wall of a body part, organ, or cavity.

parotid Salivary gland situated at the base of each ear; near the ear.

percussion Striking or tapping the surface the body for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

pericardii (pericardium) A double membranous sac protecting the heart. The layer in contact with the heart is referred to as the visceral layer, the outer layer in contact with surrounding organs is the parietal pericardium.

peritoneum (peritonaeum) Serous membrane that lines the walls of the abdominal cavity and folds inward to enclose the viscera.

pharynx (pharyngeal) The cavity, with its surrounding membrane and muscles, that connects the mouth and nasal passages with the esophagus.

Part 4

physiology (physiologist) Biological study of the functions of living organisms and their parts.

platysma Broad, thin muscle on each side of the neck, from the upper part of the shoulder to the corner of the mouth. They wrinkle the skin of the neck and depresses the corner of the mouth.

pleura Thin serous membrane in mammals that envelops each lung and folds back to make a lining for the chest cavity.

pleuritic (pleurisy) Inflammation of the pleura, often as a complication of a disease such as pneumonia, accompanied by accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity, chills, fever, and painful breathing and coughing.

plexus Network, as of nerves or blood vessels.

pneumothorax Air or gas in the pleural cavity.

popliteal Relating to the hollow part of the leg behind the knee joint.

probang Long, slender, elastic rod with a sponge at the end. It is introduced into the esophagus or larynx to remove foreign bodies or introduce medication.

pudic Pertaining to the external organs of generation.

pyriform Shaped like a pear.

radius Bone of the forearm on the thumb side. (See ulnar)

ramus A branch, as of a nerve, or blood vessel.

raphe Seamlike union between two parts or halves of an organ.

ratiocination Logical reasoning.

sacculated Formed with or having saclike expansions.

scirrhus Hard dense cancerous growth usually arising from connective tissue.

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