Part 84

Galen, De usu partium, ix. 4; De Hippocratis et Platonis decretis, vii. 3.

The first edition of the work appeared in 1496.

The so-called Anatomia Richardi Anglici, which has been printed by Robert Ritter von Töply (Vienna, 1902), is really the same as the pseudo-Galenic Anatomia vivorum, to which Richard’s name was not attached until the fourteenth century. See Christoph Ferckel, Archiv für die Gesch. der Naturwissenschaften und der Technik, vol. vi, p. 78, Leipzig, 1912, and K. Sudhoff, Archiv für Gesch. der Medizin, vol. viii, p. 71, Leipzig, 1915.

E. Nicaise, La Grande Chirurgie de Guy de Chauliac, p. 45, Paris, 1890.

J. Pagel, Die Anatomie des Heinrich von Mondeville, Berlin, 1889, p. 37.

For the whole question of early figures of the eye consult K. Sudhoff, ‘Augenanatomiebilder im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert’ in his Illustrationen medizinischer Handschriften und Frühdrucke. Leipzig, 1907; and the same writer’s recent article on ‘Augendurchschnittsbilder aus Abendland und Morgenland’ in Archiv für Gesch. der Medizin, vol. viii, p. 1, Leipzig, 1915.

Our figure from the Margarita philosophiae has been taken from the 1503 edition, the earliest to which we have had access. A figure in the Philosophiae naturalis compendium of K. Peyligk, dated Leipzig, 1489, is so inferior as to be negligible in this connexion.

W. Harvey, Prelectiones anatomiae universalis, reproduced in facsimile from the author’s MS. notes, London, 1886, folio 72 recto.

W. Harvey, Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinis, Frankfort, 1628. The opening passage of the dedication to Charles I may be translated as follows: ‘Most serene king, the heart of animals is the basis of their life, the sun of their microcosm, that from which all strength proceeds. The king is in like manner the basis of his kingdom, the sun of his world, the heart of the commonwealth, whence all power derives, all grace appears.’

Historia animalium, vi. 3.

Historia animalium, ii. 11; De Partibus animalium, iii. 4.

Historia animalium, i. 14 and iii. 3; De Partibus animalium, iii. 4. The question of the identity of these chambers is a difficult one. We have followed T. E. Lones, Aristotle’s Researches in Natural Science, London, 1912, p. 137, where the conflicting views are summarized.

Galen, Περὶ ἀνατομικω̑ν ἐγχειρήσεων, Book 7 (157); καὶ θαυμαστὸν οὐδέν, ἄλλα τε πολλὰ κατὰ τὰς ἀνατομὰς ᾽Αριστοτέλη διαμαρτει̑ν, καὶ ἡγει̑σθαι τρει̑ς ἔχειν κοιλίας ἐπὶ τω̑ν μεγάλων ζώων τὴν καρδίαν, Kühn, ii. 62.

Haly Abbas expressly denies its existence, chap. 21.

P. Koning, Trois traités d’anatomie arabes, Leyden, 1903, 687, renders the passage as follows: ‘Dans le cœur il y a trois cavités, deux grandes et une autre qui se trouve pour ainsi dire au milieu, afin que le cœur ait un dépôt pour la nourriture avec laquelle il se nourrit, nourriture épaisse et forte, semblable à la substance du cœur, ensuite un endroit où se forme un pneuma qui y est engendré d’un sang subtil et enfin un canal entre ces deux.’

Pantechni, Theorice, lib. iii, cap. 22. Here, however, only two concauitates are described and between them a foramen: quod a quibusdam vocatur tertia concauitas: sed non est ita.

The MS. Roncioni 99, reproduced by K. Sudhoff in Archiv für Gesch. der Med., vol. vii, Tafel XIV, Leipzig, 1914.

The passage in the Editio princeps of Gerard of Cremona’s translation runs as follows (folio 96 recto): ‘Et in ipso sunt tres ventres, scilicet duo ventres magni et venter quasi medius quem Galienus nominavit foveam aut meatum non ventrem, ut sit ei receptaculum nutrimenti quo nutriatur spissum forte simile substantiae ipsius & minera spiritus generati in ipso a sanguine subtili. Et inter ambos sunt viae ut meatus.’

J. L. Pagel, Die Chirurgie des Heinrich von Mondeville, Berlin, 1892, p. 45.

Bartholomaeus Anglicus, De Proprietatibus Rerum, London, 1535, Our quotation is from p. liiii.

Leonardo da Vinci, Quaderni d’anatomia ... Pubblicati da O. C. L. Vangensten, A. Fonahn, H. Hopstock, Christiania, 1911.

Hans von Gersdorff, Feldt und Stattbüch bewerter Wundartznei, edition Frankfurt, 1556.

Ancient views on the cardiac system, including those of Mondino, are admirably reviewed by J. C. Dalton in his Doctrines of the Circulation, Philadelphia, 1884.

Manfredi here follows Mondino, who confuses Galen’s fourth pair with Galen’s sixth pair of nerves.

These four words are very indistinct. The last is half erased and scia is written siᷗa. ᷛᷛᷗᷛ Life of St. Edward.

British Museum MS. Cotton. Claud. A. viii, ff. 32, 33, and Archaeol. Journal, London, June, 1864.

MS. Ee. iii. 59.

History of the Garter, vol. i.