Part 36

Vernicose, shining as if varnished.

Verrucae, warts or glandular elevations.

Verrucose, covered with warts.

Villose, villous, covered with long, weak hairs.

Virescent, greenish.

Virgate, streaked.

Viscid, covered with a shiny liquid which adheres to the fingers when touched.

Viscous, gluey.

Volute, rolled up in any direction.

Volva, a substance covering the mushroom, sometimes membranous, sometimes gelatinous; the universal veil.

Walnut brown, a deep brown like that of some varieties of wood. (Raw umber, and burnt sienna and white.)

Wart, an excrescence found on the cap of some mushrooms; the remains of the volva in form of irregular or polygonal excrescences, more or less adherent, numerous, and persistent.

Zone, a broad band encircling a mushroom.

Zoned, furnished with one or more concentric circles.

Although some writers apply the terms spore, sporidia, sporophore, sporules, and conidia somewhat indiscriminately to all spore bodies, in order to avoid confusion, it is now recommended by the best authorities that certain distinctive limitations should be adhered to in the use of these terms. Saccardo, in defining the terms which he employs, accepts the term spores as applicable exclusively to the naked spores supported on basidia, as found in the Basidiomyceteae. The term sporidia he limits to spores produced or enclosed in an ascus, as in the Ascomyceteae. The term sporules he applies to the spores of imperfect fungi, where they are enclosed in perithecia (microscopic cups or cells), such as the Sphaeropsidea. The term conidia he uses to designate the spores of imperfect fungi without perithecia or asci, such as the Hyphomyceteae and the Melanconieae. This arrangement is in accordance with M. C. Cooke's published views on the subject, except in the case of the spore bodies of the Melanconieae, which he prefers, for well-defined reasons, to call sporules.

In accordance with these limitations, the terms spermatia, stylospores, and clinospores are merged in sporule.

Other terms appropriate to their development are employed to designate the spores of Uredineae, Phycomyceteae, etc.

STUDENT'S HAND-BOOK OF MUSHROOMS OF AMERICA

EDIBLE AND POISONOUS.

BY THOMAS TAYLOR, M. D.

AUTHOR OF FOOD PRODUCTS, ETC.

Published in Serial Form--=No. 4=--Price, 50c. per number.

WASHINGTON, D. C.: A. R. Taylor, Publisher, 238 Mass. Ave. N.E. 1897.

Copyright, 1897, by Thomas Taylor, M. D., and A. R. Taylor.

GASTEROMYCETES.

Hymenium more or less permanently concealed, consisting in most cases of closely packed cells of which the fertile ones (the basidia) bear naked spores on distinct spicules, exposed only by the rupture or decay of the investing coat or peridium. Berkeley's Outlines.

This family has been subjected to numerous revisions since the days of Fries, when its structural characteristics were not so well understood as at present.

Montagne and Berkeley are credited with being the first to show the true structure of the hymenium in the puff-balls, as well as to demonstrate the presence of basidia. This important discovery led to the correlating of the Gasteromycetes with the Hymenomycetes under the common title Basidiomycetes, both having the spores borne upon basidia. The two families still remained distinct, however, not only because of the dissimilarity in their external features but principally on account of the difference in the disposition and character of the hymenium.