Part 22

cassowaries swim, 149 cattle disease and oxpeckers, 129 Chicago Tribune farm, 151 cliff dwellers, 78 colony, mixed, 73 colony nesters, 77 color, change in jay, 164 color and palatability, 63 communistic care of young, 37 community nests, 35 conditioning, 136 conservation, 151 co-operation, 117 co-operation: birds and monkeys, 51-53 cow and ani, 167 in carrying prey, 118 in fishing by pelican, 118 in killing skunk, 119 co-op nursery, 35 cormorant: fishing with, 57 training, 58 cosmetics, various, 26 counting, of photographers, 193 distinguishing more from less, 193 courtship feeding, 195 function of, 197 significance of, 195 covering eggs: by eider duck, 47 by grebe, 47 cows, use as hunting dogs, 167 credit and snowy owl, 48 cripples, cared for, 201 crocodile bird, 45 crow, intelligence of, 98 crows profit by experience, 99 curiosity, 210

dangerous prey, 198 death: caused by clam, 199 by porcupine, 202 by spiders, 200 decoration: function of, 209 in nests, 207 snakeskin in, 113 droppings things: 186 by crows, 16 by gulls, 16, 187 by lammergeier, 186 by sparrow, 187 reason for, 188 drumming: of grouse, 134 of woodpecker, 133 drunkenness, 32 duck, muscovy, 162

ecological competition, 173 eggs: buried, 55 covered, 46, 47 in other birds' nests, 91 specializations, 93 eider down, 71 environment modifies heredity, 139 Eskimo, credit to, 48 experience: crows profit by, 99 learning by, 189

feathers: and size of bird, 67 and temperature, 67 number of, 66 feeding rates of ani, 168 fish eats bird, 95 fishing with cormorants, 57 flavor of flesh, 63, 142 flesh: flavor of, 63, 142 poisonous, 141 fluctuations in the Arctic, 48 food: impaling of by shrike, 61 storage of, 32, 61 foster parents, 93 foster young, specialization in, 93 foxing, 166 frogs mistaken for birds, 109

gardens: animal, 183 ecological balance in, 153 of Arctic fox, 185 good and bad birds, 152 grackles, character of, 152 graveyards: 180 in hollow tree, 181 on island, 182 penguins', 180 green hunting jay, 164 guarding birds' nests, by insects, 121 guides to honey, 124

hair pulling, 102 helpers at nesting time, 81 heredity modified by environment, 139 hibernation, 108 honey guides: 124 lead to big game, 125 hornbills' nests, 42 households, mixed, 73

identification: caution in making, 161 errors in, 161 over the telephone, 160 sight, 161 incubation, artificial, 56 incubators, bird-made, 54 infantile behavior modified, 137 inquisitive birds, 210 instrumental music, 133 intelligence, comparative, 98 intoxication, 32

jays: change of color in, 164 helping at nest, 81

kingfisher: a painting of, 143 classical allusions to, 145 on the telephone, 143 variation in, 144

lammergeier and Aeschylus, 186 larder, shrike's, 60 laughing jackass, voice of, 145 learning, 189 lemming and Arctic fox, 49 lichens and birds, 184 listing of birds, early, 171

maladaptation, 31 megapode nesting, 54 migration, 28 mixed households, 73 monkey birds: 51 and birds, various, 52-53 mound builder and nest, 54 music, instrumental, 133

names: appropriateness, 51, 85 available scientific, 85 domestic and foreign, 157 euphony needed, 84 for boats, 84 how given, 51 natural selection not operating, 203 nests: co-operative, 79 decoration of, 207 Guarded by insects, 121 helpers at, 81 in soup, 38, 48 last year's, 69 leaves in, 207 megapodes, 54 parasitism, 91 secondhand, 69 subleases on, 69 transportation of, 28 use by man, 71 use of snakeskin in, 111 walled, of hornbill, 42--44 nest building, co-operative, 79 nidification, reptile type, 56 nursery, 35

oil glands, 25 owl, and toad, 190 owl, intelligence of, 98 oxpecker: 127 value to herds, 128

painting a kingfisher, 143 painting of bower, 16 palatability, 63 penguins, maternal, 36 people, birds perching on, 102 pilfering: 104 by grackle, 106 by kingfisher, 105 by shrike, 105 by starling, 105 poison fruit, 31 poisonous birds, 140 poor-will in hibernation, 109 powder down, 26 preening, 25 probe, used by finch, 17

references, 213 retarded development, 137 rhino bird, 128 robbery: by birds, 19,104 by eagle, 19, 20 by frigate bird, 20 by raven, 99 by skua, 21 Rome, founding of, 171 Romulus and Remus as bird watchers, 171

Salvador bird voices, 157 sand grouse carrying water, 178 sea serpents: identification of, 147 in Kenya, 148 in New Guinea, 148 sentinel of the monkey, 53 sewing nests, 89 sexes: battle of, 173 different diets of, 175 sexual differences, ecological significance of, 173 shrike's larder, 60 shrike, young, infantile behavior prolonged, 137 slave of the monkeys, 52 snails, broken on anvil, 15 snakeskins: in nests, 111 as decorations, 112 bibliographic work on use of, 114 reasons for using, 115 theories of use, 113 snowy owl, as trade index, 49 social parasites, 33, 91 soothsayers use birds, 172 sounds produced mechanically, 134 soup, birds'-nest, 38 storage: of acorns, 32 of fish, 33 survival of unfit, 201 swifts' nests, 38-41 symbiosis, 73

tables turned, 198 tailorbirds, 89 tameness, 101 taste in birds, 189 telephone: conversations on, 143, 151 identification over, 160 theft, petty, 104 thrush, breaking snail's shell, 15 tick bird, 128 ticks, food of oxpecker, 128 tolling of ducks, 211 tool, use of, 15 torpidity, 108 trade index, snowy owls as, 49

unfit survive, 201

vegetation and penguins, 183

washing food: 154 reasons for, 156 watchdogs at nests, 121 water: carried by birds, 46, 178 flights to, 178 need of, 177 weaving nests, 88 wing music of owl, 134 wings: use of, 130 in feeding, 131 winnowing of snipe, 134 wisdom, owl, symbol of, 98

young: buried, 45 communistic care of, 37 fed by other young, 81, 203 honey-guide's, 33 independent from hatching, 55

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Transcriber Note

Minor typos corrected.