Part 65

TABLE 62

DIMENSIONS OF STANDARD AND EXTRA STRONG WROUGHT-IRON AND STEEL PIPE

______________________________________________________________ | | | | | | Diameter | Circumference | | |________________________|________________________| | | | | | | | |External| Internal |External| Internal | | |Standard|_______________|Standard|_______________| | | and | | | and | | | | Nominal | Extra |Standard| Extra | Extra |Standard| Extra | | Size | Strong | | Strong | Strong | | Strong | |_______|______|______|______|______|______|______| | | | | | | | | | 1/8 | .405 | .269 | .215 | 1.272 | .848 | .675 | | 1/4 | .540 | .364 | .302 | 1.696 | 1.144 | .949 | | 3/8 | .675 | .493 | .423 | 2.121 | 1.552 | 1.329 | | 1/2 | .840 | .622 | .546 | 2.639 | 1.957 | 1.715 | | 3/4 | 1.050 | .824 | .742 | 3.299 | 2.589 | 2.331 | | 1 | 1.315 | 1.049 | .957 | 4.131 | 3.292 | 3.007 | | 1-1/4 | 1.660 | 1.380 | 1.278 | 5.215 | 4.335 | 4.015 | | 1-1/2 | 1.900 | 1.610 | 1.500 | 5.969 | 5.061 | 4.712 | | 2 | 2.375 | 2.067 | 1.939 | 7.461 | 6.494 | 6.092 | | 2-1/2 | 2.875 | 2.469 | 2.323 | 9.032 | 7.753 | 7.298 | | 3 | 3.500 | 3.068 | 2.900 | 10.996 | 9.636 | 9.111 | | 3-1/2 | 4.000 | 3.548 | 3.364 | 12.566 | 11.146 | 10.568 | | 4 | 4.500 | 4.026 | 3.826 | 14.137 | 12.648 | 12.020 | | 4-1/2 | 5.000 | 4.506 | 4.290 | 15.708 | 14.162 | 13.477 | | 5 | 5.563 | 5.047 | 4.813 | 17.477 | 15.849 | 15.121 | | 6 | 6.625 | 6.065 | 5.761 | 20.813 | 19.054 | 18.099 | | 7 | 7.625 | 7.023 | 6.625 | 23.955 | 22.063 | 20.813 | | 8 | 8.625 | 7.981 | 7.625 | 27.096 | 25.076 | 23.955 | | 9 | 9.625 | 8.941 | 8.625 | 30.238 | 28.089 | 27.096 | | 10 | 10.750 | 10.020 | 9.750 | 33.772 | 31.477 | 30.631 | | 11 | 11.750 | 11.000 | 10.750 | 36.914 | 34.558 | 33.772 | | 12 | 12.750 | 12.000 | 11.750 | 40.055 | 37.700 | 36.914 | |_______|______|______|______|______|______|_______|

_________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | Length | | | | Internal | of | Nominal Weight | | | Transverse |Pipe in | Pounds per | | | Area |Feet per| Foot | | |___________________| Square |_______________| | | | |Foot of | | | | Nominal | Standard | Extra |External|Standard| Extra | | Size | | Strong |Surface | | Strong | |_______|________|________|______|______|______| | | | | | | | | 1/8 | .0573 | .0363 | 9.440 | .244 | .314 | | 1/4 | .1041 | .0716 | 7.075 | .424 | .535 | | 3/8 | .1917 | .1405 | 5.657 | .567 | .738 | | 1/2 | .3048 | .2341 | 4.547 | .850 | 1.087 | | 3/4 | .5333 | .4324 | 3.637 | 1.130 | 1.473 | | 1 | .8626 | .7193 | 2.904 | 1.678 | 2.171 | | 1-1/4 | 1.496 | 1.287 | 2.301 | 2.272 | 2.996 | | 1-1/2 | 2.038 | 1.767 | 2.010 | 2.717 | 3.631 | | 2 | 3.356 | 2.953 | 1.608 | 3.652 | 5.022 | | 2-1/2 | 4.784 | 4.238 | 1.328 | 5.793 | 7.661 | | 3 | 7.388 | 6.605 | 1.091 | 7.575 | 10.252 | | 3-1/2 | 9.887 | 8.888 | .955 | 9.109 | 12.505 | | 4 | 12.730 | 11.497 | .849 | 10.790 | 14.983 | | 4-1/2 | 15.961 | 14.454 | .764 | 12.538 | 17.611 | | 5 | 19.990 | 18.194 | .687 | 14.617 | 20.778 | | 6 | 28.888 | 26.067 | .577 | 18.974 | 28.573 | | 7 | 38.738 | 34.472 | .501 | 23.544 | 38.048 | | 8 | 50.040 | 45.664 | .443 | 28.544 | 43.388 | | 9 | 62.776 | 58.426 | .397 | 33.907 | 48.728 | | 10 | 78.839 | 74.662 | .355 | 40.483 | 54.735 | | 11 | 95.033 | 90.763 | .325 | 45.557 | 60.075 | | 12 | 113.098 | 108.43 | .299 | 49.562 | 65.415 | |_______|________|________|______|______|_______|

Dimensions are nominal and except where noted are in inches.

In connection with pipe sizes, Table 63, giving certain tube data may be found to be of service.

TABLE 63

TUBE DATA, STANDARD OPEN HEARTH OR LAP WELDED STEEL TUBES

+-----+--+----+-----+------+------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+ |S E D|B | T | I D |Circumference| Transverse |Square |Length |Nominal| |i x i|. | h | n i | | Area | Feet |in Feet|Weight | |z t a|W | i | t a | |Square Inches| of | per |Pounds | |e e m|. | c | e m +------+------+------+------+ Exter |Square | per | | r e| | k | r e |Exter-|Inter-|Exter-|Inter-| -nal |Foot of| Foot | | n t|G | n | n t | nal | nal | nal | nal |Surface| Exter | | | a e|a | e | a e | | | | | per | -nal | | | l r|u | s | l r | | | | |Foot of|Surface| | | |g | s | | | | | |Length | | | | |e | | | | | | | | | | +-----+--+----+-----+------+------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+ |1-1/2|10|.134|1.232| 4.712| 3.870|1.7671|1.1921| .392 | 2.546 | 1.955 | |1-1/2| 9|.148|1.204| 4.712| 3.782|1.7671|1.1385| .392 | 2.546 | 2.137 | |1-1/2| 8|.165|1.170| 4.712| 3.676|1.7671|1.0751| .392 | 2.546 | 2.353 | | 2 |10|.134|1.732| 6.283| 5.441|3.1416|2.3560| .523 | 1.909 | 2.670 | | 2 | 9|.148|1.704| 6.283| 5.353|3.1416|2.2778| .523 | 1.909 | 2.927 | | 2 | 8|.165|1.670| 6.283| 5.246|3.1416|2.1904| .523 | 1.909 | 3.234 | |3-1/4|11|.120|3.010|10.210| 9.456|8.2958|7.1157| .850 | 1.175 | 4.011 | |3-1/4|10|.134|2.982|10.210| 9.368|8.2958|6.9840| .850 | 1.175 | 4.459 | |3-1/4| 9|.148|2.954|10.210| 9.280|8.2958|6.8535| .850 | 1.175 | 4.903 | | 4 |10|.134|3.732|12.566|11.724|12.566|10.939| 1.047 | .954 | 5.532 | | 4 | 9|.148|3.704|12.566|11.636|12.566|10.775| 1.047 | .954 | 6.000 | | 4 | 8|.165|3.670|12.566|11.530|12.566|10.578| 1.047 | .954 | 6.758 | +-----+--+----+-----+------+------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+

Dimensions are nominal and except where noted are in inches.

Pipe Material and Thickness--For saturated steam pressures not exceeding 160 pounds, all pipe over 14 inches should be 3/8 inch thick O. D. pipe. All other pipe should be standard full weight, except high pressure feed and blow-off lines, which should be extra strong.

For pressures above 150 pounds up to 200 pounds with superheated steam, all high pressure feed and blow-off lines, high pressure steam lines having threaded flanges, and straight runs and bends of high pressure steam lines 6 inches and under having Van Stone joints should be extra strong. All piping 7 inches and over having Van Stone joints should be full weight soft flanging pipe of special quality. Pipe 14 inches and over should be 3/8 inch thick O. D. pipe. All pipes for these pressures not specified above should be full weight pipe.

Flanges--For saturated steam, 160 pounds working pressure, all flanges for wrought-iron pipe should be cast-iron threaded. All high pressure threaded flanges should have the diameter thickness and drilling in accordance with the "manufacturer's standard" for "extra heavy" flanges. All low pressure flanges should have diameter, thickness and drilling in accordance with "manufacturer's standard" for "standard flanges."

The flanges on high pressure lines should be counterbored to receive pipe and prevent the threads from shouldering. The pipe should be screwed through the flange at least 1/16 inch, placed in machine and after facing off the end one smooth cut should be taken over the face of the flange to make it square with the axis of the pipe.

For pressures above 160 pounds, where superheated steam is used, all high pressure steam lines 4 inches and over should have solid rolled steel flanges and special upset lapped joints. In the manufacture of such joints, the ends of the pipe are heated and upset against the face of a holding mandrel conforming to the shape of the flange, the lapped portion of the pipe being flattened out against the face of the mandrel, the upsetting action maintaining the desired thickness of the lap. When cool, both sides of the lap are faced to form a uniform thickness and an even bearing against flange and gasket. The joint, therefore, is a strictly metal to metal joint, the flanges merely holding the lapped ends of the pipe against the gasket.

A special grade of soft flanging pipe is selected to prevent breaking. The bending action is a severe test of the pipe and if it withstands the bending process and the pressure tests, the reliability of the joint is assured. Such a joint is called a Van Stone joint, though many modifications and improvements have been made since the joint was originally introduced.

The diameter and thickness of such flanges should be special extra heavy. Such flanges should be turned to diameter, their fronts faced and the backs machined in lieu of spot facing.

In lines other than given for pressures over 150 pounds, all flanges for wrought-iron pipe should be threaded. All threaded flanges for high pressure superheated lines 3½ inches and under should be "semi-steel" extra heavy. Flanges for other than steam lines should be manufacturer's standard extra heavy.

Welded flanges are frequently used in place of those described with satisfactory results.

Fittings--For saturated steam under pressures up to 160 pounds, all fittings 3½ inches and under should be screwed. Fittings 4 inches and over should have flanged ends. Fittings for this pressure should be of cast iron and should have heavy leads and full taper threads. Flanged fittings in high pressure lines should be extra heavy, and in low pressure lines standard weight. Where possible in high pressure flanges and fittings, bolt surfaces should be spot faced to provide suitable bearing for bolt heads and nuts.

Fittings for superheated steam up to 70 degrees at pressures above 160 pounds are sometimes of cast iron. For superheat above 70 degrees such fittings should be "steel castings" and in general these fittings are recommended for any degree of superheat. Fittings for other than high pressure work may be of cast iron, except where superheated steam is carried, where they should be of "wrought steel" or "hard metal". Fittings 3½ inches and under should be screwed, 4 inches and over flanged.

Flanges for pressures up to 160 pounds in pipes and fittings for low pressure lines, and any fittings for high pressure lines should have plain faces, smooth tool finish, scored with V-shaped grooves for rubber gaskets. High pressure line flanges should have raised faces, projecting the full available diameter inside the bolt holes. These faces should be similarly scored.

All pipe ½ inch and under should have ground joint unions suitable for the pressure required. Pipe ¾ inch and over should have cast-iron flanged unions. Unions are to be preferred to wrought-iron couplings wherever possible to facilitate dismantling.

Valves--For 150 pounds working pressure, saturated steam, all valves 2 inches and under may have screwed ends; 2½ inches and over should be flanged. All high pressure steam valves 6 inches and over should have suitable by-passes. All valves for use with superheated steam should be of special construction. For pressures above 160 pounds, where the superheat does not exceed 70 degrees, valve bodies, caps and yokes are sometimes made of cast iron, though ordinarily semi-steel will give better satisfaction. The spindles of such valves should be of bronze and there should be special necks with condensing chambers to prevent the superheated steam from blowing through the packing. For pressures over 160 pounds and degrees of superheat above 70, all valves 3 inches and over should have valve bodies, caps and yokes of steel castings. Spindles should be of some non-corrosive metal, such as "monel metal". Seat rings should be removable of the same non-corrosive metal as should the spindle seats and plug faces.

All salt water valves should have bronze spindles, sleeves and packing seats.

The suggestions as to flanges for different classes of service made on page 311 hold as well for valve flanges, except that such flanges are not scored.

Automatic stop and check valves are coming into general use with boilers and such use is compulsory under the boiler regulations of certain communities. Where used, they should be preferably placed directly on the boiler nozzle. Where two or more boilers are on one line, in addition to the valve at the boiler, whether this be an automatic valve or a gate valve, there should be an additional gate valve on each boiler branch at the main steam header.

Relief valves should be furnished at the discharge side of each feed pump and on the discharge side of each feed heater of the closed type.