Part 1

STANDARD METHODS FOR THE EXAMINATION OF WATER AND SEWAGE

FOURTH EDITION

Revised by committees of the American Public Health Association, American Chemical Society, and referees of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists

AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION 169 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE BOSTON 1920

Copyright, 1917 and 1920

By the American Public Health Association

------------------------------------------------------------------------

CONTENTS.

PAGE PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION vii

COLLECTION OF SAMPLES 1 QUANTITY OF WATER REQUIRED FOR ANALYSIS 1 BOTTLES 1 TIME INTERVAL BETWEEN COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 2 REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES 3

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION 4 TEMPERATURE 4 TURBIDITY 4 TURBIDITY STANDARD 4 PLATINUM WIRE METHOD 5 TURBIDIMETRIC METHOD 7 COEFFICIENT OF FINENESS 8 COLOR 9 COMPARISON WITH PLATINUM-COBALT STANDARDS 9 COMPARISON WITH GLASS DISKS 10 COMPARISON WITH NESSLER STANDARDS 10 LOVIBOND TINTOMETER 11 ODOR 12 COLD ODOR 12 HOT ODOR 12 EXPRESSION OF RESULTS 12

CHEMICAL EXAMINATION 14 EXPRESSION OF RESULTS 14 FORMS OF NITROGEN 15 AMMONIA NITROGEN 15 DETERMINATION BY DISTILLATION 15 MEASUREMENT OF AMMONIA NITROGEN 16 COMPARISON WITH AMMONIA STANDARDS 16 COMPARISON WITH PERMANENT STANDARDS 17 MODIFICATION FOR SEWAGE 18 DETERMINATION BY DIRECT NESSLERIZATION 19 ALBUMINOID NITROGEN 20 ORGANIC NITROGEN 21 NITRITE NITROGEN 22 NITRATE NITROGEN 23 PHENOLDISULFONIC ACID METHOD 23 REDUCTION METHOD 24 TOTAL NITROGEN 25 OXYGEN CONSUMED 25 RECOMMENDED METHOD 26 OTHER METHODS 27 RESIDUE ON EVAPORATION 29 TOTAL RESIDUE 29 FIXED RESIDUE AND LOSS ON IGNITION 29 SUSPENDED MATTER 30 DETERMINATION WITH GOOCH CRUCIBLE 30 DETERMINATION BY FILTRATION 30 DETERMINATION OF VOLUME 30 FIXED RESIDUE AND LOSS ON IGNITION 30 HARDNESS 30 TOTAL HARDNESS BY CALCULATION 31 TOTAL HARDNESS BY SOAP METHOD 31 TOTAL HARDNESS BY SODA REAGENT METHOD 34 TEMPORARY HARDNESS BY TITRATION WITH ACID 34 NON-CARBONATE HARDNESS BY SODA REAGENT METHOD 34 NON-CARBONATE HARDNESS BY SOAP METHOD 35 ALKALINITY 35 PROCEDURE WITH PHENOLPHTHALEIN 36 PROCEDURE WITH METHYL ORANGE 37 PROCEDURE WITH LACMOID 37 PROCEDURE WITH ERYTHROSINE 37 BICARBONATE 37 NORMAL CARBONATE 38 HYDROXIDE 38 ALKALI CARBONATES 39 ACIDITY 39 TOTAL ACIDITY 40 FREE CARBON DIOXIDE 40 FREE MINERAL ACIDS 41 MINERAL ACIDS AND SULFATES OF IRON AND ALUMINIUM 41 CHLORIDE 41 IRON 43 TOTAL IRON 44 COLORIMETRIC METHOD 44 COMPARISON WITH IRON STANDARDS 45 COMPARISON WITH PERMANENT STANDARDS 46 VOLUMETRIC METHOD 46 DISSOLVED IRON 47 SUSPENDED IRON 47 FERROUS IRON 47 FERRIC IRON 48 MANGANESE 48 PERSULFATE METHOD 48 BISMUTHATE METHOD 49 LEAD, ZINC, COPPER, AND TIN 50 LEAD 51 ZINC 52 COPPER 53 TIN 54 MINERAL ANALYSIS 56 RESIDUE ON EVAPORATION 56 ALKALINITY AND ACIDITY 56 CHLORIDE 56 NITRATE NITROGEN 56 SEPARATION OF SILICA, IRON, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, AND MAGNESIUM 56 SILICA 56 IRON AND ALUMINIUM 57 CALCIUM 57 MAGNESIUM 57 SEPARATION OF SULFATE, SODIUM, AND POTASSIUM 58 SULFATE 58 SODIUM, POTASSIUM AND LITHIUM 58 POTASSIUM 59 LITHIUM 60 BROMINE, IODINE, ARSENIC, AND BORIC ACID 61 BROMINE AND IODINE 61 ARSENIC 63 BORIC ACID 63 HYDROGEN SULFIDE 63 CHLORINE 64 DISSOLVED OXYGEN 65 ETHER-SOLUBLE MATTER 69 RELATIVE STABILITY OF EFFLUENTS 69 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND OF SEWAGES AND EFFLUENTS 71 RELATIVE STABILITY METHOD 71 SODIUM NITRATE METHOD 72

ANALYSIS OF SEWAGE SLUDGE AND MUD DEPOSITS 73 COLLECTION OF SAMPLE 73 REACTION 73 SPECIFIC GRAVITY 74 MOISTURE 74 VOLATILE AND FIXED MATTER 74 TOTAL ORGANIC NITROGEN 74 ETHER-SOLUBLE MATTER 75 FERROUS SULFIDE 76 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND 76

ANALYSIS OF CHEMICALS 77 REAGENTS 77 SULFATE OF ALUMINIUM 78 INSOLUBLE MATTER 78 OXIDES OF ALUMINIUM AND IRON 78 TOTAL IRON 79 FERRIC IRON 79 FERROUS IRON 80 BASICITY RATIO 80 LIME 80 SULFATE OF IRON 81 INSOLUBLE MATTER 81 IRON AS FERROUS SULFATE 81 ACIDITY 81 SODA ASH 82 INSOLUBLE MATTER 82 AVAILABLE ALKALI 82

CHEMICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 82

MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION 89 MICROSCOPICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 91

BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION 92 APPARATUS 92 SAMPLE BOTTLES 92 PIPETTES 92 DILUTION BOTTLES 92 PETRI DISHES 92 FERMENTATION TUBES 92 MATERIALS 93 WATER 93 MEAT EXTRACT 93 PEPTONE 93 SUGARS 93 AGAR 93 GELATIN 93 LITMUS 93 GENERAL CHEMICALS 93 METHODS 93 PREPARATION OF CULTURE MEDIA 93 TITRATION 93 STERILIZATION 94 NUTRIENT BROTH 95 SUGAR BROTHS 95 NUTRIENT GELATIN 95 NUTRIENT AGAR 96 LITMUS OR AZOLITMIN SOLUTION 96 LITMUS-LACTOSE-AGAR 97 ENDO’S MEDIUM 97 COLLECTION OF SAMPLE 98 STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF SAMPLE 98 DILUTIONS 98 PLATING 99 INCUBATION 99 COUNTING 99 THE TEST FOR THE PRESENCE OF MEMBERS OF THE B. COLI GROUP 100 PRESUMPTIVE TEST 100 PARTIALLY CONFIRMED TEST 101 COMPLETED TEST 102 APPLICATION OF THESE TESTS 102 EXPRESSION OF RESULTS 103 SUMMARY OF THESE TESTS 104 INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS 106 DIFFERENTIATION OF FECAL FROM NON-FECAL MEMBERS OF THE B. COLI GROUP 106 METHYL RED TEST 107 VOGES-PROSKAUER TEST 108 ROUTINE PROCEDURE FOR BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION 108 BACTERIOLOGICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 110

INDEX 113

PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION.

The Committee on Standard Methods of Bacteriological Water Analysis was reorganized in 1918 with the following membership: F. P. Gorham, chairman, L. A. Rogers, W. G. Bissell, H. E. Hasseltine, H. W. Redfield, with M. Levine as adjunct member. This committee made a report in 1918 which was not acted on by the Laboratory Section, and in 1919 made a revised report, recommending certain changes in Standard Methods, which were adopted by the section and which are now incorporated in this present fourth edition.

Following are the more important changes:

New brands of peptone authorized.

Phenol Red Method of Hydrogen-ion Concentration.

Five-tenths per cent of sugar specified for broths instead of 1 per cent.

Sterilization of sugar is media specified in greater detail.

Preparation of Endo Medium.

Synthetic Medium for the Methyl Red Test.

There are no changes in the chemical methods in this edition.