Part 6

5. HEAVEN KNOWS WHERE OR WHEN

Meteorites have been falling upon our planet for a long time—how long, it is hard to say with accuracy. Up to now, no specimens certainly identified as meteorites have been found in ancient rock layers. Scientists have been able, however, to estimate the age of several meteorite craters on the basis of the degree of weathering not only of the crater rims, but also of the meteorites found around the craters. Age estimates have also been based on the ages of fossils found in silted-up crater interiors and on other related indirect evidence.

As we have already noted, the Canyon Diablo, Arizona, crater is thought to be 20,000 to 70,000 years old. The Odessa, Texas, crater is at least 200,000 years old; and the Haviland (Brenham), Kansas, craters more than 600,000 years old. Clearly, meteorite falls have been occurring over a very long period of earth history.

For many years, scientists have studied the distribution of recovered meteorites around the world in an effort to find out whether there are any places on the land surface of our globe where meteorites have fallen in unusually large numbers.

The idea that any particular spot on the land surface of the earth might in some way attract more meteorites to it than other locations seems unreasonable because of the very nature of the target presented by our planet to the meteorites wandering through space. Not only is the earth in motion, but it is in very complicated motion. Our earth revolves about a sun which is also in motion through space. At the same time, the earth is rotating on its axis. A single point on the surface of the earth therefore traces a very erratic path in space with the passage of the years, and the likelihood that this particular point would be struck by more than one meteorite (if indeed by one!) must be very small.

Studies have shown that the people of the earth have a great deal more to do with “concentrations” of meteorite recoveries than anything else. Population density is the first important factor. Clearly, the more people living in a given area, the higher the probability that a meteorite fall will be seen and reported and that the fallen mass itself will be recovered. A prime example is India, one of the most densely populated regions of the world. Of the 102 meteorites recovered in that country up to 1953, 97 were of witnessed fall. This extremely high proportion of falls is undoubtedly due to the fact that for centuries such an event could hardly have taken place in that country without attracting the attention of large numbers of people. Apparently, the majority of Indian meteorites have been recovered as they fell, for only 5 unwitnessed falls are recorded for that country.

On the other hand, from French West Africa only 5 falls and 3 finds have been reported throughout an area slightly larger even than India’s. This country thus provides an example of a sparsely populated region, in many provinces of which a meteorite fall might pass unobserved, and a fallen meteorite might remain undiscovered.

A second factor is the degree of civilization reached by the inhabitants of a particular area. Those regions of the world which have been settled the longest and which have seen the development of the higher cultures will be the most likely to support a populace that will take an interest in and report the occurrences of natural events like meteorite falls. Such a populace will also be more likely to bring suspected meteorites to the attention of experts.

For example, up to 1953, 55 witnessed falls and 3 unwitnessed falls were known from France, a country of relatively small area, but with a high population density and an advanced degree of civilization. From the whole vast area of Siberia, on the other hand, only 20 meteorite falls and 23 finds have been reported during the same interval.

In the past, scientists have suggested that various natural forces, such as the magnetic field of the earth or the attraction of high and massive mountain ranges, might cause more meteorites to fall in one place than another. But all available evidence indicates that this is not the case. The fall of meteorites upon the earth has been and is a process that shows no apparent pattern. Only “human” factors (like population density and scientific interest in meteorites) can be considered as accounting for any concentrations of meteorite falls in particular regions or countries.

In historic times, the number of man-built structures (houses, barns, hotels, office buildings, etc.) has increased tremendously. Such structures have presented an ever-expanding target to hits by falling meteorites. On pages 73, 74 is a listing of some of the meteorites that have struck and damaged buildings during the last 150 years or so. The items included in this list were chosen on the basis of interest, authenticity, and concreteness of detail.

The stories of all these meteorite falls are exciting, but none more so, perhaps, than that of the Beddgelert, North Wales, stone. This meteorite fell in the small hours of the morning on September 21, 1949. Not many people saw the fireball that accompanied its descent because of the early hour (1:45 a.m.), but one of the few persons who happened to be outside said that it resembled a huge rocket as it flashed across the sky. He also reported that the appearance of the fireball nearly frightened the swans in the local park to death, the birds fleeing in all directions.

The manager of one of the hotels in Beddgelert simultaneously was awakened from a sound sleep by the barking of his dog. This was an unusual occurrence, and the man was surprised by it. While he was trying to account for the dog’s peculiar behavior, he suddenly realized that something quite out of the ordinary was happening outside. He heard a series of unevenly spaced bangs that he later compared to “a naval broadside.” But as the noise died away and nothing further happened, he went back to sleep.

About noon on the next day, the manager’s wife went into the upstairs lounge of the hotel, a room right under a part of the roof. She was astonished to find plaster dust all over the floor. It had obviously come from a jagged hole in the ceiling. And, on the floor, she found an odd-looking dark stone.

Investigation showed that this stone had indeed fallen through the roof. It had made a neat round hole in four overlapping thicknesses of slate, shattered the underlying lath, made a dent in the lower edge of an H-section iron girder, and had finally broken through the plaster ceiling into the hotel’s upstairs lounge.

Although it was clear that the stone had come through the roof, the hotel manager did not connect the event in any way with the peculiar noises he had heard during the preceding night.

He tried to cut the stone on an emery wheel, but it was too hard.

That evening, an old miner in the hotel restaurant recognized the stone as a meteorite. Many years before, he had visited a museum and had seen specimens of meteorites on display there.

The slabs of slate penetrated by the meteorite would have provided good evidence as to the speed of the cosmic missile at the time it struck the roof. But, unfortunately, these appear to have been thrown away at the time the roof was repaired. This fact is mentioned to show that important scientific evidence is sometimes unwittingly destroyed before investigators can get a chance to examine it.

Along with the rapid increase in the number of man-made buildings has, of course, gone a simultaneous increase in the world’s population itself. A person does not present as large a target to a falling meteorite as a house or barn, but even so, if there were enough people on the earth, it would seem that someone was bound to be hit sooner or later.

Actually, the first authentic case of a person being struck by a meteorite did not occur until November 30, 1954. Even then, the hit was an indirect one. At Sylacauga, Alabama, a meteorite fell through the roof of a house, went through the ceiling of the living room, struck the top of a radio, and—bouncing in a 6-foot arc—hit the lady of the house, who was taking a nap on the couch. Fortunately, nearly all of the energy of the meteorite was spent by the time it struck the woman, and, moreover, she was covered with two heavy quilts so that she was not critically injured. But she did receive bruises serious enough to send her to the hospital.

The instances just given show that a number of meteorites have struck buildings and, in one case, a cosmic missile has hit a human being. Nevertheless, such events are really quite rare. In fact, mathematical calculations indicate that, on the average, we can expect one meteorite to fall per township (36 square miles) per 1000 years. A rate like this does not justify the loss of any sleep over the possibility that you might some time be hit by a falling meteorite!

SELECTED LIST OF METEORITES THAT HAVE STRUCK AND DAMAGED BUILDINGS

NAME AND LOCATION TYPE APPROXIMATE WEIGHT YEAR

Baxter, Missouri stone 611 gm. 1916 Meteorite penetrated roof and struck a log joist, which checked the fall. The stone lodged in the attic. Beddgelert, North Wales stone 794 gm. 1949 Meteorite made a clean hole through 4 thicknesses of slate roof. It then shattered underlying wood, made tiny dent in bottom edge of H-section iron girder, and broke through plaster ceiling into hotel lounge below. Benld, Illinois stone 1770 gm. 1938 Meteorite penetrated garage roof, top of car, and seat cushion. It struck and put 1-inch dent in muffler, then bounded back up and became entangled in seat cushion springs. Bethlehem, New York stone 11 gm. 1859 Meteorite struck the side of wagon house, bounded off, hit log upon ground, bounded again, and rolled into the grass. (A dog lying in the doorway of the wagon house jumped up, ran out and seized the meteorite, but dropped it right away, probably because of the warmth and sulfurous odor of the stone.) Branau, Bohemia iron 19,000 gm. 1847 Meteorite penetrated into room where 3 children were sleeping and covered them with plaster and debris. They were unharmed. Constantia, South Africa stone 999 gm. 1906 Meteorite penetrated 2 thicknesses of corrugated iron roofing and smashed ceiling. Kasamatsu, Japan stone 721 gm. 1938 Meteorite penetrated roof of house and stopped on floor. It went through roof tile, ⅓-inch wooden roof-panel, and layer of clay 1 inch thick between them. Kilbourn, Wisconsin stone 772 gm. 1911 Meteorite went through 3 thicknesses of shingles, a 1-inch hemlock roof board, and a ⅞-inch hemlock floor board. It then glanced in turn against the side of a manger and the stone foundation of the barn and finally penetrated 2½ inches into the clay floor of the barn. Pantar, Philippine Is. stone shower 1938 Sixteen stones were recovered; thousands “as big as corn and rice grains” fell on roofs. Sylacauga, Alabama stone 3863 gm. 1954 Meteorite penetrated composition roof material, ¾-inch wooden decking, ¾-inch wooden ceiling, and interior wallboard. It then hit a radio, punching a 1-inch hole in plywood top, and bounced 90° towards the east, striking woman lying on couch.

6. FINDERS FOOLISH, FINDERS WISE

People find a great many meteorites that were not seen to fall. Most of these landed on the surface of the earth at some time in the remote past or happened to fall in an originally unpopulated portion of the land area of the globe. Generally, such meteorites are discovered entirely by accident, although in recent years quite a few recoveries of unwitnessed falls have been made by design. This has been the case during the systematic surveys with meteorite detectors conducted around such recognized meteorite crater areas as Canyon Diablo, Arizona; Odessa, Texas; and Wolf Creek, Australia.

The different modes of discovery of meteorites not seen to fall are interesting in themselves. The largest percentage of finds has unquestionably been made by farmers. The Plymouth, Indiana, meteorite, for example, was plowed up or, as the farmer nursing the rib bruised by his bucking plow would probably prefer to say, “plowed into.” So were such meteorites as the Algoma, Wisconsin; the Bridgewater, North Carolina; the Carlton, Texas; and the Chesterfield, South Carolina, to name only a few. A farmer found the Kenton, Kentucky, iron while he was cleaning out a spring. Another farmer was removing debris from an abandoned water well in an attempt to revive it when he discovered the Richland, Texas, iron. A field drainage project brought the Seeläsgen, Poland, iron to light. A man planting an apple tree near his house dug out the Mount Joy, Pennsylvania, iron, and a farmer hoeing tobacco turned up the Scottsville, Kentucky, iron.