Part 5

6. Mani-ti, Those-who-camp (ti)-away-from-the-village. An offshoot of the Kaqmi-atonwan.

7. Keze, Barbed-like-a-fishhook. An offshoot of the Kaqmi-atonwan.

8. Tcan-kute (Can kute), Shoot-in-the-woods (among the deciduous trees); a name of derision. These people, according to Ashley, resemble the Keze, whom he styles a "cross clan."

9. Ti-zaptan (Ti-zaptan), Five-lodges.

10. Okopeya, In-danger. An offshoot of the Ti-zaptan.

11. Kap'oja (Kapoza), Those-who-travel-with-light-burdens. (See number 3 of the Mdewakantonwan.)

12. Amdo-wapuskiyapi, Those-who-lay-meat-on-their-shoulders (amdo)-to-dry-it (wapuskiya)-during-the-hunt.

FIG. 31.--Sisseton camping circle.

THE IHAÑKTONWAN OR YANKTON

The Yankton and Yanktonai speak the Yankton dialect, which has many words in common with the Teton.

In 1878 Walking Elk wrote the names of the Yankton gentes in the following order: 1, Tcan-kute (Can kute), Shoot-in-the-woods; 2, Tcaxu (Cagu), Lights or lungs; 3, Wakmuha-oin (Wakmuha oin),Pumpkin-rind-earring; 4, Ihaisdaye, Mouth-greasers; 5, Watceunpa (Waceunpa), Roasters; 6, Ikmun (Ikmun), An animal of the cat kind (lynx, panther, or wildcat); 7, Oyate-citca (Oyate-sica), Bad-nation; 8, Wacitcun-tcintca (Wasican-cinca) (a modern addition), Sons-of-white-men, the "Half-blood band." But in 1891 Reverend Joseph W. Cook, who has been missionary to the Yankton since 1870, obtained from several men the following order of gentes (ignoring the half-bloods): On the right side of the circle were, 1, Iha isdaye; 2, Wakmuha-oin; 3, Ikmun. On the left side of the circle were, 4, Watceunpa; 5, Tcan-kute; 6, Oyate-citca; and, 7, Tcaxu.

THE IHAÑKTONWANNA OR YANKTONAI

The Yanktonai are divided into the Upper and Lower Yanktonai, the latter being known as the Huñkpatina, Those-camping-at-one-end (or "horn")-of-the-tribal-circle.

The Upper Yanktonai geutes are as follows: 1, Tcan-ona (Can ona), Shoot-at-trees, or Wazi-kute, Shooters-among-the-pines; from these the Ho-he or Asiniboin have sprung. 2, Takini, Improved-in-condition (as a lean animal or a poor man). 3, Cikcitcena (Siksicena), Bad-ones-of-different-sorts. 4, Bakihon (Bakihon), Gash-themselves-with-knives. 5, Kiyuksa, Breakers (of the law or custom); see Mdewakantonwan gens number 1. 6, Pa-baksa, Cut-heads; some of these are on Devils Lake reservation, North Dakota. 7, Name forgotten.

The following are the gentes of the Lower Yanktonai, or Huñkpatina: 1, Pute-temini, Sweat-lips; the gens of Maxa-bomdu or Drifting Goose. 2, Gun-iktceka (Sun ikceka), Common dogs. 3, Taquha-yuta (Tahuha-yuta), Eat-the-scrapings-of-hides. 4, San-ona (San-ona), Shot-at-some-white-object; this name originated from killing an albino buffalo; a Huñkpapa chief said that refugees or strangers from another tribe were so called. 5, Iha-ca (Iha-sa), Red-lips. 6, Ite-xu (Ite-gu), Burned-face. 7, Pte-yute-cni (Pte-yute-sni), Eat-no-buffalo-cows.

THE TITONWAN OR TETON

TRIBAL DIVISIONS

The Teton are divided into seven tribes, which were formerly gentes. These are the Sitcanxu (Sicangu), Itaziptco (Itazipco), Siha-sapa, Minikooju (Minikoozu), Oohe-nonpa (Oohe-nonpa), Oglala, and Huñkpapa.

THE SITCANXU

The Sitcanxu, Bois Brulés or Burned Thighs, are divided locally into (1) Qeyata-witcaca (Heyata wicasa), People-away-from-the-river, the Highland or Upper Brulé, and (2) the Kud (Kuta or Kunta)-witcaca, the Lowland or Lower Brulé. The Sitcanxu are divided socially into gentes, of which the number has increased in recent years. The following names of their gentes were given to the author in 1880 by Tatañka-wakan, Mysterious Buffalo-bull: 1, Iyak'oza (Iyakoza), Lump (or wart)-on-a-horse's-leg. 2, Tcoka-towela (Coka-towela), Blue-spot-in-the-middle. 3, Ciyo-tañka (Siyo-tanka), Large grouse or prairie chicken. 4, Ho-mna, Fish-smellers. 5, Ciyo-subula (Siyo-subula), Sharp-tail grouse. 6, Kanxi-yuha (Kangi-yuha), Raven keepers. 7, Pispiza-witcaca (Pispiza-wicasa), Prairie-dog people. 8, Walexa-un-wohan (Walega un wohan), Boil-food-with-the-paunch-skin (walega). 9, Watceunpa (Waceunpa), Roasters. 10, Cawala (Sawala), Shawnee; the descendants of a Shawnee chief adopted into the tribe. 11, Ihañktonwan (Ihanktonwan), Yankton, so called from their mothers, Yankton women; not an original Sitcanxu gens. 12, Naqpaqpa (Nahpahpa), Take-down (their)-leggings (after returning from war). 13, Apewan-tañka (Apewan tanka), Big manes (of horses).

In 1884 Reverend W.J. Cleveland sent the author the accompanying diagram (figure 32) and the following list of Sitcanxu gentes, containing names which he said were of very recent origin; 1, Sitcanxu proper. 2, Kak'exa (Kakega),Making-a-grating-sound. 3a, Hinhan-cun-wapa (Hinhan-sun-wapa), Toward-the-owl-feather. 3b, Cuñikaha-napin (Sunkaha napin), Wears-a-dogskin-around-the-neek, 4, Hi-ha kanhanhan win (Hi-ha kanhanhan win), Woman (win) -the-skin (ha) -of-whose-teeth (hi) -dangles (kanhanhan). 5, Huñku-wanitca (Hunku-wanica), Without-a-mother. 6, Miniskuya-kitc'un (Miniskuya kicun), Wears salt. 7a, Kiyuksa, Breaks-or-cuts-in-two-his-own (custom, etc; probably referring to the marriage law; see Mdewakantonwan gens number 1). 7b, Ti-glabu, Drums-iu-his-own-lodge. 8, Watceunpa (Waceunpa), Boasters. 9, Wagluqe (Wagluhe), Followers, commonly called loafers; A.L. Riggs thinks the word means "in-breeders." 10, Isanyati (Isanyati), Santee (probably derived from the Mdewakantonwan). 11, Wagmeza-yuha, Has corn. 12a, Walexa-on-wohan (Walega-on-wohan), Boils-with-the-paunch-skin. 12b, Waqna (Wahna), Snorts. 13, Oglala-itc'itcaxa (Oglala-icicaga), Makes-himself-an-Oglala. 14, Tiyotcesli (Tiyocesli), Dungs-in-the-lodge. 15, Wajaja (Wazaza), Osage (?). 16, Ieska-tcintca (Ieska-cinca), Interpreter's sons; "half-bloods." 17, Ohe-nonpa (Ohe-nonpa), Two boilings or kettles. 18, Okaxa-witcaca (Okaga-wicasa), Man-of-the-south.

FIG. 32.--Sitcanxu camping circle.

THE ITAZIPTCO

The Itaziptco (Itazipco), in full, Itazipa-tcodan (Itazipa-codan), Without-bows or Sans Arcs, had seven gentes, according to Waanatan or Charger, in 1880 and 1884: 1, Itaziptco-qtca (Itazipco-hca), Real Itaziptco, also called Mini-cala (Mini-sala), Red water. 2, Cina-luta-oin (Sina-luta-oin), Scarlet-cloth-earring. 3, Woluta-yuta, Eat-dried-venison (or buffalo meat) -from-the-hind-quarter. 4, Maz-peg-naka, Wear (pieces-of) -metal-in-the-hair. 5, Tatañka-tcesli (Tatanka-cesli), Dung-of-a-buffalo-bull. 6, Cikcitcela (Siksicela), Bad-ones-of-different-kinds. 7, Tiyopa-otcannunpa (Tiyopa-ocannunpa), Smokes-at-the-entrance-to-the-lodge.

THE SIHA-SAPA OR BLACKFEET

The following are the gentes of the Siha-sapa or Blackfeet as given by Peji or John Grass, in 1880: 1, Siha-sapa-qtca, Real Blackfeet. 2, Kanxi-cun-pegnaka (Kangi-sun-pegnaka), Wears-raven-feathers-in-the-hair. 3, Glagla-hetca (Glagla-heca), Untidy, slovenly ("Too lazy to tie their moccasins"). 4, Wajaje (Wazaze; Kill Eagle's band; named affcer Kill Eagle's father, who was a Wajaje of the Oglala tribe). 5, Hohe, Asiniboin. 6, Wamnuxa-oin (Wamnuga-oin), Shell-ear-pendant. In 1884 Reverend H. Swift obtained the following from Waanatan or Charger as the true list of Siha-sapa gentes: 1, Ti-zaptan (Ti-zaptan), Five lodges. 2, Siha-sapa-qtca, Heal Blackfeet. 3, Hohe, Asiniboin. 4, Kanxi-cun-pegnaka (as above). 5, Wajaje (as above). 6, Wamnuxa-oin (as above). Mr Swift stated that there was no Siha-sapa division called Glagla-hetca.

THE MINIKOOJU

In 1880 Tatañka-wanbli, or Buffalo-bull Eagle, gave the author the names of numbers 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8 of the following list of the Minikooju (Minikoozu), Minikanye-woju (Minikanye-wozu), or Minneconjou gentes. These were given in 1884, with numbers 4 and 9, to Reverend H. Swift by No Heart (Cante-wanica): 1, Uñktce-yuta (Unkce-yuta), Eat-dung. 2, Glagla-hetca (Glagla-heca), Slovenly. 3, Cuñka-yute-cni (Sunka yute-sni), Eat-no-dogs. 4, Nixe-tañka (Nige-tanka), Big-belly. 5, Wakpokinyan (Wakpokinyan), Flies-along-the-creek (wakpa). 6, Inyan-ha-oin (Inyan-h-oin), Musselshell-earring. 7, Cikcitcela (Siksicela), Bad-ones-of-different-sorts. 8, Wagleza-oin, Watersnake-earring. 9, Wan-nawexa (Wan-nawega), Broken-arrows. The Wannawexa are nearly extinct.