Part Vi.—Kucha Houses or Huts.

23. The building of all huts can be regulated by the Commissioners under the powers vested in them by Sections 236, 243, 244 and following ones of the Bengal Municipal Act.

APPENDIX E. CALCULATION OF RE-PAYMENTS OF LOANS BY EQUAL INSTALMENTS.

The annexed table shows the instalments by which a loan of one lakh of rupees will be refunded by periodical instalments in a given number of years, interest being calculated at 4, 4½, 5, 5½, 6 and 6¼ per cent.

In the left-hand column, under each term, interest is added, and recovery of the instalments due made at the end of each year; in the right-hand column interest and instalment are supposed to be due half-yearly:—

─────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┬───────────────── Per │ Five Years. │ Ten years. │ Fifteen years. cent.│ │ │ ─────┼────────┬────────┼────────┬────────┼────────┬──────── │ Year. │½ Year. │ Year. │½ Year. │ │ 4 │22,463·0│11,132·4│12,329·2│6,115·65│8,994·14│4,464·96 4½ │22,779·3│11,278·9│12,637·9│6,264·19│9,311·41│4,619·94 5 │23,097·6│11,425·7│12,950·3│6,414·69│9,634·21│4,777·763 5½ │23,417·6│11,574·5│13,266·7│6,567·2 │9,962·6 │4,938·6 6 │23,740·0│11,723·0│13,586·8│6,712·6 │10,296 3│5,101·9 6¼ │23,901·3│11,798·1│13,748·2│6,799·5 │10,465·0│5,184·7 ─────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────

─────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┬───────────────── Per │ Twenty years. │ Twenty-five │ Thirty years. cent.│ │ years. │ ─────┼────────┬────────┼────────┬────────┼────────┬──────── │ │ │ │ │ │ 4 │7,358·18│3,655·55│6,401·21│3,182·32│5,783·01│2,876·78 4½ │7,687·64│3,817·69│6,743·92│3,351·84│6,139·15│3,053·53 5 │8,024·25│3,985·62│7,095·23│3,525·80│6,505·15│3,235·353 5½ │8,367·9 │4,153·2 │7,454·9 │3,704·2 │6,880·5 │3,422·0 6 │8,718·4 │4,326·2 │7,822·6 │3,886·5 │7,264·9 │3,613·3 6¼ │8,986·2 │4,414·0 │8,009·5 │3,979·3 │7,460·3 │3,710·6 ─────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────

APPENDIX F. RULES FOR THE PREPARATION, SUBMISSION AND EXECUTION OF PROJECTS OF WATER-SUPPLY, SEWERAGE OR DRAINAGE BY LOCAL AUTHORITIES (AS MODIFIED UP TO THE 31ST JULY 1913).

Notification.

No. 818T.-M.—The 13th September 1910.—In exercise of the powers conferred by clauses (i) and (ii) of sub-section (1) of section 69 of the Bengal Municipal Act, 1884 (Bengal Act III of 1884), and by clauses (e) and (m) of section 138 of the Bengal Local Self-Government Act of 1885 (Bengal Act III of 1885), the Lieutenant-Governor is pleased to direct that the following rules for the preparation, submission and execution of projects for water-supply, sewerage or drainage by local authorities shall be substituted for the like rules published with Government Notification No. 1712M., dated the 7th July 1906, at pages 111 to 113, Part IB of the Calcutta Gazette of the 11th idem, namely:—

1. (1) Whenever a local authority desires to undertake a project for water-supply or sewerage or a comprehensive scheme of surface drainage, it shall first cause to be drawn up a sketch of the project roughly showing its scope and approximate cost.

(2) Such sketch may be drawn up either by the Sanitary Engineer at the special request of the local authority and with the approval of the Sanitary Board and on payment of the fees prescribed in Rule 8, or by any firm or person approved by the Sanitary Engineer.

(3) The Sanitary Engineer shall, in all cases, act as adviser of the local authority.

2. When the sketch of the project has been drawn up under Rule 1, and it is estimated to cost Rs. 10,000 or more, or in the case of an estimate of less than Rs. 10,000 if the financial assistance of Government is desired, the local authority shall submit it to the Sanitary Engineer, who shall make such recommendations as he may think fit. After the approval of the Sanitary Engineer has been obtained, the sketch project shall be submitted by the local authority through the Sanitary Board to the Municipal Department of Government, together with a statement wherein shall be shown the amount of the funds available to meet the cost of the project, either from current revenue or by way of loan or from any other source.

In the case of schemes the total estimated cost of which is less than Rs. 10,000, not being part of a larger scheme and for which financial assistance from Government is not required, the sanction of Government need not be obtained, but if the local authorities so desire the scheme will be examined by the Sanitary Engineer.

3. In order to obtain administrative approval to the execution of the project the local authority shall satisfy Government—

(1) that the cost of maintenance of the projected work can be met by the local authority from revenue;

(2) that any loan required to meet the cost of the work can be repaid, together with the interest thereon, within the period that may be prescribed by the Government; and

(3) that the work can be done effectually in the manner and for the cost proposed.

4. When the administrative approval of Government has been obtained, and in no case before, the local authority may arrange for the preparation of detailed plans and estimates, and for this purpose may—

(a) cause the plans and estimates to be prepared by its own officers or by an officer specially appointed for the purpose and apply to the Sanitary Engineer for assistance in the selection and engagement of surveyors to carry out the work; or

(b) apply to the Sanitary Board for the services of the Sanitary Engineer; or

(c) apply to Government in the Public Works Department for the services of their officer; or

(d) apply to the District Board for the services of the District Engineer; or

(e) with the previous sanction of the Sanitary Board entrust the work to a private firm of established reputation.

In cases of (a), (c), (d) and (e), the plans and estimates while in course of preparation shall be subject to the examination and control of the Sanitary Engineer.

5. The plans and estimates shall, on completion, be forwarded in duplicate, to the Sanitary Board, together with a full report on the financial aspect of the scheme and the state of public feeling in regard to it, and, if a loan is required, with an application in the prescribed form. In the case of drainage schemes the estimates must be submitted in Sanitary Board’s forms Nos. 21 and 22, copies of which may be obtained from the office of the Sanitary Engineer, and when the scheme has not been prepared in the Board’s Office they shall be accompanied by full details of the calculations of the sizes and strength of the various works, and complete information as to the prices on which the estimates have been framed.

The Sanitary Board, after examining the plans, estimates, report and application, shall submit them to the Municipal Department of Government with an expression of their opinion on the merits of the scheme as finally drawn up.

CONSTRUCTION.

6. Where the cost of the projected work is estimated to amount to Rs. 10,000 or more an adequate provision for detailed engineering supervision shall be a condition precedent to the grant of sanction by the Government.

In the absence of special sanction to the contrary, the local authority shall agree to such one of the following conditions as may be considered suitable in each case:—

(a) that the work shall be carried out by the Public Works Department if that Department can undertake it: in such cases an extra charge of 15 per cent. on the sanctioned estimates shall be made for supervision, unless the case is one of extraordinary difficulty, under which circumstances a higher charge may be imposed under the orders of Government; or

(b) that arrangements shall be made with the District Board for the carrying out of the work under the supervision of the District Engineer and his staff; or

(c) that the work shall be carried out under the supervision of an Engineer qualified for appointment as a District Engineer according to the rules under the Local Self-Government Act of 1885 (Ben. Act III of 1885) specially employed for the purpose; or

(d) that the work shall be carried out by private engineering firm of established reputation:

Provided that the local authority shall not advertise for tenders or enter into any contract or agreement for the execution of any works in connection with schemes or parts of schemes which have been sanctioned by Government under conditions (b), (c) or (d), until the specification and form of tender for such contract have been examined and approved by the Sanitary Engineer. No tender or contract for any such work shall be accepted until it has been submitted to the Sanitary Board and they have approved the acceptance thereof;

And further provided that when the work is carried out under condition (d), it shall be supervised by an officer appointed for the purpose by the local authority with the approval of the Sanitary Board, and shall, while in progress, be periodically inspected by the Sanitary Engineer.

7. Where the estimated cost of works amounts to less than Rs. 10,000, the local authority shall report, for the information of the Commissioner of the Division, the agency by which it is proposed to have the works carried out, and shall follow the instructions issued by him in the matter.

FEES.

8. The following fees shall be leviable by the Sanitary Board from local authorities for the work specified against each:—

(a) a fee of two per cent. on the estimated cost (excluding cost of surveys) of all projects and schemes, for which detailed estimates and drawings are prepared by the Sanitary Engineer;

(b) a fee of one-half per cent. on the first Rs. 20,000 and one-quarter per cent. of the balance of the estimated cost of schemes and projects, the detailed plans and estimates of which are examined by the Sanitary Engineer;

(c) a fee of two per cent. on the estimated cost of the works, when contract, drawings, specifications and forms of tender are prepared by the Sanitary Engineer:

Provided that when both detailed estimates and drawings and contract drawings, specifications and forms of tender are prepared by the Sanitary Engineer, an inclusive fee shall be charged of three per cent. on the estimated cost of the works.

8A. As soon as the services for which fees are leviable under the preceding rule are rendered, the Sanitary Board shall through the District Magistrate, demand from the local authority concerned payment of the fees leviable therefor, and the Magistrate on receipt of notice of such demand shall recover the said fees and credit them in the local treasury in favour of the Public Works Department and inform the Accountant-General, Bihar and Orissa, and the Examiner of Local Accounts, Bihar and Orissa.

9. When sketch projects are prepared by the Sanitary Engineer, no charge will be made for his services or those of his assistants, Government surveyors, draftsmen, and tracers; drawing materials and the instruments required for the work will also be provided at Government expense. But the local authorities will be required to render reasonable assistance on the spot in the way of survey coolies, supply of survey pegs, fixing bench marks, etc., and to pay the actual cost of the same. They will also be expected in each case to provide a suitable office properly furnished for the use of the surveyors and draftsmen.

APPENDIX G. MUZAFFARPUR DISTRICT.

SHIUHAR ROAD No. 25, CLASS IA & IIA.

Report, Bridges & Culverts.

───────────┬────────┬────────────┬──────┬──────────┬──────┬────────── │ │ │Number│ │ │ │ │ │ of │ │ │ Consecutive│ │ │spans │ Lineal │Height│ Square Number. │Mileage.│Description.│ & │ feet of │of H. │ feet of │ │ │length│water-way.│F. L. │water-way. │ │ │ of │ │ │ │ │ │each. │ │ │ ───────────┼────────┼────────────┼──────┼──────────┼──────┼────────── 1 │ 3 │ Masonry │2 × 8 │ 16 │ 5 │ 80 │ │ Culvert. │ │ │ │ ───────────┴────────┴────────────┴──────┴──────────┴──────┴──────────

───────────┬────────┬───────────┬─────────┬─────────┬──────────┬──────── │ │ │ │ General │ │ │ │ When │ │condition│ Are any │ Consecutive│Width of│constructed│ Dated │ of │ urgent │ Number. │roadway.│ or arched │when last│ Bridges │ repairs │REMARKS. │ │ over. │repaired.│ or │necessary.│ │ │ │ │Culverts.│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ───────────┼────────┼───────────┼─────────┼─────────┼──────────┼──────── 1 │ 16′ │ arched │ │ │ │ │ │ 1888–89 │ │ │ │ ───────────┴────────┴───────────┴─────────┴─────────┴──────────┴────────

APPENDIX H. CORPORATION OF CALCUTTA.

Specification and conditions for surfacing roads MacCabe’s Tar-Macadam.

MATERIALS.

1. MacCabe’s tar-mac consists of 2 inches Pakoor stone metal, MacCabe’s patent bituminous binder of Gas Co.’s coal-tar and “Stag” brand English coal pitch in the proportion of one of tar to three of pitch by weight, with stone chippings and sand as top binder.

PREPARATION OF THE FOUNDATION.

2. Prior to resurfacing an old stone road with the composition all irregularities in its surface, gradients or crow-fall should be corrected, and special care taken to rectify defects, if any, in all its drainage and water adjuncts, and also remedy any weakness in the foundation due to bad restoration by the road cutting agencies.

RULES FOR SURFACING ROADS.

3. (i) Collect all necessary aforesaid materials including tools and implements for laying them in situ.

(ii) Sketch out the road area to be treated in convenient sections.

(iii) Suspend road watering on the previous day in the section to be treated first and barricade or fence it off.

(iv) Thread out the area to be treated with the patent composition, as this will avoid feather edge in the centre tar-mac joint.

(v) Form separate labour gangs for—

(a) Weighing, mixing, and heating pitch and tar—three men for each tar-heating boiler or cylinder.

(b) General cleaning and sweeping with rough country or English bass brooms, and removing fine dust off the road surface before treatment by means of soft floor brush.

(c) Carrying pitch and tar composition in pails or buckets and laying it hot half inch thick on dry and clean road surface.

(d) Carrying stone metal in cane baskets, spreading and hand-packing the same carefully to the required chamber, one man for every three feet of road width to be so treated.

ROLLING.

4. The work of rolling the surface should be commenced as soon as a section of about 20 or 30 yards in length has been laid, the metalling gang being kept as busily employed as possible in laying a further length of materials in the way specified above. The prepared road surface is to be rolled with a light six or ten-ton roller when the composition is soft, as it is absolutely necessary to press the aggregate gently down into the bituminous sub-binder, and at the same time to entice (rather than to force) the latter in an upward direction, so as to fill the voids in the metal and finally cover the metalled surface. Under no circumstances should the rolling be carried to such a point that the metal exhibits signs of crushing or disintegration. The roller should be driven over the newly laid materials at its lowest speed from the side towards the centre and after a few journeys over the surface if it is found that the sub-binder is not working up between the voids in the metal and does not cover the metal surface, then such defective places have to be painted and the whole surface sealed with composition to prevent the admission of moisture or of any foreign substance into the road. During the process of consolidation stone chippings at the rate of 4 cubic feet per hundred square feet should be used and especially where the floated composition is too soft. If it is found that any material sticks to the roller wheels a little water sprinkled on the wheels will at once stop the sticking. The dry surface may be also sanded if it becomes slippery for horses.

5. All materials to be supplied must be to the satisfaction of the Engineer. Inferior materials supplied shall be rejected and the contractor must make good such supply within 24 hours. In default it shall be competent to the Engineer to procure a supply of the same at the risk and cost of the contractor from the market or any other agency.

6. The contractor must maintain the roadway for three months after completion and keep men in attendance to promptly spread stone chips and road dust on the soft portions and nurse the area cut up by the traffic.

7. The contractor must be careful not to injure existing gas, water or any other pipes or drains or other underground fixtures. Any damage so caused must be forthwith reported to the District Engineer, and the contractor shall make good the same forthwith at his own cost and shall indemnify and keep indemnified the Corporation from all claims made therefor. When necessary he shall take up and carefully relay drains and pipes and lay any additional length that may be ordered by the Engineer at the cost of the Corporation.

8. The contractor must keep the work properly fenced and lighted from sun-set to sun-rise, and place such watchmen at any portion of the road and footpath in which the work is in progress and is still incomplete, and also round the repairing materials for use, as may be necessary to protect the public against accidents. He shall indemnify and keep indemnified the Corporation and its officers and servants from all liability in respect of any claims for damages or otherwise to person or property which may be made by any person or persons on account of any act, misfeasance or neglect on the part of the contractor in carrying on the work or in connection therewith.

9. The contract will be for four months and the contractors must carry out all works in accordance with the full programme of work prepared by the Engineer and take in hand such street or streets as the Engineer may direct and complete the same within such period as the Engineer may fix therefor. In default he shall pay to the Corporation liquidated or settled damages of Rs. 10 (ten) per diem for each and every day beyond the said period without prejudice to the rights of the Chairman to cancel the contract and take possession of the work and have it carried on and completed at the contractor’s risk and cost by any agency whatever.

10. All damages or other sums due and payable by the contractor may be received from any moneys due to the contractor by the Corporation.

11. Payments will be made in accordance with the terms of the agreement.

12. The Commissioners do not bind themselves to accept the lowest or any tender, but reserve the right of accepting the whole or part of the tender.

INDEX.

Allahabad Shallow Trench System, 39

Appendix A, Model Rules, Privies and Urinals, 57

—— B, Removal of Town Sweepings, 61

—— C, Well Register, 62

—— D, Building Regulations, 63–67

—— E, Table Repayment of Loans, 68

—— F, Preparation of projects, 69–73

—— G, Annual Bridge Report Form, 74

—— H, Specification for Tar-Macadam, 75–77

Bailey’s Patent Latrines and Urinals, 26

Beds, Filter, 51

Biological System for the Disposal of Night-Soil, 50–51

Burdwan Trenching Ground, 37

Building Regulations, 63–67

Burial-Grounds, Mahommedan, 56

Carts, Conservancy, 33

—— Crawley’s Patent, 33

—— Hand, 34

—— Receptacle, 34

—— Register, 45

—— Refuse, 43

—— Wheels and Axles of, 44

Cesspools, 35

Collection and Disposal of Refuse, 45

Cremation of Dead Bodies, 54

—— Town Refuse, 45

Cultivation within Urban Limits, 53

Débris of Ruined Houses, 56

Dead, Disposal of the, 54

Dhobies’ Water for Washing, 53

Disinfectants, 29

Donaldson’s Separation Latrine, 26

Drainage, Flushing, 3

—— Kutcha roadside, 2

—— Masonry, 4

—— Storm-Water, 4

Dust-Bins, 43

Filter Beds, 51

—— Sullage, 35

Flushing Drains, 3

Food-Supply Markets, 54

Ghats, Burning, 54

—— Dhobies’, 53

Grounds, Trenching, 37

Hand carts for removing Night-Soil, 34

Harrington’s Incinerator, 47

Houses, Ruined, 56

Incinerators, Harrington’s, 47

—— Sealkot, 45

—— Madras, 45

Jails, Muzaffarpur, Trenching Ground, 38

Kutcha Road-side Drains, 2

Latrines, 26

—— Bailey’s Patent, 26

—— Donaldson’s, 26

—— Masonry, 26

—— Model Rules for Privies and Urinals, 57

Mahommedan Burial-Grounds, 56

Markets, 54

Masonry Drains, 4

Model Rules for Privies and Latrines, 57

New Wells, 9

Night-Soil, Biological System of Disposal, 50

—— Removal of, 31

—— Trenching, 37

Openings for Ventilation in Latrines, 25

Permanganate of Potassium, 8

Privies, Model Rules for, 69

Pumps for Wells, 9

Receptacle Carts for Removing Night-Soil, 33

Refuse Carts, 43

—— Filling Tanks with, 49

—— Incineration of, 45

—— Removal of, 42

Ruined Houses, 56

Sanitation, General, 52

Septic Tanks, 50

Surface Drainage, 2

—— Kutcha Drains, 2

—— Masonry Drains, 4

—— of small Roads, 2

Sweepings—Removal of—Form for, 61

Tanks, Septic, 50

—— Water, 6

Tarring Latrines, Disadvantages of, 29

Trenching Grounds, Allahabad System, 39

—— Area of, 40

—— Crops on, 38

—— Description of bad ones, 41

—— Selection of Site for, 37

Trees, Pruning of, 52

Tube Wells, 10

Urban Limits, Cultivation within, 52

Urinals, Cart, 29

—— Hindu Pattern, 29

Utensils, Water drawing, from Wells, 10

Ventilation of Latrines, 25

Water drawing Utensils, 29

—— for Dhobies, 53

—— Supply from Wells, 10

—— New Wells, 10

—— Tanks, 12

Wells, Rules for Cleaning and Repairing, 7

—— Registrations of all, 6

Well Register Form, Appendix C, 62

Wells, Tube, 10

—— Pumps for, 14

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EXTRACTS FROM SOME OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

The Morning Post, Delhi.

“A very useful little work, which every Municipality in India ought at once to possess” * * * and is accurately described by the author as “a concise handbook dealing with the most important points of sanitation of Indian Bazaars,” and “an endeavour to put the information available on the subject in a convenient form, so as to facilitate the organisation and control the working of the Sanitary Department of a Municipality.” From the first page to the last there is not a superfluous word in the manual.

The Bengal Times.

“A work sadly needed in this country, and one everybody concerned in sanitation, especially if he be a mofussil resident, should possess. We should think Mofussil Municipal Commissioners and District Board Members could hardly wish for a better guide.”

The Pioneer.

“Mr. G. W. Disney, District Engineer, Muzaffarpur, has just published an excellent pamphlet on Sanitation of Mofussil Bazaars, in which he deals with many problems of urban sanitation in a brief but satisfactory manner.”

The Indian Daily News.

“Mr. Disney does not pretend to do more than deal with broad principles of sanitation, and puts the information available on the subject in a convenient form, so as to facilitate the organization, and control the working of the Sanitary Department of a Municipality. This, we think, in the course of his thirty-five pages of carefully compiled information he may fairly claim to have done.”

The Englishman, Calcutta.

* * * “An admirable little work. It ought to be in the hands of every Municipal Commissioner and all the local authorities in the smaller towns. Mr. Disney states he is not writing for the big Municipalities, where special conditions have to be dealt with. At the same time the little volume contains suggestions that even those responsible for the good government of Calcutta might read with profit. Mr. Disney is especially strong on the necessity of a good drainage system. With regard to town sweepings the author is in favour of incineration.”

Civil and Military Gazette.

“This is a very useful manual * * * The author does not lay down expensive and therefore impracticable schemes of sewage disposal, etc., but rather directs attention to the possibility of improving the resources already at the disposal of local bodies. He gives much useful information and advice as to latrines and urinals, the collection and removal of night-soil, trenching grounds, disposal of refuse, surface water drainage, and so forth. The book is illustrated with plans and drawings.”

The Indian Planters’ Gazette.

“In his introduction Mr. Disney truly says:—‘The real secret of Sanitation is the prompt removal of fæcal matter and refuse from the neighbourhood of inhabited buildings before it has time to decay, as in the early stages of putrefaction emanations are evolved which are highly dangerous to health; it is also an admitted fact that the common fly is a considerable factor in disseminating disease, as it conveys germs on the pads of its feet from infected matter to the food-supply of the inhabitants.’ His little brochure deals learnedly and sensibly with latrines, urinals, the collection, removal, disposal and trenching of every description of town refuse, with the water-supply from wells, and finally adds some simple rules for observance of the authorities on the break out of plague on villages or small towns.”

The Bengal Times.

* * * “Seeing then how deplorably backward we are in mofussil places, district, town, suburbs, and country, it seems to us we can hardly do better than adopt Mr. Disney’s system in Bengal districts. Indeed, why should Government hesitate to buy up his first edition of Sanitation of Mofussil Bazaars for gratuitous distribution to all Bengal Municipalities, in view to adopting his project in its entirety!”

Dharam and Karam, Calcutta.

(Published in Bengalee.)

“Mr. G. W. Disney has written a book on Sanitation of Mofussil Bazaars. There are many large books on the subject of Sanitation, but in a short pamphlet of 40 pages Mr. Disney has treated the subject-matter, giving useful rules and instructions in such a brief and concise manner that we have been pleased to peruse them. Mr. Disney deserves our thanks for his earnest sympathy with and thought after the inhabitants of the mofussil towns and bazaars.”

The Indian Medical Gazette.

“An excellent little pamphlet on ‘The Sanitation of Mofussil Bazaars,’ has been recently published by Mr. G. W. Disney. A concise handbook of this kind was certainly needed, and this should be of great value to the Health Officer, the Engineer and the Chairman of Local Boards and Municipalities.

“The first chapter deals with latrines and urinals, and how sound Mr. Disney’s views are may be understood from the following extract from the preface:—

‘The real secret of sanitation is the prompt removal of fæcal matter and refuse from the neighbourhood of inhabited buildings before it has time to decay, as in the early stage of putrefaction emanations are evolved which are dangerous to health; it is also an admitted fact that the common fly is a considerable factor in disseminating disease as it conveys germs on the pads of its feet from infected matter to the food-supply of the inhabitants.’

“The whole little volume is eminently practical; it is well printed, fully illustrated, and can be strongly recommended to our readers who will find many hints of use to them in their capacity as Health Officers. Our only fault with the little book is that it is too short. It might well have been expanded.”

The Indian Municipal Journal and Sanitary Record, Bombay.

* * * “The author does not branch out into any startling theories; his work is more a handbook for those whose business embraces any matter connected with public cleanliness, and these will find that one of the most useful features of the book is the information concerning the makers and the price of every sanitary appliance mentioned. This will be found very handy by small municipalities who have here a reasonable standard of cost that will enable them to adjust their expenditure much more rapidly and avoid the useless trouble and delay of sending out for tenders—a system not always satisfactory to the purchasing body, and always troublesome to the tradesman. Mr. Disney very sensibly advises a wide distribution of small latrines rather than the construction of a few big ones—it being obvious that the general population will not walk far for the sake of cleanliness and decency. Mr. Disney preaches the doctrine of ‘little and often’ in the removal of waste matter, and it is a point in which every Indian sanitarian will agree with him.”

“True to his theories, Mr. Disney deals with drainage before water-supply. His recommendations that the water should be pumped from wells and delivered at some distance from the well-mouth are particularly sound, for there is no more fruitful source of contamination than the percolation into the well of dirty water used for washing in its immediate vicinity.”

* * * “Altogether, Mr. Disney’s book is an indication of the progressive tendency of sanitation in India—it represents good work done, and will encourage the doing of more. It is sure to find a handy place on the desk of municipal secretaries and small town authorities.”

Extract from letter from the Inspector-General of Jails, Bengal, July 8th, 1902.

“I have just got your little book on mofussil sanitation. * * * It is altogether admirable, and I am strongly recommending it. It might well have been longer.”

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling. 2. Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed. 3. Enclosed italics font in underscores.