CHAPTER XIII.. _suggestions._

SUGGESTIONS.

IF, in offering a few practical suggestions, we either repeat ourselves, or communicate common-place hints, those who may know already all we shall essay to tell them will please to pardon and pass on.

All the information essential under this head relates to collecting, examining, and preserving microscopic fungi.

Collecting does not differ, except in the objects themselves, from any other botanical collecting. Those who attempt it must be prepared to sacrifice their kid gloves and patent-leather boots, to put on waterproofs and perseverance, and come home sometimes disappointed. The requisites for good work are but few, and easily supplied. A strong knife, a pocket lens, and a box or leather bag, will be all that is really essential. But where shall we go—and when? Hedge-banks, the sides of ditches, borders of woods, anywhere, if the plants are to be found on which the fungi are parasitic. We flatter ourselves on being rather successful in collecting, and our favourite localities have always been the dampest places in woods, railway-banks, and waste places. It is a great mistake to endeavour to go over a large tract of ground. We have spent a whole day in a little chalkpit, which had fallen into disuse, and grown wild. Fifty yards into a wood is as much, as we attempt, when alone; and a spot six yards square has afforded us occupation for hours. It is better to examine a small space thoroughly than to scamper on, mile after mile, and find nothing.

When? is as much to be noted as where! All the year round we shall be sure of finding something of interest. As soon as the last patch of winter’s snow has melted from the ground, and green leaves begin to unfold themselves, the search may begin. Cluster-cups (Æcidium) will be the earliest forms encountered. On the leaves of Lapsana communis, and the pilewort, these will be found before the majority of plants have burst their buds. Henceforth, other forms will gradually appear, until May or June. One or two species of Puccinia will be seen in April or May, but from that period until autumn, species of Trichobasis will be common. In June and July the smuts belonging to the genus Ustilago are most plentiful, and from August to October Puccinia and its allied genera will have the ascendant; so that from March to October there is continually succeeding each other some species of parasitic fungus belonging to the Uredines. From October to March need be no more a season of repose from the search of these minute plants than from March to October. So long as the ground is not covered with snow there will always be something to find on dead leaves, rotten sticks, &c., when there is not a green leaf to be seen. But these belong to a section to which we have studiously avoided all reference in the foregoing pages.

General instructions will not always apply; but in most instances, the lowest and earliest leaves, in which vitality appears to decline, will be most likely to suffer from the attacks of fungi. This rule must not be too stringently applied; the species of Æcidium, for instance, will generally be found on vigorous green leaves.

Having found a plant infected with some rust or brand, and by means of a pocket lens assured yourself that it is such, although the power is insufficient to tell what it is, collect as many leaves as you are likely to require; place them flat one upon the other, to prevent their curling up at the edges, should the weather be hot, and yourself far from home, and lay them in your box; or if you should take in preference an old book with stiff covers, place them separately between the leaves of your book, and they will be in still better condition, if you desire to preserve them. Arrived at home with the results of your trip, proceed at once to lay them between folds of blotting-paper, submit them to a gentle pressure, and change the papers daily until your leaves are dry, not forgetting to keep a scrap of paper with each collection, stating date and locality, to which, after microscopical examination, the name may be added. When thoroughly dry, your leaves may be preserved for reference in old envelopes, with the particulars endorsed on the outside. Fungi on leaves will generally be examined to the greatest advantage in the fresh state, but if too much pressure is not employed in the drying, it will not be difficult even in that condition to make out their characteristic features. Care must be taken, by changing their position, that moulds of other kinds do not establish themselves upon the specimens in drying, or that when dried they do not fall a prey to Eurotium herbariorum.

If it is intended to add these leaves to your herbarium, or to form a special herbarium for them, they should be mounted on white paper, first by affixing one or two leaves by means of thin glue to a paper about four inches square, on which the name, date, and locality may be written, and attaching several of these species-papers to a larger or genus-paper, or by devoting each larger paper to a species, adding in future other varieties, and enclosing all the species-papers of the same genus within a folded sheet, on which the name of the genus is written.

We have adopted, for our own herbarium, the “foolscap” size. A sheet of paper receives within its fold the specimens of a single species; these are affixed to the right-hand page, when the sheet is open, and a small envelope is attached by its face to the same page at the bottom, in which loose specimens are kept for minute and special examination, or as duplicates. When the sheet is folded, the specific name is written at the right-hand lower corner, or, what is better, a strip containing that name and its number is cut from a copy of the “Index Fungorum,” kept for the purpose, and gummed in its place. The remainder of this page, which is of white cartridge paper, is occupied with memoranda referring to the species enclosed, sketches of the spores, synonyms, references to descriptions, &c. All the species-papers of each genus are placed together within a sheet of brown paper, half an inch larger in each direction, with the name of the genus written at the left-hand corner. A piece of millboard, the size of the covers when folded, separates each order.

When a leaf, or other portion of a plant, is to be examined under the microscope, with the view of determining the genus and species of its parasite, it may be fastened with small pins to a piece of sheet cork, two or three inches square, and about one-eighth of an inch in thickness, such as used for lining entomological cabinets, and so placed under a lens that it may easily be brought into focus, and both hands left at liberty; or a dissecting microscope may be used for the purpose. From one of the pustules the spores may be removed on the sharp point of a penknife, and placed in a drop of water on a glass slide. A thin glass cover is placed over the drop of water, and the slide is submitted to examination. For further satisfaction it will often be found necessary to make carefully a thin section of a pustule, and place this under the microscope, a more troublesome but also much more satisfactory method. Reference to the Appendix will soon determine the name and position of the fungus, provided it belongs to the section to which this volume is devoted.

If it is thought desirable to mount the spores as permanent objects, there is no obstacle to such a proceeding. The spores of the different species of Aregma, of Triphragmium, and many of the Pucciniæ, will be worth the trouble. We have tried several media, and only adopted Glycerine or Balsam; either of these, especially the former, if the greater difficulty of securely closing can be overcome, will answer the purpose.

It should be remarked that in the examination of moulds, such as those of the genus Peronospora, included in this work, if any fluid be added, the acrospores are immediately disconnected from the threads, and float in the medium; so that if their mode of attachment or arrangement would be studied, that must be achieved without the addition of any fluid whatever.

The best methods of observing germination, the production of zoospores, &c., have been detailed already.

Thus do we arrive at the close of the task which we had set ourselves to perform. This fragment of a history of microscopic fungi goes forth to plead for students, and prepare the path for somewhat more complete. Is it not a shame that more than two thousand species of plants (never mind how minute, how insignificant) should be known to exist, and constitute a flora, in a nation amongst the foremost in civilization, and yet be without a complete record? It is nevertheless true that hundreds of minute organisms, exquisite in form, marvellous in structure, mysterious in development, injurious to some, linked with the existence of all, are known to flourish in Britain without a history or description, in the language of, or produced in, the country they inhabit. It is also true that the descriptions, by which they should be known, of hundreds of the rest lie buried in a floating literature whence the youthful and ardent student needs, not only youth and ardour, but leisure and perseverance unlimited to unearth them. This, however, by the way; we may be too great dotards on our native land, and foolish in our desire to see her in advance, and not in the rear in scientific attainments, pursuits, and productions of other and, perhaps, less favoured nations.

Already we fear that some of our readers will have thought our story of rust, brand, and mildew interminable, and looked anxiously for the close. On the other hand, we would flatter ourselves into the belief that some have made a new acquaintance with these minute and mysterious forms, and would fain know more. The groups of fungi which we have endeavoured to illustrate have, with but few exceptions, one feature in common, i.e., that they are parasitic on living plants. These constitute but a small portion of the microscopical species found in this country. To the elegant forms of mould which inhabit decaying vegetable substances no allusion has been made. These constitute a fairy flora of forests and gardens with features as varied, and fruits as multiform, as those of the trees and flowers of the earth. The numerous, and often marvellous, phases of low life developed upon dead leaves and rotten sticks, would in description occupy a far greater space than we have devoted to our subject. Yet, for all these, we have not spared so much as a passing word. The treasures still left unopened are far richer than even those we have revealed. The gates of another world have been thrown open, but we have scarcely passed the threshold. A minutely and elaborately illuminated page of the book of Nature has been turned, and we have only perused a single line. We might traverse the primeval forests of the new world, and explore the unknown regions of the old, and not encounter so much to excite our admiration, or cause our wonder, as lies about our feet at home; marvels which we tread beneath our feet, or kick from our path, because they appear to be only rotten sticks, withered grass, and decaying leaves. All this may appear as the dream of an enthusiast, or the ravings of one on whom the moon has shone too often. When Columbus spoke of a new world beyond the seas, which he longed to seek and explore, some believed him duped, and others called him mad. We write of no chimerical El Dorado, we speak of no undiscovered world, and yet we seem to allude to wonders still unknown, because so few have had the courage to venture upon the journey for themselves.

In sober earnestness, however, let us commend this pursuit to all who possess a microscope and leisure to use it. It may be for a time the “pursuit of knowledge under difficulties,” on account of the condition of our literature on this special subject; but many workers will produce more readers, and good books will come when there are more to purchase and appreciate. It is not improbable that in more cases than have come under our own observation, microscopists wearied of diatoms and allied forms, or deeming themselves in possession of all that is novel or interesting in this direction, are seeking for a new field of labour, and a new subject to kindle up a new enthusiasm. To these we have advised, and to any more such we continue to advise, that fungi should have a fair trial. If variety is desired, here they will have at least 2,000 species for a knowledge of which the microscope is essential. If they thirst for discovery, let them be assured that here also the earnest worker is sure to meet with such a reward. Or if they would acquaint themselves with the manifestations of Divine power as developed in the most minute of created things, let them follow such observers as Tulasne and De Bary, and seek the “why and the wherefore” of the phenomena of mycetal life.

If there should still be any hesitation whether there is in this pursuit sufficient of the element of variety, for those who do not desire to pursue the subject into its deepest scientific recesses, to render it available for them, let them go to a good public library, such as that of the British Museum, and inquire for the large illustrated work by Corda, entitled “Icones Fungorum,” or the more recent volumes by Tulasne (Selecta Fungorum Carpologia), and examine the figures of microscopic fungi in either of those works, and decide for themselves.

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APPENDIX A.

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CLASSIFICATION & DESCRIPTIONS OF FUNGI CONTAINED IN THIS VOLUME.

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=ÆCIDIACEI=.

Peridium elongated—

separating in threads Rœstelia.

rupturing irregularly Peridermium.

Peridium abbreviated, or Æcidium. semi-immersed

Peridium immersed Endophyllum.

RŒSTELIA, Reb.

Peridium elongated, at length opening by lateral fissures, or a terminal lacerated mouth. Spermogonia on the opposite surface, on the same or on different leaves.

=Rœstelia cancellata=, Reb. PEAR-LEAF RŒSTELIA; spots yellow, then red, prominent; peridia split to the base into laciniæ, which remain united at the apex.—On Pear leaves. Not very common. Autumn. (Plate II. figs. 20, 21.)

=Rœstelia cornuta=, Tul. HORN-LIKE RŒSTELIA; spots rusty-brown; peridia cylindrical, slightly curved, yellowish-brown; spores greyish, at length brown.—On the under surface of the leaves of Mountain-Ash. Not common. August. (Plate II. figs. 18, 19.)

=Rœstelia lacerata=, Tul. LACERATED RŒSTELIA; peridia clustered in tufts, brown, elongated, splitting to the base in segments; spores light brown.—On the under surface of the leaves, and on the petioles and fruit of the Hawthorn. Not uncommon. May to July. (Plate II. figs. 22, 26.)

PERIDERMIUM, Chev.

Peridium elongated, at length bursting irregularly. Spermogonia scattered, conspicuous.

=Peridermium Pini=, Chev.; peridia oblong, scattered, large; spores orange, abundant; spermogonia vernal or autumnal, or both; spermatia large, white.—On leaves and young branches of Scotch Fir. Common in Scotland, occasional in England. Summer. (Plate II. figs. 27, 28.)

=Peridermium elatinum=, Lk.; simple, immersed; peridia elliptic, pallid; sporidia orange.—On Silver Fir, altering both foliage and ramification. Not common.

ÆCIDIUM, Pers.

Peridium seldom elongated, opening by a terminal mouth, surrounded by a fringe of recurved teeth, or when short bursting irregularly. Spores disposed in chains. Spermogonia on the same or the opposite surface, clustered or scattered, central or intermixed.

SECT. I.—Peridia scattered (not collected in tufts or clusters).

=Æcidium leucospermum=, DC. WHITE-SPORED CLUSTER-CUPS; spots yellowish; peridia scattered, often covering the whole under surface; spores white, ovate.—On both sides of the leaves of the wood-anemone. Common. June. (Plate I. figs. 4-6.)

=Æcidium quadrifidum=, DC. FOUR-LOBED CLUSTER-CUPS; spots brownish; peridia scattered, occupying almost the entire under surface; spores brown, subglobose.—On the under side of leaves of Anemone in gardens. (Lobes at the mouth of the peridium not constantly four.) April to May.

=Æcidium albescens=, Grev. MOSCHATEL CLUSTER-CUPS; leaf blistered, whitish, scattered; peridia white, split into a few large teeth; spores yellowish-white.—On leaves and petioles of Adoxa moschatellina. Not uncommon. April.

=Æcidium Epilobii=, DC. WILLOW-HERB CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated; peridia scattered, at length oval, wider above; spores orange, at length brown.—On the under side of leaves of Epilobium montanum, E. hirsutum, and E. palustre, rarely on the upper. Common. June to August.

=Æcidium Thesii=, Desv. BASTARD-TOADFLAX CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated; peridia scattered or biseriate; short, cylindrical, margin irregularly toothed, erect; spores yellowish, then dingy.—On Thesium humifusum. Downs near Winchester. July, 1864. Chipstead, Surrey, Oct. 14, 1864. (Plate III. figs. 50, 51.)

=Æcidium Soldanellæ=, Hornsch. SOLDANELLA CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated; peridia solitary, scattered over the inferior surface; spores orange.—On the under surface of the leaves of Soldanella alpina.

=Æcidium Tragopogonis=, Pers. GOATSBEARD CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated; peridia scattered, torn, wider above; spores orange, at length black.—On stems, leaves, and involucres of common Goatsbeard. Very common. May to June. (Plate I. figs. 1-3.)

=Æcidium Euphorbiæ=, Pers. SPURGE CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated, leaf thickened; peridia scattered or crowded, distinct; spores orange.—On the under surface of the leaves of Spurge. Common. May to June.

SECT. II. Peridia in tufts or clusters.

α. Elongatæ.

=Æcidium Berberidis=, Pers. BERBERRY CLUSTER-CUPS; spots roundish, bright red; subiculum thickened; peridia in subrotund or oval patches, often elongated; spores orange.—On leaves, peduncles, and fruit of the common Berberry. Common. May to July. (Plate I. figs. 7-9.)

=Æcidium Thalictri=, Grev. MEADOW-RUE CLUSTER-CUPS; collected in roundish clusters; peridia oblong; spores bright orange.—On Thalictrum alpinum. Not uncommon in Scotland.

=Æcidium crassum=, Pers. BUCKTHORN CLUSTER-CUPS; spots yellow-brown, subiculum thickened; peridia crowded into a roundish heap, at first globose, yellow, at length open; spores orange.—On Rhamnus catharticus and R. frangula. Common.

=Æcidium Periclymeni=, DC. HONEYSUCKLE CLUSTER-CUPS; spots variegated, yellow and brown, subiculum thickened; peridia sometimes elongated, in roundish or effused heaps; spores orange.—On the under surface of Honeysuckle leaves. Not common. June to August.

β. Poculiformæ.

=Æcidium Calthæ.= Grev. MARSH-MARIGOLD CLUSTER-CUPS; aggregate; peridia somewhat campanulate, with numerous minute marginal teeth; spores bright orange, subglobose or oval.—On leaves and petioles of Caltha palustris. Margin of peridia pale and brittle. Rare. Spring.

=Æcidium Ranunculacearum=, DC. CROWFOOT CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated, subiculum thickened; peridia in irregular heaps, densely crowded together; spores orange.—On leaves of various Ranunculaceæ; very common on R. Ficaria, not uncommon on R. repens, more rarely on R. acris and R. bulbosus. Spring. (Plate II. figs. 12-14.)

=Æcidium Galii=, Pers. BEDSTRAW CLUSTER-CUPS; spots linear or oblong, obscurely brown; peridia scattered, rarely aggregate, dentate, whitish; spores white.—On the leaves of Galium verum and G. mollugo. (Plate II. figs. 15-17.)

I am doubtful whether the Æcidium on Galium mollugo is really this species.—(M. C. C.)

=Æcidium Bunii=, DC. PIG-NUT CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated, subiculum thickened; peridia in irregular subrotund or oval heaps; spores orange.—On Bunium bulbocastanum and Pimpinella saxifraga. Spring.

=Æcidium Valerianacearum=, Dub. VALERIAN CLUSTER-CUPS; hypogenous, rarely cauline, spots on a thickened subcircular or oblong base; peridia scattered, more or less crowded, cup-shaped, tawny, margin erect, denticulate; spores dirty-yellow.—On Valeriana officinalis and V. dioica. North Britain.

=Æcidium Asperifolii=, Pers. BORAGE CLUSTER-CUPS; clusters subrotund, on a slightly thickened subiculum; peridia scattered; spores yellowish-white.—On leaves of various Boragineæ. Summer. The parts of the leaves on which it occurs are rendered concave on one side and convex on the other.

=Æcidium Grossulariæ=, DC. GOOSEBERRY CLUSTER-CUPS; spots yellow, bright red on the opposite side, with a yellow border; peridia crowded in roundish heaps, at length brown, and surrounded with a brown area; spores orange.—On leaves and fruit of Gooseberry and Currant. Common. May to June.

=Æcidium Urticæ=, DC. NETTLE CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated, subiculum thickened; peridia disposed in elongated or subrotund heaps, at first subglobose, then gaping; spores orange.—On leaves and stems of Nettles, distorting them very much. Common. June. (Plate I. figs. 10, 11.)

=Æcidium Behenis=, DC. BLADDER-CAMPION CLUSTER-CUPS; spots yellow, brown on opposite side; peridia somewhat circinating, in subrotund heaps; spores brown.—On Silene inflata. Not common. Some of the peridia are short and open, others larger and closed.

=Æcidium Orobi=, DC. BITTER-VETCH CLUSTER-CUPS; spots yellow, effused; peridia scattered and disposed in small heaps; spores at length white.—On stems and leaves of Orobus tuberosus. Scotland.

γ. Subimmersæ.

=Æcidium Compositarum=, Mart. COMPOSITE CLUSTER-CUPS; spots purplish, subrotund, confluent above; peridia crowded, in orbicular patches, or circinating, on the under surface; spores orange, oval.

Var. a. Taraxaci, Grev.; clusters small, scattered.—On leaves of the Dandelion. June to July.

Var. b. Prenanthis, Pers.; spots circular or irregular, purplish; subiculum incrassated.—On leaves of Hawkweed (Hieracium paludosum). Summer.

Var. c. Tussilaginis, Pers.; clusters round, on a thickened base; peridia circinating.—On the under surface of leaves of Coltsfoot and Butter-bur. Common. Autumn.

Var. d. Jacobæa, Grev.; pustular, soon becoming agglomerated, numerous, depressed; peridia splitting into short, brittle, yellowish-white teeth.—On leaves of Senecio Jacobæa and Sonchus arvensis. June to August.

Var. e. Lapsani, Purt.; spots purplish, irregular, confluent, on both sides of the leaves; peridia amphigenous, in irregular patches or scattered, not prominent, teeth numerous, minute, reflexed; spores yellow, oval.—On both surfaces of the leaves of Lapsana communis. April. Not uncommon.

=Æcidium Saniculæ=, Carm. SANICLE CLUSTER-CUPS; spots purplish, slightly incrassated, small, scattered, roundish; peridia in small circulate clusters, hypogenous, and on the petioles, at first hemispherical, at length open, margin with from 4 to 6 spreading lobes; spores yellowish, elliptical.—On the under surface of the leaves and on the petioles of Sanicula Europæa. Not uncommon. May and June.

=Æcidium Violæ=, Schum. Violet Cluster-Cups; spots yellowish; peridia in irregular heaps, seriate and scattered; spores orange, at length brown.—On leaves, petioles, and sepals of Violets. Common. May and June.

=Æcidium Poterii=, Cooke. BURNET CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated, clusters subrotund or elongated; peridia hypogenous and on the petioles, circinating or scattered, immersed, margin irregularly fringed with numerous minute teeth, soon falling away; spores yellowish, oval.—On the under surface of the leaflets and on the petioles of Poterium Sanguisorba. Rare. May and June. Dartford Brent, Kent.

=Æcidium Geranii=, DC. CRANESBILL CLUSTER-CUPS; spots yellow and purple; peridia in circinating clusters; spores yellow, at length brown.—On the under surface of leaves of Geranium pratense and G. dissectum. Not common.

=Æcidium Menthæ=, DC. MINT CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated; subiculum thickened; peridia scattered, emersed, or aggregate immersed; spores orange, elliptic.—On various Mints. Common.

=Æcidium Scrophulariæ=, DC. FIGWORT CLUSTER-CUPS; spots yellowish; peridia in roundish circinate clusters (rarely scattered) on the under surface; spores whitish, becoming tawny.—On the leaves of Scrophularia aquatica. Thame and Sydenham, Oxon.

=Æcidium Pedicularis=, Lobosch. RED-RATTLE CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated, subiculum thickened; peridia thickly and irregularly clustered, subimmersed; spores dirty, pallid orange.—On petioles, leaves, and stems of Pedicularis palustris. Not common.

=Æcidium Primulæ=, DC. PRIMROSE CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated; peridia solitary, scattered, and crowded, hypogenous; spores whitish-yellow.—On the under surface of leaves of Primroses. Not common. May.

=Æcidium rubellum=, Pers. DOCK CLUSTER-CUPS; spots purple; peridia circinating, centre free; spores yellowish-white.—On leaves of Dock and Sorrel. Not uncommon in moist localities. May and June.

=Æcidium Ari=, Berk. WAKE-ROBIN CLUSTER-CUPS; spots round, confluent; peridia circinating, not crowded, central ones abortive.—On leaves of Arum maculatum. Not common. June and July.

=Æcidium Dracontii=, Schwein. ARUM CLUSTER-CUPS; spots pallid, extensively scattered over the leaves, sometimes nearly covering them; peridia large, scattered, abundant, disposed without order on the spots; spores orange.—On Arum triphyllum, in gardens. Melbury, 1863 (Rev. M. J. B.) A North American species.

=Æcidium Allii=, Grev. GARLIC CLUSTER-CUPS; spots pale; peridia circinating, not contiguous; spores yellowish.—On leaves of broad-leaved Garlic (Allium ursinum). June and July.

ENDOPHYLLUM, Lév.

Peridium enclosed within the substance of the leaf, bursting irregularly.

=Endophyllum Sempervivi=, Lév.; peridia immersed, elliptic or roundish; spores ochraceous, becoming brownish.—On leaves of Houseleek.

PUCCINIÆI.

a. Spores stipitate.

Spores multiseptate— moniliform Xenodochus. cylindrical Aregma. biseptate Triphragmium. uniseptate Puccinia.

b. Spores immersed in gelatine.

Stroma tremelloid and expanded Gymnosporangium. clavate or club-shaped Podisoma.

XENODOCHUS, Schl.

Spores multiseptate, moniliform, breaking up into many distinct articulations.—Berk. Outl., pp. 328.

=Xenodochus carbonarius=, Schl. BURNET CHAIN-BRAND; scattered, in small tufts, hypogenous; spores curved or straight, composed of from 5 to 15 articulations; obtuse at one extremity, slightly attenuate at the other.—On Burnet. Very rare. (Plate III. fig. 29.)

AREGMA, Fr.

Spores cylindrical, multiseptate, scarcely moniliform, borne on a long peduncle.—Berk. Outl., p. 329.

=Aregma mucronatum=, Fr. ROSE BRAND; hypogenous, scattered over the leaves in minute tufts; spores 5- to 7-septate, terminal joint mucronate; peduncles incrassated below, fusiform.—On leaves of various Roses. Autumn. Frequent. (Plate III. fig. 38.)

=Aregma acuminatum=, Fr. BURNET BRAND; hypogenous, scattered in minute tufts; spores multiseptate, terminal joint acuminate; peduncles equal.—On Burnet leaves. July. Common. (Plate III. fig. 32.)

=Aregma bulbosum=, Fr. BRAMBLE BRAND; hypogenous, with a dull red stain on the upper surface; spores in large tufts, 4-septate, terminal joint apiculate; peduncles incrassated, and bulbous at the base.—On Bramble leaves. Autumn. Very common. (Plate III. fig. 41.)

=Aregma gracile=, Berk. RASPBERRY BRAND; hypogenous, scattered, in small tufts; spores 7- to 9-septate, the terminal joint apiculate; peduncles slender.—On Raspberry leaves. Autumn. (Plate III. fig. 43.)

=Aregma obtusatum=, Fr. STRAWBERRY BRAND; hypogenous, scattered, in minute tufts; spores multiseptate, terminal joint obtuse; peduncles equal.—On leaves of barren Strawberry. Autumn. Common. (Plate III. fig. 35.)

TRIPHRAGMIUM, Lk.

Spores trilocular, septa mostly vertical and horizontal.—Berk. Outl., p. 332.

=Triphragmium Ulmariæ=, Lk. MEADOW-SWEET BRAND; spots obliterated; sori at first subrotund, covered with the epidermis; at length, when the cuticle has vanished, effuse; spores brown, subturbinate, divided by a vertical dissepiment, shortly pedicellate.—On leaves of Meadow-sweet, Spiræa ulmaria. Autumn. (Plate III. fig. 48.)

PUCCINIA, Pers.

Spores uniseptate, supported on a distinct peduncle.—Berk. Outl., p. 329.

=Puccinia graminis=, Pers. CORN MILDEW; spots pale, diffuse; sori linear, confluent, amphigenous; spores at length black, clavate, very slightly constricted.—On the leaves and culms of corn and grass. Autumn. Very common, and injurious to corn. (Plate IV. figs. 57-59.)

Var. β. Arundinis, Grev. Sori broad; spores more constricted and with longer peduncles.—On the leaves and sheaths of reeds. Very common.

=Puccinia striola=, Lk. SEDGE MILDEW; spots pallid; sori linear, crowded, distinct, subconvex; spores at length black, oblong and slightly constricted, or obovate, and not constricted.—On Sedges, Rushes, &c. Autumn. Common.

=Puccinia coronata=, Cd. CORONATED MILDEW; spots pallid; sori linear, short, crowded, not confluent, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores shortly pedicellate, pallid; the apex surrounded by obtuse radiating teeth.—On various Grasses. Autumn. Not uncommon. (Plate IV. figs. 60-62.)

=Puccinia truncata=, B. and Br. IRIS BRAND; spots obliterated; sori oblong, brown, surrounded by the scarious epidermis; spores obovate-oblong, even, attenuated below, upper cell abruptly truncate.—On Iris fœtidissima. Autumn.

=Puccinia Asparagi=, DC. ASPARAGUS BRAND; spots none; sori reddish-brown, generally on the stems, scattered and crowded, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores oblong, obtuse, constricted; peduncle white, long, thread-like.—On dead stems of Asparagus. Autumn.

=Puccinia Polygonorum=, Lk. POLYGONUM BRAND; spots yellowish; sori minute, crowded into orbicular patches; spores brown-black, obovate-oblong, frequently constricted, with the upper joint globose.—On the under surface of the leaves of various species of Polygonum. Autumn. Common.

=Puccinia vaginalium=, Lk. KNOTGRASS BRAND; spots none; sori hypogenous, subrotund or oblong, at first surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores brown, obtusely ovate; pedicels long, filiform.—On leaves and stems of Knotgrass, Polygonum aviculare. Autumn.

=Puccinia Thesii=, Chaill. BASTARD-TOADFLAX BRAND; cauline and amphigenous; sori blackish-brown, small, roundish, or oblong, convex, scattered or aggregate, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores ovate, obtuse, scarcely constricted; pedicels elongated.—On Thesium humifusum, in company with Æcidium Thesii. Chipstead, Surrey, Oct. 14, 1864. (A. Grugeon.)

=Puccinia Primulæ=, Grev. PRIMROSE BRAND; hypogenous, deep brown, solitary, scattered, or concentric and subconfluent spores obovate-oblong, slightly constricted.—On Primrose leaves. Not common.

=Puccinia Veronicarum=, DC. VERONICA BRAND; spots yellowish; sori subglobose, aggregate, or circinating, central one large; spores brown, obovate-oblong, more or less constricted.—On the under surface of the leaves of several species of Veronica. Not common.

=Puccinia Glechomatis=, DC. GROUND-IVY BRAND; spots brownish; sori subrotund, scattered, hypogenous; spots brown, rather short, subelliptic, scarcely at all constricted.—On leaves of Ground-Ivy, Glechoma hederacea. September and October. Not uncommon. (Plate IV. figs. 73, 74.)

=Puccinia Menthæ=, Pers. MINT BRAND; spots obliterated; sori varying in size, hypogenous, subrotund, scattered; spores at length black, subglobose, or angular; peduncles short.—On leaves of Mint, Wild Thyme, Marjoram, &c. Autumn. Common. (Plate IV. figs. 69, 70.)

=Puccinia Scorodoniæ=, Lk. WOOD-SAGE BRAND; spots obliterated; sori small, confluent in subrotund patches, hypogenous; spores cinnamon; peduncles very long.—On leaves of Wood-sage. Darenth Wood. Not common.

=Puccinia Scrophulariæ=, Lib. FIGWORT BRAND; spots pallid; sori subrotund, oblong, or linear and confluent, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores very much crowded, subglobose or oval, brownish, plicate, but not truly septate; pedicels elongated.—On Scrophularia aquatica. Penzance. Very rare.

=Puccinia Betonicæ=, DC. BETONY BRAND; spots obliterated; sori hypogenous, subrotund, aggregate, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores very pale-brown, short, obovate, elliptic; peduncles short.—On Stachys Betonica. Rare.

=Puccinia Vincæ=, Berk. PERIWINKLE BRAND; spots yellowish; sori hypogenous, scattered, subrotund, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores brown, oblong, slightly constricted, lower cell rather attenuated; peduncle very short.—On leaves of Vinca major. (Plate VI. fig. 132.) Autumn. Not uncommon.

=Puccinia Campanulæ=, Carm. CAMPANULA BRAND; spots apparently none; sori large, irregular, crowded, for a long time covered with the epidermis, at length surrounded by it; spores oblong-ovate, or slightly constricted; peduncles very short.—On Campanulæ. Not common.

=Puccinia clandestina=, Carm. SCABIOUS BRAND; spots yellowish; sori very minute, distinct, but collected together in great numbers, dark brown; epidermis evanescent; spores oblong, very slightly constricted, pedunculate.—On Scabiosa succisa. Not common.

=Puccinia Compositarum=, Sch. COMPOSITÆ BRAND; spots obliterated or whitish; sori small, subrotund, generally hypogenous, encircled with the ruptured epidermis; spores brown, oval, scarcely constricted.—On the leaves of Centaureæ, &c. Autumn. Common. (Plate IV. figs. 67, 68.)

=Puccinia Syngenesiarum=, Lk. THISTLE BRAND; spots obliterated; sori minute, collected in oval blackish-brown, raised spots, covered with the epidermis; spores brown; peduncles very short.—On the leaves of Thistles. Autumn. Common. (Plate IV. figs. 63, 64.)

=Puccinia glomerata=, Grev. RAGWORT BRAND; spots pale; sori roundish, depressed, often confluent; spores oblong, very variable; peduncles short.—On leaves of Ragwort, Senecio Jacobæa. Not common.

=Puccinia variabilis=, Grev. VARIABLE BRAND; sori amphigenous, minute, roundish, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, nearly black; spores variable, obtuse, cells often subdivided; peduncle very short.—On leaves of Dandelion. Summer and Autumn. Not uncommon. (Plate IV. figs. 82, 83.)

=Puccinia Valantiæ=, Pers. CROSSWORT BRAND; spots obliterated; sori small, subrotund, scattered or crowded; spores pale-brown, obovate, attenuated below, the upper segment globular, easily separating.—On Galium cruciatum. Autumn. Not common.

=Puccinia Galiorum=, Lk. BEDSTRAW BRAND; spots obliterated; sori hypogenous, partly covered with and surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, scattered; spores brown.—On the leaves of several species of Galium and Asperula odorata. Not uncommon. (Plate VIII. figs. 172, 173.)

=Puccinia Umbelliferarum=, DC. PIG-NUT BRAND; spots obliterated; sori small and scattered, subrotund, surrounded by the remains of the ruptured epidermis; spores brown, broadly elliptic, much constricted; peduncle short.—On various Umbelliferæ. Common. (Plate IV. figs. 71, 72.)

=Puccinia Ægopodii=, Lk. GOUTWEED BRAND; spots brown; sori minute, subrotund and elongated, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, often circinating, and forming roundish patches; spores brown; peduncles very short.—On Ægopodium podagraria.

=Puccinia Saniculæ=, Grev. SANICLE BRAND; orbicular, variable in size, blackish-brown, scattered, rather confluent; spores very obtuse; peduncles somewhat elongated.—On Sanicula Europæa. Not uncommon. Summer and Autumn.

=Puccinia bullaria=, Lk. HEMLOCK BRAND; spots obliterated; sori subrotund or oblong, covered with the epidermis; spores brown, peduncle short, nearly obsolete.—On dry stems of Conium maculatum and other Umbelliferæ. August and Sept.

=Puccinia Smyrnii=, Cd. ALEXANDER’S BRAND; spots obliterated; sori hypogenous, large, solitary, scattered, brown; spores ovoid, obtuse, verrucose, slightly constricted, minutely pedicellate.—On Smyrnium olusatrum. (Plate III. figs. 55, 56.)

=Puccinia Anemones=, Pers. ANEMONE BRAND; spots obliterated; sori subrotund, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, scattered, aggregate, and confluent; spores brown, very much constricted, consisting of two nearly globose portions, echinulate; peduncles very short.—On various species of Anemone. Very common on Anemone nemorosa. April and May. (Plate IV. figs. 64, 65.)

=Puccinia Calthæ=, Lk. MARSH-MARIGOLD BRAND; spots brownish; sori small, subrotund, convex, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, scattered; spores obovate, attenuated below, slightly constricted; peduncle very short.—On leaves of Marsh Marigold. Spring. Rare.

=Puccinia Noli-tangeris=, Corda. BALSAM BRAND; spots irregular, confluent, brownish; sori gregarious, reddish-brown; spores oblong, obtuse or attenuated, distinctly apiculate, brown; peduncles rudimentary. On leaves of Impatiens noli-tangere. Gathered at Albury, Surrey, by the Rev. L. Jenyns.—(M. J. B.)

=Puccinia Violarum=, Lk. VIOLET BRAND; spots yellowish; sori hypogenous, small, crowded, covered with the epidermis, then surrounded by it; spores brown, elliptic or broadly elliptic, slightly constricted.—On Violets. Autumn. Common.

=Puccinia Lychnidearum=, Lk. LYCHNIS BRAND; spots yellowish; sori subrotund or oblong, unequal, scattered, rarely confluent; spores white, at length brown, elongated, oblong, slightly constricted.—On leaves and stems of Lychnidæ, Sagina procumbens. Autumn. Common.

=Puccinia umbilici=, Guep. PENNY-WORT BRAND; seated on pallid spots; sori round, convex, compact, at length confluent in large orbicular patches; spores subglobose, not constricted, shortly pedicellate.—On Cotyledon umbilicus. Penzance, Guernsey, Corwen, N. Wales. W. Pamplin. (Plate IV. figs. 80, 81.)

=Puccinia Rhodiolæ=, B. and Br. STONECROP BRAND; spots orbicular, brown; sori minute, crowded; spores shortly pedicellate, articulations depressed, sometimes spuriously subdivided.—On leaves of Sedum Rhodiola. Summer. Not common.

=Puccinia Saxifragarum=, Schl. MOSCHATEL BRAND; spots obliterated; sori subrotund, scattered, crowded and confluent, when young surrounded by the epidermis; spores red-brown, rather short, oblong, slightly constricted.—On both surfaces of the leaves of Adoxa moschatellina. Not uncommon. Summer.

=Puccinia Chrysosplenii=, Grey. GOLDEN-SAXIFRAGE BRAND; sori of various sizes, few together and confluent, pale brown; spores long, somewhat waved, much attenuated at either extremity; peduncle elongated.—On the under surface of the leaves of Chrysosplenium oppositifolium. Rare.

=Puccinia Epilobii=, DC. WILLOW-HERB BRAND; spots pale; sori hypogenous, subrotund, crowded; epidermis evanescent; spores effuse, cinnamon, broadly elliptic, strongly constricted; peduncles very short.—On the leaves of Epilobium palustre. Not common.

=Puccinia pulverulenta=, Grev. GREAT WILLOW-HERB BRAND; sori hypogenous, dark brown, scattered or subconfluent, open concentric; spores minute, obovate, slightly constricted, lower cell rather attenuated; peduncle not very short.—On the leaves of Epilobium montanum and E. hirsutum. August and September. Common. (Plate IV. figs. 78, 79.)

=Puccinia Circææ=, Pers. NIGHTSHADE BRAND; spots obliterated; sori minute, semiglobose, crowded into subrotund patches, occasionally confluent, generally covered with the epidermis; spores brown, oblong, often acute, sometimes obtuse; peduncles long, thick.—On the leaves of Circæa lutetiana and C. alpina. Autumn. Not common.

=Puccinia Prunorum=, Lk. PLUM-TREE BRAND; spots obliterated; sori hypogenous, subrotund scattered, epidermis obliterated; spores brown, peduncles very short.—On the leaves of Plum-trees. September and October. Very common.

=Puccinia Fabæ=, Lk. BEAN BRAND; spots none; sori subrotund, or elongated, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores at length black, ovato-globose; peduncle slender.—On Beans. August and September. Not uncommon.

=Puccinia Buxi=, DC. BOX BRAND; spots none; sori subrotund, convex, scattered; spores brown, oblong, rather strongly constricted, lower cell slightly attenuated; peduncle very long.—On both surfaces of Box-leaves. April and May. Not uncommon.

GYMNOSPORANGIUM, DC.

Peduncles extremely long, agglutinated by gelatine into a tremelloid expanded mass. Spores uniseptate.

=Gymnosporangium Juniperi=, Lk.; forming a soft gelatinous, irregular, orange mass; spores ovate or subelliptic, filled with subglobose granules.—On living twigs of Juniperus communis.

PODISOMA, Lk.

Peduncles extremely long, agglutinated by gelatine into a common stem, spreading out above into a clavariæform mass; spores mostly uniseptate.—Berk. Outl., p. 331.

=Podisoma Juniperi=, Fr.; orange, clavariæform, somewhat branched; stroma simple; spores very long, lanceolate, filled with elliptic granules.—On living branches of Juniperus communis. Not common.

=Podisoma foliicolum=, B.; epiphyllous, brown-black masses, subglobose, subelliptic, or irregular, consisting of radiating, crowded, very slender, agglutinated filaments, each bearing an elliptic or clavate, very obtuse spore, 3- to 5-septate.—On living leaves of Juniperus communis. Rare.

=Podisoma Sabinæ=, Fr.; red-brown, tuberculiform and clavate, simple; stroma obliterated; spores obovate, uniseptate.—On living branches of Juniperus Sabinæ. April. Not uncommon.

=CÆOMACEI=.

Simple and free. Without appendages, Springing from delicate threads. Tilletia. Produced in separate cells.— Deeply seated, pulverulent, } Ustilago generally nearly black } Superficial, yellow or brown Uredo. Not enclosed in separate cells Lecythea. With appendages, Deciduous Trichobasis. Permanent Uromyces. Compound. Irregular Polycystis. Subglobose or shell-shaped Tuburcinia.

Spores of two orders— 1. Spherical } Coleosporium. 2. Cylindrical, septate } 1. Spherical } Melampsora. 2. Wedge-shaped, compact } 1. Concatenate, exposed } Cystopus. 2. Spherical, concealed }

TILLETIA, Tul.

Spores spherical, reticulated, proceeding from delicate branched threads.

=Tilletia caries=, Tul. BUNT; included within the germen; spores spherical, rather large, black.—On wheat, filling the grains with dark-coloured spores, fetid when crushed. Autumn. Very common. (Plate V. figs. 84-91.)

USTILAGO, Link.

Plant deeply seated. Spores simple, springing from delicate threads, or in closely-packed cells, ultimately breaking up into a powdery mass.—Berk. Outl., p. 335.

Ustilago segetum, Ditm. CORN SMUT; produced on the receptacle and rachis; epidermis soon ruptured; spores loose, minute, globose, black.—On the ears of corn and grasses. Autumn. Very common. (Plate V. figs. 98, 99.)

=Ustilago urceolorum=, Tul. SEDGE SMUT; produced on the glumes and utricles; epidermis soon bursting; spores in a compact mass, afterwards breaking up, globose, rather large, granulated.—Surrounding the seed of various Carices; as, Carex prœcox, stellulata, recurva, and pseudo-cyperus. Autumn. Not uncommon. (Plate VI. figs. 109-111.)

=Ustilago longissima=, Tul. ELONGATED SMUT; produced on the leaves in linear, long, parallel, dirty-olive patches; epidermis bursting longitudinally; spores globose, breaking up into minute granules, olive-black.—On leaves of Poa aquatica and fluitans. Summer. Common. (Plate V. figs. 105-107.)

=Ustilago olivacea=, Tul. OLIVE SMUT; infesting the enlarged receptacle; epidermis soon bursting; spores olive-green, powdery, minute, mixed with filaments.—On Carex riparia. Not common. (Plate VI. figs. 126, 127.)

=Ustilago hypodytes=, Fr. GRASS-CULM SMUT; produced on the culms beneath the sheaths, afterwards exposed; spores minute, subglobose, brownish-black.—On the culms of various Grasses. Summer. Sometimes not uncommon. (Plate V. figs. 100, 101.)

=Ustilago Maydis=, Corda. MAIZE SMUT; produced on the stems, germens, &c.; epidermis at length bursting; spores spherical, minute, brownish-black, surface covered with echinulate warts.—On stems, &c., of Zea mays. (Plate V. fig. 108.)

=Ustilago Montagnei=, Tul. BEAKSEDGE SMUT; produced on the seeds; epidermis bursting; spores slightly angular, small, dark-coloured, intermixed sparingly with fragile filaments.—On seeds of Rhyncospora alba. Not common. (Plate V. figs. 96, 97.)

=Ustilago typhoides=, B. and Br. REED SMUT; prodded on the stems of reeds, forming thick bullate patches several inches long, occupying whole internodes, covered by their sheath; spores globose, rather large.—On stems of Arundo phragmitis. Autumn. Not uncommon. (Plate VI. figs. 128, 129.)

=Ustilago Salveii=, B. and Br. COCKSFOOT SMUT; produced on the leaves, forming elongated parallel sori on the upper surface; spores obovate, rather large, rough with minute granules.—On leaves of Dactylis glomerata and other Grasses. Not common. (Plate VI. figs. 117-119.)

=Ustilago grammica=, B. and Br. BANDED SMUT; forming little transverse bands consisting of short parallel black lines, 1/12 of an inch or more in length; spores globose, very minute.—On stems of Aira aquatica and A. cæspitosa. Uncommon. (Plate VI. figs. 120-122.)

=Ustilago vinosa=, Tul. OXYRIA SMUT; produced on the swollen receptacles; spores roundish, very small, and minutely papillose, separately pellucid, in clusters, violaceous.—On the receptacles of Oxyria reniformis. Uncommon.

=Ustilago utriculosa=, Tul. UTRICLE SMUT; produced in the germen and perigonium; epidermis soon ruptured; spores effuse, minute, globose, purple-black.—On Polygonum hydropiper and other Polygona. Autumn. Not uncommon. (Plate VI. figs. 112-116.)

=Ustilago flosculorum=, Fr. FLORET SMUT; produced within the florets; spores minute, purplish-brown.—On the florets of Scabiosa arvensis. Not common. (Plate VI. figs. 123-125.)

=Ustilago receptaculorum=, Fr. GOATSBEARD SMUT; produced within the receptacles; spores ovate, minute, reticulated, violet-brown, nearly black, very profuse, filling the receptacle.—On the receptacles of Goatsbeard. June, July. Common. (Plate V. figs. 92-95.)

=Ustilago antherarum=, Fr. ANTHER SMUT; produced on the anthers and germens; spores subglobose, effuse, violet.—On the anthers of Silene inflata, &c. (Plate V. figs. 102-104.)

UREDO, Lév.

Stroma composed of little irregular cells forming a lentiform disk, whose surface is covered with many layers of cells, each of which encloses a spore; spores simple, always without any appendage.—Berk. Outl., p. 331.

-------

* Spores more or less yellow.

=Uredo Potentillarum=, DC. POTENTILLA UREDO; spots yellowish; sori subrotund and oval, bullate, aggregate, open, confluent; spores subglobose, subcoherent, orange.—On various Rosaceæ. Common.

=Uredo Saxifragarum=, DC. SAXIFRAGE UREDO; spots pallid; sori subrotund and oval, raised, scattered and aggregate on the under surface; epidermis ruptured, persistent; spores subglobose, yellow.—On various Saxifrages.

=Uredo Filicum=, Desm. FERN UREDO; spots yellowish; sori subrotund, bullate, scattered and aggregate on the under surface; epidermis at length bursting; spores subglobose, yellow.—On Ferns (Cystopteris, &c.) Not common.

=Uredo pustulata=, P. WILLOW-HERB UREDO; spots yellowish; sori subrotund, minute, closed, scattered and confluent on both surfaces; spores globose, yellow.—On Epilobium palustre.

=Uredo Hypericorum=, DC. ST. JOHN’S-WORT UREDO; spots yellowish; sori subrotund, small, bullate, distinct, scattered on the under surface; epidermis at length bursting; spores subglobose, cohering, orange.—On various Hyperica. August. Not uncommon. (Plate VIII. figs. 174, 175.)

=Uredo Caryophyllacearum=, Johnst. STITCHWORT UREDO; spots yellowish; sori subglobose, scattered and aggregate, minute, generally on the under surface; epidermis closed; spores oval, at length yellow.—On various Caryophyllaceæ. Autumn.

=Uredo Quercus=, Brond. OAK-LEAF UREDO; on the under surface; sori yellow, then orange, minute, ovate, and orbicular, slightly prominent, scattered, solitary or agglomerated into minute patches, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores subglobose, pellucid, not cohering.—On Oak-leaves. September. Not common.

=Uredo porphyrogenita=, Kze. BIRD-CHERRY UREDO; spots purplish; sori subrotund, small, aggregate, hypogenous; epidermis at length ruptured; spores coherent, subglobose.—On leaves of Prunus Padus. Scotland, 1863. (Rev. M. J. Berkeley.)

=Uredo Vacciniorum=, P. BILBERRY UREDO; spots yellow-brown; sori subrotund, minute, aggregate, and scattered, on the under surface of the leaves; epidermis seldom ruptured; spores ovoid, yellowish.—On Vaccinium Myrtillus and V. vitis-idæa. Scotland.

=Uredo confluens=, DC. MERCURY UREDO; on the under surface, depressed, yellow, oblong, concentric, at length confluent; spores nearly oval.—On Mercurialis perennis and M. annua. May, June. Common. (Plate VII. figs. 133, 134.)

=Uredo Alliorum=, DC. GARLIC UREDO; spots obliterated; sori linear, oblong, and oval, on both surfaces; spores ovoid or subglobose, yellow or whitish.—On various species of Allium. Common.

* * Spores brown.

=Uredo Statices=, Desm. SEA-LAVENDER UREDO; sori few and scattered, orbicular or oval; spores sessile, globose, brown.—On various species of Statice.

=Uredo Circææ=, A. & S. NIGHTSHADE UREDO; sori minute, crowded, subrotund, slightly confluent, on the under surface; spores irregular, ovate, small, ochraceous.—On leaves of Circæa lutetiana. June, July. Common. (Plate VII. figs. 135, 136.)

=Uredo bifrons=, Grev. TWIN-FACED UREDO. On both surfaces of the leaves, often opposite, scattered, round, light brown, girt with the remains of the epidermis; spores globose.—On Sorrel leaves (Rumex acetosa and R. acetosella). July, September. Common. (Plate VII. figs. 137-139)

LECYTHEA, Lév.

Stroma surrounded or sprinkled with elongated abortive spores. Spores free, invested with their mother-cell, or concatenate.—Berk. Outl., p. 334.

* Spores free.

=Lecythea Ruborum=, Lév. BRAMBLE RUST. Spots pale, brown or purple on the opposite side, sometimes depressed above; sori subrotund, aggregate; epidermis soon bursting; spores globose or subglobose, echinulate, bright ochraceous-yellow.—On the under surface of Bramble leaves. July and August. Very common. (Plate II. fig. 40.)

=Lecythea Rosæ=, Lév. ROSE RUST; spots yellow, small, scattered; spores sub-oval, sometimes minutely pedicellate, orange.—On Rose-leaves. July, September. Extremely common. (Plate II. fig. 37.)

=Lecythea Poterii=, Lév. BURNET RUST; spots obliterated, rufous on the opposite side; sori subrotund, scattered, minute on the under surface; epidermis bursting; spores subglobose, often pedicellate, intense orange; barren spores pale, cylindrical, and slightly curved.—On Poterium Sanguisorba. Summer. Common. (Plate III. fig. 31.)

=Lecythea Populina=, Lév. POPLAR RUST; hypogenous; sori yellow, roundish or oblong, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores copious, elongated or ovate.—On Poplar and Birch leaves. Summer. Common.

=Lecythea Euphorbiæ=, Lév. SPURGE RUST; spots obliterated; sori subrotund, small, scattered, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; barren spores pyriform or subglobose, pedicellate; fertile spores subglobose, orange.—On the under surface of the leaves of various species of Euphorbia, especially E. helioscopia and E. peplus. August. Very common.

=Lecythea epitea=, Lév. TAWNY WILLOW RUST; sori roundish, scattered, at first tawny, at length growing pale, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores subrotund and pyriform.—On the under surface of Willow-leaves.

=Lecythea mixta=, Lév. ORANGE WILLOW RUST; spots yellow; sori subrotund, aggregate, confluent, effuse, permanently surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores oblong and pyriform, orange.—On both surfaces of the leaves of Willows.

=Lecythea Saliceti=, Lév. COMMON WILLOW RUST; spots yellowish; sori subrotund, solitary, or in circles, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; barren spores subglobose and pedicellate or pyriform; fertile spores subglobose, orange.—On the under surface of Willow-leaves. Autumn. Common.

=Lecythea Baryi=, Berk. DE BARY’S RUST; sori few; cystidia with an abrupt globose head; spores subglobose.—On leaves of Brachypodium pennatum. Very rare.

=Lecythea Valerianæ=, Berk. VALERIAN RUST; spots yellowish; sori subrotund, small, confluent, sometimes circinating; epidermis at length bursting; spores reddish-brown, subglobose or clavate, shortly pedicellate.—On Valeriana officinalis. August.

* * Spores invested.

=Lecythea gyrosa=, Berk. RINGED RUST; spots obliterated; sori minute, confluent, and forming a small distinct ring; epidermis bursting; spores globose and elongato-pyriform, yellow or pale.—On the upper surface of Raspberry and Bramble leaves, forming a more or less perfect ring with the centre unoccupied. September. (Plate VIII. figs. 162-164.)

* * * Spores concatenate.

=Lecythea Capræarum=, Berk. SALLOW RUST; spots obliterated, yellow on the opposite side; sori varied in form, here and there confluent, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; barren spores subglobose and pyriform, pedicellate; fertile spores subglobose, dirty yellow.—On the under surface of the leaves of Sallows. June to August. Very common. (Plate VIII. figs. 160, 161.)

=Lecythea Lini=, Berk. FLAX RUST; spots yellowish; sori subrotund, scattered, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores globose or pyriform, sometimes pedicellate.—On Linum catharticum. July. Not uncommon. (Plate VIII. figs. 165-167.)

TRICHOBASIS, Lév.

Spores free; attached at first to a short peduncle, which at length falls away.—Berk. Outl., pp. 332.

* Spores yellow.

=Trichobasis rubigo-vera=, Lév. ROUND CORN RUST; spots yellow, heaps oval, scattered, generally on the upper surface; epidermis at length bursting longitudinally; spores subglobose, reddish-brown, easily dispersed.—On Grasses and Corn. Throughout the Summer. Very common. (Plate VII. figs. 140-142.)

=Trichobasis linearis=, Lév. LONG CORN RUST; spots yellow-brown. Sori elliptic, then elongated and linear; epidermis bursting; spores oblong or globose, yellow.—On leaves and sheaths of Corn and Grasses. Summer. Common. Plate VII. figs. 143, 144.)

=Trichobasis Glumarum=, Lév. GLUME RUST; sori minute, round, scarcely convex, subgregarious, often confluent. Spores globose or subovoid, orange, not pedicellate; epispore smooth.—On the glumes of Cereals. August.

=Trichobasis Symphyti=, Lév. COMFREY RUST; Sori minute, very numerous, scattered, roundish, then confluent; epidermis ruptured, scarcely conspicuous around the margin; spores subglobose, pallid orange.—On Comfrey.

=Trichobasis Pyrolæ=, B. WINTERGREEN RUST; spots yellowish-brown on the opposite side; sori globose, minute, scattered or aggregate, on the under surface; epidermis generally closed; spores subglobose, yellow.—On Pyrola rotundifolia, &c.

=Trichobasis Petroselini=, B. PARSLEY RUST; spots yellowish; sori subrotund and oval, confluent, on both surfaces; epidermis at length ruptured; spores globose or subglobose, occasionally obsoletely pedicellate, pale yellow.—On various Umbelliferæ.

=Trichobasis Senecionis=, B. GROUNDSEL RUST; spots obliterated; sori solitary or regularly crowded, subrotund and oval, on the under surface, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores subglobose, orange.—On various species of Groundsel. July. Very common. Plate VII. figs. 145, 146.)

=Trichobasis Caricina=, B. SEDGE RUST; spots red; sori oval, minute, scattered, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores subglobose, reddish, then brown.—On Carex pendula, C. pseudo-cyperus, &c. June to August. Common. (Plate VIII. figs. 170, 171.)

* * Spores brown.

=Trichobasis oblongata=, B. LUZULA RUST; spots oblong, often confluent, yellow-brown; sori elliptic, on both surfaces; epidermis closed; spores brown, obtuse at either extremity.—On Luzulæ. May to July. (Plate VII. figs. 158, 159.)

=Trichobasis Scillarum=, B. HYACINTH RUST; spots oblong or subrotund, crowded into patches; epidermis bursting longitudinally; spores rubiginous, obovate, shortly pedunculate.—On the Wild Hyacinth, &c.

=Trichobasis Cichoracearum=, Lév. HAWKWEED RUST; on both sides of the leaf, dark, fuscous, minute, round, scattered: spores globose, rarely minutely pedicellate.—On Thistles and Hawkweed. July to September. Common.

=Trichobasis Artemisiæ=, B. MUGWORT RUST; spots obliterated, brownish on the opposite side; sori subglobose and oval, minute, scattered, on both surfaces; epidermis soon ruptured; spores subglobose, brownish.—On Artemisia vulgaris, &c. Not common.

=Trichobasis Labiatarum=, Lév. MINT RUST; spots yellowish and brown; sori subrotund, scattered, subaggregate, on the under surface; epidermis ruptured; spores subglobose, brown.—On various Labiatæ. August to September. Common.

=Trichobasis Lychnidearum=, Lév. CHICKWEED RUST; spots pallid yellowish; sori subrotund plane, scattered on the under surface, cinnamon, at length brownish; epidermis ruptured; spores globoso-ovoid, sessile, or shortly pedicellate.—On Caryophyllaceæ. Summer and Autumn.

=Trichobasis Umbellatarum=, Lév. HEMLOCK RUST; spots yellowish; sori subrotund and ovate, scattered, on the under surface, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores ovate, oval, and oblong in the same heap, brown.—On Conium maculatum, Apium graveolens, and other Umbelliferæ. August and September.

=Trichobasis Heraclei=, B. HOGWEED RUST; on the under surface, scattered, sometimes subconfluent, roundish, light brown, girt by the remains of the epidermis; spores obovate, with a very short peduncle.—On Heracleum spondylium. June and July.

=Trichobasis Hydrocotyles=, Cooke. FLUKEWORT RUST; without definite spots; sori chiefly on the upper, sometimes on the under surface, scattered, variable, roundish, erumpent, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores subglobose, at length brown; epispore rough with minute tubercles.—On Hydrocotyle vulgaris. Epping, July to September, 1863 and 1864. (Plate VIII. figs. 168, 169.)

=Trichobasis Betæ=, Lév. BEET-LEAF RUST; spots yellow; heaps subrotund and oval, scattered and concentric, on the upper surface; epidermis at length bursting; spores subglobose, shortly pedicellate, brown.—On the leaves of Beet. August and September. Common.

=Trichobasis Fabæ=, Lév. BEAN RUST; spots obliterated; sori subrotund and oval; bullate, scattered and aggregate, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores ovoid, brown.—On Beans. August and September. Common.

=Trichobasis Galii=, Lév. BEDSTRAW RUST; spots yellowish; sori subrotund, aggregate, closed; spores globose, reddish.—On Galium verum, saxatile, &c. July and August.

=Trichobasis suaveolens=, Lév. THISTLE RUST; spots obliterated, yellow on the opposite side; sori subrotund, nearly plane, scattered, at length confluent, on the under surface, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores globose, brown.—On leaves of Thistles, frequently covering the whole under surface. Summer. Common. (Plate VII. figs. 151-153.)

=Trichobasis Polygonorum=, B. KNOTGRASS RUST; spots red-yellow, widely effused; sori subrotund, scattered, sometimes forming a ring, epidermis at length bursting; spores somewhat obovate, brown.—On Polygonum aviculare, amphibium, and other species. July to September. Common.

=Trichobasis Vincæ=, B. PERIWINKLE RUST; spots yellowish; sori small, subrotund, and oval, on the under surface, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores oval, rather ovoid, brown.—On leaves of Vinca major. May and June. (Plate VI. fig. 130, 131.)

=Trichobasis Geranii=, B. GERANIUM RUST; spots yellowish; sori subrotund, nearly plane, scattered or confluent; spores subglobose, brown.—On various species of Geranium.

=Trichobasis Violarum=, B. VIOLET RUST; spots yellowish; sori subrotund, scattered, generally on the under surface; epidermis ruptured, persistent; spores subglobose, brown.—On leaves and petioles of Violets. July. Not uncommon.

=Trichobasis Parnassiæ=, Cooke. GRASS OF PARNASSUS RUST; on both surfaces of the leaves; sori at first bullate, at length rupturing the epidermis, scattered, often confluent; spores globose or nearly so, rather large, tawny brown.—On Parnassia palustris. Irstead, Norfolk. September, 1864.

=Trichobasis Epilobii=, Berk. WILLOW-HERB RUST; spots yellowish; sori subrotund, scattered, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, often on the under surface; spores subglobose, brown.—On Epilobium montanum, &c. June and July.

=Trichobasis Rhamni=, Cooke. BUCKTHORN RUST; seated on definite yellowish spots; sori occurring only on the under surface of the leaves, scattered or collected in clusters, very minute, roundish, or oblong; spores at length rusty brown, subglobose.—On Rhamnus catharticus. Selsdon, Surrey. September 16, 1864. (A. Grugeon.)

UROMYCES, Lév.

Spores unilocular, attached permanently to a decided peduncle of greater or less length.—Berk. Outl., p. 333.

=Uromyces Alliorum=, DC. GARLIC RUST; spots obliterated, sori linear, oblong, or oval, amphigenous; spores subglobose, yellow.—On species of Allium.

=Uromyces Ulmariæ=, Lév. GOLDEN RUST; broad, pulverulent, on the under surface of leaves, nerves, and petioles; spores numerous, subglobose, bright reddish-orange.—On Spiræa Ulmariæ, Roses, &c. Common. (Plate VII. figs. 147, 148.)

=Uromyces appendiculata=, Lév. LONG-STEMMED RUST; spots yellowish-brown, sori subrotund and oval, confluent, nearly plane, on the under surface. Epidermis bursting, spores ovoid, brown, with a long peduncle.—On Leguminosæ and other plants. August and September. (Plate VII. figs. 149, 150.)

=Uromyces apiculosa.=, Lév. SHORT-STEMMED RUST: spots yellow or brown, sori subrotund, scattered, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores ovoid, brown, shortly pedunculate.—On dock and various other plants. August and September. Common. (Plate VII. figs. 154, 155.)

=Uromyces Limonii=, Lév. SEA-LAVENDER RUST; epiphyllous, sori bullate, scattered or disposed in rings; spores ovate.—On Statice limonia.

=Uromyces Ficariæ=, Lév. PILEWORT RUST; spots yellowish, sori scattered, aggregate, confluent, and expanded; epidermis ruptured; spores ovoid, brown.—On Ranunculus Ficaria. May and June. Common. (Plate VII. figs. 156, 157.)

=Uromyces Primulæ=, Lév. PRIMROSE RUST; spots yellowish, sori subrotund and oval, aggregate, on the under surface; epidermis at length bursting; spores ovoid, brown.—On Primroses.

=Uromyces intrusa=, Lév. LADY’S-MANTLE RUST; on the under surface, scattered, or partially aggregate, reddish-brown, rounded, somewhat prominent, minute, very unequal; spores roundish or oval.—On Alchemilla vulgaris.

=Uromyces Iridis=, Lév. IRIS RUST; on the under, rarely on the upper, surface; spots yellow, sori small, pale red-brown, oblong and linear, scattered or aggregate, scarcely convex; epidermis bullate, rarely bursting longitudinally; spores globose or broadly elliptic, pale brown, pellucid.—On Iris fœtidissima. August to September. Not uncommon.

POLYCYSTIS, Lév.

Spores irregular, consisting of several cells.—Berk. Outl., p. 334.

=Polycystis Colchici=, Tul. MEADOW-SAFFRON SMUT; sori elongated, bursting irregularly; spores smooth or slightly papillose.—On leaves of Meadow-Saffron. Not common.

=Polycystis Violæ=, B. and Br. VIOLET SMUT; sori scattered, elongated, on both surfaces of the leaves and petioles; spores more or less globose, consisting of several cells surrounded by a common irregular crust.—On leaves and petioles of Violets. August. Common. (Plate IX. figs. 185, 186.)

=Polycystis pompholygodes=, Lév. BUTTERCUP SMUT; sori varied in form, bullate, epidermis inflated, at first entire, then bursting irregularly, its remains surrounding the clusters; spores copious, subglobose, black, opaque or pellucid.—On Ranunculus repens and other Ranunculaceæ. Summer. Very common. (Plate IX. figs. 183, 184.)

=Polycystis parallela=, B. and Br. RYE SMUT; sori very long, linear, epidermis bursting longitudinally, spores globose, with several projecting nodules, dark brown.—On culms and sheaths of Rye and on the leaves of Carices. (Plate IX. figs. 187, 188.)

TUBURCINIA, Fr.

Plant deeply seated; spores multicellular, subglobose, or conchiform. Berk. Outl., p. 335.

=Tuburcinia scabies=, B. POTATO SMUT; spores globose composed of minute cells forming together a hollow globe with one or more lacunæ, generally attached laterally by a slender thread, olive. On Potatoes. Common. (Plate III. fig. 54.)

=Tuburcinia Trientalis=, B. and Br. TRIENTALIS SMUT; sori two lines broad, bullate, containing a black mass of rather irregular depressed subglobose spores, which are very opaque and distinctly cellular. Hyphasma white, branched, creeping, delicate.—On leaves of Trientalis Europæa. August and September. Scotland. (Plate III. figs. 52, 53.)

COLEOSPORIUM, Lév.

Spores cylindrical, septate, some separating at the joints, some of a different nature, persistent.—Berk. Outl., p. 333.

=Coleosporium Tussilaginis=, Lév. COLTSFOOT RUST; on the under surface, prominent, crowded, generally forming circles, becoming very confluent; spores numerous, sub-ovate, orange-yellow.—On Tussilago Farfara. Summer. Common. (Plate VIII. figs. 180, 181.)

=Coleosporium pingue=, Lév. TAWNY ROSE RUST; spots obliterated, sori effuse, on the nerves and petioles of the leaves; spores ovoid, yellowish-brown.—On Roses, &c.

=Coleosporium Petasitis=, Lév. BUTTERBUR RUST; on the under surface, minute, depressed, spreading, somewhat aggregate, subconfluent, irregular in form; spores oval, orange, or orange-red.—On Tussilago Petasites. Autumn. Common.

=Coleosporium Campanulæ=, Lév. CAMPANULA RUST; spots obliterated, brown on the opposite side, sori irregular, confluent, plane, on the under surface; spores subglobose, cohering, yellow, at length pale. On leaves of various Campanulæ. September and October.

=Coleosporium Sonchi-arvensis=, Lév. SOW-THISTLE RUST; on the under surface, depressed, irregular in form, scattered, partially confluent; spores ovate, reddish orange.—On Sonchus oleraceus and arvensis. Summer. Common. (Plate VIII. figs. 178, 179.)

=Coleosporium Rhinanthacearum=, Lév. COW-WHEAT RUST; spots none or subferruginous; sori irregular, confluent, on the under, rarely on both surfaces; spores subglobose, compact, golden-yellow.—On Euphrasia officinalis, Bartsia odontites, Melampyrum arvense, &c. August and September. Common. (Plate VIII. figs. 170, 177.)

MELAMPSORA, Cast.

Spores of two orders, crowded into a dense compact mass, with or without a covering, wedge-shaped. Berk. Outl., p. 333.

=Melampsora Euphorbiæ=, Cast. Hypophyllous; sori of summer spores golden-yellow, scattered, distinct, sometimes cauline; spores small, subglobose; sori of perfect spores becoming black, small, roundish, spores prismatic, membrane thickened above, dark brown.—On leaves and stems of Euphorbia helioscopia, E. exigua, and other species of spurge. Common. (Plate IX. figs. 193, 194.)

=Melampsora Populina=, Lév. Hypophyllous, epiphyllous, or amphigenous, at first yellow or orange; summer spores obovate-oblong, attenuated or truncate, echinulate; paraphyses obovate, capitate or claviform, abundant in fully-ripened sori; sori of perfect spores at first tawny yellow, becoming black during the winter, swelling in the spring, and becoming of a cinnamon-colour, hypophyllous, roundish, or oblong; spores prism-shaped, 5-6 together, yellowish, smooth.—On leaves of Populus nigra. Common. Spores perfected in February. (Plate IX. figs. 195, 196.)

=Melampsora Tremulæ=, Tul. Hypophyllous; sori of summer spores punctiform, prominent, or papillæform, numerous; spores tawny-yellow, elliptical or obovate; paraphyses slender; sori of perfect spores scattered, at length blackish; spores elongated, compressed, attenuated downwards, yellowish.—On leaves of Populus tremula. Common. Spores perfected during the winter.

=Melampsora Betulina=, Desm. Hypophyllous; sori of summer spores bright yellow or orange, oblong, cylindrical, or obovate, truncate at the base, echinulate; paraphyses encircling or intermixed, obovate, smooth, hyaline; sori of perfect spores confluent, of an obscure brown in the winter, becoming of a bright orange when mature; spores elongated, attenuated below, polygonal, ochraceous.—On leaves of Betula alba. Common. Spores perfected in January and February. (Plate IX. figs. 189, 190.)

=Melampsora Salicina=, Lév. Epiphyllous or hypophyllous; sori, or heaps of summer spores, scattered, pale orange, bright orange, or cinereous; spores ovato-globose, paraphyses capitate, rarely obovate; sori of perfect spores epiphyllous, scattered or aggregate, at first yellowish-tawny, then brownish, at length nearly black, bullate; spores oblong, closely packed, and laterally compressed.—On Salix viminalis and S. capræa. Common. Spores perfected in February. (Plate IX. figs. 191, 192.)

CYSTOPUS.

Receptacle consisting of thick branched threads; conidia concatenate, at length separating; oospores deeply seated on the mycelium.

=Cystopus candidus=, Lév. CRUCIFER WHITE RUST; conidia equal, globose; membrane equal, ochraceous; oospores subglobose, epispore yellowish-brown, with irregular obtuse warts; warts solid.—On Shepherd’s-purse, Cabbages, and other Cruciferæ. Summer. Very common. (Plate X. figs. 198-200, 205-207.)

=Cystopus cubicus=, Str. GOATSBEARD WHITE RUST; conidia unequal; terminal cell sterile, larger than the rest; membrane thickened, ochraceous, rarely yellowish; fertile cells shortly cylindrical; membrane hyaline; oospores globose; epispore brown, verrucose; warts hollow, round, or irregular.—On goatsbeard, salsify, and scorzonera. Summer and autumn. Common. (Plate X. figs. 201, 202, 210.)

=Cystopus Lepigoni=, De By. SANDWORT WHITE RUST; conidia unequal; terminal cell sterile, globose; membrane thickened; fertile cells subglobose or cylindrical; membrane hyaline; oospores globose; epispore brown, tubercles minute, irregular, very convex, often resembling spines.—On Spergutaria rubra. Swanscombe Marshes, September, 1864. (R. G. Keeley.)

PERONOSPOREI, De By.

PERONOSPORA, Casp.

Parasitic threads mostly inarticulate. Spores of two kinds:—1. Acrospores on the tips of the branchlets; 2. Oospores large, globose, on the creeping mycelium.

=Peronospora infestans=, Mont. POTATO MOULD; threads of mycelium slender, always destitute of suckers; fertile threads thin, gradually attenuated upwards, with one to five branches, one or more inflated vesicles near the apices of the branches; branches either simple or with short branchlets; acrospores ellipsoid or ovoid; apex furnished with a prominent papilla.—On leaves, stems, and tubers of the Potato, causing the potato-murrain. Very common since 1845. (Plate XIV. fig. 264.)

=Peronospora nivea=, Ung. (P. macrospora, B.). PARSNIP MOULD; threads of mycelium stout, often torulose; suckers numerous, vesicular, obovate; fertile threads fasciculate, dwarfish, tapering or subulate, or once or twice shortly bifurcate, rarely trifurcate, with one to four horizontal branches near the summit, once, twice, or three times bifurcate; acrospores subglobose or ovoid, with an obtuse papilla at the apex.—On various Umbelliferæ. Common and variable.

=Peronospora pygmæa=, Ung. (P. curta, Berk.). ANEMONE MOULD; threads of mycelium thickened, often constricted and varicose; suckers minute, obovate, or pear-shaped; fertile threads fasciculate (2-5 or more), simple above or divided at the apex into 2-4 short simple branches, or shortly twice dichotomous, or all simple, obtuse, surmounted by 2-4 short spicules; acrospores ovoid or ellipsoid, variable in size; apices broadly and obtusely papillate.—On Wood-anemone. Not uncommon. (Plate XV. fig. 267.)

=Peronospora gangliformis=, Berk. LETTUCE MOULD; threads of the mycelium stout, now and then torulose; suckers vesicular, obovate or clavate; fertile threads 2-6 times dichotomous, sometimes trichotomous; stems and primary branches slender, dilated or inflated above; the ultimate ramuli inflated at the apex into a turbinate or subglobose vesicle bearing from 2-8 subulate processes or spicules; acrospores minute, subglobose; apices with broad depressed papillæ, produced on the spicular processes, On Lettuces and other Compositæ. Frequent. (Plate XIV. fig. 265.)

=Peronospora parasitica=, Pers. CABBAGE MOULD; threads of the mycelium thickened and much branched; suckers numerous, branched; branches clavate, obtuse; fertile threads thick, soft, flexile, equal or unequal, 5-8 times dichotomous, rarely trichotomous; branches always repeatedly trifurcate; acrospores broadly elliptical, very obtuse at the apex, white.—On Cabbages, Shepherd’s-purse, and other Cruciferæ, sometimes in company with Cystopus candidus. Summer and autumn. Common. (Plate XIII. fig. 262.)

=Peronospora Viciæ=, Berk. PEA MOULD; fertile threads densely cæspitose, erect, equal, rarely unequal, 6-7-8 times dichotomous; ultimate ramuli shortly subulate, acute; acrospores ellipsoid, very obtuse at the apex, obtuse or slightly acute at the base; membrane with a violaceous tint.—On Tares, Peas, &c. Frequent. (Plate XV. fig. 266; Plate X. fig. 212.)

=Peronospora Arenariæ=, Berk. SANDWORT MOULD; fertile threads slender, 6-7 times equally, rarely unequally, dichotomous; branches spreading; ultimate ramuli slender, acute, subulate, nearly erect; acrospores broadly elliptical, oftentimes very obtuse, small; membrane scarcely violaceous.—On Arenaria serpyllifolia and A. trinervis.—June. (Plate XVI. fig. 268; Plate X. fig. 211.)

=Peronospora effusa=, Grev. SPINACH MOULD; fertile threads fasciculate, short, thick, 2-6, rarely 7 times dichotomous above; acrospores broadly ellipsoid, sometimes very obtuse; membrane with a violaceous tint. On Spinach, Goosefoot, and some other allied plants. Spring and autumn. Not uncommon. (Plate X. figs. 214, 215.)

=Peronospora Urticæ=, Casp. NETTLE MOULD; fertile threads small, loosely 4-6 times dichotomous; branches flexuose, ultimate ramuli subulate, arcuate, often deflexed; acrospores large, broadly ovoid or subglobose, distinctly pedicellate; apices very obtuse; membrane violaceous.—On leaves of the common Nettle.

=Peronospora trifoliorum=, De By. CLOVER MOULD; fertile threads cæspitose, equally or unequally 6-7 times dichotomous, rarely trichotomous; ultimate branches subulate, acute, slightly curved; acrospores ellipsoid, very obtuse; membrane with a slightly violaceous tint; oospores large; epispore brown.—On Lucern (Medicago sativa). Highgate and Hampstead, 1864.

=Peronospora grisea=, Ung. VERONICA MOULD; fertile threads erect, fasciculate, grey, 5-7 times regularly dichotomous; branches gradually attenuated; primary oblique erect; others spreading, flexuose; ultimate mostly unequal, slightly arcuate; acrospores ellipsoid or ovoid, obtuse; membrane pale and dirty violet.—On leaves of Veronica beccabunga. May, 1846. (Plate X. fig. 213.)

=Peronospora arborescens=, Berk. POPPY MOULD; fertile threads slender, erect, 7-10 times dichotomous above; branches more or less flexuose, squarrose, spreading, gradually attenuated; ultimate ramuli shortly subulate, more or less arcuate; acrospores very small, subglobose; membrane scarcely violaceous.—On the Corn Poppy. June. Common.

=Peronospora Schleideniana=, De By. (P. Destructor, B.) ONION MOULD; fertile threads robust, erect, not septate, branched alternately; ultimate ramuli forked and uncinate or divaricate; acrospores seated on the tips of the ultimate ramuli, obovoid or nearly pear-shaped, attenuated at the base; membrane of a dirty violet-colour.—On the leaves of various species of Allium. Often plentiful. (Plate XIII. fig. 263.)

=Peronospora violacea=, Berk. SCABIOUS MOULD; fertile threads branched; acrospores sub-elliptical, violet-coloured. All that is known of this species is contained in the following note from the Rev. M. J. Berkeley:—“It grew on the petals of the common scabious. I have not found it again, and have either lost or mislaid my specimens. You may describe it as læte violacea; floccis ramosis; sporis subellipticis, violaceis. It is probably the Farinaria on Scabious of Sowerby.” (M. J. B.)

=Peronospora sordida=, Berk. FIGWORT MOULD; forming broad, irregular, dirty, pallid spots on the under surface of the leaves; fertile threads loosely dichotomous above; tips forked, unequal; acrospores obovate, apiculate.—On leaves of Scrophularia. Jedburgh.

=Peronospora sparsa=, Berk. ROSE MOULD; fertile threads scattered, by no means torulose, ultimate branches scarcely uncinate, dichotomous, pallid grey; acrospores sub-elliptical.—On the under side of rose-leaves in conservatories.

=Peronospora obliqua=, Cooke. DOCK MOULD; threads of the mycelium slender; fertile threads fasciculate, erect, simple, rarely bifurcate, attenuated upwards; acrospores large, ellipsoid, attached obliquely near the base.—On the under surface of dock leaves. Winter and spring. Probably not uncommon. Brownish circular spots on the leaves indicate the presence of this mould, which is so minute that it might otherwise be overlooked. (Plate XVI. fig. 269.)

=Erysiphei=.

Conceptacle with one sporangium. Appendages floccose Sphærotheca.

Conceptacle with many sporangia. Appendages needle-shaped, rigid Phyllactinia. Appendages hooked Uncinula. Appendages dichotomous Microsphæria. Appendages floccose Erysiphe.

SPHÆROTHECA, Lév.

Mycelium arachnoid; perithecia globose, containing a single globose sporangium; appendages numerous, floccose.—Berk. Outl., p. 404.

=Sphærotheca pannosa=, Lév. ROSE BLIGHT; mycelium thickened, woolly, felted, persistent; conceptacles minute, globose, scattered; appendages floccose, white; sporangium many-spored.—On the branches, calyces, petioles, and leaves of Roses. Very common. (Plate XI. figs. 217, 218.)

=Sphærotheca Castagnei=, Lév. HOP BLIGHT; on both surfaces; mycelium effuse, web-like, commonly evanescent; conceptacles minute, scattered, globose; appendages numerous, short, flexuose above; sporangium many-spored.—On the leaves of the Hop, Meadow-sweet, and various other plants. Common. (Plate XI. fig. 216.)

PHYLLACTINIA, Lév.

Perithecia hemispherical, at length depressed, seated on a persistent or evanescent membranaceo-granular receptacle; appendages straight, rigid, acicular, at length bent back.—Berk. Outl., p. 404.

=Phyllactinia guttata=, Lév. HAZEL BLIGHT; amphigenous; mycelium web-like, often evanescent; conceptacles large, scattered, hemispherical, at length depressed; appendages hyaline, rigid, simple; sporangia 4-20, containing 2-4 spores.—On the leaves of Hawthorn, Hazel, Ash, Elm, Alder, Beech, Birch, Oak, Hornbeam, and various other plants. Common. (Plate XI. figs. 219, 220.)

UNCINULA, Lév.

Mycelium floccose; perithecia globose; appendages rigid, simple, bifid or dichotomous, uncinate, at length bent upwards.—Berk. Outl., p. 404.

=Uncinula adunca=, Lév. WILLOW BLIGHT; mycelium variable; conceptacles scattered or gregarious, minute; appendages simple; sporangia 8-12, sub-pyriform, containing 4 spores.—On the leaves of Willows, Poplars, Birch, &c. Not uncommon. (Plate XI. figs. 221-224.)

=Uncinula bicornis=, Lév. MAPLE BLIGHT; amphigenous; mycelium web-like, effuse, evanescent, or like a membrane and persistent; conceptacles large, hemispherical, at length depressed; appendages simple, bifid or dichotomous, uncinate; sporangia 8, sub-pyriform, containing 8 spores.—On the leaves of Maples. Common. (Plate XI. figs. 225-228.)

MICROSPHÆRIA, Lév.

Mycelium arachnoid; appendages straight, dichotomous; branchlets swelling at the tip, or filiform.—Berk. Outl., p. 404.

=Microsphæria Hedwigii=, Lév. MEALY GUELDER-ROSE BLIGHT; hypophyllous; mycelium web-like, evanescent; conceptacles minute, globose, scattered; appendages few, very little longer than the diameter of the conceptacles; sporangia 4, ovate, containing 4 spores.—On leaves of mealy Guelder-rose. Near Greenhithe, Kent.

=Microsphæria penicillata=, Lév. GUELDER-ROSE BLIGHT; amphigenous; mycelium web-like, effuse, evanescent; conceptacles scattered, minute, globose; appendages 8-12, equal to the diameter of the conceptacle; sporangia 4, ovate, rostrate, containing 8 spores.—On leaves of Guelder-rose and Alder. Probably not uncommon. (Plate XI. fig. 234.)

=Microsphæria Mougeotii=, Lév. TEA-TREE BLIGHT; amphigenous; mycelium web-like, oftentimes persistent; conceptacles minute, scattered or gregarious, globose, at length depressed; appendages loosely dichotomous; sporangia 12-16, on a short pedicel, 2-spored.—On leaves of Lycium barbarum. Near Dartford, Kent. October, 1864.

=Microsphæria Berberidis=, Lév. BERBERRY BLIGHT; amphigenous; mycelium web-like, oftentimes persistent; conceptacles scattered or gregarious, globose, minute; appendages few (5-10); branchlets long, divaricate, obtuse at their apices; sporangia 6, ovate, containing 6-8 spores.—On leaves of the common Berberry. Autumn. Frequent. (Plate XI. figs. 229-232.)

=Microsphæria grossulariæ=, Lév. GOOSEBERRY BLIGHT; amphigenous; mycelium web-like, fugacious or persistent; conceptacles scattered or gregarious, globose, minute; appendages 10-15, vaguely dichotomous, ultimate branchlets bidentate; sporangia 4-8, ovate, containing 4-5 spores.—On Gooseberry-leaves. Autumn. Frequent.

ERYSIPHE, Hedw.

Mycelium arachnoid; appendages floccose, simple or irregularly branched.—Berk. Outl., p. 404.

* Sporangia 2-spored.

=Erysiphe Linkii=, Lév. MUGWORT BLIGHT; amphigenous; mycelium web-like; fugacious or persistent; conceptacles minute, globose, scattered, emersed; appendages white, interwoven with the mycelium; sporangia 8-20, pyriform, with elongated pedicels.—On leaves of Mugwort. Autumn. Frequent. (Plate XII. figs. 248, 249.)

=Erysiphe lamprocarpa=, Lév. COMPOSITE BLIGHT; amphigenous; mycelium web-like, fugacious or persistent; conceptacles minute, globose, scattered, or gregarious; appendages coloured, interwoven with the mycelium; sporangia 8-16, shortly pedicellate.—On leaves of Salsify, Scorzonera, Plantain, &c. Autumn. Not uncommon. (Plate XII. figs. 250, 251.)

** Sporangia 3-8-spored.

=Erysiphe graminis=, D.C. GRASS BLIGHT; amphigenous or epiphyllous; mycelium effuse, floccose, persistent; conceptacles large, gregarious or disseminated, hemispherical, at length depressed and semi-immersed; appendages simple or interwoven with the mycelium; sporangia 20-24, ovate, pedicellate, with 8 spores.—On leaves of Grasses. Autumn. Frequent. (Plate XI. figs. 235, 236.)

=Erysiphe Martii=, Lk. PEA BLIGHT; amphigenous; mycelium web-like, very often evanescent, globose; appendages short, interwoven with the mycelium; sporangia 4-8, globose, pedicellate, with 4-8 spores.—On leaves of Peas, Beans, Umbelliferæ, and other plants. Autumn. Very common. (Plate XI. figs. 237-239.)

=Erysiphe Montagnei=, Lév. BURDOCK BLIGHT; amphigenous or hypophyllous; mycelium web-like, evanescent; conceptacles minute, globose, gregarious or scattered; appendages distinct from the mycelium; sporangia 8, ovate, rostrate, with 2-3 spores.—On leaves of Burdock. Not uncommon.

=Erysiphe tortilis=, Lk. CORNEL BLIGHT; hypophyllous; mycelium web-like, effuse, evanescent; conceptacles minute, globose; appendages ten times as long, free from the mycelium, flexuose; sporangia 4, ovate, rostrate, with 4 spores.—On leaves of the common Dogwood. Autumn. Frequent. (Plate XII. figs. 245, 246.)

=Erysiphe communis=, Schl. BUTTERCUP BLIGHT; hypophyllous; mycelium effuse, web-like, evanescent or persistent; conceptacles minute, globose, scattered or gregarious; appendages short; sporangia 4-8, ovate, rostrate, with 4-8 spores.—On leaves of various Ranunculaceæ, Leguminosæ, and other plants. Autumn. Very common. (Plate XI. figs. 240-242.)

CHÆTOMIUM, Kze.

Perithecium thin, brittle, mouthless; sporangia linear, containing dark lemon-shaped spores. Berk. Outl., p. 405.

=Chætomium elatum=, Kze. STRAW-BRISTLE MOULD; perithecium sub-ovate, base radiato-fibrose, hairs of the vertex very long, interwoven, branched; spores broadly elliptic, apiculate at either end.—On mouldering straw, reeds, matting, &c. Very common. (Plate XII. figs. 257-259.)

=Chætomium chartarum=, Ehb. PAPER-BRISTLE MOULD; perithecium subglobose, black, surrounded by a bright yellow spot; spores subglobose.—On paper. Stibbington, Hants. Rare. (Plate XII. figs. 252, 253.)

=Chætomium glabrum=, B. This species has never been described. It was recorded, by name only, in Berkeley’s Outlines, and, the specimens being mislaid, that gentleman is unable to describe it completely and correctly. “It grew abundantly on straw, and differed from Chætomium elatum in being perfectly free from hairs.”—(M. J. B.)—On damp straw.

ASCOTRICHA, Berk.

Perithecium thin, free, mouthless, seated on loose, branched, conidiiferous threads; sporangia linear, containing dark elliptic spores.—Berk. Outl., p. 405.

=Ascotricha chartarum=, B. PAPER MILDEW; perithecium thin, olive-brown, seated on radiating flocci; sporangia linear, numerous; spores broadly elliptic, chocolate-coloured.—On white printed paper in a deal candle-box. King’s Cliffe. (Plate XII. figs. 254-256.)

EUROTIUM, Link.

Perithecia reticulated, vesicular, coloured, attached to mucedinous threads; sporangia delicate.—Berk. Outl., p. 405.

=Eurotium herbariorum=, Lk. HERBARIUM MOULD; perithecium spherical, sub-depressed, yellow, seated upon radiating expanded, branched, intricate flocci.—On plants in herbaria, and various decaying substances. Very common. (Plate XII. figs. 260, 261.)

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APPENDIX B.

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The following species, belonging to those sections of Microscopic Fungi which are included in this volume, have been found in Britain since the publication of the preceding Appendix:—

=Peridermium columnare=, Alb. and Schw. Simple, slender, naked, cylindrical, elongated, lacerated at the apex, white; sporidia orange.—On Picea. Watcombe, near Torquay. September, 1867. (E. Parfitt.)

* * * * *

=Æcidium Orchidearum=, Fiedl. ORCHIS CLUSTER-CUP; spots large, pallid, orbicular or elongated; peridia circinating, semi-immersed; spores golden-yellow.—On Orchis latifolia. Dilham, Norfolk. June, 1866.

* * * * *

=Puccinia discoidearum=, Link. SOUTHERNWOOD BRAND; spots obliterated; sori subrotund, minute, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; sporidia brown, oblong or ovoid, somewhat rhomboidal, with both cells attenuated, and triangular; peduncles elongated.—On Artemisia maritima. Swanscombe Marshes. 1865.

=Puccinia Virgaureæ=, Lib. GOLDEN-ROD BRAND; spots orbicular, pallid, then yellowish; sori blackish-brown, minute, punctiform, shining, clustered, nearly stellate, convex; sporidia oblong, subconstricted, yellowish-brown above, attenuated and yellowish-white below; peduncles short.—On leaves of Solidago virgaurea. Shere, Surrey. July and August, 1865. (Dr. Capron.)

=Puccinia difformis=, Kunze. GOOSEGRASS BRAND; spots yellowish; sori variable, compact, often in rings; epidermis bullate; sporidia obovate, obtuse, on short pedicels, brown.—On leaves of Galium aparine. July, 1866. Shere and Darenth Usually occurring on or near spots previously occupied by Æcidium.

=Puccinia Apii=, Corda. CELERY BRAND; sori large, confluent, red-brown, powdery; spores oblong, constricted, brown; epispore smooth, thick; pedicels short, attenuated.—On leaves of Celery. Autumn, 1866, 1867.

=Puccinia Asari=, Kunze. ASARABACCA BRAND; spots obliterated; sori small, subglobose, crowded or circinating, ultimately confluent, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, usually forming a large, roundish, convex, pulverulent mass; sporidia brown, elliptic, constricted.—On leaves of Asarum Europæum. Bettws-y-coed, N. Wales. July, 1866.

=Puccinia Mœhringiæ=, Fuckel. It is very doubtful whether this deserves to rank as a species distinct from P. Lychnidearum, Lk. I think not. The sporidia are rather shorter than in the last-named species, and the pedicels are very long; otherwise it does not appear to differ from the typical form.—On Mœhringia trinervis. Near Worcester. June, 1867. (Dr. Holl.)

=Puccinia fallens=, Cooke. VETCH BRAND; sori few and small, scattered, intermixed with pustules of Trichobasis; sporidia obovate, on rather long pedicels, of a tawny colour, and slightly constricted at the septum; epispore smooth.—On leaves of Vicia sepium. Liverpool. Autumn, 1865. (R. McLeod.)

* * * * *

=Uredo Orchidis=, Mart. ORCHIS UREDO; amphigenous; spots reddish-brown; sori subrotund, arranged in circles, often confluent; sporidia subglobose, golden-yellow.—On Listera ovata and Orchis latifolia. Crosby, near Liverpool. May, June, 1865. (R. G. McLeod.)

=Uredo Empetri=, D.C. CROWBERRY UREDO; hypogenous; spots obliterated; sori oval, scattered: the epidermis at first convex, afterwards ruptured and concave; sporidia ovoid or subglobose, bright yellow.—On Empetrum nigrum. Near Llanderfel, N. Wales. May, 1865.

=Uredo Euonymi=, Mart. SPINDLE UREDO; spots yellowish; sori roundish, circinating, often confluent; epidermis erumpent; sporidia ovoid and slightly coherent, tawny-yellow.—On leaves of Euonymus Europæus. Darenth Wood, Kent. August, 1864. Rare.

=Uredo Tropæoli=, Desmz. NASTURTIUM UREDO: hypogenous; spots pale-yellow; sori minute, roundish, scattered or confluent; sporidia ovoid or subglobose, orange.—On leaves of Tropæolum aduncum. Shere. October, 1865. (Dr. Capron.)

* * * * *

=Trichobasis fallens=, Cooke. CLOVER RUST; spots obliterated; sori amphigenous, numerous, scattered, subrotund, brown, surrounded by the remains of the ruptured epidermis; spores sub-ovate; pedicels short, hyaline, evanescent; epispore verrucose. Uredo fallens, Desmz.—On leaves of Clover, &c. September. Not uncommon.

* * * * *

=Uromyces graminum=, Cooke. COCKSFOOT RUST; epiphyllous; sori oblong or confluent and linear, convex, black and shining, so as easily to be confounded on casual observation with Dothidea graminis, at length bursting longitudinally; sporidia subglobose or ovate, tawny, with hyaline pedicels of variable length.—On leaves of Dactylis glomerata. Shere. October, 1865. (Dr. Capron.)

=Uromyces concentrica=, Lév. Described at p. 208 as Trichobasis Scillarum, B.; but it appears to be a good Uromyces, and has been placed in that genus by Lévielle.

=Uromyces sparsa=, Lév. SANDWORT RUST; spots pallid; sori subrotund and oval, amphigenous and cauline; epidermis erumpent; sporidia ovoid, brownish; peduncles thickened, short.—On Spergularia rubra. Swanscombe Marshes. June, 1865.

=Uromyces Polygoni=, Fuckel. KNOTGRASS RUST; cauline; sori elongated and confluent, convex, surrounded by the remains of the ruptured epidermis; sporidia subglobose or globose, smooth, yellowish-brown; pedicels very long, thickened, hyaline, persistent. Capitularia Polygoni, Rabh.—On the stems of Polygonum aviculare. October. Common.

* * * * *

=Cystopus spinulosus=, De Bary. THISTLE (WHITE) RUST; conidia in time much elongated; sori erumpent on both surfaces of the leaves, white; oospores globose; epispore brown; tubercles minute, solid, very prominent, often acute and spinulose.—On Thistles. Bungay, Suffolk. September, 1865.

* * * * *

=Peronospora candida=, Fuckel. PRIMROSE MOULD; densely cæspitose, white; threads erect, dichotomously branched; ultimate branchlets short, spreading; sporidia ovate.—On leaves of Primrose. Near Corwen, N. Wales. July, 1866.

The following genus is entirely new to Britain. Its position is next to Microsphæria at page 219.

PODOSPHÆRA, Kunze.

Mycelium effuse, web-like, evanescent; conceptacles sphærical, containing one subglobose 8-spored sporangium; spores ovate; appendages few, dichotomous, thickened at their extremities, hyaline.

=Podosphæra Kunzei=, Lév. PLUM BLIGHT; amphigenous; conceptacles minute, scattered, globose; appendages three times the length of the diameter of the conceptacles.—On leaves of Prunus domestica. Shere, Surrey. Sept., 1865. (Dr. Capron.)

=Podosphæra clandestina=, Lév. HAWTHORN BLIGHT; amphigenous; conceptacles minute, globose, scattered; appendages (8-10) equal in length to the diameter of the conceptacles; branches short and rounded at their extremities.—On leaves of the Hawthorn. Upper Holloway. October, 1864; Shere, Surrey, September, 1865. (E. C.)

* * * * *

=Uncinula Wallrothii=, Lév. SLOE BLIGHT; amphigenous; mycelium web-like, evanescent; conceptacles minute, scattered; sporanges 12-16, pear-shaped, 6-spored; appendages numerous, twice the length of the diameter of the conceptacles.—On leaves of the Sloe, Prunus spinosa. Shere, Surrey. October, 1865. (Dr. Capron.)

* * * * *

=Microsphæria comata=, Lév. SPINDLE BLIGHT; hypophyllous; mycelium web-like, fugacious; conceptacles scattered, minute, globose; sporanges 8, ovate, with a beak-like termination at their base, 4-spored; appendages few, six times the length of the diameter of the conceptacles.—On Euonymus Europæus. Shere, Surrey. August, 1865. (Dr. Capron.)

* * * * *

=Erysiphe horridula,= Lév. BORAGE BLIGHT; amphigenous; mycelium web-like, sometimes persistent; conceptacles minute, globose, scattered or clustered; sporanges 20-24, oblong-ovate, attenuated downwards, containing 3-4 spores; appendages short, flexuose, and bent upwards.—On leaves of Lycopsis arvensis. Shere. October, 1865. (Dr. Capron.)

* * * * *

=Chætomium murorum=, Corda. WALL BRISTLE-MOULD; gregarious, glaucous, then blackish; perithecium globose, brown; hairs circinate, erect, septate, pulverulent; spores oblong, yellowish. On plaster. Rare. (M. J. B.)

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ADDENDA.

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=Æcidium Parnassiæ=, Grav. PARNASSIA CLUSTER-CUPS; hypophyllous; spots pallid; peridia in subrotund patches, irregularly disposed, tawny-yellow, between urceolate and concave; the margin thick and nearly entire; spores pallid. Duby. Bot. Gall. ii. p. 904.—On leaves of Parnassia palustris, near Glasgow. (Dr. Greville.) The original specimen is in the Edinburgh Herbarium.

=Æcidium Statices=, Desm. SEA-LAVENDER CLUSTER-CUPS; hypophyllous; spots subrotund, or confluent and irregular, purple; peridia in subrotund circinating clusters, sometimes irregularly disposed on the nerves and petioles; urceolate; margin lacerated, white; spores orange. Desm. Exs. No. 132. Cooke, Exs. No. 444.—On leaves and petioles of Statices. June, July. Fleetwood, 1859 (Rev. A. Bloxam). Walney Island, Lancashire, 1871 (C. Bailey). Near Basingstoke, 1871 (R. S. Hill). Near Chichester, 1872 (F. V. Paxton).

=Chætomium funicolum=, Cooke. TWINE BRISTLE-MOULD; perithecia scattered, sub-ovate, black; hairs of the vertex very long, dichotomous or simple, erect, slender, acute, black; sporidia lemon-shaped, dingy brown.—On twine suspended in a vessel containing water at the British Museum. (W. Carruthers, F.R.S.) March, 1872. This species is most closely allied to C. elatum, but much smaller and neater. It is wholly black, and without the fibrous base of C. elatum. The hairs are more delicate, not having half the diameter, and the sporidia are scarcely more than half as long or broad. A species of Polyactis afterwards made its appearance on the same mycelium on some portion of the twine left behind with a few immature perithecia.

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EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

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Plate fig.

I. 1. Goatsbeard with its cluster-cups (Æcidium Tragopogonis).

〃 2. Fragment of same, slightly magnified.

〃 3. Section of cluster-cup, further magnified.

〃 4. Leaf of wood-anemone with its cluster-cups (Æcidium leucospermum).

〃 5. Portion of same, slightly magnified.

〃 6. Anemone cluster-cups, further magnified.

〃 7. Leaf of Berberry with cluster-cups (Æcidium Berberidis).

〃 8. Cluster of cups from the Berberry, as seen with a lens.

〃 9. Cluster-cups of Berberry, magnified.

〃 10. Nettle-stem distorted by growth of cluster-cups (Æcidium Urticæ).

〃 11. Nettle cluster-cups, magnified.

II. 12. Leaf of Pilewort with groups of cluster-cups (Æcidium Ranunculacearum).

〃 13. Group of cluster-cups from Pilewort, as seen with a lens.

〃 14. Section of Pilewort cluster-cups, magnified.

〃 15. Bedstraw cluster-cups (Æcidium Galii) on the Great Hedge Bedstraw.

〃 16. Tip of leaflet with cluster of cups, viewed through a lens.

〃 17. Bedstraw cluster-cup from same, magnified.

〃 18. Leaflets of Mountain-ash with horn-shaped cluster-cups (Rœstelia cornuta).

〃 19. Group of Mountain-ash cluster-cups, magnified.

〃 20. Pear-leaf with its cluster-cups (Rœstelia cancellata).

〃 21. Cluster-cup from the same, magnified.

〃 22. Leaves and fruit of Hawthorn with lacerated cluster-cups (Rœstelia lacerata).

〃 23. Elongated cells forming the walls of the cluster-cups, × 250.

〃 24. Single cell, more highly magnified, with its parallel striæ.

〃 25. Cluster-cups from fruit of Hawthorn, magnified.

〃 26. Section of same, further magnified.

〃 27. Fir-leaves bearing cluster-cups (Peridermium Pini).

〃 28. Isolated cup of same, magnified.

III. 29. Many-jointed fruit of Burnet chain-brand (Xenodochus carbonarius), magnified.

〃 30. Leaflets of Burnet with rust on the lower, and brand (Aregma acuminatum) on the upper leaflets.

〃 31. Spores of Burnet rust (Lecythea Poterii) × 230.

〃 32. Fruit of Burnet brand (Aregma acuminatum).

〃 33. Leaf of Barren Strawberry with rust and brand intermixed.

〃 34. Spores of Barren Strawberry rust × 230.

〃 35. Fruit of Strawberry brand (Aregma obtusatum) × 300.

〃 36. Leaflet of Rose with its rust and brand intermixed.

〃 37. Spores of Rose rust (Lecythea Rosæ) × 230.

〃 38. Fruit of Rose brand (Aregma mucronatum) × 300.

〃 39. Leaflet of Bramble, with its rust and brand intermixed.

〃 40. Spores of Bramble rust (Lecythea Ruborum) × 230.

〃 41. Fruit of Bramble brand (Aregma bulbosum) × 300.

〃 42. Leaflet of Raspberry with its brand.

〃 43. Fruit of Raspberry brand (Aregma gracile) × 230.

〃 44. Cluster of fruits of Rose brand (Aregma mucronatum) × 230.

〃 45. Fruit of Bramble brand (Aregma bulbosum) in active germination, with sporidia at the tips of the threads × 300.

〃 46. Fruit of Bramble brand (Aregma bulbosum) ruptured, with inner cell escaping × 250 (F. Currey).

〃 47. Portion of leaflet of Meadow-sweet with its brand.

〃 48. Spores of Meadow-sweet brand (Triphragmium ulmariæ) × 300.

〃 49. Spore of Meadow-sweet brand (Triphragmium ulmariæ) in germination, with sporidia borne on the germ-tubes × 300 (Tulasne).

〃 50. Sprig of Thesium humifusum bearing Bastard-toadflax cluster-cups (Æcidium Thesii).

〃 51. Portion of leaf of same, with cluster-cups, enlarged.

〃 52. Leaflet of Trientalis Europæa with its smut (Tuburcinia Trientalis).

〃 53. Spores of the same × 320.

〃 54. Spores of Potato smut (Tuburcinia scabies) × 320. (Berkeley.)

〃 55. Leaflet of Alexanders (Smyrnium olusatrum) with its brand.

〃 56. Spores of Alexanders brand (Puccinia Smyrnii) × 320.

IV. 57. Wheat-straw attacked by mildew (Puccinia graminis).

〃 58. Cluster of spores of corn-mildew, magnified (Bauer).

〃 59. Single spore of corn-mildew (Puccinia graminis) × 300.

〃 60. Portion of blade of grass with coronated mildew (Puccinia coronata).

〃 61. Portion of same enlarged, showing the pustules, or sori.

〃 62. Spore of coronated mildew (Puccinia coronata) × highly.

〃 63. Portion of leaf of Spear-thistle with its brand (Puccinia syngenesiarum).

〃 64. Spores of Thistle brand (Puccinia syngenesiarum) × 320.

〃 65. Leaf of Wood-anemone with brand (Puccinia anemones).

〃 66. Spore of Anemone brand (Puccinia anemones) × 320.

〃 67. Leaf of Centaurea nigra with brand.

〃 68. Spores of Composite-brand (Puccinia compositarum) × 320.

〃 69. Leaf of Mint with Mint brand (Puccinia menthæ).

〃 70. Spore of Mint brand (Puccinia menthæ) × 350.

〃 71. Portion of leaf of Earth-nut with brand (Puccinia umbelliferarum).

〃 72. Spore of Earth-nut brand (Puccinia umbelliferarum) × 320.

〃 73. Leaf of Ground-ivy with its brand (Puccinia Glechomatis).

〃 74. Spore of Ground-ivy brand (Puccinia Glechomatis) × 320.

〃 75. Pustule of brand surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, magnified.

〃 76. Portion of leaf and stem of Goatsbeard with brand.

〃 77. Spores of the same × 320.

〃 78. Portion of leaf of Willow-herb with its brand (Puccinia pulverulenta).

〃 79. Spores of Willow-herb brand (Puccinia pulverulenta) × 320.

〃 80. Leaf of Pennywort with brand (Puccinia umbilici).

〃 81. Spores of Pennywort-brand (Puccinia umbilici) × 320.

〃 82. Portion of leaf of Dandelion with its brand.

〃 83. Spores of Variable-brand (Puccinia variabilis) × 320.

V. 84. Grain of Wheat infected with Fœtid smut (Tilletia caries).

〃 85. Longitudinal section of the same.

〃 86. Spores of Fœtid smut (Tilletia caries) mixed with delicate branching threads × 320.

〃 87. Spores of Fœtid smut in germination × highly.

〃 88. Sporidia of the first order borne on the germinating tubes of the fœtid smut (Tilletia caries) × highly.

〃 89. Sporidia of the first order, showing their transverse connection, × highly.

〃 90. Sporidia of the first order, producing sporidia of the second order, × highly.

〃 91. Sporidium of the second order in active germination.

〃 92. Deformed flower-head of Goatsbeard infested with smut (Ustilago receptaculorum).

〃 93. Floret removed, sprinkled with spores of the smut, enlarged.

〃 94. Spores of Goatsbeard smut (Ustilago receptaculorum) × 460.

〃 95. The same in active germination × 460 (Tulasne).

〃 96. Beaksedge (Rhyncospora alba) with its smut (Ustilago Montagnei).

〃 97. Spores of Ustilago Montagnei × 460.

〃 98. Ear of Barley infected with smut (Ustilago segetum).

〃 99. Spores of Corn-smut (Ustilago segetum) × 460.

〃 100. Grass with its smut (Ustilago hypodytes).

〃 101. Spores of Grass-smut (Ustilago hypodytes).

〃 102. Flowers of Bladder-campion with anther smut (Ustilago antherarum).

〃 103. Anther distorted by smut (Ustilago antherarum).

〃 104. Spores of Anther smut (Ustilago antherarum) × 460.

〃 105. Portion of leaf of water grass with Elongated smut (Ustilago longissima).

〃 106. Pustule of same, enlarged.

〃 107. Spores of Elongated smut (Ustilago longissima) × very highly.

〃 108. Spores of Maize smut (Ustilago maydis) × 460.

VI. 109. Sedge (Carex recurva) with Sedge smut (Ustilago urceolorum).

〃 110. Single fruit covered with the smut.

〃 111. Spores of Sedge smut (Ustilago urceolorum) × 460.

〃 112. Flower of Polygonum persicaria distorted by Utricle smut (Ustilago utriculosa).

〃 113. Section of the same (Tulasne).

〃 114. Inflorescence of Polygonum hydropiper with Utricle smut (Ustilago utriculosa).

〃 115. Section of infected flower of Polygonum hydropiper.

〃 116. Spores of Utricle smut (Ustilago utriculosa) × 460.

〃 117. Leaf of Cocksfoot, grass with smut (Ustilago Salveii).

〃 118. Portion of leaf, showing pustules, × slightly.

〃 119. Spores of Cocksfoot smut (Ustilago Salveii) × 320.

〃 120. Grass stem with Banded smut (Ustilago grammica).

〃 121. Portion of same, showing arrangement of the pustules, × slightly.

〃 122. Spores of banded smut (Ustilago grammica) × 320.

〃 123. Inflorescence of Scabious with Floret smut (Ustilago flosculorum).

〃 124. Floret occupied by the smut.

〃 125. Spores of Floret smut (Ustilago flosculorum) × 320.

〃 126. Sedge (Carex riparia) attacked by Olive smut (Ustilago olivacea).

〃 127. Spores of Olive smut (Ustilago olivacea) × 460.

〃 128. Reed stem with smut (Ustilago typhoides).

〃 129. Spores of Reed smut (Ustilago typhoides) × 320.

〃 130. Leaf of Periwinkle with its rust (Trichobasis vincæ).

〃 131. Spores of Periwinkle rust (Trichobasis vincæ) × 320.

〃 132. Spores of Periwinkle brand (Puccinia vincæ) × 320.

VII. 133. Leaf of Mercury with its rust (Uredo confluens).

〃 134. Spores of Mercury rust (Uredo confluens) × 320.

〃 135. Leaf of Enchanter’s Nightshade with its rust.

〃 136. Spores of Nightshade rust (Uredo Circææ) × 320.

〃 137. Leaf of Sorrel with Twin-faced rust (Uredo bifrons).

〃 138. Pustule of Twin-faced rust seated on a coloured spot × slightly.

〃 139. Spores of the same rust × 320.

〃 140. Leaf of Wheat with Corn rust (Trichobasis rubigo-vera).

〃 141. Pustules of the same rust × slightly.

〃 142. Spores of Round corn rust × 320.

〃 143. Tuft of spores of Elongated corn rust (Trichobasis linearis) magnified.

〃 144. Spores of Elongated corn rust (Trichobasis linearis) × 320.

〃 145. Leaf of Groundsel with its rust (Trichobasis Senecionis).

〃 146. Spores of Groundsel rust (Trichobasis Senecionis) × 320.

〃 147. Wild Rose with Golden rust (Uromyces Ulmariæ).

〃 148. Spores of Golden rust × 320.

〃 149. Leaf of Vetch with Long-stemmed rust (Uromyces appendiculata).

〃 150. Spores of the same × 460.

〃 151. Leaf of Common thistle with Sweet-smelling rust (Trichobasis suaveolens).

〃 152. Spores of Sweet rust (Trichobasis suaveolens) × 320.

〃 153. Spermogone of Sweet rust, from common thistle, × highly (De Bary).

〃 154. Clover leaf with Short-stemmed rust (Uromyces apiculosa).

〃 155. Spores of Short-stemmed rust × 320.

〃 156. Leaf of Pilewort with its rust (Uromyces Ficariæ).

〃 157. Spores of Pilewort rust (Uromyces Ficariæ) × 320.

〃 158. Portion of leaf of Luzula with Oblong rust (Trichobasis oblongata).

〃 159. Spores of Oblong rust (Trichobasis oblongata) × 320.

VIII. 160. Leaf of Sallow with its rust (Lecythea capræarum).

〃 161. Spores of Sallow rust (Lecythea capræarum) × 320.

〃 162. Bramble leaf with Ringed rust (Lecythea gyrosa).

〃 163. Pustule of Ringed rust (Lecythea gyrosa) × slightly.

〃 164. Spores of Ringed rust (Lecythea gyrosa) × 320.

〃 165. Purging Flax with its rust (Lecythea Lini).

〃 166. Pustule of the same × slightly.

〃 167. Spores of Flax rust (Lecythea Lini) × 320.

〃 168. Leaf of Flukewort with its rust (Trichobasis hydrocotyles).

〃 169. Spores of Trichobasis hydrocotyles × 320.

〃 170. Portion of leaf of Sedge with its rust (Trichobasis caricina).

〃 171. Spores of Sedge rust (Trichobasis caricina) × 320.

〃 172. Whorl of leaves of Hedge Bedstraw with Bedstraw brand (Puccinia Galii).

〃 173. Spores of Bedstraw brand (Puccinia Galii) × 320.

〃 174. Leaf of Tutsan with St. John’s-wort rust (Uredo hypericorum).

〃 175. Spores of St John’s-wort rust (Uredo hypericorum) × 320.

〃 176. Leaves of Cow-wheat with its rust (Coleosporium rhinanthacearum).

〃 177. Spores of Cow-wheat rust (Coleosporium rhinanthacearum) × 320.

〃 178. Portion of leaf of Sow-thistle with its rust (Coleosporium sonchi-arvensis).

〃 179. Spores of Sow-thistle rust × highly (De Bary).

〃 180. Portion of Coltsfoot leaf with its rust (Coleosporium Tussilaginis).

〃 181. Spores of Coltsfoot rust × highly.

〃 182. Group of spores of Coltsfoot rust in situ × highly (Tulasne).

IX. 183. Leaf of Buttercup with Buttercup smut (Polycystis pompholygodes).

〃 184. Fruit of Buttercup smut (Polycystis pompholygodes) × 460.

〃 185. Violet leaf distorted by Violet smut (Polycystis Violæ).

〃 186. Fruit of Violet smut (Polycystis Violæ) × 460.

〃 187. Portion of Rye-leaf with Rye smut (Polycystis parallela).

〃 188. Fruit of Rye smut (Polycystis parallela) ×460.

〃 189. Dead Birch leaf with Birch wedge-rust (Melampsora betulina).

〃 190. Winter spores of (Melampsora betulina) × 460.

〃 191. Portion of Sallow leaf with Willow wedge-rust (Melampsora salicina).

〃 192. Winter spores of Melampsora salicina × 460.

〃 193. Leaves of Spurge with Spurge wedge-rust (Melampsora Euphorbiæ).

〃 194. Winter spores of Melampsora Euphorbiæ × highly.

〃 195. Portion of Poplar-leaf with Poplar wedge-rust (Melampsora populina).

〃 196. Winter spores of Melampsora populina × 460.

〃 197. Winter spores of Melampsora betulina in active germination—a sporidia × 466 (Tulasne).

X. 198. Fruit of Shepherd’s-Purse with White rust (Cystopus candidus).

〃 199. Portion of Cabbage-leaf with White rust (Cystopus candidus).

〃 200. Conidia of White rust (Cystopus candidus) × 360.

〃 201. Portion of Goatsbeard-leaf with White rust (Cystopus cubicus).

〃 202. Conidia of Goatsbeard white rust (Cystopus cubicus) × 360.

〃 203. Portion of Mycelium producing the first of a chain of conidia × 400.

〃 204. Mycelium of White rust with sucker-like processes × 360.

〃 205. Mycelium of White rust with nascent oogonia × 360.

〃 206. Oogonium of Crucifer white rust (Cystopus candidus) × 400 (De Bary).

〃 207. The same, further advanced, ruptured, with zoospores, × 400.

〃 208. Free zoospores of White rust, with their ciliæ, × 400 (De Bary).

〃 209. Resting zoospores in germination × 400 (De Bary).

〃 210. Oogonium of Goatsbeard white rust (Cystopus cubicus) × 400 (De Bary).

〃 211. Oogonium of Sandwort mould (Peronospora arenariæ) × 400 (De Bary).

〃 212. Oogonium of Pea mould (Peronospora viciæ) × 400 (De Bary).

〃 213. Oogonium of Veronica mould (Peronospora grisea) × 400 (De Bary).

〃 214. Oogonium of Spinach mould (Peronospora effusa) × 400 (De Bary).

〃 215. Leaf of Goosefoot with mould (Peronospora effusa).

XI. 216. Conceptacle of Hop mildew (Sphærotheca castagnei) × 80.

〃 217. Conceptacle of Rose blight (Sphærotheca pannosa) × 80.

〃 218. Sporangium of Sphærotheca pannosa × highly.

〃 219. Conceptacle of Hazel blight (Phyllactinia guttata) × 80.

〃 220. Sporangium of Phyllactinia guttata × highly.

〃 221. Portion of leaf of Willow with Willow blight (Uncinula adunca).

〃 222. Conceptacle of Willow blight (Uncinula adunca) × 80.

〃 223. Tip of one of the appendages × highly.

〃 224. Sporangium of Willow blight (Uncinula adunca) × highly.

〃 225. Conceptacle of Maple blight (Uncinula bicornis) × 80.

〃 226. Tip of one of the appendages of Uncinula bicornis × highly.

〃 227. Furcate tip of one of the appendages of the Maple blight (Uncinula bicornis) × highly.

〃 228. Sporangium of Uncinula bicornis × highly.

〃 229. Leaf of Berberry with Berberry blight (Microsphæria Berberidis).

〃 230. Conceptacle of Berberry blight × 80.

〃 231. Tip of one of the appendages of Berberry blight (Microsphæria Berberidis) × highly.

〃 232. Sporangium of Berberry blight × highly.

〃 233. Tip of appendage of a continental species of blight (Microsphæria Ehrenbergii) × highly (Léveillé).

〃 234. Tip of appendage of Alder blight (Microsphæria penicillata) × highly.

〃 235. Portion of Grass leaf with blight (Oidium monilioides).

〃 236. Tuft of conidia of Oidium monilioides × 120.

〃 237. Leaflet of Garden Pea with Pea blight (Erysiphe Martii).

〃 238. Conceptacle of Pea blight (Erysiphe Martii) × 80.

〃 239. Sporangium of Erysiphe Martii × highly.

〃 240. Conceptacle of Buttercup blight (Erysiphe communis) × 80.

〃 241. Sporangium of Erysiphe communis × highly.

〃 242. Sucker from the mycelium of Erysiphe communis, magnified.

XII. 243. Conceptacle of Mealy Guelder-rose blight (Microsphæria Hedwigii) × 80.

〃 244. Sporangium of same, containing spores, × highly.

〃 245. Conceptacle of Cornel blight (Erysiphe tortilis) × 80.

〃 246. Sporangium of same, containing spores, × highly.

〃 247. Tip of appendage of Microsphæria Hedwigii × highly.

〃 248. Sporangium of Mugwort blight (Erysiphe Linkii), containing spores, × highly.

〃 249. Conceptacle of Mugwort blight (Erysiphe Linkii) × 80.

〃 250. Sporangium and spores of Plantain blight (Erysiphe lamprocarpa) × highly.

〃 251. Conceptacle of Plantain blight (Erysiphe lamprocarpa) × 80.

〃 252. Conceptacle of Paper bristle-mould (Chætomium chartarum) magnified.

〃 253. Sporidium of the same, further magnified.

〃 254. Conceptacle of Paper mildew (Ascotricha chartarum) magnified (Berkeley).

〃 255. Portion of thread of same with conidia, further magnified (Berkeley).

〃 256. Sporangium of same, containing spores (Berkeley).

〃 257. Piece of straw with Bristle mould (Chætomium elatum).

〃 258. Conceptacle of same, slightly magnified.

〃 259. Section of same, further magnified.

〃 260. Dead leaf over-run with Herbarium mildew (Eurotium herbariorum).

〃 261. Conceptacles of the same, seated on their mycelium, magnified.

XIII. 262. Fertile thread of Turnip mould (Peronospora parasitica).

〃 263. Fertile thread of Onion mould (Peronospora Schleideniana).

XIV. 264. Fertile thread of Potato mould (Peronospora infestans).

〃 265. Fertile thread of Lettuce mould (Peronospora gangliformis).

XV. 266. Fertile thread of Pea mould (Peronospora Viciæ).

〃 267. Fertile thread of Anemone mould (Peronospora curta).

XVI. 268. Fertile thread of Sandwort mould (Peronospora arenariæ).

〃 269. Fertile thread of Dock mould (Peronospora obliqua) × 320.

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INDEX.

PAGE

Acrospores, 141 Æcidiacei, 189 Æcidiolum exanthematum, 22 Æcidium, 5 —— (Descriptions), 190 —— Euphorbiæ, 11 —— Galii, 15 —— leucospermum, 11 —— quadrifidum, 11 —— Ranunculacearum, 12 —— Saniculæ, 15 —— Thesii, 15 —— Tragopogonis, 5 Alternation of Generations, 38 Anemone brand, 60 —— cluster-cups, 10 Anther smut, 85 Antheridia, 129 Appendages or fulcra, 165 APPENDIX, 189 Aregma bulbosum, 69 —— (Descriptions), 195 —— gracilis, 71 —— mucronatum, 34 —— obtusatum, 73 Artotrogus, 151 Asci, 35 Ascomyces Rumicis, 161 Ascotricha chartarum, 175 —— (Descriptions), 221

Bean rust, 104 Bedstraw cluster-cups, 15 Beet rust, 104 Berberry cluster-cups, 16 Berberry mildew, 170 Birch rust, 118 —— wedge-rust, 118 Blackberry brand, 68 Bladder brand, 86 Blight, Berberry, 170 —— Burdock, 174 —— Crowfoot, 173 —— Dogwood, 174 —— Gooseberry, 171 —— Guelder-rose, 171 —— Hazel, 168 —— Hop, 169 —— Indian Cotton, 177 —— Maple, 167 —— Mealy Guelder-rose, 172 —— Mugwort, 174 —— Pea, 173 —— Plantain, 174 —— Rose, 166 —— Salsify, 174 —— Willow, 169 Boletus cyanescens, 106 Botrytis devastatrix, 153 —— fallax, 153 —— infestans, 153 Bramble brand, 68 Brand, Anemone, 60 —— Bladder, 86 —— Bramble, 68 —— Burnet chain, 73 —— Centaury, 63 —— Complex, 67 —— Dust, 76 —— Earth-nut, 64 —— Goatsbeard, 65 —— Ground-ivy, 59 —— Meadow-sweet, 67 —— Mint, 58 —— Pepper, 86 —— Periwinkle, 103 —— Raspberry, 71 —— Sanicle, 64 —— Strawberry, 72 —— Thistle, 62 Bristle-moulds, 175 Buckthorn cluster-cups, 16 Bunt, 86 Bunt, germination, 87 Burdock blight, 174 Burnet chain-brand, 73 Butter-bur rust, 122 Buttercup blight, 173 —— cluster-cups, 12

Cabbage rust, 136 Campanula rust, 123 Centaury brand, 63 Chætomium (Descriptions), 221 —— elatum, 175 Classification, 189 Clover rust, 116 CLUSTER-CUPS, 2 Cluster-cup, Anemone, 10 —— Bedstraw, 15 —— Berberry, 16 —— Buckthorn, 16 —— Buttercup, 12 —— Fir-tree, 20 —— Goatsbeard, 3 —— Hawthorn, 17 —— Houseleek, 21 —— Mountain-Ash, 19 —— Nettle, 14 —— Pear-tree, 18 —— Sanicle, 14 —— Spurge, 11 —— Violet, 13 Cocksfoot smut, 83 Coleosporium, 119 —— Campanulæ, 122 —— (Descriptions), 212 —— petasites, 122 —— tussilaginis, 120 Coleosporium sonchi-arvensis, 122 —— Rhinanthacearum, 122 Collecting fungi, 179 Coltsfoot rust, 120 COMPLEX BRANDS, 67 Complex smuts, 90 Composite rust, 105 Conceptacles, 165 Conidia, 126 Coniomycetes, 5 Conjurer of Chalgrave’s fern, 61 Corn mildew, 48 —— mildew, germination, 55 —— rust, 49, 52, 95 —— smut, 79 Cornel blight, 174 Coronated mildew, 56 Cotton blight in India, 177 Cow-parsnip rust, 105 Cow-wheat rust, 122 Crowfoot blight, 173 Crucifer white rust, 136 Cryptosporium Neesii, 35 Cystopus, 124, 136 —— candidus, 136 —— cubicus, 136 —— (Descriptions), 214 —— Lepigoni, 136

Dandelion parasites, 61 De Bary’s experiments, 129 Descriptions, 189 DI-MORPHISM, 33 Diseases of wheat, 85 Dock mould, 160 Dogwood blight, 174 Dothidea ribis, 36 Dust-brand, 76

Earth-nut brand, 64 Elongated corn rust, 95 —— smut, 84 Enchanter’s Nightshade rust, 112 Endophyllum, 20 —— (Descriptions), 194 Endospore, 40 Epispore, 40 Erineum acerinum, 170 Erysiphe communis, 173 —— (Descriptions), 220 —— lamprocarpa, 174 —— Linkii, 174 —— Martii, 173 —— Montagnei, 174 —— tortilis, 174 Eurotium (Descriptions), 222 —— herbariorum, 177 Examining fungi, 183

Fern rust, 112 Fungi, species of, 45

Generations, alternation of, 38 Genus and species, 58 Germination of mildew, 55 —— of pea rust, 40 Goatsbeard cluster-cups, 3 —— smut, 82 —— white rust, 136 Goat-willow rust, 116 Golden-rose rust, 113 Gonosphere, 130 Gooseberry blight, 171 Ground-ivy brand, 59 Groundsel rust, 97 Guelder-rose blight, 171 Gymnosporangium (Descriptions), 201

Hawthorn cluster-cups, 17 Hazel blight, 168 Herbarium mould, 177 —— of fungi, 182 Hop disease, 167 Hyphomycetes, 139

Inoculation, 9 Iris rust, 115

Lecythea, 107 —— capræarum, 117 —— (Descriptions), 206 —— Lini, 108 —— longicapsula, 118 —— Rosæ, 34, 107 Lettuce mould, 156 Line-like rust, 95 Long-stemmed rust, 114 Luzula rust, 104

Maple blight, 169 Meadow-saffron smut, 92 Meadow-sweet brand, 67 Mealy Guelder-rose blight, 172 Melampsora betulina, 118 —— (Descriptions), 213 —— salicina, 117 Mercury rust, 110 Microscopic examination, 183 —— fungi collecting, 179 Microscopic preserving, 182 Microsphæria Berberidis, 170 —— (Descriptions), 219 —— Ehrenbergii, 171 —— Hedwigii, 172 Mildew and brand, 45 —— what is it?, 46 Mint brand, 58 —— rust, 102 Monthly calendar of fungi, 180 Moulds, 138 Mould, Dock, 160 —— Lettuce, 156 —— Onion, 155 —— Parsnip, 157 —— Potato, 144 —— Rose, 159 —— Spinach, 158 —— Tare, 156 Mountain-ash cluster-cups, 19 Mounting fungi, 184 Mugwort blight, 174 Mycelium, 23

Nettle cluster-cups, 14 Nightshade rust, 112 Number of species, 45

Oak-leaf rust, 111 Oidium, 34, 162 —— leucoconium, 167 —— monilioides, 162 —— Tuckeri, 164 Onion mould, 155 Oogonia, 129 Oospores, 131 Origin of mildew, 47

Parsnip mould, 157 Pea blight, 173 Pear tree cluster-cups, 18 Pea and bean rust, 114 Pearust, germination of, 40 Pennywort rust, 100 Peridermium, 20 —— (Descriptions), 189 Peridium, 4 Perithecium, 35 Periwinkle brand, 103 —— rust, 103 Persicaria rust, 104 Peronospora, 138 —— (Descriptions), 215 —— destructor, 156 —— effusa, 159 —— gangliformis, 156 —— infestans, 153 —— macrospora, 158 —— nivea, 157 —— obliqua, 160 —— Schleideniana, 155 —— sparsa, 159 —— Trifoliorum, 157 —— Umbelliferarum, 158 —— Viciæ, 156 Pepper brand, 86 Phragmidium, 71 Phyllactinia (Descriptions), 218 —— guttata, 168 Pilewort rust, 115 Podisoma (Descriptions), 201 Polycystis, 91 —— (Descriptions), 211 —— pompholygodes, 91 —— Violæ, 92 Potato disease, 144 —— mould, 142, 144 —— smut, 93 Preserving fungi, 182 Puccinia (Descriptions), 196 —— Anemones, 60 —— Compositarum, 63 —— coronata, 57 —— glechomatis, 59 —— graminis, 25 —— Menthæ, 58 —— Rosæ, 34 —— Saniculæ, 64 —— Syngenesiarum, 62 —— Umbelliferarum, 64 —— variabilis, 62 —— vincæ, 103 Purslane white rust, 137

Raspberry brand, 71 Reed smut, 83 Rœstelia (Descriptions), 189 —— cancellata, 19 —— cornuta, 19 —— lacerata, 19 Rose blight, 166 —— mould, 107 —— rust, 159 Rusts, 95, 110 Rust, Bean, 104 —— Beet, 104 —— Birch, 118 —— Butter-bur, 122 —— Cabbage, 124 —— Campanula, 123 —— Clover, 116 —— Coltsfoot, 120 —— Composite, 105 —— Corn, 49, 95 —— Cow-parsnip, 105 —— Cow-wheat, 122 —— Fern, 112 —— Flax, 109 —— Goatsbeard, 136 —— Goat-willow, 116 —— Golden-rose, 113 —— Grass of Parnassus, 106 —— Groundsel, 97 —— Iris, 115 —— Long-stemmed, 114 —— Luzula, 104 —— Mercury, 110 —— Mint, 102 —— Nightshade, 112 —— Oak-leaf, 111 —— Pea and Bean, 114 —— Pennywort, 100 —— Periwinkle, 103 —— Persicaria, 104 —— Pilewort, 115 —— Rose, 107 —— St.-John’s-wort, 113 —— Sandspurry, 136 —— Sedge, 104 —— Sorrel, 111 —— Sow-thistle, 122 —— Stinking, 87 —— Sweet-smelling, 99 —— Thistle, 99 —— Twin-faced, 111 —— Umbellifer, 105 —— Violet, 102 Rye smut, 92

Sandspurry white rust, 136 Sanicle brand, 64 —— cluster-cups, 14 Sedge rust, 104 —— smut, 84 Smuts, 76 Smut, Anther, 85 —— Cocksfoot, 83 —— Complex, 90 —— Corn, 79 —— Crowfoot, 91 —— Elongated, 84 —— Goatsbeard, 82 —— Grass, 79 —— Maize, 79 —— Meadow-saffron, 92 —— Potato, 93 —— Reed, 83 —— Rye, 92 —— Sedge, 84 —— Trientalis, 93 —— Violet, 92 St.-John’s-wort rust, 113 Sow-thistle rust, 122 Specific names, 57 Spermatia, 24 SPERMOGONES, 22, 98 Sphærotheca (Descriptions), 218 —— Castagnei, 167 —— pannosa, 167 Spinach mould, 158 Sporangium, 165 Sporidia, 38 Spurge cluster-cups, 11 Sterigmata, 24 Stinking rust, 87 Strawberry brand, 72 Stylospores, 38, 42 Suckers, 125, 141 SUGGESTIONS, 179 Sweet-smelling rust, 99

Tare mould, 156 Thistle brand, 62 Thistle white rust, 137 Tilletia caries, 87 —— (Descriptions), 202 Trichobasis Betæ, 104 —— caricina, 104 —— Cichoracearum, 105 —— (Descriptions), 207 —— Fabæ, 104 —— hydrocotyles, 100 —— Labiatarum, 102 —— linearis, 95 —— oblongata, 105 —— Parnassiæ, 106 —— Petroselini, 105 —— Polygonorum, 104 —— rubigo-vera, 49, 95 —— Senecionis, 97 —— suaveolens, 99 —— Umbellatarum, 105 —— Violarum, 102 Trientalis smut, 93 Triphragmium (Descriptions), 196 —— Ulmariæ, 67 Tuburcinia, 93 —— (Descriptions), 212 Tulasne on Fungi, 35 Twin-faced rust, 111

Uncinula adunca, 169 —— bicornis, 169 —— (Descriptions), 218 Uredines, 33 Uredo Betulina, 118 —— bifrons, 111 —— Circææ, 112 —— confluens, 110 —— (Descriptions), 204 —— Filicum, 112 —— hydrocotyles, 101 —— Hypericorum, 113 —— Parnassiæ, 106 —— Quercus, 111 —— Rosæ, 33 Urocystis, 91 Uromyces apiculata, 116 —— appendiculata, 40, 114 —— (Descriptions), 210 —— Ficariæ, 115 —— Ulmariæ, 114 Ustilago antherarum, 85 —— (Descriptions), 202 —— longissima, 84 —— maydis, 79 —— olivacea, 84 —— receptaculorum, 83 —— Salveii, 84 —— segetum, 79 —— typhoides, 79, 83

Valsa suffusa, 35 Vine disease, 164 Violet cluster-cups, 13 Violet smut, 92

Wedge-rust, Birch, 118 —— Willow, 117 Wheat diseases, 85 —— mildew, 53 White mildews or blights, 162 White rusts, 124 White rust, Cabbage, 129, 136 —— Crucifer, 136 —— Goatsbeard, 136 —— Purslane, 137 —— Sandspurry, 136 Willow blight, 169 —— wedge-rust, 117

Xenodochus carbonarius, 73 —— (Descriptions), 195

Zoospores, 126

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WYMAN AND SONS, PRINTERS, GREAT QUEEN STREET, LONDON, W.C.

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● Transcriber’s Notes: ○ A link to the Index was added to the Table of Contents. ○ The Table of Contents entry for the first Appendix has no identifier. Clicking on the page number will take you to Appendix A. ○ The Table of Contents references Appendix II. This is should have been a reference Appendix B. Clicking on the page number for