Roentgen Rays and Phenomena of the Anode and Cathode.

CHAPTER I.. § 1. Secondary Current by Induction. No Faraday

§ 1. Secondary Current by Induction. No FARADAY Increased E. M. F.

2. Electric Spark and Increased E. M. F. PAGE by Induced Current.

3. Spark in Secondary Increased by FIZEAU Condenser in Primary.

4. Atmosphere around an Incandescent Live VINCINTINI Wire.

5. Magnetizing Radiations from an Electric HENRY Spark.

6. Arcing Metals at Low Voltage. FARADAY

7. Non-arcing Metals at High Voltage. WURTS Practical Application.

8. Duration of Spark Measured. WHEATSTONE

8a. Discharge—Intermittent, Constant, and FEDDERSEN Oscillatory—by Variation of Resistance.

9. Musical Note by Discharge with Small FARADAY Ball Electrodes. Invisible Discharge.

9a. Pitch of Sound Changed by Approach of FARADAY and Conductor Connected to Earth. MAYER

10. Brush Discharge. Color. Striæ. Nitrogen FARADAY Best Transmitter of a Spark, and its Practical Bearing in Atmospheric Lightning. Cathode Brushes in Different Gases.

11. Glow by Discharge. Glow Changed to FARADAY Spark. Motion of Air. Apparent Continuous Discharge during Glow.

12. Spark. Solids Perforated. LULLIN

13. Spark. Glass Perforated. Holes Close FAGE Together. Practical Application for Porous Glass.

14 and Spark. Penetrating Power. Conducting KNOCHENHAURER, 14a. Power of Gas. Relation of E. M. F. to BOLTZMANN, Pressure of Gases. Discharge through THOMSON Hydrogen Vacuum Continued with Less (KELVIN), Current than that Required to Start MAXWELL, it. VARLEY, HARRIS, and MASSON

15. Dust Particles or Rust on the GORDON Electrodes Hasten Discharge.

16. Where the Distance is Greater, the THOMSON Dielectric Strength is Smaller, Both (KELVIN) Distances Being Minute.

17. Discharge through Gases under Very High CAILLETET Pressures. Increased Dielectric Strength.

18. Discharges in Different Chemical Gases FARADAY Variably Resisted.

19. Gas as a Conductor. Molecule for THOMSON, J. J. Molecule, its Conductivity Greater than that for Gases.

20. Relation of Light to Electricity. The BOLTZMANN, Square Root of the Dielectric GIBSON, Capacity Equal to the Refractive BARCLAY, Index. HOPKINSON, and GLADSTONE

21. Hermetically Sealed Discharge Tubes PLÜCKER and with Platinum Leading-in Wires. GEISSLER

22. Luminosity of Discharge Tubes Produced GEISSLER by Rubbing. Increased by Low Temperature.

23. Different Vacua Needed for Luminosity ALVERGNIAT by Friction and by Discharge.

24. Phenomena of Discharge around the Edges STEINMETZ of an Insulating Sheet.

25. Highest Possible Vacuum Considered as a MORGAN Non-conductor.

26. Constant Potential at the Terminals of DE LA RUE and a Discharge Tube. MÜLLER

26a. Polarity of Discharge-tube Terminals in KLINGENBERG Secondary of Ruhmkorff Coil. Mathematical Deductions.

27. Pressure in Discharge Tube Produced by KINNERSLEY, a Spark. HARRIS, and RIESS

CHAPTER II.. 28. Actions of Magnetism Upon the Arc and Davy,

28. Actions of Magnetism upon the Arc and DAVY, Flame. BANCALARI, and QUET

29. Rotation of Luminous Discharge by a DE LA RIVE Magnet. Application in Explaining Aurora Borealis.

30. Action of Magnet on the Cathode Light. PLÜCKER and Relations Different according to the HITTORF Position Relatively to the Magnetic Lines of Force.

31. Discharge Retarded Across, and THOMSON, J. J. Accelerated Along, the Lines of Magnetic Force.

32. Resistance of Luminosity of the THOMSON, J. J. Discharge Afforded by a Thin Diaphragm.

33. Forcing Effect of the Striæ at a SOLOMONS Perforated Diaphragm.

CHAPTER III.. 34. Electric Images. Riess

34. Electric Images. RIESS

35. Electrographs on Photographic Plate by SANFORD and Discharge. MCKAY

36. Positive and Negative Dust Pictures LICHTENBERG upon Lines Drawn by Electrodes.

36a. Photo-electric Dust Figures. HAMMER

36b. Dust Portrait. HAMMER

37. Electrical Images by Discharge KARSTEN Developed by Condensed Moisture.

37a. MAGNETOGRAPHS. MCKAY

38. Bas-relief Facsimiles by Electric PILTCHIKOFF Discharge.

39. Distillation of Liquids by Discharge. GERNEZ

40. Striæ. Black Prints on Walls of Tube. DE LA RUE and MÜLLER

CHAPTER IV.. 41. Discharge Tube in Primary Current. Gassiot

41. Discharge Tube in Primary Current. GASSIOT Striæ. Least E. M. F. Required.

42. Current Interrupted Inside of Discharge POGGENDORFF Tube instead of Outside.

43. Source of Striæ at the Anode. Color DE LA RUE and Changed by Change of Current. MÜLLER

44. Dark Bands by Small Discharges SOLOMONS Disappear on Increase of Current, and Appear Again by Further Increase.

45. Motion of Striæ. Method of Obtaining SPOTTISWOODE Motion when Desired and of Stopping the Same.

46. Motion of Striæ Checked at the Cathode. THOMSON, J. J. Tube, 50 ft. Long. The Anode the Starting-point.

47. Electrolysis in Discharge Tube. THOMSON, J. J.

48. Heat Striæ without Luminous Striæ. DE LA RUE and MÜLLER

49. Sensitive State. Method of Obtaining. SPOTTISWOODE Telephone Used to Prove and MOULTON Intermissions.

49a. Cause of Sensitive State Detected by SPOTTISWOODE Telephone. and MOULTON

50. Sensitive State Illustrated by a REITLINGER and Flexible Conductor within the URBANITZKY Discharge Tube.

51. System of Operating Discharge Tubes. TESLA Excessively High Potential and Enormous Frequency.

52. Discharge-tube Phenomena by MOORE Self-induced Currents.

CHAPTER V.. 53. Dark Space Around the Cathode. Crookes

53. Dark Space around the Cathode. CROOKES

54. Relation of Vacuum to Phosphorescence. CROOKES

55. Phosphorescence of Objects within CROOKES Discharge Tube.

56. Darkness and Luminosity in the Arms of CROOKES a V Tube.

57. Cathode Rays Rectilinear within the CROOKES Discharge Tube.

58. Shadow Cast within the Discharge Tube. CROOKES

58a. Mechanical Force of Cathode Rays. Wheel CROOKES Caused to Rotate.

59. Action of Magnet upon Cathode Rays in CROOKES Discharge Tube.

60. Mutual Repulsion of Cathode Rays in CROOKES Discharge Tube.

61. Heat of Phosphorescent Spot. CROOKES

61a. Theoretical Considerations of Thomson (Kelvin).

61b, Velocity of Cathode Rays. THOMSON, J. J. page 46.

61b, Cathode Rays Charged with Negative PERRIN page Electricity. 47.

61c, Zeugen’s Photograph of Mt. Blanc Not Due to Cathode Rays.

62. Phosphorescence of Particular Chemicals GOLDSTEIN by Cathode Rays.

63. Spectrum of Post-phosphorescence of KIRN Discharge Tube Compared with that of Red-hot Metals.

63a. Chemical Action on Photographic Plate DE METZ by Cathode Rays Inside of Discharge Tube.

63b. The Passage of Cathode Rays through HERTZ Thin Metal Plates within the Discharge Tube (no. § 64).

CHAPTER VI. § 65, Cathode Rays Outside of the Discharge Lenard

§ 65, Cathode Rays Outside of the Discharge LENARD top of Tube whose Exit is an Aluminum page Window. A Glow Outside of the Window. 53.

65., Properties of Cathode Rays in Open Air. LENARD end of page 53.

66. Phosphorescence by Cathode Rays Outside LENARD of the Discharge Tube.

66a. Transmission Tested by Phosphorescence.

67. The Aluminum Window a Diffuser of LENARD Cathode Rays.

68. Transmission of External Cathode Rays LENARD through Aluminum and Thinly Blown Glass.

69. Propagation of External Cathode Rays. LENARD Turbidity of Air.

70. Photographic Action by External Cathode LENARD Rays and at Points beyond the Glow. No Other Chemical Power Probable. Shadows of Objects by Light and by External Cathode Rays Compared. No Heat Produced by External Cathode Rays.

71. External Cathode Rays and the Electric LENARD Spark Distinguished. Aluminum Window Not a Secondary Cathode.

72. Cathode Rays Propagated, but Not LENARD Generated, in the Highest Possible Vacuum. Air Less Turbid when Rarefied.

72a. Cathode Rays, while Traversing the LENARD Exhausted Observing Tube, Deflected by a Magnet. No Turbidity in a Very High Vacuum.

72b. An Observing Tube for Receiving the LENARD Rays and Adapted to be Exhausted.

73. Phenomena of Cathode Rays in an LENARD Observing Tube Containing Successively Different Gases at Different Pressures. Phosphorescent Screen Employed for Making the Test.

74. Cause of the Glow Outside of the LENARD Aluminum Window. Glow Not Caused by External Cathode Rays. Sparks Drawn from the Aluminum Window. Transmission of External Cathode Rays Dependent Alone upon the Density of the Medium.

75. External Cathode Rays of Different LENARD Kinds Variably Diffused. Theoretical Observations.

76. Law of Propagation of External Cathode LENARD Rays.

77. Charged Bodies Discharged by External LENARD Cathode Rays. Discharge at Greater Distances than Phosphorescence. Not Certain as to the Discharge Being Directly Due to Intermediate Air.

78. Source, Propagation, and Direction of DE KOWALSKIE Cathode Rays. General Conclusions.

CHAPTER VII.. 79. X-Rays Uninfluenced by a Magnet. Source Roentgen

79. X-rays Uninfluenced by a Magnet. Source ROENTGEN of X-rays Determined by Magnetic Transposition of Phosphorescent Spot.

80. Source of X-rays may be at Points ROENTGEN within the Vacuum Space. Different Materials Radiate Different Quantities of X-rays.

81. Reflection of X-rays. ROENTGEN

82. Examples of Penetrating Power of ROENTGEN X-rays.

83. Permeability of Solids to X-rays ROENTGEN Increases Much More Rapidly than the Thickness Decreases.

84. X-rays Characterized. Fluorescence and ROENTGEN Chemical Action.

85. Non-refraction of X-rays Determined by ROENTGEN Opaque and Other Prisms. Refraction, if Any, Exceedingly Slight.

86. Velocity of X-rays Inferred to be the ROENTGEN Same in All Bodies.

87. Non-double Refraction Proved by Iceland ROENTGEN and Spar and Other Materials. MAYER

88. Rectilinear Propagation of X-rays ROENTGEN Indicated by Pin-hole Camera and Sharpness of Sciagraphs.

89. Interference Uncertain Because X-rays ROENTGEN Tested were Weak.

90. Electrified Bodies, whether Conductors ROENTGEN or Insulators, or Positive or Negative, Discharged by X-rays. Hydrogen, etc., as the Intermediate Agency.

90a. Application of Principle of Discharge ROENTGEN by X-rays.

90A, Supplementary Experiments on Charge and MINCHIN, b, Discharge by X-rays. RIGHI, c, BENOIST, d. HURMUZESCU, and BORGMANN

91. Focus Tube. ROENTGEN, SHALLENBERGER, et al.

91a. Tribute to the Tesla Apparatus. ROENTGEN

92. X-rays and Longitudinal Vibrations. ROENTGEN

93. Longitudinal Waves in Luminiferous THOMSON Ether by Electrical Means Early (KELVIN) Predicted by

94. Theory as to X-rays Being of a SCHUSTER Different Order of Magnitude from those so far Known.

95. Longitudinal Waves Exist in a Medium THOMSON, J. J. Containing Charged Ions. Theoretical.

96. Practical Application of X-rays BOLTZMANN Foreshadowed.

97. The Sciascope. MAGIE, SALVIONI, et al.

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