Response in the Living and Non-Living

CHAPTER II. Electric Response

ELECTRIC RESPONSE

Conditions for obtaining electric response--Method of injury--Current of injury--Injured end, cuproid: uninjured, zincoid--Current of response in nerve from more excited to less excited--Difficulties of present nomenclature--Electric recorder--Two types of response, positive and negative--Universal applicability of electric mode of response--Electric response a measure of physiological activity--Electric response in plants 5

CHAPTER III. Electric Response in Plants--Method of Negative Variation

ELECTRIC RESPONSE IN PLANTS--METHOD OF NEGATIVE VARIATION

Negative variation--Response recorder--Photographic recorder--Compensator--Means of graduating intensity of stimulus--Spring-tapper and torsional vibrator--Intensity of stimulus dependent on amplitude of vibration--Effectiveness of stimulus dependent on rapidity also 17

CHAPTER IV. Electric Response in Plants--Block Method

ELECTRIC RESPONSE IN PLANTS--BLOCK METHOD

Method of block--Advantages of block method--Plant response a physiological phenomenon--Abolition of response by anaesthetics and poisons--Abolition of response when plant is killed by hot water 27

CHAPTER V. Plant Response--on the Effects of Single Stimulus and of

PLANT RESPONSE--ON THE EFFECTS OF SINGLE STIMULUS AND OF SUPERPOSED STIMULI

Effect of single stimulus--Superposition of stimuli--Additive effect--Staircase effect--Fatigue--No fatigue when sufficient interval between stimuli--Apparent fatigue when stimulation frequency is increased--Fatigue under continuous stimulation 35

CHAPTER VI. Plant Response--on Diphasic Variation

PLANT RESPONSE--ON DIPHASIC VARIATION

Diphasic variation--Positive after-effect and positive response--Radial E.M. variation 44

CHAPTER VII

PLANT RESPONSE--ON THE RELATION BETWEEN STIMULUS AND RESPONSE

Increased response with increasing stimulus--Apparent diminution of response with excessively strong stimulus 51

CHAPTER VIII. Plant Response--on the Influence of Temperature

PLANT RESPONSE--ON THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE

Effect of very low temperature--Influence of high temperature--Determination of death-point--Increased response as after-effect of temperature variation--Death of plant and abolition of response by the action of steam 59

CHAPTER IX. Plant Response--Effect of Anaesthetics and Poisons

PLANT RESPONSE--EFFECT OF ANAESTHETICS AND POISONS

Effect of anaesthetics, a test of vital character of response--Effect of chloroform--Effect of chloral--Effect of formalin--Method in which response is unaffected by variation of resistance--Advantage of block method--Effect of dose 71

CHAPTER X. Response in Metals

RESPONSE IN METALS

Is response found in inorganic substances?--Experiment on tin, block method--Anomalies of existing terminology--Response by method of depression--Response by method of exaltation 81

CHAPTER XI. Inorganic Response--Modified Apparatus to Exhibit Response in

INORGANIC RESPONSE--MODIFIED APPARATUS TO EXHIBIT RESPONSE IN METALS

Conditions of obtaining quantitative measurements--Modification of the block method--Vibration cell--Application of stimulus--Graduation of the intensity of stimulus--Considerations showing that electric response is due to molecular disturbance--Test experiment--Molecular voltaic cell 91

CHAPTER XII. Inorganic Response--Method of Ensuring Consistent Results

INORGANIC RESPONSE--METHOD OF ENSURING CONSISTENT RESULTS

Preparation of wire--Effect of single stimulus 100

CHAPTER XIII

INORGANIC RESPONSE--MOLECULAR MOBILITY: ITS INFLUENCE ON RESPONSE

Effects of molecular inertia--Prolongation of period of recovery by overstrain--Molecular model--Reduction of molecular sluggishness attended by quickened recovery and heightened response--Effect of temperature--Modification of latent period and period of recovery by the action of chemical reagents--Diphasic variation 104

CHAPTER XIV. Inorganic Response--Fatigue, Staircase, and Modified Response

INORGANIC RESPONSE--FATIGUE, STAIRCASE, AND MODIFIED RESPONSE

Fatigue in metals--Fatigue under continuous stimulation--Staircase effect--Reversed responses due to molecular modification in nerve and in metal, and their transformation into normal after continuous stimulation--Increased response after continuous stimulation 118

CHAPTER XV. Inorganic Response--Relation Between Stimulus and

INORGANIC RESPONSE--RELATION BETWEEN STIMULUS AND RESPONSE--SUPERPOSITION OF STIMULI

Relation between stimulus and response--Magnetic analogue--Increase of response with increasing stimulus--Threshold of response--Superposition of stimuli--Hysteresis 131

CHAPTER XVI. Inorganic Response--Effect of Chemical Reagents

INORGANIC RESPONSE--EFFECT OF CHEMICAL REAGENTS

Action of chemical reagents--Action of stimulants on metals--Action of depressants on metals--Effect of 'poisons' on metals--Opposite effect of large and small doses 139

CHAPTER XVII. On the Stimulus of Light and Retinal Currents

ON THE STIMULUS OF LIGHT AND RETINAL CURRENTS

Visual impulse: (1) chemical theory; (2) electrical theory--Retinal currents--Normal response positive--Inorganic response under stimulus of light--Typical experiment on the electrical effect induced by light 148

CHAPTER XVIII. Inorganic Response--Influence of Various Conditions on the

INORGANIC RESPONSE--INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS CONDITIONS ON THE RESPONSE TO STIMULUS OF LIGHT

Effect of temperature--Effect of increasing length of exposure--Relation between intensity of light and magnitude of response--After-oscillation--Abnormal effects: (1) preliminary negative twitch; (2) reversal of response; (3) transient positive twitch on cessation of light; (4) decline and reversal--Resume 158

CHAPTER XIX. Visual Analogues

VISUAL ANALOGUES

Effect of light of short duration--After-oscillation--Positive and negative after-images--Binocular alternation of vision--Period of alternation modified by physical condition--After-images and their revival--Unconscious visual impression. 170

CHAPTER XX

GENERAL SURVEY AND CONCLUSION 181

INDEX 193

ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG. PAGE

1. MECHANICAL LEVER RECORDER 3

2. ELECTRIC METHOD OF DETECTING NERVE RESPONSE 6

3. DIAGRAM SHOWING INJURED END OF NERVE CORRESPONDS TO 8 COPPER IN A VOLTAIC ELEMENT

4. ELECTRIC RECORDER 11

5. SIMULTANEOUS RECORD OF MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL 13 RESPONSES

6. NEGATIVE VARIATION IN PLANTS 19

7. PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD OF NEGATIVE VARIATION IN PLANTS 20

8. RESPONSE RECORDER 21

9. THE COMPENSATOR 22

10. THE SPRING-TAPPER 23

11. THE TORSIONAL VIBRATOR 24

12. RESPONSE IN PLANT TO MECHANICAL TAP OR VIBRATION 25

13. INFLUENCE OF SUDDENNESS ON THE EFFICIENCY OF 26 STIMULUS

14. THE METHOD OF BLOCK 28

15. RESPONSE IN PLANT COMPLETELY IMMERSED UNDER WATER 29

16. UNIFORM RESPONSES IN PLANT 36

17. FUSION OF EFFECT UNDER RAPIDLY SUCCEEDING STIMULI IN 36 MUSCLE AND IN PLANT

18. ADDITIVE EFFECT OF SINGLY INEFFECTIVE STIMULI ON 37 PLANT

19. 'STAIRCASE EFFECT' IN PLANT 37

20. APPEARANCE OF FATIGUE IN PLANT UNDER SHORTENED 39 PERIOD OF REST

21. FATIGUE IN CELERY 40

22. FATIGUE IN CAULIFLOWER-STALK 41

23. FATIGUE FROM PREVIOUS OVERSTRAIN 41

24. FATIGUE UNDER CONTINUOUS STIMULATION IN CELERY 42

25. EFFECT OF REST IN REMOVAL OF FATIGUE IN PLANT 43

26. DIPHASIC VARIATION IN PLANT 46

27, 28. ABNORMAL POSITIVE RESPONSES IN STALE PLANT 48, 49 TRANSFORMED INTO NORMAL NEGATIVE UNDER STRONG STIMULATION

29. RADIAL E.M. VARIATION 50

30. CURVES SHOWING THE RELATION BETWEEN INTENSITY OF 52 STIMULUS AND RESPONSE IN MUSCLE AND NERVE

31. INCREASING RESPONSES TO INCREASING STIMULI (TAPS) IN 52 PLANTS

32. INCREASING RESPONSES TO INCREASING VIBRATIONAL 53 STIMULI IN PLANTS

33. RESPONSES TO INCREASING STIMULI IN FRESH AND STALE 54 SPECIMENS OF PLANTS

34. APPARENT DIMINUTION OF RESPONSE CAUSED BY FATIGUE 57 UNDER STRONG STIMULATION

35. DIMINUTION OF RESPONSE IN EUCHARIS LILY AT LOW 61 TEMPERATURE

36. RECORDS SHOWING THE DIFFERENCE IN THE EFFECTS OF LOW 62 TEMPERATURE ON IVY, HOLLY, AND EUCHARIS LILY

37. PLANT CHAMBER FOR STUDYING THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE 64 AND ANAESTHETICS

38. EFFECT OF HIGH TEMPERATURE ON PLANT RESPONSE 64

39. AFTER-EFFECT ON THE RESPONSE DUE TO TEMPERATURE 66 VARIATION

40. RECORDS OF RESPONSES IN EUCHARIS LILY DURING RISE 67 AND FALL OF TEMPERATURE

41. CURVE SHOWING VARIATION OF SENSITIVENESS DURING A 68 CYCLE OF TEMPERATURE VARIATION

42. RECORD OF EFFECT OF STEAM IN ABOLITION OF RESPONSE 69 AT DEATH OF PLANT

43. EFFECT OF CHLOROFORM ON NERVE RESPONSE 72

44. EFFECT OF CHLOROFORM ON THE RESPONSES OF CARROT 74

45. ACTION OF CHLORAL HYDRATE ON PLANT RESPONSES 75

46. ACTION OF FORMALIN ON RADISH 75

47. ACTION OF SODIUM HYDRATE IN ABOLISHING THE RESPONSE 78 IN PLANT

48. STIMULATING ACTION OF POISON IN SMALL DOSES IN 79 PLANTS

49. THE POISONOUS EFFECT OF STRONGER DOSE OF KOH 79

50. BLOCK METHOD FOR OBTAINING RESPONSE IN TIN 83

51. RESPONSE TO MECHANICAL STIMULATION IN A Zn-Cu COUPLE 85

52. ELECTRIC RESPONSE IN METAL BY THE METHOD OF RELATIVE 88 DEPRESSION (NEGATIVE VARIATION)

53. METHOD OF RELATIVE EXALTATION 89

54. VARIOUS CASES OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE VARIATION 90

55. MODIFICATIONS OF THE BLOCK METHOD FOR EXHIBITING 93 ELECTRIC RESPONSE IN METALS

56. EQUAL AND OPPOSITE RESPONSES GIVEN BY TWO ENDS OF 95 THE WIRE

57. TOP VIEW OF THE VIBRATION CELL 96

58. INFLUENCE OF ANNEALING IN THE ENHANCEMENT OF 101 RESPONSE IN METALS

59. UNIFORM ELECTRIC RESPONSES IN METALS 102

60. PERSISTENCE OF AFTER-EFFECT 105

61. PROLONGATION OF PERIOD OF RECOVERY AFTER OVERSTRAIN 106

62. MOLECULAR MODEL 107

63, 64. EFFECTS OF REMOVAL OF MOLECULAR SLUGGISHNESS IN 109, 110 QUICKENED RECOVERY AND HEIGHTENED RESPONSE IN METALS

65. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON RESPONSE IN METALS 111

66. DIPHASIC VARIATION IN METALS 113

67. NEGATIVE, DIPHASIC, AND POSITIVE RESULTANT RESPONSE 115 IN METALS

68. CONTINUOUS TRANSFORMATION FROM NEGATIVE TO POSITIVE 116 THROUGH INTERMEDIATE DIPHASIC RESPONSE

69. FATIGUE IN MUSCLE 118

70. FATIGUE IN PLATINUM 118

71. FATIGUE IN TIN 119

72. APPEARANCE OF FATIGUE DUE TO SHORTENING THE PERIOD 120 OF RECOVERY

73. FATIGUE IN METAL UNDER CONTINUOUS STIMULATION 121

74. 'STAIRCASE' RESPONSE IN MUSCLE AND IN METAL 122

75. ABNORMAL RESPONSE IN NERVE CONVERTED INTO NORMAL 124 UNDER CONTINUED STIMULATION

76, 77. ABNORMAL RESPONSE IN TIN AND PLATINUM CONVERTED INTO 125 NORMAL UNDER CONTINUED STIMULATION

78. GRADUAL TRANSITION FROM ABNORMAL TO NORMAL RESPONSE 126 IN PLATINUM

79. INCREASE OF RESPONSE IN NERVE AFTER CONTINUOUS 127 STIMULATION

80, 81. RESPONSE IN TIN AND PLATINUM ENHANCED AFTER 127, 128 CONTINUOUS STIMULATION

82. MAGNETIC ANALOGUE 132

83, 84. RECORDS OF RESPONSES TO INCREASING STIMULI IN TIN 134, 135

85. INEFFECTIVE STIMULUS BECOMING EFFECTIVE BY 135 SUPERPOSITION

86. INCOMPLETE AND COMPLETE FUSION OF EFFECTS 136

87. CYCLIC CURVE FOR MAXIMUM EFFECTS SHOWING HYSTERESIS 137

88. ACTION OF POISON IN ABOLISHING RESPONSE IN NERVE 139

89. ACTION OF STIMULANT ON TIN 141

90. ACTION OF STIMULANT ON PLATINUM 142

91. DEPRESSING EFFECT OF KBr ON TIN 143

92. ABOLITION OF RESPONSE IN METALS BY 'POISON' 143

93. 'MOLECULAR ARREST' BY THE ACTION OF 'POISON' 145

94. OPPOSITE EFFECTS OF SMALL AND LARGE DOSES ON THE 146 RESPONSE IN METALS

95. RETINAL RESPONSE TO LIGHT 150

96. RESPONSE OF SENSITIVE CELL TO LIGHT 152

97. TYPICAL EXPERIMENT ON THE E.M. VARIATION PRODUCED BY 154 LIGHT

98. MODIFICATION OF THE PHOTO-SENSITIVE CELL 155

99. RESPONSES IN FROG'S RETINA 156

100. RESPONSES IN SENSITIVE PHOTO-CELL 157

101. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE RESPONSE TO LIGHT 159 STIMULUS

102. EFFECT OF DURATION OF EXPOSURE ON THE RESPONSE 159

103. RESPONSES OF SENSITIVE CELL TO INCREASING 161 INTENSITIES OF LIGHT

104. RELATION BETWEEN THE INTENSITY OF LIGHT AND 162 MAGNITUDE OF RESPONSE

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