Chapter Xiv.)

Footnote 47:

This nomenclature has arisen from the similarity of the shape of the current-voltage curves to the magnetization curves for iron. Since, on the ionization theory, the maximum current is a result of the removal of all the ions from the gas, before recombination occurs, the terms are not very suitable. They have however now come into general use and will be retained throughout this work.

Footnote 48:

J. J. Thomson, Phil. Mag. 47, p. 253, 1899; Conduction of Electricity through Gases, p. 73, 1903.

Footnote 49:

Rutherford, Phil. Mag. Jan. 1899.

Footnote 50:

Townsend, Phil. Mag. Feb. 1901.

Footnote 51:

Rutherford, Phil. Mag. Nov. 1897, p. 144, Jan. 1899.

Footnote 52:

Townsend, Phil. Trans. A, p. 157, 1899.

Footnote 53:

McClung, Phil. Mag. March, 1902.

Footnote 54:

Langevin, Thèse présentée à la Faculté des Sciences, p. 151, Paris, 1902.

Footnote 55:

Owens, Phil. Mag. Oct. 1899.

Footnote 56:

Rutherford, Phil. Mag. p. 429, Nov. 1897.

Footnote 57:

Zeleny, Phil. Trans. A, p. 193, 1901.

Footnote 58:

Langevin, C. R. 134, p. 646, 1902.

Footnote 59:

Zeleny, Phil. Mag. July, 1898.

Footnote 60:

Rutherford, Phil. Mag. Feb. 1899.

Footnote 61:

Zeleny, Phil. Trans. 195, p. 193, 1900.

Footnote 62:

Langevin, C. R. 134, p. 646, 1902, and Thesis, p. 191, 1902.

Footnote 63:

Rutherford, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 9, p. 410, 1898.

Footnote 64:

Langevin, Thesis, p. 190, 1902.

Footnote 65:

Helmholtz and Richarz, Annal. d. Phys. 40, p. 161, 1890.

Footnote 66:

Wilson, Phil. Trans. p. 265, 1897; p. 403, 1899; p. 289, 1900.

Footnote 67:

Thomson, Phil. Mag. p. 528, Dec. 1898.

Footnote 68:

Wilson, Phil. Trans. A, 193, p. 289, 1899.

Footnote 69:

Thomson, Phil. Mag. p. 528, Dec. 1898, and March, 1903. Conduction of Electricity through Gases, Camb. Univ. Press, 1903, p. 121.

Footnote 70:

Wilson, Phil. Mag. April, 1903.

Footnote 71:

Townsend, Phil. Trans. A, p. 129, 1899.

Footnote 72:

Townsend, loc. cit. p. 139.

Footnote 73:

Some difference of opinion has been expressed as to the value of V required to produce ions at each collision. Townsend considers it to be about 20 volts; Langevin 60 volts and Stark about 50 volts.

Footnote 74:

Rutherford, Phil. Mag. Jan. 1899.

Footnote 75:

Rutherford, Phil. Mag. Jan. 1899.

Footnote 76:

Strutt, Phil. Trans. A, p. 507, 1901 and Proc. Roy. Soc. p. 208, 1903.

Footnote 77:

McClung, Phil. Mag. Sept. 1904.

Footnote 78:

Eve, Phil. Mag. Dec. 1904.

Footnote 79:

Rutherford, Phil. Mag. p. 137, Jan. 1899.

Footnote 80:

Child, Phys. Rev. Vol. 12, 1901.

Footnote 81:

Rutherford, Phil. Mag. p. 210, August, 1901; Phys. Rev. Vol. 13, 1901.

Footnote 82:

Rutherford, Phil. Mag. Aug. 1901.

Footnote 83:

A simple and excellent account of the effects produced by the motion of a charged ion and also of the electronic theory of matter was given by Sir Oliver Lodge in 1903 in a paper entitled “Electrons” (Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, Part 159, Vol. 32, 1903). See also J. J. Thomson’s Electricity and Matter (Scribner, New York, 1904).

Footnote 84:

J. J. Thomson, Phil. Mag. April, 1887.

Footnote 85:

Heaviside, Collected Papers, Vol. II. p. 514.

Footnote 86:

Searle, Phil. Mag. Oct. 1897.

Footnote 87:

Abraham, Phys. Zeit. 4, No. 1 b, p. 57, 1902.

Footnote 88:

A full account of the path described by a moving ion under various conditions is given by J. J. Thomson, Conduction of Electricity in Gases (Camb. Univ. Press, 1903), pp. 79–90.

Footnote 89:

J. J. Thomson, Phil. Mag. p. 293, 1897.

Footnote 90:

Lenard, Annal. d. Phys. 64, p. 279, 1898.

Footnote 91:

Kaufmann, Annal. d. Phys. 61, p. 544; 62, p. 596, 1897; 65, p. 431, 1898.

Footnote 92:

Simon, Annal. d. Phys. 69, p. 589, 1899.

Footnote 93:

A complete discussion of the various methods employed to measure the velocity and mass of electrons and also of the theory on which they are based will be found in J. J. Thomson’s Conduction of Electricity through Gases.

Footnote 94:

Goldstein, Berlin Sitzber. 39, p. 691, 1896; Annal. d. Phys. 64, p. 45, 1898.

Footnote 95:

Wien, Annal. d. Phys. 65, p. 440, 1898.

Footnote 96:

Larmor, Phil. Mag. 44, p. 593, 1897.

Footnote 97:

J. J. Thomson, Phil. Mag. Feb. 1897.

Footnote 98:

Barkla, Phil. Mag. June, 1903.