Book Iii. Ch. Xii.

Footnote 550:

Benjamin of Tudela, ‘Itinerary,’ ed. and tr. by Asher, 83; Plin. vii. 2. See Max Müller in Bunsen ‘Philos. Univ. Hist.,’ vol. i. pp. 346, 358.

Footnote 551:

Plin. iv. 27; Mela, iii. 6; Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. i. p. 120; vol. ii. p. 93; St. John, vol. ii. p. 117; Marsden, p. 53; Lane, ‘Thousand and One N.’ vol. iii. pp. 92, 305; Petherick, ‘Egypt, &c.’ p. 367; Burton, ‘Central Afr.’ vol. i. p. 235; Pedro Simon, ‘Indias Occidentales,’ p. 7.

Footnote 552:

Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol i. p. 133.

Footnote 553:

Marco Polo, book iii. ch. xviii.

Footnote 554:

Ælian, iv. 46; Plin. vi. 35; vii. 2. See for other versions, Purchas, vol. iv. p. 1191; vol. v. p. 901; Cranz, p. 267; Lane, ‘Thousand and One Nights,’ vol. iii. pp. 36, 94, 97, 305; Davis, ‘Carthage,’ p. 230; Latham, ‘Descr. Eth.’ vol. ii. p. 83.

Footnote 555:

Plin. v. 8; vi. 24, 35; vii. 2; Mela, iii. 9; Herberstein in Hakluyt, vol. i. p. 593; Latham, ‘Descr. Eth.’ vol. i. p. 483; Davis, l.c.; see ‘Early Hist. of Mankind,’ p. 77.

Footnote 556:

Plin. v. 8; Lane, vol. i. p. 33; vol. ii. p. 377; vol. iii. p. 81; Eisenmenger, vol. ii. p. 559; Mandeville, p. 243; Raleigh in Hakluyt, vol. iii. pp. 652, 665; Humboldt and Bonpland, vol. v. p. 176; Purchas, vol. iv. p. 1285; vol. v. p. 901; Isidor. Hispal. s.v. ‘Acephali;’ Vambéry, p. 310, see p. 436.

Footnote 557:

Lane, vol. i. p. 33; Callaway, ‘Zulu Tales,’ vol. i. pp. 199, 202. Virg. Æn. viii. 194; a similar metaphor is the name of the Nimchas, from Persian nim—half, ‘Journ. Eth. Soc.’ vol. i. p. 192, cf. French demi-monde. Compare the ‘one-legged’ tribes, Plin. vii. 2; Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part iii. p. 521; Charlevoix, vol. i. p. 25. The Australians use the metaphor ‘of one leg’ (matta gyn) to describe tribes as of one stock, G. F. Moore, ‘Vocab.’ pp. 5, 71.

Footnote 558:

Hayton in Purchas, vol. iii. p. 108; see Klemm, ‘C. G.’ vol. vi. p. 129; Vambéry, p. 49; Homer. Odyss. ix.; Strabo, i. 2, 12; see Scherzer, ‘Voy. of Novara,’ vol. ii. p. 40; C. J. Andersson, ‘Lake Ngami, &c.,’ p. 453; Du Chaillu, ‘Equatorial Africa,’ p. 440; Sir J. Richardson, ‘Polar Regions,’ p. 300. For tribes with more than two eyes, see Pliny’s metaphorically explained Nisacæthæ and Nisyti, Plin. vi. 35; also Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 414; ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. i. pp. 25, 76; Petherick, l.c.; Bowen, ‘Yoruba Gr.’ p. xx.; Schirren, p. 196.

Footnote 559:

Kölle, ‘Vei Gr.’ p. 229; Strabo, i. 2, 35. The artificially elongated skulls of real Μακροκέφαλοι (Hippokrates, ‘De Aeris,’ 14.) are found in the burial-places of Kertch.

Footnote 560:

Plin., vii. 2.; Humboldt and Bonpland, vol. v. p. 81.

Footnote 561:

Krapf, p. 359.

Footnote 562:

Southey, ‘Brazil,’ vol. iii. p. 390.

Footnote 563:

D. Wilson, ‘Archæology, &c. of Scotland,’ p. 123.

Footnote 564:

Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. i. p. 128; Livingstone, p. 532.

Footnote 565:

Williams, ‘Fiji,’ p. 160; Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 113; Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 182 (a similar legend told by the Samoans). Another tattooing legend in Latham, ‘Descr. Eth.’ vol. i. p. 152; Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. i. p. 112.

Footnote 566:

Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. iii. pp. 167-8; Wilkinson in Rawlinson’s ‘Herodotus,’ vol. ii. p. 79; Grimm, ‘D. M.’ pp. 972-6; W. G. Palgrave, ‘Arabia,’ vol. i. p. 251; Squier and Davis, ‘Monuments of Mississippi Valley,’ p. 134; Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 258.

Footnote 567:

Latham, ‘Descr. Eth.’ vol. i. p. 43; Lejean in ‘Rev. des Deux Mondes,’ 15 Feb. 1862, p. 856; Apollodor. iii. 8. Compare the derivation of Arequipa by the Peruvians from the words ari! quepay== ‘yes! remain,’ said to have been addressed to the colonists by the Inca: Markham, ‘Quichua Gr. and Dic.;’ also the supposed etymology of Dahome, Danh-ho-men== ‘on the belly of Danh,’ from the story of King Dako building his palace on the body of the conquered King Danh: Burton, in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 401.

Footnote 568:

Charnock, ‘Verba Nominalia,’ s.v. ‘chic;’ see Francisque-Michel, ‘Argot,’ s.v.

Footnote 569:

‘Spectator,’ No. 147; Brand, ‘Pop. Ant.’ vol. iii. p. 93; Hotten, ‘Slang Dictionary,’ p. 3; Charnock, s.v. ‘cant.’ As to the real etymology, that from the beggar’s whining chaunt is defective, for the beggar drops this tone exactly when he cants, i.e., talks jargon with his fellows. If cant is directly from Latin cantare, it will correspond with Italian cantare and French chanter, both used as slang words for to speak (Francisque-Michel, ‘Argot’). A Keltic origin is more probable, Gaelic and Irish cainnt, caint == talk, language, dialect (see Wedgwood ‘Etymological Dictionary’). The Gaelic equivalents for pedlars’ French or tramps’ slang, are ‘Laidionn nan ceard,’ ‘cainnt cheard,’ i.e., tinkers’ Latin or jargon, or exactly ‘cairds’ cant.’ A deeper connexion between cainnt and cantare does not affect this.

Footnote 570:

See also Francisque-Michel, ‘Argot,’ s.v. ‘maccabe, macchabée’==noyé.

Footnote 571:

Musters, ‘Patagonians,’ pp. 69, 184.

Footnote 572:

Döhne, ‘Zulu Dic.’ p. 417; Arbousset and Daumas, p. 269; Waitz, vol. ii. pp. 349, 352.

Footnote 573:

Shortland, ‘Trads. of N. Z.’ p. 224.

Footnote 574:

On the adoption of imaginary ancestors as connected with the fiction of a common descent, and the important political and religious effects of these proceedings, see especially Grote, ‘History of Greece,’ vol. i.; McLennan, ‘Primitive Marriage;’ Maine, ‘Ancient Law.’ Interesting details on eponymic ancestors in Pott, ‘Anti-Kaulen, oder Mythische Vorstellungen vom Ursprnge der Völker and Sprachen.’

Footnote 575:

Martius, ‘Ethnog. Amer.’ vol. i. p. 54; see p. 283.

Footnote 576:

Macpherson, ‘India,’ p. 78.

Footnote 577:

Vambéry, ‘Central Asia,’ p. 325; see also Latham, ‘Descr. Eth.’ vol. i. p. 456 (Ostyaks); Georgi, ‘Reise im Russ. Reich,’ vol. i. 242 (Tunguz).

Footnote 578:

Barth, ‘N. & Centr. Afr.’ vol. ii. p. 71.

Footnote 579:

J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrelig.’ p. 574.

Footnote 580:

Martius, vol. i. pp. 180-4; Waitz, vol. iii. p. 416.

Footnote 581:

Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part i. p. 319, part iii. p. 268, see