book iv.. Footnote 453:

Footnote 453:

Schoolcraft, ‘Algic Researches,’ vol. ii. p. 40, &c.; Loskiel, ‘Gesch. der Mission,’ Barby, 1789, p. 47 (the English edition, part i. p. 35, is incorrect). See also Brinton, ‘Myths of New World,’ p. 63. In an Esquimaux tale, Giviok comes to the two mountains which shut and open; paddling swiftly between, he gets through, but the mountains clashing together crush the stern of his kayak: Rink, ‘Eskimoische Eventyr og Sagn,’ p. 98, referred to by Liebrecht, l.c.

Footnote 454:

Kingsborough, ‘Antiquities of Mexico,’ vol. i.; Torquemanda, ‘Monarquia Indiana,’ xiii. 47; ‘Con estos has de pasar por medio de dos Sierras, que se estan batiendo, y encontrando la una con la otra.’ Clavigero, vol. ii. p. 94.

Footnote 455:

Apollodor. i. 9, 22; Appollon. Rhod. Argonautica, ii. 310-616; Pindar, ‘Pythia Carm.’ iv. 370.

Footnote 456:

Polack, ‘Manners of N. Z.’ vol. i. p. 16; ‘New Zealand,’ vol. i. p. 358; Yate, p. 142; Schirren, pp. 88, 165.

Footnote 457:

Euseb. Præp. Evang. iii. 9.

Footnote 458:

Rig-Veda, i. 115; Böhtlingk and Roth, s.v. ‘mitra.’

Footnote 459:

Avesta, tr. Spiegel, ‘Yaçna,’ i. 35; iii., lxvii., 61-2; compare Burnouf, ‘Yaçna.’

Footnote 460:

Macrob. Saturnal. i. 21, 13. See Max Müller, ‘Chips,’ vol. ii. p. 85.

Footnote 461:

Grimm, ‘Deutsche Myth.’ p. 665. See also Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’ p. 213.

Footnote 462:

Edda, ‘Völuspa,’ 22; ‘Gylfaginning,’ 15. See Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 133; ‘Reinhart Fuchs.’

Footnote 463:

As to the identification of the Norns and the Fates, see Grimm, ‘D. M.’ pp. 376-86; Max Müller, ‘Chips,’ vol. ii. p. 154. It is to be observed in connexion with the Perseus-myth, that another of its obscure episodes, the Gorgon’s head turning those who look on it into stone, corresponds with myths of the sun itself. In Hispaniola, men came out of two caves (thus being born of their mother Earth); the giant who guarded these caves strayed one night, and the rising sun turned him into a great rock called Kauta, just as the Gorgon’s head turned Atlas the Earth-bearer into the mountain that bears his name; after this, others of the early cave-men were surprised by the sunlight, and turned into stones, trees, plants or beasts (Friar Roman Pane in ‘Life of Columbus’ in Pinkerton, vol. xii. p. 80; J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrelig.’ p. 179). In Central America a Quiché legend relates how the ancient animals were petrified by the Sun (Brasseur, ‘Popol Vuh,’ p. 245). Thus the Americans have the analogue of the Scandinavian myths of giants and dwarfs surprised by daylight outside their hiding-places, and turned to stones. Such fancies appear connected with the fancied human shapes of rocks or ‘standing stones’ which peasants still account for as transformed creatures. Thus in Fiji, two rocks are a male and female deity turned to stone at daylight, Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 66; see Liebrecht in ‘Heidelberg. Jahrb.’ 1864, p. 216. This idea is brought also into the Perseus-myth, for the rocks abounding in Seriphos are the islanders thus petrified by the Gorgon’s head.

Footnote 464:

Piedrahita, ‘Hist. Gen. de las Conquistas del Nuevo Reyno de Granada,’ Antwerp, 1688, part i. lib. i. c. 3; Humboldt, ‘Monumens,’ pl. vi.; J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrelig.’ pp. 423-30.

Footnote 465:

Garcilaso de la Vega, ‘Commentarios Reales,’ i. c. 15; Prescott, ‘Peru,’ vol. i. p. 7; J. G. Müller, pp. 303-8, 328-39. Other Peruvian versions show the fundamental solar idea in different mythic shapes (Tr. of Cieza de Leon, tr. and ed. by C. R. Markham, Hakluyt Soc. 1864, pp. xlix. 298, 316, 372). W. B. Stevenson (‘Residence in S. America,’ vol. i. p. 394) and Bastian (‘Mensch,’ vol. iii. p. 347) met with a curious perversion of the myth, in which Inca Manco Ccapac, corrupted into Ingasman Cocapac, gave rise to a story of an Englishman figuring in the midst of Peruvian mythology.

Footnote 466:

Stanbridge, ‘Abor. of Australia,’ in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. i. p. 301.

Footnote 467:

H. Yule, ‘Journ. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii. p. 628.

Footnote 468:

Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’ p. 269.

Footnote 469:

Bleek, ‘Reynard in S. Africa,’ pp. 69-74; C. J. Andersson, ‘Lake Ngami,’ p. 328; see Grout, ‘Zulu-land,’ p. 148; Arbousset and Daumas, p. 471. As to connexion of the moon with the hare, cf. Skr. ‘çaçanka;’ and in Mexico, Sahagun, book vii. c. 2, in Kingsborough, vol. vii.

Footnote 470:

Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. p. 205. Compare the Caroline Island myth that in the beginning men only quitted life on the last day of the waning moon, and resuscitated as from a peaceful sleep when she reappeared; but the evil spirit Erigirers inflicted a death from which there is no revival: De Brosses, ‘Hist. des Navig. aux Terres Australes,’ vol. ii. p. 479. Also in a song of the Indians of California it is said, that even as the moon dies and returns to life, so they shall be re-born after death; Duflot de Mofras in Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 385, see ‘Psychologie,’ p. 54.

Footnote 471:

‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. i. p. 284; vol. iv. p. 333; Tickell in ‘Journ. As. Soc.’ Bengal, vol. ix. part ii. p. 797; Latham, ‘Descr. Eth.’ vol. ii. p. 422.

Footnote 472:

Stanbridge in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. i. pp. 301-3.

Footnote 473:

Schoolcraft, ‘Algic Res.’ vol. i. pp. 57-66. The story of the hero or deity invulnerable like Achilles save in one weak spot, recurs in the tales of the slaying of the Shining Manitu, whose scalp alone was vulnerable, and of the mighty Kwasind, who could be killed only by the cone of the white pine wounding the vulnerable place on the crown of his head (vol. i. p. 153; vol. ii. p. 163).

Footnote 474:

Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 363.

Footnote 475:

Stanbridge, l.c.; Charlevoix, vol. vi. p. 148; Leems, ‘Lapland,’ in Pinkerton, vol. i. p. 411. The name of the Bear occurring in North America in connexion with the stars of the Great and Little Bear (Charlevoix, l.c.; Cotton Mather in Schoolcraft, ‘Tribes,’ vol. i. p. 284) has long been remarked on (Goguet, vol. i. p. 262; vol. ii. p. 366, but with reference to Greenland, see Cranz, p. 294). See observations on the history of the Aryan name in Max Müller, ‘Lectures,’ 2nd series, p. 361.

Footnote 476:

Casalis, p. 196; Waitz, vol. ii. p. 191.

Footnote 477:

Long’s Exp. vol. i. p. 288; Schoolcraft, part i. p. 272; Le Jeune in ‘Rel. des Jés. de la Nouvelle France,’ 1634, p. 18; Loskiel, part i. p. 35; J. G. Müller, p. 63.

Footnote 478:

Hanusch, pp. 272, 407, 415.

Footnote 479:

Porphyr. de Antro Nympharum, 28; Macrob. de Somn. Scip. 1. 12.

Footnote 480:

Beausobre, ‘Hist. de Manichée,’ vol. ii. p. 513.

Footnote 481:

Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. iii. p. 341; ‘Chronique de Tabari,’ tr. Dubeux, p. 24; Grimm, ‘D.M.’ p. 330, &c.

Footnote 482:

Chaucer, ‘House of Fame,’ ii. 427. With reference to questions of Aryan mythology illustrated by the savage galaxy-myths, see Pictet, ‘Origines,’ part ii. p. 582, &c. Mr. J. Jeremiah informs me that ‘Watling Street’ is still (1871) a name for the Milky Way in Scotland; see also his paper on ‘Welsh names of the Milky Way,’ Philological Soc., Nov. 17, 1871. The corresponding name ‘London Road’ is used in Suffolk.

Footnote 483:

Yate, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 144, see Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. ii. p. 417.

Footnote 484:

Virg. Aeneid, i. 56; Homer, Odyss. x. 1.

Footnote 485:

Schoolcraft, ‘Algic Res.’ vol. i. p. 200; vol. ii. pp. 122, 214; ‘Indian Tribes,’ part iii. p. 324.

Footnote 486:

Brinton, ‘Myths of the New World,’ ch. iii.

Footnote 487:

‘Rig-Veda,’ tr. by Max Müller, vol. i. (Hymns to Maruts); Welcker, ‘Griech. Götterl.’ vol. iii. p. 67; Cox, ‘Mythology of Aryan Nations,’ vol. ii. ch. v.

Footnote 488:

Grimm, ‘D. M.’ pp. 126, 599, 894; Hunt, ‘Pop. Rom.’ 1st ser. p. xix.; Baring-Gould, ‘Book of Werewolves,’ p. 101; see ‘Myths of the Middle Ages,’ p. 25; Wuttke, ‘Deutsche Volksaberglaube,’ pp. 13, 236; Monnier, ‘Traditions,’ pp. 75, &c., 741, 747.

Footnote 489:

Pr. Max v. Wied, ‘Reise in N. A.’ vol. i. pp. 446, 455; vol. ii. pp. 152, 223; Sir Alex. Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ p. cxvii.; Sproat, ‘Scenes of Savage Life’ (Vancouver’s I.), pp. 177, 213; Irving, ‘Astoria,’ vol. ii. ch. xxii.; Le Jeune, op. cit. 1634, p. 26; Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part iii. p. 233, ‘Algic Res.’ vol. ii. pp. 114-6, 199; Catlin, vol. ii. p. 164; Brasseur, ‘Popol Vuh,’ p. 71 and Index, ‘Hurakan;’ J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrel.’ pp. 222, 271; Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. ii. p. 417; Jno. Williams, ‘Missionary Enterprise,’ p. 93; Mason, l.c. p. 217; Moffat, ‘South Africa,’ p. 338; Casalis, ‘Basutos,’ p. 266; Callaway, ‘Religion of Amazulu,’ p. 119.

Footnote 490:

Mariner, ‘Tonga Is.’ vol. ii. p. 120; S. S. Farmer, ‘Tonga,’ p. 135; Schirren, pp. 35-7.

Footnote 491:

‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. ii. p. 837.

Footnote 492:

J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrelig.’ pp. 61, 122.

Footnote 493:

Brasseur, ‘Mexique,’ vol. iii. p. 482.

Footnote 494:

Pouchet, ‘Plurality of Races,’ p. 2.

Footnote 495:

Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’ p. 267.

Footnote 496:

Mason, ‘Karens,’ l.c. p. 182.

Footnote 497:

Bell, ‘Tr. in Asia,’ in Pinkerton, vol. vii. p. 369; Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. ii. p. 168; Lane, ‘Thousand and one Nights,’ vol. i. p. 21; see Latham, ‘Descr. Eth.’ vol. ii. p. 171; Beausobre, ‘Manichée,’ vol. i. p. 243.

Footnote 498:

Edda, ‘Gylfaginning,’ 50; Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 777, &c.

Footnote 499:

Kaempfer, ‘Japan,’ in Pinkerton, vol. vii. p. 684; see mammoth-myths in ‘Early Hist, of Mankind,’ p. 315.