Appendix D.

MISCELLANEOUS ADDENDA.

HASTY BURIALS.

AS an illustration of hasty burials dealt with in Chapter X. the following case is cited from the King’s County Chronicle, Parsonstown, Ireland, August 27, 1896:--

“ROSCREA GUARDIANS.

“Thursday--Present: T. Jackson, D.V.C., in the chair; L. S. Maher, J.P.; M. Bergin, J.P.; W. J. Menton, W. Jackson, P. Roe.

“Mr. Roe--You made short work of Jack Ryan at the chapel of Knock. He was alive and speaking at three o’clock, and buried at six the same day. The Master stated that, it being supposed the man died from an infectious disease, no person would assist in coffining him till a message came asking that he (the Master) would send out some of the male inmates, and he sent two and had him coffined and interred. Mr. Roe--The man was not cold when he was buried. Master--The nun tells me the man had an ounce of tobacco clasped tightly in his hands. Chairman--What disease had he? Clerk--Pneumonia was certified by the doctor. The people believed that he had died from an infectious disease, and insisted he should be buried immediately. Mr. Roe--It was certainly short work--a man dying at three o’clock and buried at six. Master--This man was married to a woman who was a nurse in the old Donoughmore workhouse, and they lived at Drumar, Knock.”

EVIDENCE OF RESUSCITATIONS IN GRAVE-YARDS.

Reference has been made in this volume to the discoveries of premature burial brought to light during the investigations of charnel-houses in France, and the removal of grave-yards, necessitated through the rapid expansion of towns, in America. The Casket, Rochester, New York, U.S., of March 2, 1896, gives a detailed narrative of recent discoveries made by T. M. Montgomery in the removal of Fort Randall Cemetery, with the condition of the bodies found as to decay or state of preservation, and says:--

“We found among these remains two that bore every evidence of having been buried alive. The first case was that of a soldier that had been struck by lightning. Upon opening the lid of the coffin we found that the legs and arms had drawn up as far as the confines of the coffin would permit. The other was a case of death resulting from alcoholism. The body was slightly turned, the legs were drawn up a trifle, and the hands were clutching the clothing. In the coffin was found a large whisky flask, showing that those who buried him were not his friends, or else that they too were afflicted with the disease that had cut short the life of their companion.

“It occurred to us at that time that this was a great argument in favour of incineration. Nearly two per cent. of those exhumed here were, no doubt, victims of suspended animation. Once before in our experience have we noted this; and while not believing in as large a percentage of live burials as the radical advocates of cremation claim, yet we know that the percentage is larger than most scientists give. Disinterment is the only solution of the question. In regard to these two cases, we wish to say that science has proved that electricity does not always kill, and that persons addicted to the liquor habit, after long debauches, sometimes relapse into a comatose state, and are to all appearances dead. Statistics show that a great many die annually of these causes, hence the percentage in cases of this kind must be very large. What is the remedy?”

HASTY EMBALMMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES.

The Casket, Rochester, New York, September, 1896, observes:--At different times considerable opposition has been raised against embalming by Boards of Health and other officials in various localities, on account of the haste with which the embalmer proceeds with his duties. A few recent cases of supposed corpses recovering, one of which occurred in Philadelphia, Pa., have revived the question, and it is reported that the Philadelphia Board of Health may take action looking to the enactment of a law prescribing the period of time which should elapse after death before a body should be embalmed.

In a recent issue of the Philadelphia Times, Funeral-Director John J. O’Rourke, a well-known professional of that city, expresses himself on the subject as follows:--

“These two narrow escapes from burial alive have further impressed me with one of the perils attending the disposition of the dead--I mean the danger of hasty embalming. As you know, in most cases the doctor who has had the patient is not called in after death, and very often the relatives of the deceased expect the undertaker, if embalming is to be done, to proceed with it at once. All the embalming schools teach that the only proper way to thus treat the body is by use of fluids through the arteries. But in the lectures on the subject no period that should be permitted to elapse before it is begun is prescribed, and, as a rule, it follows dissolution as quickly as possible.

“I contend that there should be some law or official rule governing the matter, because after the artery is punctured and the fluid goes through the whole body, it is sure to destroy any spark of life that might remain. I have never met with any cases of resuscitation myself, but have had instances of deaths that made me hesitate in the work of embalming. Some months ago a man came to me fifteen minutes after a relative had breathed his last, and asked me to embalm the body. I went to the house, and, after seeing the corpse, refused, saying that I would not do it until after the expiration of twelve hours. The man had died of consumption, yet, for fear of it being a case of suspended animation, I would take no chances.

“At another time a person had died of dropsy. Within half an hour I was summoned. The attending physician had not been there, and twenty-four hours afterwards he gave a certificate of death from cancer. The body was very warm when I arrived, and neighbours who had kindly volunteered to prepare it were doubtful if life was extinct. I had the corpse laid on an embalming table for two hours, and then placed it in what is known as a Saratoga patent box, in which are pans filled with salted ice, so arranged that cold air circulates around the body. Had this been a case of suspended animation, it would have taken several hours to dispel the heat within the corpse.

“Of course there are some supposed unmistakable signs. The only positive signs of dissolution are those which depend on molecular change or death-rigidity of the muscles of the whole body, and putrefaction of the tissues. These are most marked in organs and tissues the vital functions of which are the most active. The action of the heart, the movements of respiration, may be reduced as to be altogether imperceptible, so that the functions of circulation and respiration appear to be arrested. This is occasionally observed in temporary syncope, in which a person to all appearances dead has, after a time, regained consciousness and recovered.

“The peculiar condition of the nervous system called catalepsy, and the state of trance, are likewise further examples of the so-called apparent deaths; but, on the occurrence of actual death, the irritability of the muscles by degrees disappears, electricity no longer excites their contraction, and then cadaverous rigidity sets in.... Some action will, in all probability, be urged upon the next Legislature or upon the Board of Health.”

APPENDIX E.

SUMMARY OF ORDINANCES, ETC., RELATING TO THE INSPECTION OF CORPSES AND OF INTERMENTS.

IN the sixteenth Council of Milan, Saint Charles Borromeo prohibited burials before twelve hours after ordinary cases of death, and twenty-four hours after cases of sudden death. As early as the sixteenth century serious attention in the examination of the dead was made obligatory by the enactment of Article 149 of the Criminal Statutes of Charles the Fifth. This was the foundation of legal medicine in Germany. In France, a similar ordinance was first established in 1789.

NETHERLANDS.

Act of April 10th, 1869.

No burial is allowed without the written permission of the Civil Recorder, granted upon the production of a certificate of a qualified physician, and not until thirty-six hours have elapsed after death, nor later than the fifth day after death. But this regulation can be set aside, and a longer period allowed, by the Burgomaster, on the application of a doctor.

Dead-houses are in use for bodies dead of infectious diseases.

FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN.

Death must first be established by a licensed physician, who carefully examines the body for that purpose, and, if satisfied, then issues a certificate which states the name, age, sex, place, and date, and immediate cause of death. The certificate is taken within twenty-four hours after the death to the Standesamt, where the death is recorded, and a certificate to that effect is given, and presented to the Cemetery Commission, which assigns the place of burial. The corpse is required to remain unburied three days, either at the place of death or at the mortuary, where it is under the observation of attendants; but there is no State-appointed inspector of the dead, nor electric bells or other means for announcing and recording any movements of the body. The system of inspection and certification by qualified physicians, with the delay of three days, and the favourable condition of the dead-houses, have been the means of preventing the living from being mistaken for the dead in a number of cases.

FRANCE.

Interments must not take place, according to Article 77 of the Code Napoleon, before twenty-four hours of death, but in practice it is twenty-four hours after death-notification by the mort-verificateur. During epidemics, or when deaths occur from infectious or contagious diseases, the interments must invariably be made within twenty-four hours of death.

Article 77 of the Civil Code states that “No burial shall take place without an authorisation, on free paper and without expense, of the officer of the Civil State, who will not be empowered to deliver it, unless after having visited the deceased person, nor unless twenty-four hours after the decease, except in cases provided for by the regulations of the police.” It results from this that no corpse can be buried before a minimum delay of twenty-four hours shall have expired after the decease. The formal record of the decease must be made by the officer of the Civil State (the mayor), or, which is what takes place in most of the communes, by a medical man delegated by the mayor, and who takes the title of medical officer of the Civil State.

The Article 77 of the Civil Code is generally strictly observed in Paris and in other cities of France. The obligation to await the delay of twenty-four hours is intended to prevent too hasty burials. One considers, in fact, that that delay is generally necessary in order to be able to have certain proofs of death.

By Article 358 of the Penal Code, the burial of a deceased person without such authorisation is punishable by a maximum period of two months’ imprisonment, and a maximum fine of fifty francs, without prejudice to other criminal proceedings which may be applicable under the circumstances.

Exceptions, however, have been established in certain cases. For example, in times of epidemics, or of too rapid decomposition of the corpse in the usual case, there is urgent need, in fact, to bury the body of a person attacked with a contagious or epidemic malady, in order to suppress one of the causes of propagation of the epidemic, or of the contagion. In the second case, it is understood that one could not keep longer, without danger to the public health, a corpse in complete putrefaction. There is occasion also to observe that, in these circumstances, the end which the legislator has proposed to himself is equally obtained, since there cannot be any doubt as to the real death. However that may be, it is the mayor (officer of the Civil State) to whom it appertains, according to the terms of the Article 77 of the Civil Code, to give authority to bury; and if he gives that authorisation before the expiration of the delay of twenty-four hours, it is after having established by himself, or by the medical officer of the Civil State, the fact of its necessity, resulting from the circumstances of which we have just spoken.

It is to be remarked that the Article 77 fixes a minimum and not a maximum delay. It is always the mayor to whom it appertains to fix the day and the hour of the burial, and there may happen such and such a circumstance which necessitates a delay of the obsequies. The mayor need only assure himself in that case that no danger will result to the public health, which naturally is the case when the corpse is embalmed, or is placed in a leaden coffin.

Outside Paris and other large cities, and especially in the rural districts, much laxity prevails both as to verification of death and the time of burial, and cases of premature burial are not infrequent.

AUSTRIA.

The laws relative to funerals and burials are very strict--perhaps the most thorough in their requirements of any in Europe. They provide for a very careful inspection of the body by medical inspectors, quite independently of the attending physicians, in order to ascertain if the death be absolute. Minute and specific official directions guide them as to the method of examination and the signs of death to be looked for. And they further provide for carrying out any particular method, as to which the deceased may have given directions, in order to prevent a possible revival in the coffin. Should the surviving relatives desire it, a post-mortem operation may be made upon the body, in the presence of the medical inspectors and the police; in which case the heart is pierced through; and a full report of the operations must be forwarded to the civic magistrate. A fee of six florins is allowed for such an operation.

CITY OF VIENNA.

Every death to be inquired into by the municipal physician. The first of five objects is to ascertain whether the person be really dead. In examining whether there are any remaining indications of life, he will rely not upon any one sign, nor even upon putrefaction, but upon the totality of the signs of death. If there are any indications of life remaining, he must at once institute the means of resuscitation approved by science, and continue them until such time as the family medical attendant is assured of their uselessness. If there be any doubt as to the reality of the death, a second inspection of the body is to be made by the municipal physician within twenty-four hours. Burial, as a rule, is not to be until forty-eight hours after death; but the interval may be shortened in cases of infectious diseases or of unusually rapid decomposition.

PROVINCE OF DALMATIA.

Vice-Governor’s Order of 29th April, 1894.

Every death to be inquired into by the parish physician, or a deputy appointed by the mayor. The first of six objects of the inquest is to ascertain whether the person be really dead. In the event of a non-medical examiner discovering signs of life, he is to send for a doctor. Inasmuch as decomposition, the only sure sign of death, is, as a rule, a phenomenon of later occurrence than the time appointed for the inquest (within twelve hours of the notification of death), the examining person must base his certainty of the extinction of life, not upon one sign, but upon the totality of the signs of death.

KINGDOM OF SAXONY.

Law of 20th July, 1850.

The burial of a corpse must not take place until seventy-two hours after death, and the signs of decomposition are clearly visible. Any proposed departure from this rule, in the event of earlier putrefaction, or the absence of decomposition at the end of seventy-two hours, requires the authority of a physician called in. By the above Law, the following Orders are suspended: (1) the Order of 11th February, 1792, concerning the treatment of the dead, and the precautions necessary to prevent the apparently dead from being buried prematurely; (2) the General Order of 13th February, 1801, concerning precautionary measures in the burial of those dead of infectious diseases; (3) the Law of 22nd June, 1841, together with the Administrative Orders, concerning the examination of corpses and the establishment of mortuaries.

CITY OF MUNICH.

Order of 30th October, 1848.

The ordinance hitherto in force, as to making an incision in the sole of the foot in cases of patients who die in the hospitals, is abolished; the hospital physicians to use their discretion whether or not the incision should be made; but, in cases for which is demanded an earlier burial than is usually prescribed, whether they have been hospital or private patients, the incision is to be made in the sole of the foot at the end of the second inspection, and every other means taken to ascertain whether the death be apparent or real.

CALCUTTA.

1. The prevailing custom for Christians and Mahomedans is to bury the dead. The Hindoos burn them as a rule, but many prefer to throw them into a sacred river, particularly the Ganges or its tributaries, if they can do so unmolested by the authorities.

2. There are no mortuaries. The signs which are assumed to indicate death are the various conditions and appearances when animation is suspended.

3. Cases of revival from supposed death are sometimes heard of among the Hindoos, who regard such persons as outcasts. If the signs of returning life are not very manifest when a person begins to revive, he is sometimes killed by stuffing the mouth and nose with mud, which generally accomplishes the object.

BOMBAY.

1. There are no laws or regulations in India for the disposal of the dead. The customs and formalities follow the traditions and requirements of religious belief.

a. The Hindoos burn their dead immediately after death takes place.

b. The Parsees take their dead to a “Tower of Silence” as soon as death takes place, and, after certain prescribed ceremonies, the body is speedily devoured by vultures.

c. The Europeans and Mahomedans bury their dead within from twenty-four to forty-eight hours, because putrefaction usually sets in soon after death on account of the heat and humidity of the climate.

2. There are no mortuaries, excepting in connection with hospitals, where observations can be made.

CAPE TOWN, AFRICA.

1. There are no laws nor regulations relative to the disposal of the dead, excepting in cases requiring an inquest or post-mortem examination. The custom is to bury within twenty-four to thirty hours after death, but the time is sometimes extended to two or three days.

2. There are no dead-houses, except at the hospitals, which are under the management of the superintendent.

3. The certificate of the medical attendant is sufficient for burial purposes. The complete cessation of respiration and the heart’s action are considered an absolute indication of death. When decomposition sets in, it usually appears within twenty-four hours after death, although in winter that process may be longer delayed.

MOSCOW.

Orthodox Russians keep their dead three days before burial. During that time the body lies with the face uncovered, and a deacon chants and prays over it twice a day. A medical certificate of death is imperative before burial.

BRUSSELS.

Burials are regulated by the Communal Council in accordance with law. The system is complicated, but thorough. The medical men connected with the Government Medical Service (“Doctors of the Civil Government”) have the sole control of the examinations of deaths, as well as births, accidents, sudden deaths, suicides; and attend to burials, autopsies, postponements of burials, etc., on their own motion. Interments usually take place within forty-eight hours of death, but they may be carried out sooner during epidemics for the public safety.

There are mortuaries in the city and suburbs, to which bodies may be taken at the request of surviving relatives, or by the order of the health authorities, according to private necessities or for the public safety. Except by the special authorisation of the officers of the civil government, bodies cannot remain in the mortuaries longer than forty-eight hours; and a burial cannot take place in less than twenty-four hours. Special care is taken to test the reality of death in still-born infants, and efforts are made to revive them, as well as all other cases of seeming death. In cases of women dying during advanced pregnancy, the infant must be roused by artificial respiration, in order to restore animation if possible. The process for obtaining a delay for burial is intricate and cumbersome, and to a foreigner unaccustomed to the language and the local usages the chances would be against securing such a permit before the time allowed for burial had transpired.

DENMARK.

Mortuaries are connected with all the churches, cemeteries, and some of the hospitals, and are growing in favour in the country places; but as yet they are unprovided with any appliances for the resuscitation of the apparently dead, or for the prevention of premature burials. No corpse, however, is allowed to be taken to a mortuary before it has been inspected, and a death-certificate issued by a qualified physician; but, when this is done, death is considered absolute. No corpse is allowed to remain in any church, chapel, or mortuary longer than seven days after supposed death, without special permission. Coffins that contain bodies which have died from infectious diseases must be so indicated, and cannot be opened in the mortuaries.

As a rule, bodies are kept seventy-two hours before burial. The signs that are considered sufficient to establish death are the glazed appearance of the eyes, livid spots on the skin, and muscular rigidity. In doubtful cases, the time before burial can be extended by authority of the Board of Health, of which the Police Director is a member.

SPAIN.

Burials usually do not take place until twenty-four hours after death. For example, if a death takes place about four p.m., the burial is made late in the following afternoon. In time of epidemic, bodies are hurried to the cemeteries, where depositories are provided, which are under the care of watchers until the expiration of twenty-four hours after death. The certificate of a reputable physician as to death is sufficient to authorise burial. Relatives or friends usually remain with the body until burial, excepting in cases when judicial proceedings are held over it to determine the circumstances of the death.

IRELAND.

There are no laws in Ireland regarding the disposal of the dead, but the Sanitary Acts of the United Kingdom can be applied in any case within a reasonable period, on the ground of public health. There is no fixed period for keeping a body before burial. The Roman Catholics usually bury on the third or fourth day after death; but in some districts custom sanctions burial within twenty-four or thirty-six hours. Local burial authorities sometimes require a medical certificate before burial, but, there being no legal obligation for it, this is often omitted. In cases of suicide, sudden death, or death by violence, the Coroner holds an inquest, and gives a certificate accordingly.

There are no dead-houses in Ireland, where bodies may be observed for a period of time before burial.

Concerning burials in England, see Glen’s “Burial Acts” for the general burial practice; also “Regulations for Wilton Cemetery.”

THE UNITED STATES.

In the United States of America, as a rule, everything relative to the disposal of the dead is regulated by local Boards of Health, as authorised by State laws. A burial cannot take place without a certificate from a legally licensed physician, which must state the cause of death; the place and time when it occurred; the full name; age; sex; colour; occupation; birth-place; names and birth-places of both parents. There are no laws or regulations that require the inspection of the body to verify the fact of death (the certificate, as in England, as to the cause is considered sufficient for this purpose), and no time is fixed when a body must, or must not, be buried. This is regulated by, and left to, the convenience of the family of the deceased, by the season of the year, by the opinion of the attending physician, etc. But the Health Officers can order the burial whenever, in their opinion, the public health requires it. As a rule, burials after supposed death are made sooner in the South, and among the poor, than in the North, and among the well-to-do classes. In remote unsettled regions burials not seldom take place without these formalities, and they are often carried out in a hasty manner; but usually they do not take place till three days after supposed death, and sometimes, particularly in cold weather, a longer time is allowed. All large cemeteries have chambers for the temporary deposit of bodies, but they are not under observation, as it is taken for granted that they are dead.

APPENDIX F.

THE JEWISH PRACTICE OF EARLY BURIAL.

R. J. WUNDERBAR, in his standard work on “Biblisch-talmudische Medicin,” Riga and Leipzig, 1850-60, gives, in pp. 5-15 of the concluding section (Abtheil. 4, Bd. ii.), the following summary of the origin of the peculiar Jewish practice of burying the corpse within a few hours of death:--

In the Levitical law (Num. xix. 11-22) every dead body was an unclean thing, including those dead in the tent and on the battlefield. Touching a corpse involved purification and separation for seven days. This ordinance is supposed to have had a sanitary motive, having probably originated with cases of infectious disease. There is only one Biblical ordinance as to early burial, and that is indubitably restricted to persons executed for crime: Deut. xxi. 22, 23, “And if a man have committed a sin worthy of death, and he be put to death, and thou hang him on a tree, his body shall not remain all night upon the tree, but thou shalt in any wise bury him that day (for he that is hanged is accursed of God), that thy land be not defiled which the Lord thy God giveth thee for an inheritance.”This statutory limit to the exposure of the bodies of malefactors was the most convenient way of checking the practice, common in other countries, of leaving corpses of criminals to hang upon the gibbet until they rotted, or were consumed by birds of prey. Its motive was to prevent, by the promptest measure, an indefinite degree of neglect in altogether special cases.

There is nothing else in the Bible concerning early burial; on the contrary, the patriarchal practice, in the case of eminent persons, seems to have been to keep the body for a considerable time above ground, after the manner of Egypt. Prior to the Babylonian exile there is not a trace of the later practice of speedy burial. The post-Talmudic custom had arisen entirely from a misunderstanding. It is true that the Talmud enjoins that corpses--according to circumstances--be kept unburied not longer than one day; but it also permits them to lie above ground for days, so that elaborate funeral preparations might be made, or time given for mourners to arrive from a distance. Lastly, the Talmud relates the burial of one apparently dead who revived and lived for twenty-five years, and begat five children; whereupon a rabbinical ordinance was made that the corpse (which would have been laid in a vault or in a tomb above ground) should be visited diligently until three days after death. (The references to the Talmud are: Semachoth 8; Moedkaton 1, 6; Sabbat 151, 152; Sanhedrin 46a.)

Wunderbar admits that there had been cases of premature burial among the Jews, but he asserts their extreme rarity, and doubts the authenticity of most of the traditional or historical cases in general.

In Jewish circles in Germany towards the end of last century there was much controversy as to the inexpediency of the practice of early burial. In the “Berlinische Monatschrift” for April, 1787, p. 329, (cited by Marcus Herz, “Ueber die frühe Beerdigung der Juden,” Berlin, 1788, p. 6,) there is printed a letter from Moses Mendelssohn to the Jews of Mecklenburg, in which he advises them to keep their dead unburied for three days. “I know well,” he adds, “that you will not follow my advice; for the might of custom is great. Nay, I shall perhaps appear to you as a heretic on account of my counsel. All the same, I have freed my conscience from guilt.”

The above-cited essay by Dr. Marcus Herz, of Berlin, arguing against the Jewish practice, called forth a reply by Dr. Marx, of Hanover, who was of opinion that the burial might safely proceed after the body had been left on the bed for three hours, and had then been pronounced lifeless by the medical attendant, according to the practice in that part of the country. To that Dr. Herz rejoined, in a second edition, that the medical attendant was no better judge than an ordinary man, inasmuch as all experimental tests were fallacious, and decomposition the only sure sign. He cites the following statement by an experienced Jewish physician, Dr. Hirschberg, of Königsberg (from the Jewish periodical, “Sammler,” vol. ii., p. 153):--“I have practised medicine for forty years, and have always grieved over the practice amongst us of too hasty burial of the dead--on the day of decease. It happened once in my practice that a woman lay for dead three days and then awoke and revived. At first I would not allow the body to be moved from the bed, but the undertaker’s men violently resisted me, taking up the body and laying it on the ground. According to their custom, they would have buried it the same day, had I not earnestly called out to them: ‘Beware lest you do lay her in the ground this day! She is still alive, and the blame will be on you.’ I had her covered with warm, woollen clothes; on the following morning some signs of life were manifest; she lay still, and gradually awoke out of her death-slumber.”

Herz declared, as Wunderbar did subsequently, that the passages in the Talmud on which the Jewish custom was based had been misinterpreted; and he specially accused the rabbis Jacob Emden, of Altona, and Ezechel, of Prague, of rabbinical subtilty on the one hand, and of a fallacious dependence upon scientific signs of death on the other.

* * * * *

At the World’s Medical Congress (Division of Eclectic Medicine), held in Chicago, June 3, 1893, the following resolution was proposed by Dr. John V. Stevens, and adopted:--

“Whereas we believe that many persons in the past, in the condition simulating death from various causes, have been buried alive; therefore,

“Resolved--That it should be the duty of all Governments to pass laws prohibiting the burial of bodies without positive proofs of death; that the nature of these proofs should be taught in all schools and printed in all newspapers throughout the world.”

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ZACCHIAS (Paulus). Quaestiones medico-legales. Lib iv. cap. i., quaest. xi, “De mortuorum resurrectione,” fol. 241-247 of editio tertia. Amstelaedami, 1651.

KIRCHMAIER (Theodor) and NOTTNAGEL (Christoph). Elegantissimum ex physicis thema de hominibus apparenter mortuis. Wittenbergae, 1670.

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DE GARDANE (Joseph Jacques). Avis au peuple sur les asphyxies ou morts apparentes et subites. Paris, 1774. Portuguese transl. included in Avisos interessantes sobre as mortes apparentes. Lisbon, 1790.

---- Catechisme sur les morts apparentes, dites asphyxies, etc. Paris, 1781.

NAVIER (Pierre Toussaint). Réflexions sur les dangers des inhumations precipitées et sur les abus des inhumations dans les eglises, etc. Paris, 1775.

PINEAU (----). Mémoire sur le danger des inhumations precipitées, et sur la nécessité d’un règlement pour mettre les citoyens à l’abri du malheur d’etre enterées vivans. Niort, 1776.

MARET (Hugues). Mémoire pour rappeler à la vie les personnes en état de mort apparente. Dijon, 1776.

BRINKMANN (Joh. Pet.). Beweis der Möglichkeit dass einige Leute können lebendig begraben werden, etc. Düsseldorf, 1777.

SWIETEN (Baron Geerard Van). De morte dubia. Vienna, 1778.

TESTA (Antonio Guiseppe). Della morte apparente. Firenze, 1780.

DOPPET (F. A.). Des moyens de rappeler à la vie les personnes qui ont toutes les apparences de la mort. Chambery, 1785.

WAUTERS (Pierre Englebert). Responsum ad quaesitum, Quae tum medica, tum politica praesidia adversus periculosas inhumationum praefestinatarum abusus? Reprinted from the Mem. Acad. Imper. et Roy. de Sc. de Bruxelles. Bruxelles, 1787 .

PREVINAIRE (P. J. B.). Mémoire sur la question suivante proposée en 1784 par l’academie imperiale et royal des sciences, belles-lettres, et arts de Bruxelles: Quels sont les moyens que la médecine et la police pourroient employer pour prévenir les erreurs dangereuses des enterremens precipités? Ouvrage qui a concouru pour la prix de l’annee 1786. Bruxelles, 1787.

---- The above in a German translation by Bernhard Gottlob Schreger. Leipzig, 1790.

LEDULX (Gul. Petrus). De signis mortis rite aestimandis. Hardervici, 1787. Thesis.

THIERY (Franciscus). La vie de l’homme respectée et defendue dans ses derniers moments; ou instruction sur les soins qu’ on doit aux morts, et à ceux qui parroisent l’etre; sur les funerailles et les sepultures. Paris, 1787.

STEINFELD (Johannes Christianus). De signis mortis diagnosticis dubiis cautè admittendis et reprobandis. Thesis. Jena, 1788.

HERZ (Marcus). Ueber die frühe Beerdigung der Juden. Zweite vermehrte Auflage. Berlin, 1788.

DURANDE (J. Fr.). Mémoire sur l’abus de l’ensevelissement des morts, etc. Strasbourg, 1789.

DE HUPSCH (Baron Joh. Wilh. Carl Adolph). Nouvelle découverte d’une methode peu couteuse, efficace et assurée de traiter tous les hommes décédés afin de rappeler à la vie ceux qui ne sont morts qu’en apparance. Cologne, 1789.

ANON. Des inhumations precipitées. Paris, 1790. (Attributed by Barbier to Madame Necker.)

HUFELAND (Christoph W.). Ueber die Ungewissheit des Todes, und des einzige untrügliche Mittel ... das Lebenigbegraben unmöglich zu machen, etc. Salzburg, 1791; Halle, 1824.

REINHARDT (Julius Christophorus). Dissertatio de vano praematurae sepulturae metu. Jena, 1793.

MARCELLO (Marin). Osservazioni teoriche-pratiche-mediche sopra le morti apparenti. Two vols., with nine plates. Venezia, 1793.

ANSCHEL (Salomon). Thanatologia, sive in mortis naturam causas genera, etc., disquisitiones. Goettingae, 1795.

HIMLY (Carolus). Commentatio mortis historiam causas et signa sistens. Goettingae, 1795.

PESSLER (B. G.). Leicht anwendbarer Beystand der Mechanik um Scheintodte beim Erwachen im Grabe auf die wohlfeilste Art wieder daraus zu erretten. Braunschweig, 1798.

DESESSARTZ (Jean Charles). Discours sur les inhumations precipitées. Paris, an vii. (1798).

KÖPPEN (Heinrich Friedrich). Nachrichten von Menschen welche lebendig begraben worden. Als erster Theil des Buchs: Achtung der Scheintodten. Halle, 1799. (Dedication to Friedrich Wilhelm III., King of Prussia, Queen Louise, and Friedrich August, Prince of Hesse Darmstadt.)

RESUSCITATION OF THE DROWNED.--THE ROYAL HUMANE SOCIETY.

GRUNER (Jacobus). Dissertatio inauguralis de causa mortis submersorum eorumque resuscitatione observationibus indagata. Groningae, 1761.

Memoirs of the society instituted at Amsterdam in favour of drowned persons. For the years 1767-71. Translated by Thomas Logan, M.D. London, 1772.

JOHNSON (Alexander), M.D. A short account of a society in Amsterdam ... for the recovery of drowned persons; with observations showing the advantage ... to Great Britain from a similar institution.... Extended to other accidents. London, 1773.

JOHNSON (Alexander), M.D. A collection of cases proving the practicability of recovering persons visibly dead, etc. London, 1773.

---- Relief from accidental death; or, summary instructions for the general institution proposed in 1773. London, 1785.

---- Abridged instructions. London, 1785.

CULLEN (W.), M.D. A letter to Lord Cathcart concerning the recovery of the drowned and seemingly dead. London, 1773.

HUNTER (John). Proposals for the recovery of persons apparently drowned. Phil. Trans. 1776.

HAWES (William), M.D. An address to the public [concerning the dangerous custom of laying out persons as soon as respiration ceases]. With a reply by W. Renwick, and observations on that reply. London, 1778.

FULLER (John), M.D. Some hints relative to the recovery of persons drowned and apparently dead. London, 1784.

KITE (Charles), of Gravesend. An essay on the recovery of the apparently dead. London, 1788.

---- Essay on the submersions of animals. London, 1795.

Reports of the Humane Society for the recovery of persons apparently drowned. For the years 1777-80 and 1785-86. London.

The transactions of the Royal Humane Society from 1774 to 1784. With an appendix of miscellaneous observations on suspended animation. Edited by W. Hawes, M.D. London, 1794.

FRANKS (John). Observations on animal life and apparent death. With remarks on the Brunonian system of medicine. London, 1790.

---- The same in an Italian translation. Pavia, 1795.

GOODWYN (Edmund), M.D. De morbo morteque submersorum investigandis. Thesis. Edin., 1786.

---- The connexion of life with respiration; or, an experimental inquiry into the effects of submersion, strangulation, and several kinds of noxious airs on living animals; with an account of the nature of the diseases they produce, and the most effectual means of cure. London, 1788.

Reflections on premature death and premature interment. Published by the Humane Society. Rochester, 1787.

ANON. An essay on vital suspension: being an attempt to investigate and ascertain those diseases in which the principles of life are apparently extinguished. By a Medical Practitioner. London, 1791.

HAMILTON (Robert), M.D. Rules for recovering persons recently drowned. London, 1795.

Directions for recovering persons apparently dead from drowning, and from disorders occasioned by cold liquors. Published by the Humane Society. Philadelphia.

CURRY (James). Popular observations on apparent death from drowning, suffocation, etc. Northampton, 1792; London, 1793, 1797, 1845. French transl. by Odier, Geneva, 1800.

FOTHERGILL (Anthony). Inquiry into the suspension of vital action in drowning and suffocation. Third ed. Bath, 1794.

---- Preventive plan; or, hints for the preservation of persons exposed to accidents which suspend vital action. London, 1798.

CAILLEAU (J. M.). Mémoire sur l’asphyxie par submersion. Bordeaux, 1799.

BICHAT (M. F. Xavier). Recherches physiologiques sur la vie et la mort. Paris, 1800, 1805, etc.

NINETEENTH CENTURY.

COLEMAN (Edward). Dissertation on natural and suspended respiration. Second ed. Lond., 1802.

STRUVE (Christian August). A practical essay on the art of recovering suspended animation. Transl. from the German. Second ed. Lond., 1802.

OSWALD (John). On the phenomena of suspended animation from drowning, hanging, etc., together with the most expeditious mode of treatment. Philad., 1802.

LUGA (----). Traitement des asphyxiés, ou moyen de rendre impossible l’enterrement de personnes vivantes. Paris, 1804.

ACKERMANN (J. F.). Der Scheintod und das Rettungsverfahren. Frankft., 1804.

BURKE (William). On suspended animation, etc. Lond., 1805.

BERGER (J. F.). Essai physiologique sur la cause de l’asphyxie par submersion. Paris, 1805.

THOMASSIN (J. Franç.). Considerations de police médicale, sur la mort apparente, et sur le danger des inhumations precipitées. Strasbourg, 1805. Also an earlier essay on same subject, with Durande, in 1789.

DAVIS (----). L’abus des enterrements précipitées. Moyens de rappeler à la vie les personnes en état de mort apparente. Verdun, 1806.

BARZELOTTI (Giac.). Memoria per servire di avviso al populo sulle asfisse o morte apparente. Parma, 1808.

MARC (C. C. H.). Des moyens de constater la mort par submersion. (Manuel de l’Autopsie, par Rose, transl. from the German.) Paris, 1808.

COLORINI (Ant.). Sulle varie morti apparenti, etc. Pavia, 1813.

PORTAL (A.). Sur la traitement des asphyxies: avec observations sur les signes qui distinguent la mort réelle de celle qui n’est qu’apparante. Paris, 1816.

ORFILA (F.). Directions for the treatment of persons who have taken poison, and those in a state of apparent death. Transl. from the French by R. H. Black. Other transl. by W. Price, M.D. Both at London, 1818.

SNART (John). Thesaurus of horror; or, the charnel-house explored, Lond., 1817.

---- An historical inquiry concerning apparent death and premature interment. London, 1824.

VALPY (R.). Sermon before the Royal Humane Society, with observations on resuscitation. Norwich, 1819.

WHITER (Rev. W.). A dissertation on the disorder called suspended animation. Norwich, 1819.

CHAUSSIER (----). Vivants crus morts, et moyens de prévenir cette erreur. Paris, 1819.

DONNDORF (J. A.). Ueber Tod, Scheintod, und zu frühe Beerdigung. Quedlinburg, 1820.

HERPIN (M.). Instruction sur les soins à donner aux personnes asphyxiées. Paris, 1822.

KAISER (Ch. L.). Ueber Tod und Scheintod, oder die Gefahren des frühen Begrabens. Frankfurt-am-Main, 1822.

CALHOUN (T.). An essay on suspended animation. Philad., 1823.

BUNOUST (Marin). Vues philanthropiques sur l’abus des enterrements précipitées, précautions à prendre pour que les vivants ne soient pas confondus avec les morts. Arras, 1826.

SPEYER (Carl F.). Ueber die Möglichkeit des Lebendigbegrabens, und die Einrichtung von Leichenhäusern. Erlangen, 1826.

CHANTOURELLE (----). Paper at the Royal Academy of Medicine of Paris, on the danger of premature burial, etc., with discussion thereon, 10th and 27th April, 1827. Archives générales de médecine, vol. xiv. (1827), p. 103.

GÜNTHER (Johann Arnold). Geschichte und Einrichtung der Hamburgischen Rettungs-Anstalten für im Wasser verunglückte Menschen. Hamburg, 1828.

TABERGER (Joh. Gottf.). Der Scheintod in seinen Beziehungen auf das Erwachen in Grabe und die verchiedenen Vorschläge zu einer wirksamen.... Rettung in Fällen dieser Art. With a copper plate. Hannover, 1829.

BOURGEOIS (R.). Observations et considérations pratiques qui établissent la possibilité du retour à la vie dans plusieurs cas d’asphyxié et de syncope prolongée avec apparence de la mort. 8vo. Paris, 1829.

SCHNEIDAWIND (Franz Joseph Adolph). Der Scheintod, nebst Unterscheidung des scheinbaren und wahren Todes, und Mitteln, etc. Bamberg, 1829.

WALKER (G. A.). Gatherings from grave-yards, etc. Lond., 1830.

TACHERON. De la vérification légale des décès dans la ville de Paris, et de la nécessité d’apporter dans ce service médical plus de surveillance. Paris, 1830.

PICHARD (----). Le danger des inhumations précipitées. Paris, 1830.

CHAUSSIER (Hector). Histoire des infortunés qui ont été enterrés vivants. Paris, 1833.

DESBERGER (Ant. F. A.). Tod und Scheintod, Leichen-und-Begrabungswesen als wichtige Angelegenheit der einzelnen Menschen und des Staates. Leipzig, 1833.

FOUCHARD (P.). Aperçu général des précautions prises en France avant l’inhumation des citoyens morts; réforme que l’humanité réclame. Tours, 1833.

DE FONTENELLE (Julia). Recherches médico-legales sur l’incertitude des signes de la mort, les dangers des inhumations précipitées, les moyens de constater les décès et de rappeler à la vie ceux qui sont en état de mort apparente. Paris, 1834.

LEGALLOIS (C.). Expériences physiologiques sur les animaux tendant à faîre connaitre le temps durant lequel ils peuvent étre sans danger privés de la respiration, etc. Paris, 1835.

MARC (C. C. H.). Nouvelles recherches sur les recours à donner aux noyés et asphyxiés. Paris, 1835.

SOMMER (----). De signis mortem hominis absolutam ante putredinis accessum indicantibus. Havniae, 1833.

SCHWABE (C.). Das Leichenhaus in Weimar. Nebst einigen Worten über den Scheintod und mehrer, jetzt bestehender Leichenhäuser, sowie über die zweckmässigste Einrichtung solcher Anstalten im Allgemeinen. Leipzig, 1834.

KAY (J. P.). The physiology, pathology, and treatment of asphyxia, including suspended animation in new-born children, and from drowning, hanging, wounds of the chest, mechanical obstruction of the air-passages, respiration of gases, death from cold, etc. London, 1834.

KOOL (J. A.). Tabellarisch overzigt over alle gevallen von schijndoode drenkelingen, gestikten, en gehangenen, bekroond door de Maatschappij tot Redding van Drenkelingen, opgerigt in den jare 1767 te Amsterdam. Seder thare stichting tot en met den jare 1833 [-53]. Uit authentieke stukken opgemaakt en met opmerkingen voorzien. Four vols. Amsterdam, 1834-54.

MANNI (Pietro), professor at Rome. Manuale pratico per la cura degli apparentemente morti, premessevi alcune idee generali di polizia medica per la tutela della vita degli asfittici. Roma, 1833. Napoli, 1835. Germ. transl. by A. F. Fischer, Leipzig, 1839.

SIMON (L. C.). Quelques mots sur les enterrements prématures, et sur les précautions à prendre sur-le-champ, relativement aux noyés et asphyxiés. St. Petersbourg, 1835.

LE GUERN (H.). Rosoline, ou les mystères de la tombe. Paris, 1834.

---- Du danger des inhumations précipitées, exemples tant anciens que récents de personnes enterrées ou dissequées de leur vivant. Paris, 1837, 1844.

---- Encore un mot, etc. Paris, 1843.

LESSING (Mich. Bened.). Ueber die Unsicherheit der Erkenntniss des erloschenen Lebens, etc. Berlin, 1836.

SCHNACKENBERG (Wilh. Ph. J.). Ueber die Nothwendigkeit der Leichenhallen zur Verhütung des Erwachens im Grabe. Cassel, 1836.

MISSIRINI (Melchiore). Pericolo di seppillire gli uomini vivi creduti morti. Milano, 1837.

VIGNE (----). Memoire sur les inhumations précipitées, des moyens de les prevenir, des signes de la mort. Rouen, 1837; Paris, 1839, 1841.

BIOPHILOS. Die neue Sicherungsweise gegen rettungloses Wiedererwachen im Grabe. Neustadt, 1838.

SCHAFFER (Fried.). Beschreibung und Abbildung einer Vorrichtung durch welche Scheintodte sich aus dem Sarge in Grabe befreien können. Landsberg, 1839.

VILLENEUVE (P. E.). Du danger des inhumations précipitées et des moyens de les prévenir, etc. Paris, 1841.

DESCHAMPS (M. H.). Précis de la mort apparente. Paris, 1841.

---- Du signe de la mort réelle, etc. Memoir read at the Acad. des Sc., March 28, 1843, in Gaz. Med., Ap. 1st.

---- Du signe certain de la mort, nouvelle epreuve pour éviter d’etre enterré vivant. Paris, 1854.

NASSE (Frièd.). Die Unterscheidung des Scheintodes von wirklichen Tode, zu Beruhigung über die Gefahr lebendig begrahen zu werden. Bonn, 1841. French transl. by Fallot. Namur, 1842.

HICKMANN (J. N.). Die Elektricität als Prüfungs-und-Belebungsmittel im Scheintode. Wien, 1841.

DENDY (W. C.). The philosophy of mystery, etc. London, 1841. [Contains chapters on premature interment, resuscitation from catalepsy or trance, etc.]

WELCHMAN (E.). Observations on apparent death from suffocation or drowning, choke-damp, stroke of lightning, exposure to extreme cold, with directions for using the resuscitating apparatus invented by author, and gen. instruc., etc. 8vo. New York, 1842.

LENORMAND (Leonce). Des inhumations précipitées. Macon, 1843.

GAYET (----). De la nécessité de la verification des décès Nantes, 1843.

CHALETTE (J.), fils. Du danger des inhumations précipitées et de l’importance de faire constater les décès par les gens de l’art. Châlons-sur-Marne, 1843.

BARJAVEL (C. F. H.). Nécessité absolue d’ouvrir au plus tôt des maisons d’attente; considérations de police médicale, précedées d’un sommaire analytique, et suivies d’indications bibliographiques relatives au sujet de cet écrit. (Tirage à cinquante exemplaires seulement). Carpentras, 1845.

DEBAY (Auguste). Les vivants enterrés et les morts resuscités. Considerations physiologiques sur les morts apparentes et les inhumations précipitées. Paris, 1846.

GAILLARD (X.). Préservatif contre le danger d’être enterré vivant, ou devoirs sacrés des vivants envers les morts. Paris, 1847.

LOTHMAR (C. J.). Ueber das Lebendigbegraben. Leipzig, 1847.

DU FAY (Hortense G.). Des vols d’enfant, et des inhumations d’individus vivants, suivi d’un aperçu pour l’etablissement des salles mortuaires. Paris, 1847.

BOUCHUT (E.). Traité des signes de la mort et des moyens de ne pas être enterré vivant. Paris, 1849. Second ed., 1847; third ed., 1883.

---- Mémoire sur plusieurs nouveaux signes de la mort, fournis par l’opthalmoscopie, et pouvant empêcher les enterrements précipitées. Paris, 1867.

BRAID (James). Observations on trance, or human hybernation. London, 1850.

KAUFMANN (M.). De la mort apparente et des enterrements précipités. Paris, 1851.

KERTHOMAS (Hyac. L. De). Inhumations précipitées. Lille, 1852.

HARRISON (James Bower). The medical aspects of death. Lond., 1852.

CRIMOTEL (J. B. Valentin). Des inhumations précipitées; épreuve infaillible pour constater la mort; moyens de rappeler à la vie dans les cas de mort apparente causée par l’ether, le chloroforme, etc. Paris, 1852.

---- De l’épreuve galvanique ou bioscopie électrique, moyens de reconnaître la vie ou la mort et d’eviter les inhumations précipitées. 1866.

JOSAT (----). De la mort et ses caractères. Necessité d’ une révision de la législation des décès pour prévenir les inhumations et les délaissements anticipés. Ouvrage entrepris et exécuté sous les auspices du gouvernement et couronné par l’Institut. Paris, 1854.

LONDE (C.). Lettre sur la mort apparente, les conséquences réelles des inhumations précipitées, le temps pendant lequel peut persister l’aptitude à être rappelé à la vie. Paris, 1854. Plates.

KEMPNER (F.). Denkschrift über die Nothwendigkeit einer gesetzlichen Einführung von Leichenhäusern. New ed. Breslau, 1856.

PEYRIER (J. P. P.). Récherches sur l’incertitude des signes de la mort: enumeration des maladies qui peuvent produire la mort apparente; abus des enterrements précipités. Paris, 1855.

COLLONGUES (L.). Application de la dynamoscopie à la constatation des décès. Paris, 1858, 1862.

HALMA GRAND (----). Des inhumations précipitées. Paris, 1860.

WELBY (Horace). Mysteries of life, death, and futurity (with chapter on premature interment). London, 1861.

REYHER (O. C. A.). Ueber die Verwerthung der bekannten Leichenerscheinungen zur Constatirung des wahren Todes. Leipzig, 1862.

CHEVANDIERE (Antoine Daniel). De la vérification des décès et de l’organisation de la medecine cantonale. Paris, 1862.

DESMAIRE (Paul). Les morts vivants. Paris, 1862.

BARRANGEARD (Antoine). Extrait de divers mémoires publies depuis tres longtemps par le Docteur Barrangeard, sur le danger des inhumations précipitées et sur l’indispensable nécessité de constater avec soin tous les décès sans exception. Lyon, 1863.

BONNEJOY (E.). Des moyens pratiques de constater la mort par l’électricité à la aide de la faradisation. Paris, 1866.

LEVASSEUR (P.). De la catalepsie au point de vue du diagnostic de la mort apparente. 8vo. Rouen, 1866.

---- De la mort apparente et des moyens de la reconnaître. Rouen, 1867. Re-issued, with a second essay, in 1870.

JACQUAND (Frédéric). Appareil respiratoire avertisseur pour les tombes. Assurance contre la mort apparente. Paris, 1867.

BIANCO (Giuseppe). Le pericolose consequenze della morte apparente prevenute da un confaciente riforma del servizio mortuario. Torino, 1868.

GANNAL (Félix). Mort apparente et mort réelle. Moyens de les distinguer. First ed. Paris, 1868. Third ed. (mention honorable a l’Institut de France), 1890.

HOARAU (H.). La mort, sa constatation, ou procédé à l’aide du quel on peut la reconnaître et éviter des enterrements de vifs. Paris, 1874.

VEYNE (----). Mort apparente et mort réelle, artériotomie donnant le moyen de les reconnaître. Paris, 1874.

MONTEVERDI (A.). Note sur un moyen simple, facìle, prompt et certain de distinguer la mort vrai de la mort apparente de l’homme. Cremone, 1874.

MARTEL (----). La mort apparente chez les nouveaux-nés. Paris, 1874.

BOILLET (Ch.). Mort apparente et victimes ignorées. Paris, 1875.

DE COMEAU (----). Les signes certains de la mort mis à la portée de tout le monde. Limoges, 1876.

BELVAL (Th.). Les maisons mortuaires. Paris, 1877.

FRITZ-ANDRE (----). Du danger des inhumations précipitées. Bruxelles, 1879.

ONIMUS (E. N. J.). Modification de l’excitabilité des nerfs et des muscles apres la mort. (Published.)

PEYRAND (H.). De la détermination de la mort réelle par le caustique de Vienne.

LE BON (G.). Recherches experimentales sur les signes diagnostiques de la mort et sur les moyens de prevenir les inhumations précipitées. (A temperature of 25° C. on a thermometer kept in the mouth for a quarter of an hour.) Also, Article on Premature Interment in Monit. scient., viii. Paris.

ALLEN (F. D.). Remarks on the dangers and duties of sepulture, or security for the living with respect and repose of the dead. Boston, 1873.

BURDETT (H. C.). The necessity and importance of mortuaries for towns and villages, with suggestions for their establishment and management. London, 1880.

FLETCHER (Moore Russell). One thousand persons buried alive by their best friends. A treatise on suspended animation, with directions for restoration. Boston, 1890.

“A Hygienic Physician.” Earth to earth burial and cremation by fire [includes cases of premature burial]. London, 1890.

HERNANDEZ (Maxime F.E.M.). Contribution à l’étude de la mort apparente. Bordeaux, 1893.

LIGNIERES(Dr. D. De). Ne pas être enterré vivant. Paris, 1893.

Traitement physiologique de la mort apparente. Series of twenty-five papers in “La Tribune Médicale,” Paris, 1894, vol. xxvi., 2 ser.

GILES (Alfred E). Funerals, suspended animation, premature burials, Boston, 1895.

GAUBERT (B.), Avocat. Les chambres mortuaires d’attente, devant l’histoire, la legislation, la science, l’hygiène et le culte des morts. (Le péril des inhumations précipitées en France.) With sixty figures, maps or plans. Paris, 1895.

HARTMANN (Franz). Buried alive: An examination into the occult causes of apparent death, trance, and catalepsy. Boston, U.S., 1895. Lond., 1896. Also, Lebendig begraben. Leipzig, 1896.

WILDER (Alexander). The perils of premature burial. London, 1895.

* * * * *

French theses (at Paris, unless otherwise stated,) on apparent death, the signs of death, danger of premature burial, etc.:--

JOUY (Montpellier), 1803. D’ALENCASTRE, 1832. THOMASSIN (Strassbourg), 1805. CHAMPNEUF, 1832. LAURENT, 1805. BONIFACE, 1833. PIERRET, 1807. LINARES, 1834. VERNEY, 1811. MENESTREL, 1838. FOUCHER, 1817. DE SILVEIRA PINTO, 1837. GRESLON, 1819. CARRE, 1845. FERRY, 1819. DOSAIS, 1858. LEPAULMIER, 1819. GRESLON, 1858. LEVY (Strassbourg), 1820. PARROT, 1860. AMAND D’AMBRAINE, 1821. LEGLUDIC, 1863. POUIER, 1823. SCHNEIDER (Strassbourg), 1863. WEST, 1827. ACOSTA, 1864. PIERRET, 1827. EDMOND, 1871. GLEIZAL, 1829.

Graduation theses other than French, on the same theme:--

VAN GEEST (Lugd. Bat.), 1811. BETTMAN (Munich), 1839. DAVIES (Edin.), 1813. SCHMIDT (Nürnberg), 1841. GOURY (Leodii), 1828. KLUGE (Leipzig), 1842. TSCHERNER (Breslau), 1829. WENDLER (Leipzig), 1845. SOMMER (Havniae), 1833. KRIBBEN (Bonn), 1873. NYMAN (Dorpat), 1835. SORGENFREY (Dorpat), 1876.

FRENCH ARTICLES IN JOURNALS.

ABADIE (C.). Note sur l’examen ophthalmoscopique du fond de l’oeil comme signe de la mort réelle. Gaz. d’Hôp., vol. xlvii, p. 290. Par., 1874.

BOUCHUT (E.). Mort apparente durant six heures, avec absence des battements du coeur à l’auscultation. Gaz. d’Hôp., vol. xxvii., p. 223. Par., 1854.

BOURGEOIS (R.). Du danger d’être enterré vivant et des moyens de constater la mort. Bull. Acad. de Méd., vol. ii., pp. 619-626. Paris, 1837-38, and Rev. Méd. Franç. et étrang., vol. ii., pp. 360-378. Paris, 1838.

BROWN-SÉQUARD (----). “Extraordinary prolongation of the principal acts of life after the cessation of respiration.” Arch. de Physiol. Norm. et Path., vol. vi., 2 S., pp. 83-88. Par., 1879.

----“Researches on the possibility of recalling temporarily to life persons dying of sickness.” J. de la Physiol. de l’Homme, vol. i., pp. 666-672. Par., 1858.

CAZIN (----). De la nécessité de faire constater tous les genres de mort. Précis d’Trav. Soc. Méd. de Boulogne-sur-mer, vol. i., pp. 27-33. 1839.

CHAUSSIER (----). Rapport sur les enterremens précipités. Bull. Fac. de Méd. de Par., vol. v., pp. 467-476. 1816-17.

DESCHAMPS (M.-H.). Mémoire sur,la vérification des décès et sur le danger des déclarations précipitées. Union Med., vol. xxi., N.S., pp. 56, 106. Par., 1864.

DEVERGIE (----). Inhumations précipitées. Ann. d’Hyg., 2 S., vol. xxvii., pp. 293-327. Paris, 1867. De la création de maisons mortuaires et de la valeur des signes de la mort. Ann. d’Hyg., vol. xxxiv., 2 S., pp. 310-327. Par., 1870.

---- Des signes de la mort; étude de leur cause, appréciation de leur valeur. Ann. d’Hyg., vol. xli., 2 S., pp. 380-405. Par., 1874.

FODERE (----). Signes de la mort. Dict. de Sc. Med., vol. li., pp. 294-306. Paris, 1821.

FOUANES (----). Sur la rigidité cadavérique comme signe certain de la mort. Gaz. Med. de Par., vol i., 3 S., p. 91. 1846.

FOUQUET (----). Mémoire sur la roideur cadavérique considerée comme signe certain de la mort. Gaz. Med. de Par., vol. ii., 3 S., pp. 250-255. 1847.

FOURNIE (----). Les signes de la mort et le prix d’Ourches. (Also translated into Italian.) Gaz. d’Hôp., vol. xlvii., pp. 273-275. Par., 1874.

GIRBAL (----). Mort apparente: mesures prématurés d’inhumation: topiques stimulants, prompte cessation des phénomenes léthiformes, guérison. Revue de Thérap. du midi, vol. ii., pp. 161-167. Montpellier, 1851. Also, Gaz. d’Hôp., vol. iii., 3 S., p. 142. Par., 1851.

GRETSCHER DE WANDELBURG. (For Marquis d’Ourches’s prize.) Des moyens de distinguer la mort réelle de la mort apparente. In his Mém. de Méd. et Chir., pp. 49-54. 8vo. Par., 1881.

HAMON (L.). Simple note sur la mort apparente; acupuncture cardiaque et diaphragmatique. Rev. de Thérap Med. Chir., vol. xlvii., p. 482. Par., 1880.

HENROT (H.). Persistance des battements du cœur pendant plus d’une heure après la cessation de la respiration. Bull. Soc. Méd. de Reims., No. 15, pp. 139-144. 1876-77.

LABORDE (J. V.). Gaz. hebd. de. Méd., vol. viii., 2 S., pp. 605, 623, 710. Par., 1871.

LARCHER (----). Arch. gén. de Méd., vol. i., pp. 685-709. Par., 1862.

LEGRAND (A.). Rev. Méd. Franç. et étrang., vol. i., pp. 705-714. Par., 1850.

LEVASSEUR (P.) et MARTINS (S.). France Méd., vol. xiv., pp. 169, 177, 204, 226, 228. Par., 1867.

MALHOL (J.). Journ. Gén. de Méd. Chir. et Pharm., vol. xxii., p. 470. Par., 1805.

MICHEL (A.). Bull. gén. de Therap., etc., vol. xxxvii., pp. 462-464. Par., 1849.

MONFALCON (J. B.). Art. “Mort,” Dict. de Sc. Méd., vol. xxxiv., pp. 319-347. Par., 1819.

NICATI (W.). Un signe de mort certaine, emprunti à l’ophthalmotonométrie; lois de la tension oculaire. Compt. Rend. Acad. de Sc. cxviii., p. 206. Paris, 1896.

PAPILLON (F.). Rev. des Deux Mondes, vol. civ., pp. 669-688. Par., 1873.

PINGAULT (----). Bull. Soc. de Méd. de Poitiers, vol. xxviii., pp. 83-86. 1860.

PLOUVIEZ (----). Union Méd. Paris, vol. i., pp. 408-424. 1870.

Report to French Academy of Sciences on apparent deaths, etc., by Rayer. Compt. Rend. Acad. de Sc. (Séance, May 29, 1848.) Also in Ann. d’Hyg., vol. xl., pp. 78-110. Par., 1848; and in Ann. de Méd. Belge., vol. lv., pp. 1-24. Brux., 1848; and in Bull. Soc. de Méd. de Poitiers, vol. xv., pp. 39-53, 1849.

SIMON (A.). Bull. gén. de Therap., etc., vol. xxxvii., pp. 221-226. Par., 1849.

SIMONOT (----). Union Méd. de Par., vol. xii., 2 S., pp. 211, 286, 1862.

TOURDES (G.). Art. “Mort: la mort apparente,” in Dict. Encycl. d. Sc. Méd., vol. ix., 2 S., pp. 598-690. Par., 1875.

TOURNIE (----). Union Méd., vol. viii., p. 235. Par., 1854.

VAN GHEEL (----). Gaz. d’Hôp., vol. xliv., pp. 345, 353. Par., 1871.

VAN HENGEL (J.). Journ. de Méd. Chir. et Pharm. Col., vol. vi., pp. 523-525. Brux., 1848.

GERMAN ARTICLES. (The Titles Translated.)

ALKEN (----). Restoration to life of one apparently dead. Wochenschr. f. d. ges. Heilk., p. 319. Berlin, 1838.

ARNOLD (J. W.). On acupuncture of the heart as a means of recovery in apparent death. Heidlb. klin. Ann., vol. vii., p. 311. 1831.

BALDINGER (E. G.). Literary contribution to the history of being buried alive. N. Magaz. f. Aerzte., vol. xiv., p. 84. Leipzig, 1792.

BETZ (F.). Sudden apparent death in a child with vomiting and purging. Memorab., vol. v., p. 119. Heilbrn., 1860.

DEUBEL (----). New and simple means for the recovery of the apparently dead. Wochenschr. f. d. ges. Heilk., p. 597. Berlin, 1846.

DIRUF (----). On the dread of being buried alive, etc. Ztschr. f. d. Staatsarznk., extra part, p. 72. Erlang., 1840.

DYES (A.). Apparent death caused by inflammation of the lungs. Deutsche Klinik, vol. xxiii., p. 44. Berl., 1871.

HANDSCHUH (----). A few remarks on mortuaries as a means of preventing the burial of the apparently dead. Ztschr. f. d. Staatsarznk., vol. xxi., p. 34. Erlang., 1831.

HECHT (S. C.). Reflections and proposals concerning the impracticability of the existing regulations to prevent the burial of the apparently dead. Ann. d. Staatsarznk., vol. v., p. 395. Freib., 1840.

HOFFMANN (----). Simple means of preventing the being buried alive. Allg. Med. Centr. Ztg., vol. xvi., p. 609. Berl., 1847.

HOPPE (J.). Recovery of one apparently dead and of one dying, by burning on the breast. Memorabilien, vol. vi., p. 199. Heilbrn., 1861.

HUBER (M.). On inspection of the dead. Ztschr. d. Gesellsch d. Aerzte zu Wien, vol. ii., p. 120. 1853.

HUFELAND (----). Report on the certain and uncertain signs of death, on the indications of returning vitality, and how one should deal with corpses in general. Weimar ordinance, 1794. Beytr. z. Arch. d. Med. pol., vol. vii., 1 S., p. 61. Leipzig, 1797.

KAISER (K. L.). What means has the State to take so as to ensure that no one be buried alive? Ztschr. f. d. Staatsarznk., fourteenth extra number, p. 100. Erlang., 1831.

KLEIN (F. X.). Metallic irritation as a means of proving death. Extract from Dissertation in Beytr. z. Arch. d. Med. pol., vol. vi., 1 S., p. 118. Leipzig, 1795.

KLOSE (C. L.). On the risk of being buried alive: several precautions against it. Ztschr. f. d. Staatsarznk., vol. xix., p. 143. Erlang., 1830.

KUNDE (F. T.). Physiological observations on apparent death. Arch, f. Anat. Physiol, u. wissenssch. Med., p. 280. Berlin, 1857.

MAGNUS (H.). Certificates of death and sanitary reports. Wochenschr. f. d. ges. Hlkde., p. 385. Berlin, 1841.

---- A certain sign that death has taken place. Virchow’s Archiv., vol. lv., pp. 511, 523. 1872.

MASCHKA (J.). On symptoms of the corpse. Vrtljschr. f. d. prakt. Heilk., vol. iii., p. 91. Prag., 1851.

MASCHKA (J.). On diagnostic errors in medical jurisprudence. Vrtljschr. f. d. prakt. Heilk., vol. lxxix., p. 13. Prag., 1863.

MEYN (----). Fortunate resuscitation of an apparently dead woman. Mitth. a. d. Geb. d. Med. vi., Hft. 6-7, p. 76. Altona, 1838-9.

MOSSE (----). Certificates of death and sanitary reports. Wochenschr. f. d. ges. Heilk., p. 696. Berlin, 1842.

NASSE (F.). Measuring the temperature for the diagnosis of death. J. d. pract. Heilk., vol. xciii., 4 St., p. 130. Berl., 1841.

---- Discrimination of apparent death from real death, to reassure as to the danger of being buried alive. Rev. of his essay (Bonn, 1841) in Mitth. a. d. Geb. d. Med., vol. ix., p. 11. Altona, 1841-43.

Ordinance of the Elector of Saxony concerning the treatment of corpses, and to provide against the premature interment of the apparent dead. Med. Chir. Ztg., vol. ii., p. 150. Salzburg, 1793.

PLAGGE (T.). Is the failure of the heart-beat a certain sign of death? Memorabilien, vol. v., p. 71. Heilbrn., 1860.

RADIUS (----). The awakening apparatus in the Leipzig Mortuary. Beitr. z. Prakt. Heilk., vol. i., p. 532. Leipzig, 1834.

RAMPOLD (----). On the inaudibility of the heart-beat as a sign of death. Cor. Bl. d. Württemb. ärztl. Vereins, vol. xxi., p. 353. Stuttg., 1851.

RÖSER (----). On being buried alive, and the mortuaries. Cor. Bl. d. Württemb. ärztl. Vereins, vol. xxvii., p. 115. Stuttg., 1857.

ROSENTHAL (M.) Researches and observations on the dying of the muscles, and on apparent death. Wien. med. Presse, vol. xiii., pp. 401, 419. 1872.

---- On the newest and safest means of knowing apparent death. Wien. med. Presse, vol. xvii., p. 461. 1876.

SCHMIDT (J. H.). On mortuaries, with a case of apparent death that did not end in death till twenty days after. Wochenschr. f. d. ges. Heilk., vol. i., p. 385. Berl., 1833.

SCHNEIDER (----). On the risk of being buried alive. Ztschr. f. d. Staatsarznk., vol. xxxiv., p. 157. Erlang., 1837.

SICKLER (J. V.). Directions for preventing the burying of each other alive. Beytr. z. Arch. d. Med., 2 Samml., vol. iv., p. 158. Leipzig, 1793.

SPEYER (----). On the possibility of being buried alive, and on the erection of mortuaries. Ztschr. f. d. Staatsarznk., fifth extra part, p. 326. Erlang., 1826.

STRUVE (----). Simplified application of galvanism, etc., in cramps and in apparent death, and for proving actual death. J. d. Prakt. Arznk., 2 R., vol. xxiii., 4 St., p. 5. Berl., 1806.

TENGLER (G.). Critical remarks-on the signs of death, with reference to the inspection of the dead. Wien. med. Wochenschr., vol. vii., p. 519. 1857.

THIERFELDER (----), sen. On apparent death and medical inspection of the dead. Deutsche Ztschr. f. d. Staatsarznk., vol. xxv. p. 241. Erlang., 1867.

VARGES (L.). On the awaking of one apparently dead. Ztschr. d. nordd. chir. Ver., vol. i., p. 353. Magdeb., 1847.

VON JÄGER (----). Account of an alleged coming to life in the grave. Ztschr. f. d. Staatsarznk, vol. vi., pp. 241-252. Erlang., 1823.

WILDBERG (C. F. L.). State precautions to obviate all anxiety as to being buried alive. Jahrb. d. ges. Staatsarznk, vol. iv., p. 169. Leipzig, 1838.

ZAUBZER (O.). Fragments on thanatology, for the police of the dead in Munich. Aerztl. Intellig. Bl., vol. xx., p. 106. München, 1874.

ENGLISH AND AMERICAN ARTICLES.

ALDIS (C. J. B.). On the danger of tying up the lower jaw immediately after supposed death. Lancet, vol. ii., 1850, p. 601.

ANON. Cases of apparent death. Calcutta J. M., vol. ii., pp. 380-387. 1869. From All the Year Round, July, 1869.

ANON. Signs of death. London M. Rec., vol. ii., pp. 205, 221. 1874.

BOURKE (M. W.). Resuscitation of a child after ten minutes’ total submersion in water, etc. Dublin M. Press, vol. xliii., p. 103. 1859.

BRANDON (R.) Construction of houses for the reception of the dead; means for the recovery of those, etc. Med. Times, vol. xvi., p. 574. Lond., 1847.

CLARK (T. E.). Buried alive. Quart. Journ. Psych. Med., vol. v., pp. 87-93. N.Y., 1871.

COLDSTREAM (John). A case of catalepsy. Edin. Med. and Surg. Journ., vol. lxxxi., p. 477.

DANA (C. L.). The physiology of the phenomena of trance. Med. Rec., vol. xx., pp. 85-89. N.Y., 1881.

DAVIS (M.). Hasty burials. Sanit. Rec., vol. iv., p. 261. Lond., 1876.

DENMAN (J.). Resuscitation after two hours’ apparent death (drowning). Med. Press, and Circ., vol. iii., p. 95. Dublin, 1867.

DOUGLAS (H. G.). Recovery after fourteen minutes’ submersion. Lond. Med. Gaz., vol. i., p. 448. 1842.

DUCACHET (H. W.). On the signs of death, and the manner for distinguishing real from apparent death. Am. M. Recorder, vol. v., pp. 39-53. Phila., 1822.

FRASER (W.). Distinctions between real and apparent death. Pop. Sci. Month., vol. xviii., pp., 401-408. New York, 1880-81.

GAIRDNER (W. T.). Case of lethargic stupor or trance, extending continuously over more than twenty-three weeks, etc. Lancet, vol. ii., 1883, p. 1078, and vol. i., 1884, pp. 5, 56.

GOADBY (H.). Death trance. Med. Indep., vol. i., pp. 90-99. Detroit, 1856.

GODFREY (E. L. B.). Report of the resuscitation of a young girl apparently dead from drowning. Phila. M. Times, vol. ix., p. 375. 1879.

HUFFY (T. S.). Two cases of apparent death. Tr. M. Soc., N. Car., vol. xxi., pp. 126-131. Raleigh, 1874.

JAMIESON (W. A.). On a case of trance. Edin. Med. J., vol. xvii., pp. 29-31. 1871-72.

LEE (W.). The extreme rarity of premature burial. Pop. Sc. Month., vol. xvii., p. 526. N.Y., 1880.

MACKAY (G. E.). Premature burials. Ibid., vol. xvi., p. 389.

MADDEN (T. Moore). On lethargy or trance. Dubl. J. Med. Sc., vol. lxxi., p. 297. 1881.

MILLER (T. C.). The state of the eyelids after death--open or shut? Med. Rec., vol. xii., p. 4. N. Y., 1877.

OSBORNE (W. G.). Impositions of the Indian faqueer, who professed to be buried alive and resuscitated in ten months. Lancet, vol. i., 1839-40, p. 885.

POPE (C.). A case of recovery after long immersion. Lancet, vol. ii., 1881, p. 606.

POVALL (R.). An account of successful resuscitation of three persons from suspended animation by submersion for twenty-five minutes. West Med. and Phys. J., vol. ii., pp. 499-503. Cincin., 1828-29.

REID (T. J.). A case of suspended animation. St. Louis Clin. Rec., vol. vi., pp. 261-263. 1879-80.

Report of Committee on suspended animation. Proc. Roy. M. and Chir. Soc. Lond., vol. iv. (1862), pp. 142-147; vol. vi. (1870), p. 299. See also Transactions, vol. xlv. (1862), p. 449.

RICHARDSON (B. W.). Researches on treatment of suspended animation. Brit. and For. M. Chir. Rev., vol. xxxi., pp. 478-505. London, 1863.

RICHARDSON (B. W.). The absolute signs and proofs of death. Asclepiad, No. 21. 1889.

ROMERO (Francisco). Infallible sign of extinction of vitality in sudden death. (Latin.) Med. Tr. Roy. Coll. Phys., vol. v., pp. 478-485. London, 1815.

SHROCK (N. M.). On the signs that distinguish real from apparent death. Transylv. J. M., vol. viii., pp. 210-220. Lexington, Ky., 1835.

SILVESTER (H. R.). A new method of resuscitating still-born children, and of restoring persons apparently drowned or dead. Brit. M. J., pp. 576-579. London, 1858.

TWEDELL (H. M.). Account of a man who submitted to be buried alive for a month at Jaisulmer, and was dug out alive at the expiration of that period. India J. M. and Phys. Sc., vol. i., N. S., pp. 389-391. Calcutta, 1836.

THOMAS (R. R. G.). The Marshall Hall method successful in a case of drowning of ten minutes’ duration, and an interval of half an hour before its application. Lancet, vol. ii., 1857, p. 153.

TAYLOR (J.). Case of recovery from hanging. Glasg. Med. J., vol. xiv., p. 387. 1880.

WHITE (W. H.). A case of trance. Brit. M. J., vol. ii., 1884, page 52.

SPANISH ARTICLES.

ALCANTARA (F. C.). Encicl. Méd. Farm., vol. ii., pp. 265, 273, 275, 289, 297. Barcelona, 1878.

DEL VALLE (G.). An. r. Acad. de Cien. Méd. de la Habana, vol. viii., pp. 480-489. 1871-72.

GELABERT (E.). A case of premature interment. Rev. de Cien. Méd., vol. vii., pp. 67-69. Barcel., 1881.

GUEREJAZE (----). España Med., vol. x., p. 111. Madrid, 1865.

PULIDO (----). Anfiteatro Anat., vol. iv., pp. 164, 181. Madrid, 1876.

RAMON VIZCARRO. Siglo Méd., vol. xxvi., p. 777. Madrid, 1879.

---- Sentido Catól., vol. i., p. 284. Barcel., 1879.

ULLOA (----). Entierros prematuros. Gac. Méd. de Lima, vol. xii., p. 219. 1867-8.

ITALIAN ARTICLES.

BIANCO (G.). Report and discussion upon his work, “Dangers of Apparent Death” (Torino, 1868). Gior. d. r. Acad, di Med. di Torino., vol. vii., 3 S., pp. 243, 304, 366, 370. 1869.

CHIAPPELLI (G.). Sperimentale, vol. xliii., pp. 74-77. Firenze, 1879. Also in Gaz. Med. Ital. Prov. Venete, vol. xxii., p. 94. Padova, 1879.

IMPARATI (M.). Guglielmo da Saliceto, vol. ii., pp. 293, 325, 357. Piacenza, 1880-81.

PACINI (F.). Imparziale, vol. xvii., pp. 41, 75. Firenze, 1877.

PARI (A. D.). Arch. di Med. Chir. ed ig. Roma, vol. ix., p. 5-35. 1873.

SONSINO (P.). Imparziale, vol. vii., pp. 225-231. Firenze, 1867.

TAMASSIA (A.) and SCHLEMMER (A.). Riv. sper. di Freniat., vol. ii., pp. 628-639. Reggio-Emilia, 1876.

VERGA (A.) and BIFFI (S.). Gaz. Med. Ital. Lomb., vol. iii., 8 S., pp. 92-94. Milano, 1881.

ZILIOTTO (P.). Gior. Venete di Sc. Med., vol. i., 3 S., pp. 323-336. Venezia, 1864.

ZURADELLI (G.). Ann. univ. di Med., vol. vii., pp. 3-241. Milano, 1869.

INDEX.

ALDIS, Dr. C. J. B., letter on tying up the chin after death, 343.

All the Year Round, paper cited from, on apparent death and means of recovery, 268-273.

Andersen, Hans Christian, his dread of being buried alive, 154.

Angell, Mr. George T., 259.

Animation, suspended, in a case of small-pox, 99. (See “Trance.”)

Apathy, public, concerning live burial, 39.

Apoplexy, certified, in cases of apparent death, 83; Lénormand on, as cause of apparent death, 175.

Asclepiades recovers a corpse from the bier, 325.

Auscultation, fallacies of, in diagnosis of death, 261.

Austria, laws of, for inspection of dead, 355.

Awaking in coffin, inference as to, at Les Innocens, Paris, 51; at Fort Randall, U.S.A., 351; case of at Tonneins, 52; at Greenwood Cemetery, Brooklyn, 53; at Rudenberg, 53; at Montflorin, 54; at Bohaste, 54; at Salon (Bouches du Rhône), 55; at Naples, 55; at Grenoble, 56; at New York (two cases), 56, 57; at Derbisch, Bohemia, 58; at Majola, Mantua, 58; at Cesa, Naples, 58; at Erie, Pa., 59; at Tioobayn, St. Petersburg, 59; at Le Pin, Grenoble, 60; in Madras, 60; at Calcutta, 61, 62; Köppen’s cases of, 212-214; case of, in Franciscan monk, 211; at Bordeaux, 224; old cases at Cologne, 326, 327; at Dijon, 327; at Vesoul, 328; of a cardinal at Rome, 329; of case related by Elliotson, 334; of Robert Scott, 336; of Rev. John Gardner, 337; of case related by Dr. Herz, 337; of Mrs. Goodman, 339; of cases related by Köppen, 340; cases related by British Medical Journal, 342, 343.

BARNETT, Dr. J. M., publishes letter on the blister test, 260.

Bavaria, official regulations of, for preventing premature burial, 204; police instructions of, for corpse inspection, 206.

Berkeley, Bishop, his dread of being buried alive, 154.

Beugless, Mr. J. D., on the dread of premature interment, 156.

Bibliography, seventeenth century, 363; eighteenth century, 364-367; relating to humane societies, 367; nineteenth century, 369; theses, 378; French articles, 379; German articles, 381; English and American articles, 384; Spanish articles, 387; Italian articles, 387.

Billimoria, Mr. N. F., writes to the author on premature burning in India, 134; relates cases of Parsees recovered from apparent death, 139; on advantages of the Parsee customs in assuring revival, 141.

Bishop, Mrs. Eleanor F., her escape from premature embalming, 231.

Blau, M., certifies an escape from live burial at Toulouse, 145.

Blavatsky, Madam, the late, had an escape from live burial, 104.

Blunden, Madam, her burial alive at Basingstoke, 51.

Bombay, customs in disposal of dead, 357.

Bonawitz, Mr. J. H., relates two experiences of escape, 279.

Bordeaux, corpses shown in cathedral of, which had moved in the coffin, 224.

Bouchut, Dr. E., his book gives sensational cases, 20; relates case rescued alive from coffin, 122.

Braid, Mr. James, narrates case of catalepsy, 37; on animal hibernation, 41; on trance in fakirs, 46; on Sir Claude Wade’s testimony, 47; cases of trance with sense of hearing good, 334.

Brandon, Mr. R., his paper on mortuaries for recovery cited, 289.

British Medical Journal, on signs of death, 198; case of difficulty in diagnosing real death, 199; hardly any one sign but putrefaction infallible, 200; records two cases of revivals in the coffin, 342, 343.

Brewer, Dr., relates cases of narrow escape, 75.

Broadwey, Dorset, catalepsy in a bride at, 38.

Brouardel, Dr. P., experiment on live dog in coffin, 211.

Brown-Séquard, Dr., on fallacy of clenched jaws as sign of death, 187.

Bruhier, Dr., relates case of premature dissection, 233.

Brussels, regulations for verification of death, 248; burial regulations and mortuaries of, 358.

Buffon, Comte de, on the treatment of the dead, 215.

Bukovina, case of resuscitation in, 176.

Burial, ancient practices of, 331-333.

Burial, hasty, case of, at Roscrea, 350.

Burial, live, experiment on, at Westminster Aquarium, 48.

Burial, premature, a class of probable cases of, 113-119; G. A. Walker on risks of, 215; Fletcher on risks of, 217; number of cases of, 220-228; frequency of estimated, 220-228; Hufeland on risks of, 221.

Buried alive, cases of. (See under “Awaking.”)

Burning Ghat, the, of Calcutta, visited by the author, 129.

Burton, Lady, provisions of her will against risk of live burial, 154.

CADAVERIC, the, countenance as sign of death, 187.

Calcutta, the Burning Ghat, visited by the author, 129; burial customs at, 357.

Cameron, Sir C., M.D., of Dublin, mortuary needed, 303.

Cameron, Sir C., M.P., on worthless or wanting death-certificates, 243.

Cape Town, want of mortuary regulations at, 357.

Carnot, M., petitions French Senate on premature burial, 74; his statistics of live burial, 223.

Carpmael, Mr. E. E., hypodermic strychnine as a reviver, 265.

Casket, The, on testimony of opened graves, 351; on hasty embalming, 351.

Cassell’s Family Physician, account of catalepsy from, 33.

Catalepsy, definition and symptoms of, 32-34; cases of, by Good, 34; Jebb, 35; Dr. King Chambers, 35; Paris correspondent of Lancet, 37; Braid, 37; at Broadwey in 1895, 38; Gowers on predisposition to, 120; case of revival on eve of burial, 122; Dr. Milner on, 186.

Cavendish, Miss Ada, provision in her will against risk of live burial, 154.

Certificates of death, laxity of, 11, 241; prematurely given, 242; worthless or wanting, 243; directions for filling up, 242; in France, 246-248; in Brussels, 248; in Würtemburg, 249; in Dover, New Hampshire, 252; Mr. A. Braxton Hicks on, 253; Mr. Brindley James on, 254; Daily Chronicle on, 255; a German resident on the Würtemburg practice in, 255.

Ceylon, risks of premature disposal of dead in, 132, 133.

Chambers, Dr. T. King, relates and cites cases of catalepsy, 35.

Chantourelle, Dr., raises debate on premature burial at Paris Academy of Medicine, 51.

Chew, Dr. Roger S., relates cases of live burial, 60-63; his own case of escape from same, 89; other cases of escape from same, 90-94; case of chloroformed girl buried as dead, 125; on cholera collapse mistaken for death, 126; on safety of soldiers in India from live burial, 136; on putrefactive test, 183; on rigor mortis, 185; on frequency of live burial, 227; on auscultation sounds after death, 261.

Chippendale, Mr. J., on post-mortem sweating, 29.

Chloral, supposed death from, 192.

Chloroform, effects of simulating death, 125.

Cholera, special risk of live burial in cases of, 92, 95, 101, 126, 149.

Chri, Mr. Vira Raghava, describes disposal of dead at Madras, 131.

Chunder Sen, Mr., relates case of trance in a fakir, 44.

Coffin, sounds from the, 106, 107.

Colerus, on apparent death, 330.

Collins, Dr. W. J., advises the providing of mortuaries, 309.

Cologne, old instances of revival at, 326, 327.

Colombo, a Catholic priest of, subject to death-trances, 130.

Conclamation, practice of, by the Caribs, 331; in antiquity, 331, 332; in Russia, 332; in the case of the Widow of Nain’s son, 332.

Conclusions, summary of, 321.

Constantinople, risks of live burial at, 147.

Cooper, Mr. M., surgeon, on apparent deaths, 17; relates case of Madam Blunden, 51; case at Toulouse of escape from live burial, 145; condemns hasty burial, 171.

Cork, case of revival from apparent death in a child at, 318.

Creighton, Dr. C., his History of Epidemics cited, 282.

Cremation, at Calcutta, 129; among Brahmins at Madras, 131; at Benares, 131; as a preventive of premature burial, 274-278; approved on general grounds, 282.

Crowe, Mrs., cases related by, 336.

Curran, Dr. W., brigade-surgeon, his papers in Health on Burial Alive, 103; relates case of premature dissection, 236.

Curry, Dr. James, women predisposed to death-counterfeits, 121; on slow ebbing of life, 174; on exciting the skin as a test, 258; cases cited from, 334.

Cyclopædia of Practical Medicine, on premature dissections, 233; relates remarkable case of revival after apparent death, 340.

Daily Chronicle, on lax death-certification, 255.

Dalmatia, ordinances of, for inspection of dead, 356.

Davies, Major-General T., his account of hibernating jerboa, 40.

Dead, the, treatment of, 215; Buffon on same, 215; G. A. Walker on, 215; Fletcher on, in United States, 217; Whiter on, 218; as a department of medical practice, 218.

Death-certification, Select Committee on, purport of its evidence, 11; advises authorisations to embalm, 232; evidence before, 238; recommendations of, 239; support of same at medical meeting, 239; questions by as to premature burial, 244. (See under “Certificates.”)

Death, counterfeits of, 27; their duration, 208-214; Josat’s table of same, 209; Köppen’s illustrations of same, 212.

Death, signs of, popular, 180; scientific, 181-207. (See also under “Tests of Death.”)

Death, sudden, the only real cases of, 159; Farr on definition of, 160; Granville on same, 160; Tidy on causes of, 161; Wilder on same, 163; recent instances of, from newspapers, 164-170; from heart-disease, 176; Manchester Criterion on revivals from, 178; Dr. Wilder on risks of premature burial in, 178; laws against early burial after, 179.

Death, uncertainty of, 43; G. A. Walker on, 216; London Review on, 316.

Death, verification of, 246-256.

Denmark, burial and mortuary regulations of, 358.

Diaphanous test, the, failure of, 187; Haward on, 188; Gannal on, 191; Orfila on, 191; Richardson on, 192.

Dijon, case of awaking in the tomb at, 327.

Disraeli, Benjamin, endures a week’s trance, 23.

Dissection, premature, probable case of, related by Ogston, 232; Bruhier’s case of, 233; Louis’ case of, 234; Cyclopædia of Pract. Med. on stories of, 234; Le Guern’s case of, 235; Hartmann’s case of, 235; Curran’s case of, 236; case at Lille, 311; by Vesalius, 329; of a Spanish lady, 330.

Dog, the, his instinct for the presence of life in Parsee ceremonies, 137, 138; in an Austrian case, 142; in a Moravian case, 143.

Donnet, Cardinal Archbishop, relates to French Senate cases of narrow escape from live burial, 71-74; including his own case, 73.

Douce, Francis, the antiquary, his fear of being buried alive, 153.

Dover, New Hampshire, ordinances of, for verification of death, 252.

Drowned, recovery of the, 347; cases of, by Struve, 347; Londe’s case of, 347; Green’s case of, 348; recent cases of (Royal Humane Society), 349.

Dryden, Lady, her testamentary provisions, 334.

Duncan, Dr. Ebenezer, statistics of Glasgow burials, 284.

Duration of death-counterfeits, 208; statistics of, 209; experiments on, 210, 211; in case of Franciscan monk, 211; Köppen’s illustrations of, 212-214.

ELECTRICITY as a restorative agent, 262-265.

Elliotson, Dr., case related by, 334.

Embalming, makes death certain, 229; cases of premature, 230, 231; case of escape from same, 231; authority of Home Secretary advised for, 232; hasty, in the United States, 351.

Empedocles, his recovery of woman supposed dead, 330.

Escape from dissection at Lille, 311.

Escape from live burial, 64; case of Sir W. Lindsay, 64; case related by Vigné, 66; case of professor’s wife at Tübingen, 66; case at Coventry in 1858, 67-70; case at St. Agnan de Cenuières, 71; cases related by Cardinal Donnet, 71-74; Dr. Brewer on, 75; case at Cleveland, Ohio, 76; two cases of, related by Dr. M. S. Tanner, 76; case by Dr. W. O’Neill, of Lincoln, 77; case at Clinton, Ky., 78; at Memphis, Tenn., 79; at Burham, Rochester, 80; at St. Leonards, 80; case related by Dr. F. A. Floyer, 81; at Penn Station, U.S., 83; at Vagueray, Lyons, 83; at Limoges, 84; at St. Louis, 84; at Lagos, 84; at Militsch, Silesia, 85; at Sprakers, Rondout, N.Y., 85; at Heap Bridge, Heywood, 86; in the daughter of a physician, 87; in a case related to the author, 88; Dr. R. S. Chew’s personal experience of, 89; in cases communicated by him, 90-96; in the cases of two Irish persons of rank, 96; in case related by Dr. Colin Valentine, 97; in case related by Dr. A. Stephenson, 97; in the case of the Metropolitan of Lesbos, 98; in cases of small-pox, 99; in cases related by Rev. Harry Jones, 100; in case at St. Paul’s, Belchamp, near Clare, 101; in case at Neufchâtel, 102; in case at Alleghany, 103; in the case of the late Madam Blavatsky, 104; in a case at Toulouse, 145; in a case in Würtemburg, 251; in case related by Graves, 254; in two cases certified dead by several physicians, 277; in case at Lille, 311; in the Munich mortuary, 311; in a mortuary at Berlin, 313; in the Frankfort mortuary, 313; in a Brussels mortuary, 314; in a Cassel mortuary, 314; in a Lille mortuary, 314; in a Buffalo mortuary, 315; in the Marylebone mortuary, 315.

Escapes from being cremated alive in India, 132-135.

Exhumation, law of, in England, 106; cases of, too late for rescue, 106-110; case of, in time to save life, 111.

FABRI, William, condemns hasty burial, 171.

Fagge, Dr. Hilton, on risk of live burial in cases of sudden death, 175; on putrefaction as the only certain sign of death, 183.

Fakirs, cases of trance in, 44-48; experiment with, related by Hartmann, 49.

Farquharson, Dr. R., M.P., on lax death-certification, 240; examines a witness as to live burial, 245.

Farr, Dr. William, on definition of sudden death, 160.

Fear of premature burial, Spectator on, 18, 153-158; eminent subjects of, 153, 154; Rev. John Kingston on prevalence of, 156.

Ferrier, Dr., on signs of death, 184.

Figaro, Le, correspondence in, on live burial, 228.

Fletcher, Dr. Moore Russell, on animal hibernation, 42; relates cases of narrow escape, 76-88; on negligent treatment of the dead, 217; on restoratives, 265.

Floyer, Dr. F. A., relates case of narrow escape, 81.

Forestus on possibility of recovering supposed dead, 331.

Formalities, fatal consequences of, 105.

Foster, Sir Walter, M.D., examines a witness as to live burial, 245.

Fothergill, Dr. A., on cadaveric countenance, 187; on the art of restoring animation, 320.

France, laws of, relating to burials, 354.

Frankfort, regulations for inspection of the dead, 353.

Froriep, M., cited as to ratio of revivals in grave, 222.

GAIRDNER, Dr. W. T., case of trance for twenty-three weeks, 23-27.

Gannal, Dr. Félix, his valuable Bibliography, 3; on putrefaction the only real test, 185; on diaphanous test, 191; on fallacious signs of death, 203.

Gaubert, M., his estimate of ratio of live burials, 226; his essay proves that waiting mortuaries are useful, 309.

Gazette Medicale on putrefactive test, 183.

Gazette Medicale d’ Orient asserts live burials at Constantinople, 147.

Germany, waiting mortuaries of, 11; movement in, to prevent premature interment, 146.

Gibbons, Dr. P. J., on premature embalming, 231.

Glycas, Nicephorus, Metropolitan of Lesbos, escapes live burial, 98.

Goa, resident of, prematurely coffined, 133.

Godfrey, Mrs., case of, 339.

Gooch, Dr., his case of catalepsy, 34.

Goodman, Mrs., celebrated case of, 339.

Gowers, Dr. W. R., on trance, 22; on catalepsy, 32; on predisposition to same, 120.

Granville, Dr. A. B., on sudden death, 160.

Graves, Dr. F., relates case of escape from live burial, 254.

Green, Anne, case of, at Oxford, 328.

Green, Dr. J. W., case of tardy recovery after immersion, 348.

Guern, M. le, his experience of frequency of live burial, 223; relates case of premature dissection, 235.

Guy, Dr. W. A., on neglect of the subject in England, 10.

HANGED person, the heart beating at the dissection of a, 172; recovery of a, 328.

Hanham, Mr. T. C. Swinburne, on safeguards used by Cremation Society, 281.

Hartmann, Dr. Franz, his essay published at Boston, U.S., 9; distinguishes trance from catalepsy, 32; relates two cases of rescue from live burial fatally delayed, 108; case of catalepsy revived, 122; case of Orrendo’s body found beside the empty coffin, 122; on predisposing causes of trance, 127; relates case of resuscitation from spasms of the heart, 176; on putrefaction the sole test of death, 194; on frequency of live burial, 227; case of premature dissection, 235; two cases of escape from death after formal certification, 277; on resuscitation, 320.

Haward, Dr. Edwin, case of failure of diaphanous test, 188.

Haweis, Rev. H. R., advocates cremation to prevent live burial, 278.

Hearing, sense of, in suspended animation, 335, 336, 337.

Heart, disease of, sudden apparent death in, 176.

Heart, stoppage of, as test of death, 181.

Hedley, Dr. W. S., on use of electricity as a restorative, 263.

Herachborg, Dr., relates case of a Jewess rescued from the undertakers, 146, 362 (Hirschberg).

Heraclides of Pontus, on a disease marked by absence of breathing, 21.

Herz, Dr. Marcus, opposes hasty burial among the Jews, 146, 361.

Hibernation, instance of, in the jerboa, 40; Braid on, in lower animals, 41; Russell Fletcher on, in reptiles and fishes, 42.

Hibernation, so-called human, 43.

Hicks, Mr. A. Braxton, on lax certification of death, 253.

Hincks, Amelia, a case of narrow escape, 68-70.

Hindus, their motive for speedy disposal of dead, 132.

Historical cases, appendix of, 325.

Holmes, Mrs. Basil, on the extension of burial-grounds, 283.

Honigberger, Dr. J. M., his researches on trance in India, 50.

Hopps, Rev. J. Page, advocates cremation to prevent live burial, 281.

Hotels, hasty burials from, on the Continent, 152.

Howard, Col., of Co. Wicklow, his escape from live burial, 97.

Hufeland, Dr. C. W., on trance, 43; narrates narrow escape from live burial, 66; on risks and horrors of live burial, 221; devised the Weimar mortuary, 286.

Humane Society, the Royal, cases from its reports, 337, 344, 345, 349; literature relating to, 347, 367.

Hypodermic medicines, as restoratives or tests, 265.

INDIA, premature burial and cremation in, 129; Mr. Billimoria on the risks of the same, 134; soldiers in, not liable to risk of same, 136.

Infants, recovery of supposed dead, 342-345.

Influenza followed by trance, 30, 124.

Ireland, death-certification in, 241; practice of burial in, 301, 359; no mortuaries in, 302.

Irvine, Mr. Clarke, on popular trust in the signs of death, 203.

JACKSON, Dr., of Somerby, relates case of supposed death by lightning-stroke, 192.

James, Mr. J. Brindley, on risks of live burial, 254.

Jaws, clenching of, as signs of death, 187.

Jebb, Dr. John, his graphic case of catalepsy, 35.

Jerboa, the, its hibernation, 40.

Jews, hasty burials among, opposed, 146; cases of, restored to life by delay, 146, 147, 148; their law of burial criticised, 150; funeral practices of, 332; history of their practice of early burial, 360; discussions on same, 361.

Jewish World, on the special risk of live burial amongst Jews, 150.

Jeypore, fakir in a trance at, 44.

Johnson, Walter, exhibits himself in a trance, 48.

Jones, Rev. Harry, relates cases of escape from live burial, 100.

Josat, Dr., on absence of cardiac action at birth, 182; statistics of duration of apparent death, 209; on interval between apparent and real death, 310.

Joseph, Mr., on risks of premature burial or burning in Ceylon, 132.

KENNY, Dr. J. E., M.P., disposal of the dead in Ireland, 301.

Kerthomas, M. H. L., relates revival of corpse at Lille, 311.

Kesteven, Mr. W. B., on fallacy of cardiac test of death, 182.

Kite, Dr. Charles, on uncertain signs of death, 14.

Köppen, H. F., case of rescue from grave fatally delayed, 106; cases of long vitality in coffin or grave, 212-214; cites estimate of ratio of live burials, 220.

Kuhn, Dr., reports on trance, 50.

LABORDETTE, Dr. A. de, on fallacy of clenched jaws as sign of death, 187.

Lagenberg, Van, Dr., information from, as to premature burials at Colombo, 130.

Lancet, The, on the horror of live burial, 16; on a case of revival from death-trance at Nuneaton, 67; on cholera patients buried alive, 149; on reality of premature interment, 155; on diagnosis of apparent death, 196; on lax death-certification, 243; on mortuaries, 293; its testimony, 318; on recovery of the still-born, 346.

Lancisi, Dr., his belief in reanimation, 13; opposes delay in burial, 144.

Laurens, Miss, her recovery from apparent death, 340.

Lénormand, Dr. Léonce, enumerates death-like conditions, 127; on apparent death in cases of apoplexy, 175; on delay of asphyxia in coffin, 210; estimates ratio of live burials, 223; on laxity of the médécins verificateurs, 246.

Lesbos, Greek Orthodox Metropolitan of, his escape from live burial, 98.

Levitical law of corpses and burials, 360.

Lethargy, synonym of trance, 23, 28.

Lightning-stroke, cases of apparent death from, 192, 371.

Lignières, Dr. de, on premature burials from hotels, 152; on large ratio of uncertain deaths, 201.

Lindsay, Sir W., his escape from live burial, 64.

Londe, Dr. Charles, on duration of breathing in a coffin, 210; relates case of tardy recovery after immersion, 348.

London, burial-grounds of, 283; mortuaries of, 295-298.

Looking-glass test of death, 180.

Louis, Dr. Antoine, relates case of premature dissection, 234.

Lytton, Edward Bulwer, Baron, his dread of being buried alive, 154.

MACNISH, Dr., on trance, 22.

Madden, Dr. T. More, cases of death-counterfeits, 27.

Manchester Criterion on revivals after sudden death, 178.

Manning, Rev. Owen, case of, 338.

Martineau, Harriet, provision of her will against risk of live burial, 154.

Marylebone, case of recovery in the mortuary of, 9, 298, 315.

Mason, Mr. R. B., of Nuneaton, authenticates case of narrow escape, 69.

Mayo, Dr. Herbert, on trance, 22; on states predisposing to same, 127.

Médécins verificateurs, their duties perfunctorily discharged, 246.

Medical Examiner on putrefactive test, 183.

Medical Times on hospital mortuaries, 299.

Medical Times and Gazette on Cardinal Donnet’s cases of live burial, 71; on vivisection of a criminal, 172.

Medicine, profession of, sceptical as to death-trance and live burial, 113; a new sphere of work for, 218; its overcrowded state, 219 (footnote).

Mendelssohn, Moses, writes against early burial, 361.

Meyerbeer, his dread of being buried alive, 54.

Milner, Dr. Ebenezer, on appearances of death in trance, 186; on rigor mortis, 186.

Misson, M. Max, his opinion on frequency of live burial, 222; instances cited by, 326.

Mody, Ervad Jivanji, his explanation of the “Sagdeed” at Parsee funerals, 138; on the use of the chain at the Towers of Silence, 138.

Molloy, J. F., alleges trance in B. Disraeli, 23.

Monteverdi, M., his test of death, 193.

Moore, Dr. G., on so-called human hibernation, 43.

Mortuaries, an illustration of their use, 95; waiting, should be established in all sanitary districts, 285; movement in favour of, began in France, 286; first executed in Germany, 286; new and sumptuous example of, at Munich, 289; called for in London in 1847 by R. Brandon, 289-293; as now existing in London, 295-298; only one case of resuscitation reported from same, 298; suggestions for their improvement and extension, 298, 303; Medical Times on those of hospitals, 299; as now existing in provincial towns, 300; want of, in Ireland, 301-303; those of Brussels, 305; of Paris, 305; of Berlin, 306; of Vienna, 306; of Stockholm, 307; that of Weimar, 307; suggested joint-stock company for, in Paris, 308; utility of, 309.

Moscow, burial customs at, 358.

Munich, new sumptuous mortuary at, 289; utility of the mortuary at, 309; ordinances of, for ascertaining death, 356.

NECKER, Madam, her practical suggestions to prevent live burial, 286.

Needle test of death, 194.

Netherlands, the, burial laws of, 353.

Newsholme, Dr. A., on unregistered still-births, 346.

Newspaper cases, of trance, 30, 31; of sudden death, 164-170; some head-lines from, 318.

Nonna, La, form of trance following influenza, 30, 124.

Nowroji, Mr. Ardeshar, on premature exposure of the dead among Parsees, 138.

Number, probable, of live burials, 220.

Nuneaton, authentic case at, of narrow escape, 67.

Nusserwanje, Mr. Dadabhoy, on cases of restored animation in Parsees, 139.

O’CONNELL, Daniel, his dread of being buried alive, 154.

O’Rourke, Mr. John, on hurried embalming, 352.

O’Neill, Dr. W., relates case of narrow escape, 78.

Ogston, Prof. Francis, records probable case of premature dissection, 232.

Ordinances. (See under “Regulations.”)

Orfila, M., diaphanous test useless, 192.

Orrendo, case of, at Kronstadt, 122.

Oswald, Dr. John, on means of restoration to life, 266, 267.

Ouseley, Rev. J. G., estimates ratio of live burials, 222.

PARSEES, their mode of disposing of the dead, 136-142; their prejudice against persons restored to life, 139, 142.

Patzki, Dr. J. H., his case of recovery by artificial respiration, 266.

Pembroke, William, Earl of, embalmed, 230.

Perspiration a sign of revival, 28, 363.

Petitions for prevention of premature burial, 225.

Phelps, Lieut.-Gen. A., advocates cremation to prevent live burial, 278.

Plato, his reason for advising tardy disposal of dead, 144, 331; relates a case of revival, 325.

Pliny gives instances of the dead restored, 326.

Plutarch, case of revival cited from, 325.

Prasad, Mr. Durga, relates escape from burning alive, 132.

Pratt, Dr. Samuel B., on rigor mortis, 185.

Predisposition to trance, from nervous exhaustion, 120; in women, 121; habitual, 122; from cold, 123; after influenza, 30, 124; from narcotics, 125; in cholera, 126; in various morbid states, 127.

Pregnancy, apparent death during, 66.

Probability of life, recent rise in, 319; how same might be further raised, 319.

Prevention, means of, various, 258; by exciting the skin, 258-261; by auscultation, 261; by electricity, 262-265; by hypodermic injection, 265; by artificial respiration, 266; summary of, in All the Year Round, 268-273; prizes for discovery of, 273. (See also under “Tests of death.”)

Prix Dusgate, 274, 377.

Prix Manni, 274, 374.

Prix d’Ourches, 274, 376.

Prize by the Brussels Royal Academy, 366.

Publisher, a well-known, relates to the author a case of narrow escape, 88.

Putrefaction, the one safe test of death, Dr. Chew on, 183; Dr. Fagge on, 183; Medical Examiner on, 183; Dr. Gannal on, 185.

Pye-Smith, Dr. P. H., on caution to be used in cases of trance, 175 (footnote).

QUENSTEDT on dormancy of vital principle, 325.

Quintilian gives reason for tardy burial by the Romans, 144.

RACHEL, Mlle. (actress), said to have been prematurely embalmed, 230.

Recommendations of the authors, 323.

Regulations, against early burial after sudden death, 179; in Würtemburg for ascertaining real death, 195; in Bavaria for same, 204-207; in the Netherlands, 353; Frankfort, 353; France, 354; Austria, 355; Vienna, 355; Dalmatia, 356; Saxony, 356; Munich, 356; Calcutta, 357; Bombay, 357; Cape Town, 357; Moscow, 358; Brussels, 358; Denmark, 358; Spain, 359; Ireland, 359; United States, 359.

Respiration, artificial, in case of apparent death, 266.

Respiration, failure of, as test of death, 181.

Resuscitation, cases of. (See under “Awaking,” “Escapes,” and “Rescue.”)

Richardson, Sir B. W., his paper on the Absolute Signs of Death, 10; cites case of narrow escape, 75; on effects of narcotics simulating death, 125; his enumeration of signs of death, 181, 192-194; applies the tests of death in a case, 189.

Rigor mortis a sign of death, 185.

Rescue from live burial, fatally delayed by formalities, 105; cases of, 106-110; cases of, promptly successful, 111-112.

Romans, ancient, their burial practices, 333.

Roper, Dr., relates cases of still-born recovered, 355.

Roy, Dr. Mohan Chunder, on risks of live burial or burning at Benares, 131.

“SAGDEED,” the, ceremony at the Towers of Silence, 138.

Salzburg, case of delayed rescue from live burial at, 108.

Saxony, burial law of, 356.

Schmid, Dr. J., case of sudden death revived, 176.

Scott, Robert, of Scott’s Hall, case of, 335; his wife’s case, 336.

Servius, cremation delayed among the Latins, 144.

Sethna, Mr. Phiroze C., accompanies the author to the Towers of Silence, 136.

Shaw, Mr. Oscar F., narrates case of live burial, 53.

Sheffield, a premature death-certificate at, 242.

Silence, Towers of, visit of author to, at Bombay, 136.

Small-pox, cases of suspended animation in, 99.

Snart, Mr. John, on number of live burials, 221.

Somaglia, Cardinal, prematurely embalmed, 230.

Spain, burial practices in, 359.

Spasms of the heart, recovery after supposed death from, 176.

Spectator, The, on indifference to the danger, 18.

Spinosa, Cardinal, prematurely embalmed, 230.

Sri Sumangala on risks of live burial or burning in Ceylon, 133.

Stevenson, Dr. A., refuses demand for death-certificate in case of trance, 97.

Still-born, the, resuscitation of, 341-346.

Struve, Dr. C. A., case of rescue fatally delayed, 106; on duration of apparent death, 208; case of recovery by electricity, 262; cases of recovery of still-born, 342; of recovery of drowned, 347.

Syncope, statistics of death by, 173; definition of, 173.

TALMUD, the, its teaching as to burials, 361.

Tanner, Dr. M. S., relates two cases of narrow escape, 76.

Tatham, Dr. John, examined as to live burials, 245.

Terilli, Dr., tardy burial a safeguard, 145.

Tests of death: respiratory, 181; cardiac and arterial, 181, 182; putrefactive, 183; rigor mortis, 185; cadaveric countenance, 187; clenched jaws, 187; diaphanous web of fingers, 187; Richardson’s enumeration of, 193; Hartmann on fallaciousness of, 194; official statements of, 195; Lancet on fallaciousness of, 196; British Medical Journal on same, 198-201; Wilder on same, 201; Gaubert on same, 201; expert verificateurs of, 202; popular trust in, 203; Bavarian official directions for, 204-207.

Thouret, Dr., his inference from opening of graves, 51, 228.

Thieurey, Dr., his estimated number of live burials cited, 222.

Thompson, Sir Henry, on defective death-certification, 240; advocates cremation to prevent live burial, 276.

Thompson, Mr. W. Arnold, case of still-born child recovered, 345.

Tidy, Dr. C. M., on progressive nature of death, 160; on causes of sudden death, 161; on still-born infants, 341.

Tobacco a cause of sudden death, 163.

Trance, definition and symptoms of, 21-23; Gairdner’s case of, 23-27; Madden’s cases of, 27-29; other cases of, 29, 30; prolonged cases of, 31; Hufeland on, 43; in a fakir at Jeypore, 44; at Lahore, 47; self-induced at Westminster Aquarium, 48; cases of, require caution (Pye-Smith), 175 (footnote); Milner on diagnosis of, from death, 186.

Truth, relation in, of a case of unverified death, 115.

Turnbull, Mr. Peveril, communicates to Spectator case of exhumation alive, 111.

UNDERTAKERS, testimony of, 57; their experience of dubious death, 118; their fear of premature interment, 156.

Undertakers’ and Funeral Directors’ Journal, on risks of hasty burial, 171; on frequency of live burial, 226; on necessity for mortuaries, 295.

Union Medicale, La, on premature burial, 247.

United States of America, regulations in, for disposal of dead, 359.

VALENTINE, Dr. Colin S., relates case of escape from burial, 97.

Verification of deaths, in France, 246; in Brussels, 248; in Würtemburg, 249; in the United States, 252.

Vesalius, Andreas, his case of live dissection, 329.

Vienna, ordinances of, for inspection of dead, 355.

Vigné, Dr. J. B., narrates a narrow escape, 66; testamentary directions to prevent his own live burial, 257.

Vivisection of a criminal, 172.

WADE, Sir Claude, eye-witness of trances in fakirs, 47.

Wadia, Mr. Soabjee Dhunjeebhoy, 138.

Waiting Mortuaries, Gaubert on, 309.

Walker, Dr., of Dublin, his case, 338.

Walker, Mr. G. A., on risks of premature burial, 215.

Walters, Rev. W., on death-certification in Ireland, 241.

Waterman, Dr. S., recoveries from apparent death in heart-disease, 176.

Wiener Medicinische Zeitung on a premature Jewish interment at Lemberg, 148.

Welby, Mr. Horace, dread of live burial a prevalent one, 153.

Whiter, Rev. Walter, advice as to treatment of the dead, 218.

Whitney, Constance, her tomb in Cripplegate Church, 338.

Widgen, Mrs., recovers many still-born at lying-in hospital, 344.

Wilder, Dr. Alex., brings subject before State Legislature, N.Y., 19; on predisposition to trance, 120; on the causes of sudden death, 163; on risks of premature burial in sudden deaths, 178; on fallacious signs of death, 201; advocates cremation to prevent live burial, 280.

Winslow, Dr. Jacques B., a pioneer in the prevention of live burial, 257; on signs of death, 333, 334.

Wunderbar, R. J., on the origin of, and authority for, early burial among the Jews, 360.

Würtemburg, official directions of, for ascertaining real death, 195, 249-251; case of escape from premature interment in, 251; regulations of, recommended for imitation, 255, 256.

YATES, Edmund, bequeaths fee to surgeon to ensure that he was not buried alive, 154.

Hay Nisbet & Co., Printers, 16 St. Enoch Square, Glasgow, and 25 Bouverie Street, London, E. C.

FOOTNOTES:

“The Recovery of the Apparently Dead,” by Charles Kite, Member of the Corporation of Surgeons in London, and Surgeon at Gravesend in Kent. London, 1788.

“Histoire de la Médecine,” La Haye, 1729, p. 333.

“Linnæan Transactions,” 1797, vol. iv., p. 155. “An Account of the Jumping Mouse of Canada--Dipus Canadensis.”

Archives gén de Med., 1827, xiv., p. 105.

The case referred to, being attended with considerable doubt, is omitted.

Evening News, Nottingham, January 10, 1896.

Health, May 21, 1886, edited by Dr. Andrew Wilson, pp. 120-1. After relating other cases, Surgeon Curran continues:--“I have myself personally seen or heard on the spot of three such cases--cases that in other hands or in other localities might have passed as dead, were they not buried as such accordingly.”

For the antiquity of the Jewish practice of early burial, see note in Appendix.

Dr. A. B. Granville, “Sudden Death,” p. 278.

Ibid., p. 278.

Ibid., p. 279.

Tidy, “Legal Medicine,” part i., pp. 279-280.

In the 3rd ed., by Dr. Pye Smith, the following occurs at p. 817 of vol. i., under “Trance”:--“These are the cases which have led to the popular belief that death is sometimes only apparent, and that there may be a danger of persons being buried alive; and it cannot be denied that a patient in such a condition might easily be allowed to die by careless or ignorant attendants, or might be buried before death.”

Bulletin Therap. Méd., tome xxvii., p. 371.

“Premature Burial: An Examination into the Occult Causes of Apparent Death, Trance, and Catalepsy.” By Franz Hartmann, M.D. Second Edition. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. (One Shilling).

“Pour se convaincre de l’erreur où l’on tomberait en adoptant cette opinion populaire, il suffit de refléchir d’abord qu’un cercueil n’est pas exactement moulé sur les proportions du corps qu’il contient; que, par consequent, tous les intervalles sont remplis d’air respirable, en quantité très-grande, égale à-peu-près à un cube dont le côté aurait 50 centimètres de hauteur. Or, chaque inspiration absorbe environ 1,200 centimètres cubes d’air dont l’oxygène n’est employé dans l’hématose que pour sa cinquième partie, le reste étant rendu pendant l’expiration; il en resulte donc que chaque inspiration ne consomme en réalité que 240 centimètres cubes. L’homme, à l’état normal, respire à-peu-près 800 fois par heure; et, comme un cube de 50 centimètres de côté contient 125,000 centimètres cubes, on doit conclure que cette quantité d’air peut suffire à 520 inspirations normales, c’est à dire à soutenir la vie pendant près de trois quarts d’heure. Mais, d’un autre côté, il est démontré, en botanique, que l’air filtre dans la terre; celui contenu dans le cercueil peut donc en partie se renouveler. On doit nécessairement tenir compte de la nature du terrain où le cercueil à été déposé; s’il est sec, léger ou sablonneux, il laissera pénétrer, circuler pour, ainsi dire, l’air atmosphérique plus facilement, que des terres humides, grasses ou argileuses. Ajoutons enfin, que les quantités determinées plus haut pourraient être réduites de plus de moitié, sans causer directement la mort. On voit donc qu’un homme peut vivre sous terre pendant plusieurs heures, et que ce temps sera d’autant plus court que le sujet sera plus pléthorique, c’est-à-dire predisposé aux congestions cérébrales, puisque, dans ce cas, ses inspirations seront plus larges et plus frequentes.”

Report on “Suspended Animation.” By a Committee of the Royal Med. Chirur. Society, July 12, 1862.

The British Medical Journal, August 15, 1894, p. 381, reports a “Discussion on the Overcrowding of the Profession,” in which Dr. Frederick H. Alderson says:--“The very crowded condition of the medical profession concerns a very large body of the profession; neither is the evil limited to any particular section of it. Our physicians are too numerous, our surgeons alike too many, and our general practitioners are legion.”

Quoted by Dr. Franz Hartmann in “Premature Burial.”

Alas for the futility of human expectations of reform when left to the initiation of Governments--this was written twenty-seven years ago, and nothing has been done to remedy the evil!

During the five years ending 1895 the population of France, where of all European countries premature burial is most in vogue, has increased by only 133,819, or, leaving out the immigration of alien population, the increase is under 30,000. The population for all practical purposes may be regarded as stationary.

With reference to the burial customs in Ireland, the Kings County Chronicle, Parsonstown, September 17, 1896, says:--“Young children are buried the day after death, but adults are waked for two, and sometimes three nights.”

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE:

--Obvious print and punctuation errors were corrected.