CHAPTER XXX.. The Study of Mounted Preparations.

THE STUDY OF MOUNTED PREPARATIONS.

1. =Preparation.= Analyze the method of preparation of the specimen, noting-methods of fixation, hardening, imbedding, injection, impregnation, staining, etc. Note the reaction of nucleus, protoplasm, red blood-cells and connective-tissue to the stain. Look for special staining reactions (hyalin. amyloid, mucin, etc.) and metachromasia.

2. =Histology.= Look for histologic landmarks by which the organ, or part of the body, from which the specimen is taken can be recognized. If such landmarks cannot be found, analyze the section, element by element, until its histologic features are fully noted and recognized. Answer the question, “From what part of the body does the tissue come?” Carry the differential diagnosis as far as possible, with regard to sex, age, side of the body or organ (for example, in the heart decide as to auricle or ventricle, left ventricle or right, etc.).

3. =Pathology.= Study next the deviations from the normal. Answer these questions: “Is the tissue normal?” “If not, in what respects does it differ from the normal?” Study pathologic conditions with the low power first, then use the high power for the finer details. Consider the histologic features of the organ (capsule, stroma, parenchyma, ducts, etc.) with respect to pathologic changes.

4. =Diagnosis.= After the pathologic changes have been fully studied, the diagnosis should be formulated. If the pathologic changes found can be correlated as factors in some specific conditions they should not be considered separately, but the specific condition itself would constitute the diagnosis. When the pathologic conditions have no definite relation to each other they should be classified separately. If a section of kidney shows cloudy swelling, congestion, œdema, small-celled infiltration, hæmorrhage and casts, these different conditions would all be included in the diagnosis of an acute parenchymatous degenerative nephritis. If the general picture corresponds to that of tuberculosis, syphilis, neoplasm, etc., the various associated changes need not be considered alone, but the broad and comprehensive diagnosis should be expressed in as concise terms as possible.

Written descriptions of microscopic appearances should be so full and clear that it is possible to make a diagnosis from the word-picture. A full and adequate analysis of the preparation set forth in concise and clear language is of more objective value than the bare diagnosis. Reproductions by means of drawings are also of great value in assisting the memory or in communicating the results of the observation to others. A technique sufficient for ordinary purposes may soon be obtained. Color work is usually easiest, since the majority of sections are stained in color. The camera lucida or Edinger’s drawing apparatus may be of great service in the enlargement and placing of the various elements of the section; with these instruments but little practice is necessary to produce rapid and accurate representations. The close inspection of the preparation during the drawing often reveals features that previously had escaped attention. Many workers object to drawings on the ground of subjectivity, but the same criticism applies even more to word-descriptions. Especial attention must, however, be paid to this danger, both in the case of drawings and word-descriptions. In the case of scientific work the written description is best backed up by photographs, rather than by drawings. Microphotography has the very great advantage of being purely objective, although dishonest photographs are possible. There are, however, certain limitations to microphotography. Differential details are lost in sections; all parts of the section cannot be fairly represented; and focal and color limitations are great disadvantages. I believe, however, that for pure scientific work word-descriptions should be accompanied by objective microphotographs instead of drawings. The microphotographic outfit of Zeiss has already been recommended as the best. It is impossible to take up the subject of microphotographic technique in this book. The reader is referred to the chapter on “Microphotography” in Aschoff and Gaylord’s Atlas, and to the works of Cresbie, Bagshaw, Kaiserling, Neuhauss, and others. (See article on “Mikrophotographic” in the Enzyklopädie der mikroscopischen Tecknik.)

INDEX.

Abdomen: Inspection of, 45 Section of, 140

Abdominal cavity, pathology of, 102

Abdominal organs, pathology of, 104

Abortion, death from, 191

Acetic acid fuchsin, 220

Acetone, 226, 237

Acetone-colophonium, 278

Acetone-xylol, 278

Acids: Acetic, 220 Chromic, 228 Fatty, 268 Mineral, 220 Osmic, 220, 230, 267, 299 Picric, 231, 258 Poisoning with, 189

Acid fuchsin, 258

Acid stains, 253

Adrenals, examination of, 145, 146 Left, 145, 155 Right, 146, 155 Special pathology of, 155

African relapsing fever, 284

Agar-formol, 237

Age of new-born, 182

Alcohol, 220, 227

Alcohol poisoning, 189

Alkalies, poisoning with, 190

Alum carmine, 256

Alum cochineal, 283

Alum hæmatoxylin, 254

Altmann’s granules, 230, 265

Ammonium sulphide test, 275

Amœba coli, 285

Amyloid, staining of, 262

Aniline dyes, 253

Aniline-xylol, 270, 278

Animal parasites, 285

Anomalies, 45

Antimony, poisoning with, 190

Antrums, examination of, 86

Aorta, 120, 130 Abdominal, 158

Apathy’s method, 300

Aronson-Philipp stain, 292

Arsenic, poisoning with, 190

Artefacts, 251

Asphyxia, death from, 191

Atrophy, 264

Atropine, poisoning with, 190

Autopsy: General considerations, 3 Heller’s method, 30 Importance of, 3 Instruments, 9 Legal aspects of, 5 Letulle’s method for, 30 Medicolegal, 187 of new-born, 177 in animals, 196 Order of, 24 Permit for, 8 Preparation for, 15 Technique, 20 Time of, 42

Axis-cylinders, staining, 299

Azur-blau, 290

Back, inspection of, 45

Bacteria: Acid fast, 280 Actinomyces, 278, 283 Bacillus: Aërogenes capsulatus, 278, 281 of anthrax, 278, 280 of bubonic plague, 279, 281 of chancroid (Ducrez-Unna), 279, 281 Coli communis, 279, 281 Diphtheriæ, 278, 281 Dysenteriæ, 279 of epidemic conjunctivitis, 279, 281 of fowl cholera, 279 of Friedländer, 282 of glanders, 279, 281 of influenza, 279, 281 of Koch-Weeks, 270, 281 of leprosy, 278, 280, 283 of Lustgarten, 280 Mallei, 279, 281 of malignant œdema, 279, 280 of mouse septicæmia, 278 Paratyphoid, 281 Pestis, 279, 281 Pneumoniæ, 279, 282 Proteus, 279 Pyocyaneus, 279, 281 of rabbit septicæmia, 279 Rhinoscleroma, 278, 282 Smegma, 280 of swine erysipelas, 278 of swine plague, 279 of tetanus, 278, 281 Tuberculosis, 278, 280, 282 of typhoid fever, 279, 281 Cladothrix, 283 Diplococcus pneumoniæ, 278, 280 Gonococcus, 279, 280 Gram-negative, 278 Gram-positive, 278 Leptothrix, 283 Meningococcus, 279, 280 Micrococcus: Catarrhalis, 280 Melitensis, 279 Tetragenus, 278, 280 Nocardia, 283 Oïdium Albicans, 278, 285 Spirilla and spirochaetes, 283 Spirillum: of Asiatic cholera, 279 Obermeieri, 284 of recurrent fever, 283 of Vincent’s angina, 284 Spirochæte: of African relapsing fever, 284 of fowl-spirillosis, 284 Pallida, 279, 284 Refringens, 284 Staphylococcus: Pyogenes albus, 278, 280 Pyogenes aureus, 278, 280 Pyogenes citreus, 278, 280 Streptococcus pyogenes, 278, 280 Vibrios: Staining of, 283 of cholera, 283

Balantidium coli, 286

Basic stains, 253

Basic aniline dyes, 257

Beale’s glycerin carmine, 218

Béclard’s center, 181

Benda’s method, 268 Iron hæmatoxylin, 273

Beneke’s method, 147

Best’s glycogen methods, 270

Bethe’s method, 300

Biebrich scarlet, 293

Bielschowsky’s method, 299, 300

Bignami’s method, 286

Bile capillaries, demonstration of, 297

Bile passages, 151

Birch-Hirschfeld’s method, 263

Bismarck brown, 257

Bladder, urinary, 161, 163, 165, 169

Blastomycetes, 285

Bleu Borrel, 290

Blood: Biologic test for, 306 Examination of, 288 Fat in, 293 Films, 288 Fixing of, 288 Medicolegal examination of, 305 Parasites of, 293 Sections, 293 Size of red cells, 305 Staining of, 289

Blood-content, 39

Blood platelets, 292

Blood vessels, peripheral, 174, 176

Body, heat of, 50

Böhmer’s hæmatoxylin, 254

Bone marrow: Examination of, 173 Special pathology of, 174 Staining of, 293 Staining methods, 294

Bones: Examination of, 173 Special pathology of, 174

Borax carmine, 257

Bordeaux red, 273

Brain: Basal vessels, 89 Removal of, 69 Section of, 70 Section in skull, 76 Section, Déjerine method, 77 Section, Meynert method, 77 Section, Pitres method, 75 Section, Virchow method, 70 Special pathology of, 93

Bremer’s reaction, 292

Broad ligament, 165, 172

Bronchi, 118, 120, 128

Bunge’s fluid, 275

Burckhardt’s fluid, 231

Burns, death from, 192

Buzzi’s method, 267

Cadaver: Age of, 42 Build of, 44 External examination of, 41 Facies of, 44 Head of, 44 Identification of, 41, 187 Legal status of, 5 Nationality of, 42 Nutrition of, 44 Occupation of, 42 Orifices of, 52 Palpation of, 52 Percussion of, 52 Restoration of, 193 Sex of, 41 Status of, 42

Calcification, 220, 264

Canada balsam, 250

Carotids, 134, 139

Carbol-kresyl-echt-violett, 220, 263

Carbol-xylol, 249

Carbon-monoxide poisoning, 190

Carmine, 256

Carmine, ammonia, 258

Carmine and picric acid, 260

Carnoy’s fluid, 231

Cartilage: Béclard’s center, 181 Costal, 99, 105 Staining of, 295

Cell granules, 265

Cell inclusions, 265

Cellodin, 234, 235, 239, 240, 243, 245, 247, 251

Cercomonas, 286

Cerebellum: Examination of, 92 Pathology of, 92 Section of, 74

Cerebrum: Examination of, 90 Section of, 70 Size, 90 Weight, 90

Cestodes, 287

Chancroid, bacillus of, 281

Chisel, 12 Brunetti, 15, 56 Curved, 55 Esquirol, 55 Straight, 55 Tomahawk, 55

Cholera, vibrio of, 283

Cholesterin, 266

Chorioid plexus, 92

Chloral hydrate, poisoning with, 190

Chloroform, poisoning with, 190

Chromaffinic tissues, 304

Chromic acid, 228

Chromogen, 300

Chromophilic cells, 276

Claudius’ method, 223

Clearing, 249

Clearing fluids, 249

Cloudy swelling, 266

Cocci, staining of, 278, 279, 280

Coccidia, 286

Cold, death from, 192

Collagen, staining of, 296

Colloid, 266

Colophonium, 250, 278

Color: of hair, 48 of organs, 35

Congo red, 293

Connective tissue, staining of, 295

Consistence, 36

Copper, test for, 276

Cord, spinal: Examination of, 53, 61 Pathology of, 61, 62 Removal of, 57, 59 Size, 61 Weight, 61

Cornification, 266

Courmont and Andre’s method, 276

Cover-glass preparations, 244

Cowper’s gland, 161

Cranium: Examination of, 64 Examination of base, 78, 93

Crushing, 210

Crystal-violet, 224

Cut surface, 38

Dahlia, 271

Damar, 250

Dark field, 205, 284 Condenser, 284

Death: Apparent, 43 Icard’s test for, 43 Larcher’s sign of, 43 Magnus’ sign of, 44 Positive signs of, 42 Ripault’s test for, 43 Tests for, 43 Time of, 42

Decalcification, methods of, 232 Combined with fixation, 232 Ebner’s fluid, 233 Haug’s solution, 233 Phloroglucin, 233 Schaffer’s, 233 Sulphurous acid, 232 Trichloracetic acid, 232

Decidua, demonstration of, 307

Deetjen’s agar solution, 292

Deformities, 45

Dehydration, 249

Déjerine method, 77

Delafield’s hæmatoxylin, 255

Delépine’s method, 261

Diaphragm, 98, 104, 148, 159

Differentiation, 246, 247

Diffuse stains, 258

Diffusion spots, 51

Digestion, 210, 217, 296

Diplococcus pneumoniæ, 278, 280

Dissociation fluids, 219

Donaggio’s methods, 302

Dorsal incision, 60

Drawing, 310

Duodenum, 143, 150

Dura: Basal, 93 of brain, 88 of cord, 60

Ear, 81, 82, 83, 94 Examination of, 81, 82, 83, 94 Politzer method of examining, 85 Microscopic examination of, 297

Edinger drawing apparatus, 310

Ehrlich: Acid hæmatoxylin, 255 Dahlia method, 271 Triple stain, 261, 292

Ehrlich-Biondi-Heidenhain stain, 273

Ejaculatory ducts, 161

Elastic fibres: Orcein stain for, 296 Resorcin-fuchsin, 296 Staining of, 296 Weigert’s method, 296

Electricity, death from, 192

Eleidin, 266, 267

Eosin, 258, 259, 260

Epithelial fibres, 304

Ergot, poisoning with, 190

Erlitzky’s fluid, 228

Ether, 220

Eustachian tube, 83, 84, 85

Eyes, 45, 94 Microscopic examination of, 297 Pathology of, 94

Face, 86

Facies, 44

Fat, in blood, 293 Indophenol stain for, 268 Osmic acid stain for, 267 Scarlet R stain for, 268 Scharlach R stain for, 268 Staining of, 267 Sudan III stain for, 268

Fat-granule cells, 303

Fat tissue, staining of, 297

Fatty acids, 268

Fett Ponceau, 220

Fibres, elastic, 296 Epithelial, 304 Sharpey’s, 295

Fibrin: Staining of, 269 Weigert’s method of staining, 269

Fibroglia, 296 Mallory’s stain for, 296

Filaria, staining of, 287

Films, blood, 288

Fisher’s milk injection, 218

Fixation, 225, 288

Fixation and hardening, 225 Acetone method, 226 Alcohol, 227 Altmann’s solution, 230 Burckhardt’s fluid, 231 Carnoy’s fluid, 231 Chromic acid and salts, 228 Combined with decalcification, 232 Determination of method, 231 Erlitzky’s fluid, 228 Flemming’s solution, 230 Flemming’s chroma-cetic solution, 231 Formalin, 229 Formol, 229 Formol-acetone, 227 Formol-alcohol, 228 Freezing and drying, 229 Heat, 229 Hermann’s solution, 230 Marchi’s solution, 230 Mercuric chloride solution, 230 Merkel’s fluid, 231 Orth’s fluid, 228 Osmic acid, 230 Pianese’s solution, 230 Picric acid solution, 230 Rabl’s fluid, 231 Rawitz’s fluid, 231 Rules for, 226 Sublamine, 230 Zenker’s solution, 230

Flemming’s solution, 230

Flemming’s solution and safranin, 272

Fluids: Burckhardt, 231 Carnoy, 231 Dissociation, 219 Ebner, 233 Erlitzky’s, 228 Indifferent, 219 Maceration, 219 Merkel, 231 Müller’s, 228 Orth, 228 Pacini, 305 Physiologic, 219 Rabl, 231 Rawitz, 231

Fluorchrom, 299

Florence sperm reaction, 300

Fœtal tissues, demonstration of, 307

Formalin, 229

Formol, 229

Formol-agar, 237

Formol-alcohol, 228

Formol-gelatin, 237

Fowl-spirillosis, 284

Freezing, 211

Freezing and drying, 229

Freezing microtome, 211, 214, 216

Fresh material, examination of, 208 Staining of, 220, 243 Treatment of, 221

Fuchsin, 257

Gaffky’s method, 281

Gall bladder, 145, 155

Ganglia: Cerebral, 92 Spinal, 60 Sympathetic, 148, 158

Ganglion cells, staining of, 298

Gelatin preparations, 223

Gentian violet, 263, 279

Giemsa’s method, 291 Stain, 284, 290, 291

Glycerin, 219, 250

Glycerin-gelatin, 250

Glycogen: Best’s method for, 270 in leucocytes, 293 Staining of, 270

Golgi’s network, 300

Gonococcus, 279, 280

Gram-positive bacteria, 278

Gram-negative bacteria, 278

Gram-Weigert stain, 269

Granules: Altmann’s, 230, 265 Basophile, 290, 291, 292 Cell: Plasma, 271, 272 Mast, 271, 272 Eosinophile, 290, 291, 292 Neutrophile, 290, 291, 292 Nissl’s, 298

Green’s method, 263

Hæmalum, 255 Mayer’s, 255 Mayer’s acid, 255 Staining with, 256

Hæmatoxylin, 234 Alum, 254 and acid fuchsin, 259 and eosin, 259 and orange G, 259 and picric acid, 259 Benda’s iron, 273 Böhmer’s, 254 Delafield’s, 255 Ehrlich’s acid, 255 Hansen’s, 255 Heidenhain’s iron, 273 Weigert’s iron, 255

Hæmolymphnodes, 148, 158

Hæmosiderin, 275

Hair, 48 Medicolegal examination of, 307

Hansen’s hæmatoxylin, 255

Hardening, methods of, 225

Harke’s method, 85

Hasting’s stain, 290

Haug’s solution, 233

Head, 44 Examination of, 63 Inspection of, 44

Heart: Left, 125 Nauwerck’s method of opening, 114 Orifices and valves of, 125 Prausnitz’s method of opening, 116 Right, 124 Section of, 107 Size and weight of, 123 Special pathology of, 126 Vessels of, 125 Virchow’s method of opening, 113

Heat, death from, 192 fixation by, 229

Heidenhain’s iron hæmatoxylin, 273

Heller’s method, 30

Hermann’s solution, 230

Herxheimer’s method, 304

Hey saw, 14, 85

Histologic features, 39

Huber and Snow’s plate method, 245

Hyalin, staining of, 271

Hydrocyanic acid, poisoning with, 190

Hydropic degeneration, 271

Hydroxides, potassium and sodium, 220

Hypertrophy, 271

Hypophysis, 80, 92

Hypostasis, 50

Icard’s test, 43

Identification of cadaver, 41, 187

Iliacs, 158

Iliopsoas muscle, 148, 159

Illuminating gas, poisoning with, 190

Imbedding, methods of, 234 Acetone, 237 Celloidin, 234, 235 Formol-agar, 237 Formol-gelatin, 237 Paraffin, 234, 236 Pyridin, 237

Incision, main, 96

India ink method, 284

Indophenol, 268

Infanticide, 191

Infiltration, 234

Inflammation, 271

Injection, methods of, 217 Beale’s glycerin carmine, 218 Fisher’s milk, 218 Silbermann’s, 218 Thiersch’s Berlin blue gelatin, 218

Instruments, autopsy, 9

Intestines, 141, 150

Iodine-glycerin, 220

Iodine, test for, 272

Iodine green, 263

Iodine test for amyloid, 262

Iron: Ammonium sulphide test, 275 Combined or masked, 275 Potassium ferrocyanide test, 275 Tests for, 275

Joints, 174, 176

Jugulars, 133, 139

Justus’ test, 272

Kaiserling’s method, 222

Keratin, 267

Keratohyalin, 266, 267

Kidney: Left, 145, 155 Removal of, 145-147 Right, 146, 155

v. Kölliker’s method, 295

v. Kossa’s silver method, 264

Kresyl-echt-violett, 263, 273

Laboratory, outfit, 201 Utensils, 207

Lævulose, 250

Lake, 253

Langhans’ method, 240

Larcher’s sign, 43

Larynx, section of, 133 Pathology of, 136

Lead, poisoning with, 190 Test for, 276

Legal aspects of autopsy, 5

Leishman-Donovan bodies, 286

Leishman’s stain, 290

v. Lenhossék’s method, 298

Leptothrix, 283

Letulle’s method, 30

Leukocytes, staining of, 291

Levaditi’s method, 284

Ligaments, broad, 165, 172 Uterine, 172

Lithium carmine, 257

Liver, pathology of, 153 Section of, 144 Staining of, 297

Location of organs, 34

Luer’s rhachiotome, 14, 55

Lugol’s solution, 220

Lungs, section of, 116 Pathology of, 126, 127

Lustgarten’s bacillus, 280

Lymphatics, 158 Uterine, 172

Lymphnodes: Bronchial, 118, 120, 129 Cervical, 134, 138 Mesenteric, 145, 155 Microscopic examination, 293 Pelvic, 165 Portal, 145 Regional, 174, 176 Retroperitoneal, 148

Lymphocytes, staining of, 292

Maceration, 210 Fluids, 219

Macroscopic preparations, 222

Magnus’ sign, 44

Malarial organisms, 286, 291, 292

Mallory’s method for actinomyces, 283 for amœba, 285 for fibroglia, 296 for neuroglia, 301 for reticulum, 295

Mallory-Wright method: Serial sections, 240 Tubercle-stain, 282

Mall’s digestion-method, 296

Mamma, 99, 105

Mann’s method, 287

Marchi’s fluid, 230 Method, 302

Marking of plates, 246

Mast cells, staining of, 271

Material, examination of fresh, 208 Treatment of, 199

Mayer’s acid-hæmalum, 255 Hæmalum, 255

Mediastinum, anterior, 121

Medicolegal examination, 305

Medulla, 75, 92

Megastoma entericum, 286

Melnikow-Raswedenkow, 223

Meninges of cord, 60, 61 Basal, 89, 93 Inner, 61, 89 Vessels of, 88

Meningococcus, 279, 280

Mercuric chloride fixation, 230

Mercury, test for, 276

Merkel’s fluid, 231

Mesenteric lymphnodes, 145, 155

Mesentery, 145, 155

Metachromasia, 247, 254

Methods: Apathy’s, 300 Benda’s, 268 Best’s, 270 Bethe’s, 300 Bielschowsky’s, 299, 300 Bignami’s, 286 Birch-Hirschfeld’s, 263 Buzzi’s, 267 Claudius’, 223 Courmont and Andre’s, 276 Delépine’s, 261 Donaggio’s, 302 Ehrlich’s dahlia, 271 Ehrlich’s triple stain, 261, 292 Fick’s, 267 Gaffky’s, 281 Giemsa’s, 284, 291 Golgi’s, 300 Green’s, 263 Herxheimer’s, 304 Huber and Snow’s, 245 India-ink, 284 Jenner’s, 290 Kaiserling’s, 222 v. Kölliker’s, 295 v. Kossa’s, 264 Langhans’, 240 v. Lenhossék’s, 298 Levaditi’s, 284 Mallory’s, 240, 285, 295, 296, 301 Mallory and Wright’s, 240, 282 Mann’s, 287 Marchi’s, 302 Melnikow-Raswedenkow, 222 Meynert’s, 77 Molasses plate, 245 Morse’s, 263 Nikiforoff’s, 283 Nissl’s, 298 Noniewicz’s, 281 Pappenheim’s, 279, 292 Pianese’s, 265 Pick’s, 223 Platner’s, 303 Politzer’s, 85 Ramon j Cajal, 300 Romanowsky, 272, 286, 290 Schaffer’s, 233 Schmorl’s, 294 Schmorl-Giemsa, 284 Schmorl-Obregia, 240, 245 Silbermann’s, 218 Smith’s, 269 Strouse’s, 220 Trambusi’s, 293 Unna’s chancroid, 281 Collagen, 296 Fungi, 285 Mast cell, 271 Van Gieson’s, 260 Warthin’s plate, 221, 245 Weigert’s, elastic tissue, 296 Fibrin, 269 Gram, 269, 278 Myelin sheath, 299 Neuroglia, 300 Westenhoeffer’s, 223 White’s, 261 Wiesel’s, 304 Williamson-Bielschowsky, 299 Wolkowitsch’s, 282 Wood’s, 220 Wright’s blood, 284, 290 Ziehl-Neelsen, 280 Zieler’s, 279

Methods of staining, 246

Methyl blue, 287

Methylene blue, 257, 260, 289

Methyl green, 257, 263

Methyl green-pyronin, 279, 292

Methyl violet, 262

Meynert’s method, 77

Micrococcus, catarrhalis, 280 Melitensis, 279 Tetragenus, 278, 280

Micro-organisms, pathogenic, 277

Microscope, accessories, 201-205 Choice of, 201 Polarization, 205 Use of, 203

Microspectroscope, 205, 306

Microtome, choice of, 206 Freezing, 206 Knives, 206, 211

Milk-injection, 218

Mineral acids, 220

Mitotic figures, 272

Molasses method, 221, 245

Mordant, 253

Morse’s method, 263

Moulds, pathogenic, 220, 285

Mounted preparations, drawing of, 310 Photographing of, 310 Study of, 309

Mounting, 243, 250, 251

Mouth, 135

Muchæmatin, 274

Mucin, 273

Mucicarmin, 274

Mucous membranes, 49

Müller’s fluid, 228

Muscles, 49, 102, 148, 159, 297

Myelin, 274

Myelin-sheath staining, 299

Myoglia, 297

Nails, 49

Natural dyes, 253

Neck, 45

Neck organs, pathology of, 135 Removal of, 131 Section in situ, 134

Necrosis, 274

Negri bodies, 286

Nematodes, 287

Neoplasms, 274

Nerve-degeneration, 302, 303

Nerves, cranial, 93 Inferior laryngeal, 134, 139 Peripheral, 174, 176, 303 Superior laryngeal, 134, 139

Nervous tissue, staining of, 298

Neurofibrillar structures, 300

Neuroglia, staining of, 300, 301

New-born: Age of, 182 Autopsy of, 177, 182 Cause of death, 185 Organs of, 183 Size of, 182

Nikiforoff’s method, 283

Nissl’s granules, 298 Method, 298

Nitrobenzol, poisoning with, 191

Nocardia, 283

Nocht’s stain, 290

Noniewicz’s method, 281

Nose, pathology of, 95, 136 Section of, 85

Nuclear stains, 246, 254

Nucleolus, staining of, 258

Occupation, 42

Odor, 37

Oedema, 50

Oesophagus, pathology of, 130, 136 Section of, 120, 133

Oïdium albicans, 278, 285

Omentum, 104

Opium, poisoning with, 191

Orange G, 258, 259

Orbit, examination of, 81

Orcein, 279, 296

Organs, abdominal, 104 of new-born, 183 of special sense, 174, 176 Thoracic, 121

Orifices, 52

Orr’s osmic-acid method, 299

Orth’s fluid, 228

Osmic acid, 220, 230, 267

Ovary, pathology of, 172 Section of, 165

Pacchionian bodies, 88

Pacini’s fluid, 305

Palate, 133, 135

Palpation, 52

Pal’s solution, 302

Pancreas, 144, 152

Panniculus, 50, 102

Pappenheim’s method, 279, 292

Paraffin, imbedding in, 234, 236 Mounting of sections, 251 Ovens, 207 Preparation of sections, 244, 245, 246 Sections, 241 Serial sections, 242 Staining of sections, 247

Parametrium, 165

Parasites, animal, 285

Parathyroids, 134, 138

Parotid, 86, 134, 138

Parovarium, 165

Pathogenic, bacteria, 277 Moulds, 220, 285 Yeasts, 285

Peduncles, 92

Pelvis, examination of female, 163 Examination of male, 160

Penciling, 216

Penis, 163, 166

Percussion of cadaver, 52

Pericardium, 106, 122

Peripheral nerves, 174, 176, 303

Peritoneum, 148

Pharynx, 133, 135

Phosphomolybdic acid, 294

Phosphorus, poisoning with, 190

Phosphotungstic acid, 294

Pianese’s method, 265 Solution, 230

Pick’s method, 223

Picric acid, 231, 258, 259, 260

Picrocarmine, 260

Pigment, 274

Pineal gland, 92

Pitre’s method, 75

Plasmodium malariæ, 286, 291, 292

Plate method, 245, 246

Platner’s method, 303

Plimmer’s bodies, 266

Poisoning: Acids, 189 Alcohol, 189 Alkalies, 190 Antimony, 190 Arsenic, 190 Atropine, 190 Carbon monoxide, 190 Chloral hydrate, 190 Chloroform, 190 Ergot, 190 Formalin, 190 Hydrocyanic acid, 190 Illuminating gas, 190 Lead, 190 Mercury, 190 Morphine, 191 Nitrobenzol, 191 Opium, 191 Phosphorus, 191 Potassium chlorate, 191 Potassium cyanide, 190 Ptomaine, 191 Strychnine, 191 Suspected, 188

Polarization microscope, 205

Politzer’s method, 85

Polychrome methylene blue, 264

Pons, 92

Portal vein, 145, 155

Potassium acetate, 219, 250

Potassium ferrocyanide, 275

Progressive staining, 247

Prostate, 161, 163, 168

Protocol, 33

Pseudomucin, 276

Purin bodies, 276

Putrefaction, 51

Pyridin, 237

Pyronin, 279, 292

Pyrosoma bigeminum, 286

Rabl’s fluid, 231

Rawitz’s fluid, 231

Reagents for fresh tissue, 219

Rectum, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169

Regeneration, 276

Regressive staining, 247

Repair, 276

Resorcin-fuchsin, 296

Reticulum, 295, 296

Rhachiotome of Amussat, 55 of Luer, 14, 55

Rigor mortis, 49

Ripault’s test, 43

Romanowsky method, 272, 286, 290

Ross’ electrical warmer, 218

Russell’s bodies, 265

Sarcosporidia, 286

Scalp, 87

Scalds, death from, 192

Scars, 46

Schmorl’s bone methods, 295

Schmorl-Obregia method, 240, 245

Schmorl’s method of examining blood, 305

Scraping, 209

Scrotum, 167

Section cutting, 210, 238 of celloidin blocks, 239 of frozen tissue, 239 of paraffin blocks, 241 serial of celloidin, 240 serial of paraffin, 242 without imbedding, 238

Sedimentation, 209

Semen, tests for, 306

Seminal vesicles, 161, 163, 168

Sex, 41

Shaking, 216

Shape of organs, 35

Sharpey’s fibres, 295

Silbermann’s method, 218

Silver, test for, 276

Sinus, basal, 93 Longitudinal, 88

Size of organs, 34

Skin, 46 Staining of, 304

Skull: Base of, 78, 93 Pathology of, 87 Periosteum of, 87 Removal of cap, 63

Smears, 209

Soap, Venetian, 298

Soaps, staining of, 268

Sperm-reaction, 306

Spermatozoa, 306

Spinal cord, 53, 57, 59, 61 Ganglia, 60

Spirillum, Obermeieri, 283, 284 of African relapsing fever, 284 of fowls, 284 of recurrent fever, 283 of Vincent’s angina, 284 Staining of, 283

Spirochæte: Pallida, 284, 292 Refringens, 284 Staining of, 283

Spleen, 140, 148, 293

Stage, mechanical, 204 Warm, 205, 218

Staining, 246, 247, 253 General rules for, 248 Huber and Snow’s method, 245 In bulk, 247 Intravital, 217 Methods, 246, 247, 253 of bacteria in tissue, 277 of blood, 288 of celloidin sections, 243, 247 of cover-glass preparations, 244 of fresh tissue, 220, 243, 247 of leukocytes, 291 of paraffin sections, 243, 247 of unimbedded tissue, 243, 247 on slide, 244 Plate method, 245 Preparation for, 243 Progressive, 247 Regressive, 247 Schmorl and Obregia method, 245 Strouse’s method, 220 Supravital, 217 Theories, 253 Warthin’s molasses method, 245 Wood’s method, 220

Stains: Acid, 253 Acid fuchsin, 258 Alum carmine, 256 Alum cochineal, 283 Ammonia carmine, 258 Aniline, 253 Aniline blue, 295 Aniline-gentian-violet, 269, 282 Aronson-Philipp, 292 Azur Blau, 290 Basic, 253 Basic aniline, 257 Benda’s, 268 Benda’s iron hæmatoxylin, 273 Best’s glycogen, 270 Biebrich scarlet, 293 Birch-Hirschfeld, 263 Bismarck brown, 257 Bleu Borrel, 290 Borax carmine, 257 Bordeaux red, 273 Carbol-fuchsin, 280 Carbol-kresyl-echt-violett, 220 Carbol-thionin, 220, 286 Carmine, 256 Carmine and picric acid, 260 Combined, 259 Congo red, 267, 293 Crystal violet, 224 Dahlia, 271 Delépine’s, 261 Diffuse, 246, 258 Eosin, 258 Eosin and methylene blue, 260 Ehrlich-Biondi-Heidenhain, 273 Ehrlich’s dahlia method, 271 Ehrlich’s triple, 261, 292 Erythrosin, 253, 259, 261 Fett Ponceau, 220 Fuchsin, 257 Gentian violet, 263, 279 Giemsa’s, 284, 290, 291 Gram-Weigert, 269 Green’s, 263 Hæmatoxylin, 254 Alum, 254 Böhmer’s, 254 Delafield’s, 255 Ehrlich’s acid, 255 Hansen’s, 255 Weigert’s iron, 255 Hæmatoxylin and acid fuchsin, 259 Hæmatoxylin and eosin, 259 Hæmatoxylin and orange G, 259 Hæmatoxylin and picric acid, 259 Hasting’s, 290 Heidenhain’s iron, 273 Indigo carmine, 295 Indophenol, 268 Iodine green, 220, 263, 265 Jenner’s, 290 Kresyl-echt-violett, 263, 271, 273 Leishman’s, 290 Lithium carmine, 257 Löffler’s methylene blue, 278 Magenta, 286 Malachite green, 265 Mallory’s fibroglia, 296 Mallory’s neuroglia, 301 Mallory’s reticulum, 295 Martius yellow, 265 Mayer’s acid hæmalum, 255 Mayer’s hæmalum, 255 Methyl blue, 287 Methyl green, 257, 263 Methyl green-pyronin, 279, 292 Methyl violet, 262 Methylene azure, 254 Methylene blue, 257, 260, 289 Alkaline, 257, 278 Morse’s, 263, 273 Muchæmatin, 274 Mucicarmin, 274 Natural dyes, 253 Neutral red, 217, 266 Nile blue, 269 Nocht’s, 290 Nuclear, 246, 254 Orange G, 258, 259 Orcein, 279, 296 Pappenheim’s, 279, 292 Phlosin-red, 218 Picric acid, 258 Picrocarmin, 260 Polychrome methylene blue, 264, 271, 276 Pranter’s, 279 Protoplasmic, 246, 258 Resorcin fuchsin, 296 Romanowsky’s, 272, 286, 290 Rubin, 259, 261 Safranin, 272 Scarlet R, 220, 264, 268 Scharlach R, 220, 264, 268 Schmorl’s, for bone, 294 Schmorl-Giemsa, 284 Selective, 246 Smith’s, 269 Specific, 246 Sudan III, 220, 264, 268 Thionin, 220, 254, 264, 273 Thionin and phosphotungstic acid, 294 Thionin and phosphomolybdic acid, 294 Thionin-picric acid, 294 Toluidin blue, 253, 264 Unna’s mast cell, 271 Unna’s methylene blue, 257, 271, 276 Unna’s orcein, 296 Van Gieson’s, 260 Vesuvin, 253 Water blue, 304 Weigert’s elastic tissue, 296 Weigert’s fibrin, 269 Weigert’s neuroglia, 297, 300 White’s, 261 Wright’s, 284, 290 Ziehl-Neelsen, 280 Zieler’s, 279

Staphylococcus, 278, 280

Starvation, death from, 192

Status of cadaver, 42

Sternum, 105

Stomach, 144, 151

Streptococcus, 278, 280

Sublamine, 230

Sublingual gland, 134, 138

Submaxillary gland, 134, 138

Sulphurous acid, 232

Supreme Court decisions, 6, 7

Surgical operation, material from, 196

Surgical material, care of, 198 Description of, 197 Removal of, 196

Surgical wounds, 46

Sympathetic, abdominal, 148, 158 Cervical, 134, 139 Peripheral, 174, 176

Teasing, 210

Technique, autopsy, 20

Teeth, inspection of, 49 Microscopic examination, 295

Teichmann’s crystals, 301

Testicles, 161, 162, 167

Tests, to determine death, 43 Icard’s, 43 Ripault’s, 43

Tetanus bacillus, 278, 281

Thiersch’s Berlin-blue gelatin, 218

Thionin, 220, 254, 264, 294

Thoracic cavity, 106, 121 Duct, 120, 130, 134 Great vessels of, 129 Vertebræ, 120, 130

Thorax, 45, 121

Thymus, 106, 121, 184

Thyroid, 134, 137

Time of death, 42

Tissue, cultivation of, 219

Tongue, 133, 135

Tonsils, 133, 135

Trachea, 133, 136

Trambusi’s method, 293

Trauma, signs of, 46

Trematodes, 287

Treponema pallidum, 284

Trichina, 287

Trichloracetic acid, 232

Trichomonas, 286

Trichomycetes, 283

Trypanosoma, 286

Tubercle-bacillus, 278, 280, 282

Tubes, 165, 171

Typhoid-fever bacillus, 279, 281

Unimbedded tissue, 243

Unna’s alkaline methylene blue, 257 Chancroid bacillus, 281 Collagen stain, 296 Glycerin-ether, 271 Mast cell stain, 271 Orcein stain, 296 Polychrome methylene blue, 271, 276 Stain for fungi, 285

Ureters, 158, 161

Urethra, 161, 165, 168, 169

Uric acid, 233, 276

Uterus, 165, 170

Uvula, 133, 135

Vaccine bodies, 287

Vagina, 165, 169

Vagus, 134, 139

Van Gieson’s stain, 260

Vena cava, 158

Ventricles, 72, 91

Venetian soap, 298

Vermes, 287

Vertebræ, 60, 62, 139, 148, 159

Vessels, basal, 89 Meningeal, 88 Peripheral, 174, 176 Uterine, 172

Vesuvin, 253

Vibrios, 283

Vincent’s angina, 284

Violence, death from, 192

Virchow method, 70

Viscera, hollow, 34, 40

Vulva, 169

Warthin’s molasses method, 245

Washing, 248

Weigert’s copper-fluorochrom, 268 Elastic tissue stain, 296 Fibrin stain, 269 Gram method, 269 Iron-hæmatoxylin, 255 Myelin-sheath stain, 299 Neuroglia, 297, 300

Weight, of organs, 34

Westenhoeffer’s method, 223

White’s method, 261

Wiesel’s method, 304

Williamson-Bielschowsky method, 299

Wright’s blood-stain, 284, 290

Xylol, 249, 250 Acetone, 278 Aniline, 270, 278

Xylol-balsam, 250

Xylol-damar, 250

Yeasts, pathogenic, 285

Zenker’s solution, 230

Ziehl-Neelsen method, 280

Zieler’s method, 279

Transcriber’s Notes

pg 159 Changed: gangrenous inflammations, tuberculosis, atinomycosis to: gangrenous inflammations, tuberculosis, actinomycosis

pg 193 Changed: A little ingenunity will suffice to: A little ingenuity will suffice

pg 254 Changed: one of the most valuable when odidized to: one of the most valuable when oxidized

pg 259 Changed: Stain with hæmaotxylin, and after washing to: Stain with hæmatoxylin, and after washing

pg 295 Changed: Cartilage stains deeply with hæmatoxlyin to: Cartilage stains deeply with hæmatoxylin

pg 303 Changed: stains the neroglia of degenerated areas to: stains the neuroglia of degenerated areas

Errata changes have been made in text.