Part 1

PRACTICAL AGITATION

By the Same Author

EMERSON AND OTHER ESSAYS. $1.25. CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. $1.25.

PRACTICAL AGITATION

BY JOHN JAY CHAPMAN

NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS 1900

Copyright, 1900,

BY CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS.

UNIVERSITY PRESS · JOHN WILSON AND SON · CAMBRIDGE, U. S. A.

DEDICATED TO The Memory OF THEODORE BACON

PREFACE

This book is an attempt to follow the track of personal influence across society. The first three chapters are taken up with discussions of political reform, the fourth chapter with contemporary journalism. The results of these discussions are then summarized in the chapters called “Principles.”

I know that there are as many ways of stating the main idea of the book as there are minds in the world. That idea is, that we can always do more for mankind by following the good in a straight line than we can by making concessions to evil. The illusion that it is wise or necessary to suppress our instinctive love of truth comes from an imperfect understanding of what that instinctive love of truth represents, and of what damage happens both to ourselves and to others when we suppress it. The more closely we look at the facts, the more serious does this damage appear. And on the other hand, the more closely we look at the facts, the more trifling, inconsequent, and absurd do all those reasons appear which strive to make us accept, and thereby sanctify and preserve, some portion of the conceded evil in the world.

J. J. C. NEW YORK, February 5, 1900.

CONTENTS

PAGE

I. ELECTION TIME 1

II. BETWEEN ELECTIONS 34

III. THE MASSES 67

IV. LITERATURE 83

V. PRINCIPLES 104

VI. PRINCIPLES (continued) 126

VII. CONCLUSION 135

PRACTICAL AGITATION

ELECTION TIME

It is the ambition of the agitator to use the machinery of government to make men more unselfish. In so far as he succeeds in this, he is creating a living church, the only sort of State church that would be entirely at one with our system, because it would be merely a representation in the formal government of a spirit abroad among the people.

Campaign platforms are merely creeds. “I believe in Civil Service Reform” is a way of saying “I do not believe in theft,” and the phrase was a fragmentary and incomplete formulation of the greater truth. It was the sign that a movement was beginning among the people due to reawakening instinct, reawakening sensibility. It was the forerunner of all those changes for the better that have been spreading over our administrative government during the last thirty years. A quiet revolution has been going forward under our eyes, recorded step by step. It is only because our standards have been going up faster than the reforms came in that we believe the evils are growing worse. Such changes go on all the time all over the world, but the value and rarity of this one come from its unity and coherence. Such a thing might happen in Germany or in England, but you could not disentangle the forces.

Thirty years ago politics was thought to be no occupation for a gentleman. It was a matter of bar-rooms, ballot-box-stuffing, rolls of dirty bills. You had as little to do with it as possible. You voted your party ticket, you paid your taxes. You bribed the ashman and the policeman at your uptown house, and the clerk of the court, the inspector, the custom-house agent, and the commissioner of jurors at your office.