Poisonous Dwellers of the Desert

Part 1

POISONOUS DWELLERS OF THE DESERT

Popular Series No. 3 Southwest Parks and Monuments Association

POISONOUS DWELLERS OF THE DESERT

by NATT N. DODGE

TWELFTH EDITION (revised), 1970

Published in co-operation with the National Park Service by the Southwest Parks and Monuments Association in keeping with one of its objectives, to provide accurate and authentic information about the Southwest.

Southwest Parks and Monuments Association Globe, Arizona (formerly Southwestern Monuments Association)

Copyright, 1952, by the Southwestern Monuments Association Box 1562, Gila Pueblo, Globe, Arizona 85501

Published October 21, 1947 Second printing, revised, October, 1948 Third printing, revised, December, 1948 Fourth printing, revised, January, 1952 Fifth printing, June, 1953 Sixth printing, March, 1955 Seventh printing, December, 1957 Eighth printing, revised, January, 1961 Ninth printing, revised, March, 1964 Tenth printing, June, 1966 Eleventh printing, August, 1968 Twelfth printing, revised, August, 1970

Printed in the United States of America by PABSCO Printing and Business Supply Co. Globe, Arizona

CONTENTS

ILLUSTRATIONS vi EDITORIAL NOTE ABOUT INSECTICIDES vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii GIANT DESERT CENTIPEDE 3 SCORPIONS 4 Treatment of scorpion stings 6 Where scorpions live 7 BLACK WIDOW SPIDER 7 Where black widows live 8 Black widow bites 9 Treatment of black widow bites 9 Control of black widows 10 BROWN RECLUSE SPIDER 10 Where found 11 The brown recluse bite 11 Treatment for bite of the brown recluse spider 12 TARANTULAS 13 CONENOSE BUG (cross bug, bellows bug, Walpai tiger, kissing bug) 14 Habitat of conenose bug 14 Treatment of conenose bites 16 Control of conenose bugs 16 ANTS, WASPS, HORNETS, BEES 17 Ants and velvet ants 18 Control of ants 19 Wasps, hornets, yellowjackets, bees 19 HONEYBEE 20 How a bee stings 21 Treatment of bee stings 22 PUSS CATERPILLAR 23 ARIZONA CORAL SNAKE 24 RATTLESNAKES 25 Where rattlesnakes are found 25 Protective clothing 26 Rattlesnake relatives 26 The sidewinder 26 Helpful precautions 27 First-aid for rattlesnake bite 27 BACK-FANGED SNAKES 30 GILA MONSTER 31 Food and habits 32 Poison of the Gila monster 33 HARMLESS CREATURES MISTAKENLY BELIEVED POISONOUS 34 BANDED GECKO 35 SOLPUGID 36 JERUSALEM CRICKET 36 VINEGAROON 37 REFERENCES CITED 39 INDEX 40

ILLUSTRATIONS

Deserts of the Southwest Frontispiece Map of western United States viii Centipede 2 Enlarged view of under side of centipede’s head 2 Deadly and non-deadly scorpions 4 Giant desert hairy scorpion in alert position 5 Underside of black widow spider 8 Brown recluse spider 11 Tarantula 13 Conenose bugs 15 Common ant 16 Wasp 17 Velvet ant 18 Bumblebee 19 Honeybees on the honeycomb 20 Poison mechanism of worker bee 21 Puss caterpillar 23 Arizona coral snake 24 Western diamondback rattlesnake 25 Sidewinder or “horned” rattlesnake 27 Poison mechanism of the rattlesnake 28 Western black-headed snake 29 Sonora lyre snake 30 Gila monster 31 Underside of the Gila monster 32 Poison mechanism of the Gila monster 33 Two adult banded geckos 35 Solpugid or sun spider 36 Jerusalem cricket (sand cricket or chaco) 37 Vinegaroon 38

EDITORIAL NOTE ABOUT INSECTICIDES

Recommendations given in previous editions of this book regarding use of DDT and other “hard” pesticides are withdrawn in this 12th edition. We advise, until questions about merits and dangers of these products are resolved, that you contact a local agency before deciding what pesticides, if any, to use.

We believe that every citizen should make a real effort to become informed about pesticides and potential changes in them, for use or non-use will likely have great impact on mankind’s future use of this earth.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author has conducted no original research, but has simply assembled information provided by others who have made painstaking scientific investigations into the lives, habits, and poisons of desert creatures. To these men all credit for the information contained herein is due.

The writer considers it a privilege to present partially herein the results of work conducted by Dr. Herbert L. Stahnke, Poisonous Animals Laboratory, Arizona State University, on scorpions and other poisonous creatures.

Valuable assistance has been obtained from Dr. Howard K. Gloyd, former director of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. To Laurence M. Klauber and the late C. B. Perkins, formerly of the San Diego Museum of Natural History, are expressed our thanks for much valuable information relative to poisonous snakes.

The help and cooperation of Dr. Sherwin F. Wood of Los Angeles City College has made possible inclusion of the section on the conenose bug.

The late Dr. Forest Shreve, for many years director of the Desert Laboratory in Tucson, and the late Dr. Charles Vorhies, zoologist at the University of Arizona, proved to be founts of knowledge regarding plant and animal life of the desert. The late Dr. C. P. Russell, of the National Park Service, checked many statements to assure accuracy.

We are indebted to Dr. W. Ray Jones, physician and hobby beekeeper in Seattle, Washington for his findings on, and treatment of, bee-sting poisoning. Also to Dr. F. A. Shannon of Wickenburg, Arizona for his especially helpful commentary. We take this opportunity to thank Dr. Paul Wehrle, entomologist, University of Arizona, and Dr. W. J. Gertsch of the American Museum of Natural History, for kindly checking the contents for authenticity.

Poisonous Dwellers of the Desert

The late Dr. Forrest Shreve of the Desert Laboratory in Tucson, Arizona, stated that the principal characteristic of a desert is “deficient and uncertain rainfall.” From our grammar school geographies we gained the impression that a desert is a great expanse of sand piled into dunes by the wind, without moisture or vegetation, a land of thirst, desolation, even death.

Although sand dunes devoid of vegetation are characteristic of the Sahara and some other deserts of the world, those of the United States support a variety of plant and animal life which, through generations of adaptation, are able to meet the conditions imposed by this environment (see frontispiece). Persons who misunderstand our deserts fear them, while others who have visited them become fascinated and return periodically or settle down and live in them.

Some of the creatures living in deserts are known to be poisonous to man. Western thriller fiction of press, screen, and TV has emphasized and exaggerated this fact, developing in many people a wholly mistaken fear of the desert and its inhabitants. In contrast, other persons may under-estimate the possibility of injury from these animals and become careless.

Part 2

It is the purpose of this booklet to discuss accurately the various poisonous dwellers of the desert, as well as to debunk some of the superstitions and misunderstandings which have developed.

A majority of the poisonous creatures in the desert are by no means restricted to that environment. Rattlesnakes, for example, so often associated with the arid regions of the West, occur in nearly every section of the United States.

“A poison,” states Encyclopedia Brittanica, “is a substance which, by its direct action on the mucous membrane, tissues, or skin, or after absorption into the circulatory system can, in the way which it is administered, injuriously affect health or destroy life.” A poisonous creature may be defined as one which produces a poison for the administering of which it has developed a special mechanism.

Since, due to personal differences, the bite or sting of a poisonous creature may injuriously affect the health of one person and not that of another, and since the poison of one individual creature may be insufficient to cause an unpleasant reaction, while that from several hundred might produce severe illness or even death, it is difficult to determine which creature should be included in a publication of this nature. The writer, therefore, has exercised his judgment in discussing in the following pages such creatures as he feels may offer a menace to the welfare of a visitor to the desert. In addition, a few paragraphs are included for the defense of several harmless desert dwellers which are mistakenly believed poisonous and which, as a result, have been mercilessly persecuted.

It should be understood that the author has not himself conducted scientific research among the desert animals regarding which he writes. The material in this book is a digest of the findings of various competent scientific and medical authorities, and has been carefully checked for accuracy and authenticity.

Don’t be frightened as a result of reading this booklet. The desert is just as safe—perhaps safer—for homemaking as many other parts of our country.

Giant desert centipede (Scolopendra heros)

Many species of centipedes of various sizes and colors are found throughout the world. The majority are small, harmless, and not sufficiently numerous to be considered seriously, even as pests.

Usually they are found under boards, in cracks and crevices, in basements and closets, and in other moist locations where they hide during the day and venture forth at night in search of small insects for food.

The large, poisonous desert centipede attains a length of 6 or even 8 inches and has jaws of sufficient strength to inflict a painful bite. Glands at the base of the jaw produce poison which causes the area about the bite to swell and become feverish and painful. Persons who have been bitten report that the swelling and tenderness may persist for several weeks, that the bite sometimes suppurates and is difficult and slow to heal.

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