CHAPTER IX. Classification of Poisons.

CLASSIFICATION OF POISONS.

The classification of poisonous plants according to their effects is a somewhat difficult process, since more than one prominent symptom may be produced by the same plant. Two classifications, however, may be given as examples, the first that of Blyth, and the second that of A. B. Smith. These must be regarded as essentially applicable to human beings, though serving more or less as a guide in case of poisoning of farm live-stock.

Blyth’s Classification (after Pammel).

=A.—Poisons causing death immediately or in a few minutes=: Prussic acid, cyanides, oxalic acid, and occasionally strychnine.

=B.—Irritant Poisons=, with symptoms chiefly pain, vomiting, and purging: Ergot, digitalis, colchicum, yew, laburnum.

=C.—Irritant and Narcotic Poisons=, with symptoms of an irritant nature, with more or less cerebral indications: Oxalic acid or oxalates.

=D.—Poisons more especially affecting the Nervous System=:

1. NARCOTICS.—Symptoms: insensibility, which may be preceded by more or less cerebral excitement. Opium.

2. DELIRIANTS.—Delirium, for the most part, a prominent symptom: Belladonna, hyoscyamus, stramonium, and other Solanaceæ, Lolium temulentum, Oenanthe crocata, poisonous fungi.

3. CONVULSIVES.—Almost every poison has been known to produce convulsive effects, but the only true convulsive poisons are the alkaloids of the strychnine class.

4. COMPLEX NERVOUS PHENOMENA.—Aconite, digitalis.

A. Bernhard Smith’s Classification.

=A.—Poisons acting on the Brain.=

1. NARCOTICS.—Symptoms: Giddiness; dimness of sight; contracted pupils; headache; noises in the ears; confusion of ideas, and drowsiness, passing into insensibility.

British Plants included: Papaver somniferum.

2. DELIRIANTS.—Symptoms: Spectral illusions; delirium; dilated pupils; thirst and dryness of the mouth; incoordination. Occasionally, though rarely, there are paralysis and tetanoid spasms.

British Plants included: Datura Stramonium, Hyoscyamus niger, Solanum Dulcamara, Solanum nigrum, Atropa Belladonna, Lolium temulentum.

3. INEBRIANTS.—Symptoms: Excitement of cerebral functions and of the circulation; loss of power of coordination and of muscular movements, with double vision; leading to profound sleep and deep coma.

British Plants included: Pinus pinaster, Pinus larix, Artemisia maritima, Artemisia Absinthium.

=B.=—=Poisons acting on the Spinal Cord.=

CONVULSIVES.—Symptoms: Clonic (intermittent) spasms, extending from above downwards. Opisthotonos very violent; but trismus (lockjaw) rare. Swallowing spasmodic. Death, usually, in less than three hours, or rapid recovery.

British Plants included: none.

=C.=—=Poisons acting on the Heart.=

1. DEPRESSANTS.—Symptoms: Vertigo; vomiting; abdominal pain; confused vision; convulsions; occasional delirium; paralysis; syncope; sometimes asphyxia.

British Plants included: Conium maculatum, Cytisus Scoparius.

2. ASTHENICS.—Symptoms: Numbness, and tingling in the mouth; abdominal pain; vertigo; vomiting; purging; tremor; occasional delirium; paralysis; dyspnœa, ending in syncope.

British Plants included: Prunus laurocerasus, (Phaseolus lunatus—imported cattle food), Lathyrus aphaca, Rumex Acetosa, Aconitum Napellus, Actaea spicata, Delphinium consolida, Digitalis purpurea, Convallaria majalis, Colchicum autumnale.

=D.=—=Vegetable Irritants.=

1. PURGATIVES.—Symptoms: Abdominal pain; vomiting and purging; cramps; strangury and tenesmus, followed by collapse, and sometimes accompanied by drowsiness, and slight nervous symptoms.

British Plants included: Sambucus nigra, Sambucus Ebulus, Helleborus viridis, Helleborus fœtidus, Caltha palustris, Linum catharticum.

2. ABORTIVES.—Symptoms: Nausea; vomiting; stupor; polyuria; sometimes tenesmus. Abortion may or may not occur; coma.

British Plants included: Juniperus Sabina (cultiv. in Britain), Claviceps purpurea; Ruta graveolens (cultiv. in Britain).

3. IRRITANTS WITH NERVOUS SYMPTOMS.—Symptoms: Abdominal pain; vomiting and purging; dilated pupils; headache; tetanic spasms; occasional convulsions; sometimes rapid coma.

British Plants included: Oenanthe crocata, Oenanthe Phellandrium, Oenanthe fluviatilis, Cicuta virosa, Aethusa Cynapium, Sium angustifolium, Taxus baccata, Cytisus Laburnum, Paris quadrifolia, Mercurialis perennis.

4. SIMPLE IRRITANTS.—Symptoms: Burning pain in the throat and stomach; thirst; nausea; vomiting; tenesmus; purging; dysuria; dyspnœa and cough occasionally. Death through shock; convulsions; exhaustion; or starvation due to injury to throat or stomach.

British Plants included: Arum maculatum, Daphne Laureola, Daphne Mezereum, Narcissus moschatus, Narcissus poeticus, Scilla bifolia, Galanthus nivalis, Hyacinthus nonscriptus, Fritillaria meleagris, Clematis Vitalba, Anemone nemorosa, Anemone appenina, Ranunculus aquatilis, R. Flammula, R. Ficaria, R. auricomus, R. sceleratus, R. acris, R. bulbosus, Aquilegia vulgaris, Bryonia dioica, Ligustrum vulgare, Asarum europæum, Saponaria officinalis, Valeriana officinalis, Agrostemma Githago, Doronicum Pardalianches, Impatiens noli-me-tangere, Erysimum cheiranthoides, Cynoglossum officinale, Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, Tamus communis, Euonymus europæus, Rhamnus catharticus, Glaucium luteum, Roemeria hybrida, Papaver Rhoeas, Chelidonium majus, Sedum acre, Sedum album, Drosera rotundifolia, Linaria vulgaris, Iris Pseud-acorus, Iris foetidissima, Buxus sempervirens, Crocus sativus, Euphorbia Peplis, E. pilosa, E. Helioscopia, E. platyphylla, E. hiberna, E. portlandica, E. Paralias, E. Peplus, E. exigua, E. Lathyris, E. amygdaloides, Urtica dioica, U. urens, U. pilulifera, Viscum album, Lepidium latifolium.

5. SIMPLE IRRITANTS WHEN TAKEN IN LARGE QUANTITIES.—Symptoms: Burning pain in throat and stomach, vomiting; purging; difficulty in swallowing. Recovery usual.

British Plants included: Sinapis alba, and S. nigra.

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210. PICTET, A. La Constitution chimique des Alcaloïdes Végétaux, 2^{me} Ed., 1897.

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213. POTT, EMIL. Handbuch der tierischen Ernährung und landwirtschaftlichen Futtermittel, II. Bd., 1907.

214. POWER, F. B., and TUTIN, F. Chemical Examination of Aethusa Cynapium. Wellcome Chem. Res. Laboratories, No. 58, 1905.

215. PRAAG, L. VAN, and OPWYRDA, R. J. Leerbuch voor practische giftleer, 1871.

216. PRATT, ANNE. The Poisonous, Noxious and Suspected Plants of our Fields and Woods [?1887].

217. RATTI, Professor. On Colchicum Poisoning. Phar. Jour. and Trans., iii, 6: 47 (abstr. from Lancet).

218. RATZEBURG, J. F. C. (See BRANDT, J. F.)

219. REMSEN, I., and COALE, R. D. Am. Chem. Jour., vi, 1884, p. 50.

220. RICE, W. S. Equisetum Poisoning. Am. Vet. Rev., 26: 944–951.

221. RICH, F. A. Poisonous Equisetum. Proc. Am. Vet. Assoc., 1902.

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226. RUSSELL, E. J. (See PARKINSON, S. T.)

227. SCHENCK, H. (See STRASBURGER, E.)

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(See also various references in the text.)

INDEX

Abies excelsa, 72 — pectinata, 72

Abietin, 72

Achillea Millefolium, 100

Achilleine, 100

Aconine, 15

Aconitic acid, 86

Aconitine, 11, 15

Aconitum Napellus, 10, 14, 15, 103, 104

Acorns, 70–72, 100

Actaea spicata, 104

Aethusa Cynapium, 39, 104

Agrostemma Githago, 3, 6, 8, 19, 105

Agrostemma-Sapotoxin, 21

Agrostemmin, 21

Aira caespitosa, 101

All-Heal, 93, 105

Alliaria officinalis, 19, 100

Allium sp., 99

Allyl-isothiocyanate, 18

Amentaceæ, 69

Amygdalin, 8, 94

Anagallis arvensis, 48

Anchusa officinalis, 94

Andromedotoxin, 47, 48

Anemonal, 9

Anemone sp., 9, 11 — appenina, 105 — nemorosa, 9, 105 — pulsatilla, 9 — Wood, 9

Anemone-camphor (oil of anemone), 9

Anemonic acid, 10, 11

Anemonin, 10, 11

Annual Mercury, 67

Anthemis aetnensis, 94 — arvensis, 94, 101 — chia, 94, — Cotula, 94, 101

Apoatropine, 59

Aquilegia vulgaris, 105

Araliaceæ, 43

Arbutin, 47, 48

Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, 105

Aroideæ, 76

Artemisia Absinthium, 101, 104 — maritima, 104

Arum maculatum, 76, 77, 105

Asarum europæum, 105

Asphodel, Bog, 97, 101

Aspidium filix-mas, 88

Astragalus bisulcatus, 3

Atriplex sp., 97

Atropa Belladonna, 4, 5, 8, 50, 52, 58, 103, 104

Atropine, 50, 59

Autumn Crocus, 2, 3, 79–82, 100, 104

Azalea sp., 4, 48 — arborescens, 48 — indica, 48 — nudiflora, 48 — pontica, 48

Balsamorhiza sagittata, 3

Beans, 4, 32, 33, 104

Belladonine, 59

Belladonna, see Deadly Nightshade

Bibliography, 107

Bindweeds, 49, 102

Bittersweet, 54, 104

Black Bindweed, 49, 102 — Bryony, 35, 78, 105

Bog Asphodel, 97, 101

Box, 69, 105

Bracken, 87, 93

Brake-fern, 87, 93

Brassica nigra, 18 — Sinapistrum, 18, 19

Bromus, 101

Broom, 27, 104

Broom-rape, 95

Bryogenin, 35

Bryonia dioica, 35, 78, 105

Bryonin, 35, 78

Bryony, 35, 78, 105

Buckthorn, 24, 105

Buckwheat, 64

Burma beans, 32

Buttercups, 8, 10–12, 99, 105 — Acrid, 10, 105 — Bulbous, 10, 11, 105 — Celery-leaved, 10, 11, 99, 105

Butterwort, 101

Buxine, 69

Buxinidine, 69

Buxus sempervirens, 69, 105

Caltha palustris, 9, 12, 99, 104

Canadian Erigeron, 93

Caper Spurge, 66, 67, 100, 105

Caprifoliaceæ, 43

Capsella Bursa-pastoris, 101

Caryophyllaceæ, 19

Castor Oil Plant, 33

Catmint, 96

Cats-Ear, 94

Celandine, Greater, 17, 105 — Lesser, 10, 11, 105

Celastraceæ, 24

Celery-leaved Buttercup, 10, 11, 99, 105

Chaerophyllin, 40

Chaerophyllum sp., 37, 40 — sylvestre, 40 — temulum, 40

Chamomile, Corn and Wild, 101

Charlock, 18

Chelerythrine, 17

Chelidonine, 17

Chelidonium majus, 17, 105

Cherry Laurel, 34

Chervils, 40

Chickweed, 101

Chinovic acid, 93

Choline, 68

Christmas Rose, 13

Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, 100

Cicuta virosa, 2, 8, 36, 104

Cicutine, 36

Cicutoxine, 36

Classification of Poisons, 103

Claviceps microcephala, 98 — purpurea, 8, 88–91, 103, 104

Clematis Vitalba, 9, 105

Cockle, Corn, 3, 6, 8, 19, 105

Colchicine, 80

Colchicum sp., 8, 11, 103 — autumnale, 2, 3, 79–82, 100, 104

Compositæ, 44

Conhydrine, 30, 41

Coniceine, 41

Coniferæ, 72

Coniferin, 72

Coniine, 30, 39, 41

Conium maculatum, 6, 30, 41, 101, 104

Consolidine, 94

Convallamarin, 79

Convallaria majalis, 79, 104

Convallarin, 79

Convolvulaceæ, 49

Convolvulus sp., 49, 102 — arvensis, 49 — sepium, 49

Corn Chamomile, 101

Corn Cockle, 3, 6, 8, 19, 105

Cornutine, 89

Cowbane, 2, 8, 36, 104

Cow-Wheat, 96, 100

Cress, Penny, 101

Crocus, Autumn, 2, 3, 79–82, 100, 104

Crocus sativus, 105

Crowfoot, Tall, 10, 11, 105

Cruciferæ, 18

Cuckoo Pint, 76, 77, 105

Cucurbitaceæ, 35

Cumarin, 92

Cupressus macrocarpa, 73 — nootkatensis, 73

Cuscuta sp., 94 — Epithymum, 94 — europæa, 94

Cuscutin, 94

Cyclamin, 49

Cynapine, 39

Cynoglossine, 94

Cynoglossum officinale, 94, 105

Cytisine, 25, 27, 92

Cytisus Laburnum, 25, 27, 104 — Scoparius, 27, 104 — Weldeni, 25

Daphne sp., 4, 8 — Laureola, 65, 105 — Mezereum, 65, 105

Daphnin, 65

Darnel, 8, 48, 82–84, 96, 103, 104

Datura Stramonium, 50, 103, 104

Daturine, 50

Deadly Nightshade, 4, 5, 8, 50, 52, 58, 103, 104

Delphinine, 11, 14

Delphinium Ajacis, 14 — Consolida, 14, 104 — Staphisagria, 14

Delphinoidine, 14

Delphisine, 14

Devil’s-Bit, 93

Digitalein, 61

Digitalin, 61

Digitalis purpurea, 61, 103, 104

Digitin, 61

Digitonin, 61

Digitoxin, 61

Dioscorideæ, 78

Docks, 63, 64

Dodders, 94

Dog’s Mercury, 67, 68, 100, 104

Doronicum Pardalianches, 105

Dropwort, Water, 37, 103, 104

Drosera sp., 93 — rotundifolia, 105

Dulcamarin, 54

Dwarf Elder, 43, 104

Ecboline, 89

Echium vulgare, 94

Elder, Common, 43, 104 — Dwarf, 43, 104

Endoconidium temulentum, 83

Equisetaceæ, 84

Equisetine, 86

Equisetum sp., 3, 84–87, 100 — arvense, 84, 85, 86, 87 — heleocharis, 85 — maximum, 83 — palustre, 85, 100 — pratense, 85 — sylvaticum, 85

Ergot, 8, 88–91, 103, 104

Ergotinine, 89

Ergotism, 89

Ergotoxine, 89

Ericaceæ, 46

Ericolin, 47, 48

Erigeron, Canadian, 93

Erigeron canadensis, 93

Erodium cicutarium, 101

Erysimum cheiranthoides, 19, 105

Esparcet, False, 3

Euonymin, 24

Euonymus europæus, 24, 105

Euphorbia sp., 8, 66, 67 — amygdaloides, 105 — exigua, 105 — Helioscopia, 66, 105 — hiberna, 105 — Lathyris, 66, 67, 100, 105 — Paralias, 105 — Peplis, 105 — Peplus, 66, 105 — pilosa, 105 — platyphylla, 105 — portlandica, 105

Euphorbiaceæ, 66

Fagopyrism, 64

Ferns, 87, 88

Figworts, 95

Filices, 87

Filicic acid, 88

Flag, Yellow, 97, 105

Flax, Purging, 92, 104

Fool’s Parsley, 39, 104

Formic acid, 75

Foxglove, 61, 103, 104

Frangulin, 24

Fritillaria Meleagris, 97, 105

Fritillary, Common, 97, 105

Fungi, 88

Furze, 92

Galanthus nivalis, 105

Garden Nightshade, 4, 52, 54, 104

Garlic Mustard, 19, 100

Garlics, 99

Geraniaceæ, 23

Geranium, Wild, 3

Githagin, 21

Githagism, 20

Glaucium luteum, 105

Gorse, 92

Gramineæ, 82

Gratiolin, 95

Great Mullein, 95

Ground Ivy, 96

Gummi hederæ, 43

Hedera Helix, 43

Hederin, 43

Hellebore, Green, 13, 14, 104 — Stinking, 13, 104

Helleborein, 13

Helleborin, 12, 13

Helleborus sp., 13 — fœtidus, 13, 104 — niger, 13 — viridis, 13, 14, 104

Hemlock (see also Water Hemlock), 6, 30, 41, 101, 104

Henbane, 6, 51, 101, 104

Herb Paris, 78, 104

Hieracium Pilosella, 98

Hordeum, 101

Horsetails, 3, 84–87, 100

Hound’s Tongue, 94, 105

Huckleberry, 53

Hyacinthus nonscriptus, 105

Hydrocotyle vulgaris, 93

Hydroergotinine, 89

Hyoscine, 50, 51, 59

Hyoscyamine, 6, 46, 50, 51, 59

Hyoscyamus sp., 103 — muticus, 6 — niger, 6, 51, 101, 104

Hyoscypicrin, 51

Hypericineæ, 22

Hypericum perforatum, 22

Hypochæris radicata, 94

Impatiens noli-me-tangere, 105

Imperialine, 97

Iridin, 97

Iris foetidissima, 105 — Pseud-acorus, 97, 105

Ivraie, 83

Ivy, 43 — Ground, 96

Java beans, 4, 32, 104

Jervine, 12, 13

Jimson Weed, 50

Juncus sp., 98

Juniperus Sabina, 72, 104

King-cup, 12 99, 104

Knot-weed, 102

Kribbelkrankheit, 89

Laburnum, 25, 27, 103

Lactuca scariola, 45 — virosa, 45, 46

Lactucarium, 46

Lactucerin, 46

Lactucic, acid 46

Lactucin, 46

Lactucone, 46

Lactupicrine, 46

Larix europæa, 72

Larkspur, 14, 104

Lathyrism, 27, 28

Lathyrus Aphaca, 29, 104 — Cicera, 27 — Clymenum, 27 — sativus, 27, 96

Laurel, Cherry, 34, 104

Laurel, Spurge, 65, 105

Lepidium latifolium, 105

Lettuce, Wild, 45

Ligustrin, 49

Ligustron, 49

Ligustrum vulgare, 4, 49, 105

Liliaceæ, 78

Lily-of-the-Valley, 79, 104

Lima beans, 32

Linaria vulgaris, 95, 105

Linarin, 95

Linum carthaticum, 92, 104

Loco-weed, 3

Loliine, 83

Lolium temulentum, 8, 48, 82–84, 96, 103, 104

Lords and Ladies, 76, 77, 105

Lousewort, 63, 95

Lupines, 29 — Blue, 29 — False, 3 — White, 30 — Yellow, 29

Lupinidine, 27, 31

Lupinine, 31

Lupinosis, 29–32

Lupinotoxin, 31

Lupinus sp., 29–32 — albus, 30 — angustifolius, 29 —— luteus, 29, 30

Mal de Brou, 70

Maladie des Bois, 70, 100

Male Fern, 88

Marsh Marigold, 12, 99, 104

Marsh Penny-Wort, 93

Matricaria Chamomilla, 101

Mayweeds, 94, 101

Meadow Saffron, 2, 3, 79–82, 100, 104

Mechanical injury, plants causing, 101

Melampyrum sp., 63, 95, 96 — arvense, 96, 100

Melilot, 92

Melilotus sp., 92

Mercurialine, 68

Mercurialis annua, 67, 68, 100 —— perennis, 67, 68, 100, 104

Mercury, Dog’s and Annual, 67, 68, 100, 104

Methylconiine, 41

Mezerein, 65

Mezereon, 65, 105

Milk, plants affecting, 99, 100, 101 — Achillea Millefolium, 100 — Acorns, 100 — Alliaria officinalis, 100 — Allium sp., 99 — Anthemis sp., 94, 101 — Artemisia Absinthium, 101 — Caltha palustris, 99 — Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, 100 — Colchicum autumnale, 80, 81, 100 — Conium maculatum, 42, 101 — Cytisus Weldeni, 25 — Equisetum palustre, 87, 100 — Euphorbia sp., 67 — — Lathyris, 100 — Helleborus sp., 13, 14 — Hyoscyamus niger, 52, 101 — Hypericum perforatum, 22 — Matricaria Chamomilla, 101 — Melampyrum arvense, 100 — Mercurialis annua, 68, 100 — — perennis, 68, 100 — Narthecium ossifragum, 97 100 — Oxalis Acetosella, 23, 100 — Pinguicula vulgaris, 101 — Quercus sp., 71, 100 — Ranunculus sp., 99 — Rhododendron, 47, 100 — Rumex sp., 64 — Senebiera didyma, 101 — Senecio latifolius, 45 — Sium angustifolium, 101 — — latifolium, 37, 101 — Solanum tuberosum, 57 — Tanacetum vulgare, 44, 101 — Thlaspi arvense, 101

Molinia caerulea, 98

Monkshood, 10, 14, 15, 103, 104

Morphine, 16

Mullein, Great, 95

Mustard, Garlic, 19, 100 — Treacle, 19

Naked Ladies, 2, 3, 79–82, 100, 104

Narcissine, 97

Narcissus sp., 97 — moschatus, 105 — poeticus, 97, 105 — pseudo-narcissus, 97

Nardus stricta, 101

Narthecin, 97

Narthecium ossifragum, 97, 100

Nepeta Cataria, 96 — Glechoma, 1, 96, 98

Nettles, 97, 105

Nightshade, see Deadly Nightshade and Garden Nightshade

Oak, 69–72, 100

Oenanthe crocata, 37, 103, 104 — fistulosa, 38 — fluviatilis, 104 — Phellandrium, 38, 104

Oenanthotoxin, 38

Oil of Cicuta, 36 — Euphorbia, 68 — Mustard, 18 — Snapdragon, 95 — Tansy, 44 — Valerian, 93 — Yew, 75

Oleaceæ, 49

Orache, 97

Orobanche minor, 95

Oxalis Acetosella, 23, 100

Paigya beans, 32

Papaver sp., 8, 16 — dubium, 16 — Rhoeas, 16, 105 — somniferum, 103

Papaveraceæ, 16

Papilionaceæ, 25

Parabuxine, 69

Parabuxinidine, 69

Paridin, 78, 79

Paris quadrifolia, 78, 104

Paristyphnin, 78

Parsnip, Water, 37, 101 — Wild, 93

Pasque Flower, 9

Pastinaca sativa, 93

Peas, Indian, 27, 96 — Mutter, 27

Pedicularis sp., 63, 95 — palustris, 63 — sylvatica, 63

Penny Cress, 101

Penny-Wort, Marsh, 93

Persicaria, 64

Petty Spurge, 66, 105

Phaseolunatin, 8, 33

Phaseolus lunatus, 4, 32, 104

Picea sp., 72

Picein, 72

Picrotoxin, 36, 83

Pimpernel, Scarlet, 48

Pinguicula vulgaris, 101

Pinipicrin, 72

Pinus larix, 104 — pinaster, 104 — strobus, 72 — sylvestris, 72

Pisum sativum, 27

Poison Weed, 48

Polygonaceæ, 63

Polygonum Aviculare, 102 — Convolvulus, 102 — Fagopyrum, 64 — hydropiper, 64, 65 — Persicaria, 64, 65

Poppies, 8, 16, 103, 105

Potato, 54–58

Potentilla Anserina, 92 — tormentilla, 88, 93

Primulaceæ, 48

Privet, 4, 49, 105

Protopine, 17

Prulaurasin, 34

Prunus laurocerasus, 34, 104

Pseudoconhydrine, 41

Pteris aquilina, 87, 93

Pteritannic acid, 88

Pulsatilla-camphor, 9

Purging Flax 92, 104

Quercus sp., 69–72, 100

Radish, Wild, 18

Ragwort, 44

Rangoon beans, 32

Ranunculaceæ, 9

Ranunculus sp., 8, 9, 10, 12, 99 — acer, 11 — acris, 10, 11, 105 — aquatilis, 10, 105 — auricomus, 105 — bulbosus, 10, 11, 105 — Ficaria, 10, 11, 105 — Flammula, 10, 11, 105 — lingua, 10 — repens, 10, 12, 99 — sceleratus, 10, 11, 99, 105

Raphanus Raphanistrum, 18

Rhamnaceæ, 24

Rhamnetin, 24

Rhamnus Catharticus, 24, 105 — Frangula, 24

Rheadine, 16

Rhinanthin, 63, 96

Rhinanthus sp., 63 — Crista-galli, 95

Rhododendrin, 47

Rhododendron sp., 4, 46, 100 — arboreum, 47 — californicum, 46 — Chrysanthum, 46 — cinnabarinum, 47 — ferrugineum, 46 — hirsutum, 47 — maximum, 46 — ponticum, 46, 47 — punctatum, 47

Ricin, 34

Ricinine, 34

Ricinus communis, 33

Roemeria hybrida, 105

Rosaceæ, 34

Rumex Acetosa, 63, 104 — Acetosella, 63 — crispus, 64

Ruta graveolens, 104

St John’s Wort, 22

Sambuca Ebulus, 43, 104 — nigra, 43, 104

Sambucine, 44

Sambunigrin, 44

Saponaria officinalis, 19, 105

Saponins, 8, 9, 19, 21, 77, 78, 97

Sapotoxin, 21

Scabiosa succisa, 93 93

Scarlet Pimpernel, 48

Scilla bifolia, 105

Scopolamine, 50, 51, 59

Scrophularia aquatica, 95 — nodosa, 95

Scrophularine, 95

Scrophularineæ, 61

Sedum acre, 93, 105 —album, 105

Senebiera didyma, 101

Senecifolidine, 45

Senecifoline, 45

Senecio Burchellii, 45 —Jacobœa, 44 —latifolius, 45

Sheep’s Sorrel, 63

Shepherd’s Purse, 101

Silica, 86

Silver Weed, 92

Sinalbin, 18

Sinapine, 18

Sinapis alba, 105 —arvensis, see Brassica sinapistrum —nigra, 105

Sium angustifolium, 37, 101, 104 —latifolium, 37, 101

Sium, Lesser, 101

Smilacin, 21

Snake’s Head, 97

Soapwort, 19, 105

Solanaceæ, 4, 8, 50, 103

Solanidine, 53, 56

Solanine, 8, 53, 54, 55, 56

Solanum Dulcamara, 54, 104 —guineense, 53 —nigrum, 4, 52, 54, 104 —tuberosum, 54–58 —villosum, 53

Sorrel, Common, 63, 104 —Sheep’s, 63 —Wood, 23, 100

Sparteine, 27, 31

Spearwort, Lesser, 10, 11, 105

Spindle Tree, 24, 105

Spurge Laurel, 65, 105

Spurges, 66, 67, 100, 105

Staphisagrine, 14

Stellaria media, 101

Stinking Mayweed, 101

Stipa pinnata, 101

Sundews, 93

Sunflower, Wild, 3

Sun Spurge, 66, 105

Syringin, 49

Syringopicrin, 49

Tamus communis, 35, 78, 105

Tanacetum vulgare, 44, 101

Tannin, 70

Tansy, 44, 101

Taxine, 75

Taxus baccata, 2, 4, 7, 8, 72, 73–76, 103, 104

Temuline, 83

Terpene, 93

Thermopsis rhombifolia, 3

Thlaspi arvense, 101

Thorn Apple, 50, 103, 104

Thuja occidentalis, 72

Thymelaceæ, 65

Toadflax, 95, 105

Tormentil, 88, 93

Traveller’s Joy, 9, 105

Treacle Mustard, 19

Trifolium incarnatum, 101

Trimethylamine, 68

Trollius europœus, 9

Ulex europœus, 92

Ulexine, 25, 92

Umbelliferæ, 2, 36

Urtica sp., 97 —dioica, 97, 105 —pilulifera, 105 —urens, 105

Valeriana officinalis, 93, 105

Valerianic acid, 93

Vellarin, 93

Verbascum Thapsus, 95

Vetchling, Yellow, 29, 104

Viper’s Bugloss, 94

Viscum album, 105

Wall-Pepper, 93, 105

Wartcress, Lesser, 101

Water Dropwort, 37, 103, 104 —Hemlock, 2, 8, 36, 104 —Parsnip, 37, 101 —Pepper, 64, 65

White-Rot, 93

Wild Chamomile, 101 —Geranium, 3 —Lettuce, 45 —Parsnip, 93 —Radish, 18 —Sunflower, 3

Wind Flower, 9, 105

Wonderberry, 53

Wood Anemone, 9, 105 —Sorrel, 23, 100

Wormwood, 101

Xylan, 98

Yellow Flag, 97 —Rattle, 95 —Vetchling, 29, 104

Yew, 2, 4, 7, 8, 72, 73–76, 103, 104

Zygadenus venenosus, 3

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