Section 8, Clause 18. _to Make All Laws Which Shall Be Necessary and

proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States or in any department or officer thereof._

Briefly stated, the problem has always been, Has Congress the right to exercise powers not definitely granted by the Constitution? Alexander Hamilton first set forth the doctrine of implied powers. He urged that Congress might, in carrying out specific powers, use methods not expressly provided for in the Constitution, as in the creation of a bank or mint. Since the time of this interpretation, which, fortunately for American interests, was sanctioned by Washington and later by the Supreme Court through its great Chief-Justice John Marshall, the advocates of the doctrines of strict and loose construction have contended for their principles. Does the Constitution permit the acquisition of territory? May Congress establish a protective tariff, or a system of internal improvements? We have here but three of the great questions which have led to a definition of these opposing views. Speaking in general terms, the party in power has favored loose construction, while the party out of power has advocated strict construction. Said Mr. Bryce, "The Americans have more than once bent their Constitution in order that they might not be forced to break it."

SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS AND REFERENCES.

1. What are some of the difficulties encountered in becoming a citizen? Independent, 65:994-1000.

2. Is there a postal savings-bank in your town? Is it successful?

3. Should there be a system of postal telegraphy? Cent. Mag., 59:952-956; N. Am. Rev., 172:554-556.

4. Extent and advantages of rural free delivery, Rev. of R's, 27:55-60.

5. Perils of the postal service, N. Am. Rev., 172:420-430; 551-559.

6. Defects in the postal system, N. Am. Rev., 174:807-819; 175:115-127.

7. Privateers and privateering, Government in State and Nation, 204; Walker, The Making of the Nation, 200.

8. For the methods employed in the patent office and a comparison between our system and that of European nations, see Cent. Mag., 61:346-356.

9. A good account of the reorganization of the army of the United States is given in the Atl. Mo., 89:437-451.

10. The development of the United States army, Scribner's Mag., 30:286-311, 446-462, 593-613.

11. West Point after a century, World's Work, August, 1902, 2433-2451.

12. A hundred years of West Point, Outlook, 71:591-601.

13. Life at West Point, Rev. of R's, 26:45-53.

14. What was the character of our navy prior to 1883? Harrison, This Country of Ours, 251-255.

15. The new American navy, Outlook, 73:323-337.

16. Comparison of the strength of our navy with that of other nations, Rev. of R's, 25:561-570; 39:347.

17. What special problem was connected with the location of the capital? How was it finally settled? Hart, Contemporaries, III, 269-272; Schouler, I, 152-156; McMaster, I, 555-562; World's Work, 1:191-195.

18. The development of Washington during the past one hundred years is discussed in Rev. of R's, 22:675-686; Forum, 30:545-554; Outlook, 70:310, 311, 817-829; Cent. Mag., 63:621-628, 724-756; Cosmop., 30:109-120.

19. Proposed improvements in Washington, Cent. Mag., 63:621-628, 747-759.

20. For the influence of the doctrine of implied powers, see:--

(a) Internal improvements, Hart, Contemporaries, III, 436-440; Walker, The Making of the Nation, 204, 205, 262, 363; Hart, Formation of the Union, 227-229, 353-355.

(b) The United States Bank, Hart, Contemporaries, III, 446-450; Hart, Formation of the Union, 150-151, 226-227; Walker, The Making of the Nation, 82-83.

(c) The annexation of territory, Hart, Contemporaries, III, 373-376; Walker, The Making of the Nation, 177-184; Hart, The Formation of the Union, 188.

(d) Legal-tender cases, Wilson, Division and Reunion, 280-281.

21. For further questions on this chapter, consult Government in State and Nation, 206, 207.