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On the Phenomena of Variation and Geographical Distribution As Illustrated by the Papilionidæ of the Malayan Region

by Alfred Russel Wallace

By Alfred Russel Wallace · Science · Public domain

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On the Phenomena of Variation and Geographical Distribution As Illustrated by the Papilionidæ of the Malayan Region is a public-domain classic of science by Alfred Russel Wallace.

The complete text is on this page and the chapter pages below — all 3 chapters, about 27,256 words (~2 hours of reading), free to read online with no signup. Chapters include “Section D Contains the Strongest-Bodied and Most Swift-Flying of the”, “SECTION C.. M. _paradoxa_ Group.”, “SECTION D.. O. _macareus_ Group.”, and more.

On the Phenomena of Variation and Geographical Distribution As Illustrated by the Papilionidæ of the Malayan Region at a glance

Author
Alfred Russel Wallace
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27,256 words · about 2 hours to read
Chapters
3
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Free — public domain

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Section D Contains the Strongest-Bodied and Most Swift-Flying of the

genus. They love sunlight, and frequent the borders of streams and the edges of puddles, where they gather together in swarms consisting of several species, greedily sucking up the moisture, and, when disturbed, circling round in the air, or flying high and with great strength and rapidity.

In the following Table I have arranged all the Malayan Papilionidæ in what appears to me their most natural succession, and have exhibited their distribution in twenty-one columns of localities, extending from the Malay peninsula, on the north-west, to Woodlark Island, near New Guinea, on the south-east. The double line divides the Indo-Malayan from the Austro-Malayan region; and those islands which form natural zoological groups are connected by brackets.

Table showing the Distribution of the Malayan Papilionidæ.

┌───┬──┬───────────────────╥─────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ ║ INDO-MALAYAN REGION. │ ├───┼──┼───────────────────╫────────┬────────┬────────┬─────╥────────────┤ │ │ │ =Ornithoptera.= ║Malacca.│Sumatra.│Borneo. │Java.║Philippines.│ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ ║ │ ├───┼──┼───────────────────╫────────┬────────┬────────┬─────╥────────────┤ │ │a.│Priamus-group. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 1│ │Priamus, L. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 2│ │Poseidon, Db. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 3│ │Crœsus, Feld. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 4│ │Tithonus, De ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ │ Haan. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 5│ │Urvilliana, Guér.║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │b.│Pompeus-group. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 6│ │Remus, Cr. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 7│ │Helena, L. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 8│ │Leda, Wall. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 9│ │Pompeus, Cr. ║ 1│ 1│ 1│ 1║ │ │ 10│ │Nephereus, G. R. ║ │ │ │ ║ 1│ │ │ │ G. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 11│ │Magellanus, Feld.║ │ │ │ ║ 1│ │ 12│ │Criton, Feld. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 13│ │Plato, Wall. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 14│ │Haliphron, Bd. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 15│ │Amphrisius, Cr. ║ 1│ │ 1│ 1║ │ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │c.│Brookeana-group. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 16│ │Brookeana, Wall. ║ │ 1│ 1│ ║ │ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ │ =Papilio.= ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ A.│a.│Nox-group. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 17│ │Nox, Sw. ║ 1│ │ │ 1║ │ │ 18│ │Noctis, Hew. ║ │ │ 1│ ║ │ │ 19│ │Erebus, Wall. ║ 1│ │ 1│ ║ │ │ 20│ │Varuna, White ║ 1│ │ │ ║ │ │ 21│ │Semperi, Feld. ║ │ │ │ ║ 1│ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │b.│Coon-group. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 22│ │Neptunus, Guér. ║ 1│ │ 1│ ║ │ │ 23│ │Coon, Fab. ║ │ 1│ 1│ 1║ │ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │c.│Polydorus-group. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 24│ │Polydorus, L. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 25│ │Leodamas, Wall. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 26│ │Diphilus, Esper ║ 1│ │ │ 1║ 1│ │ 27│ │Antiphus, Fab. ║ │ 1│ 1│ 1║ 1│ │ 28│ │Polyphontes, Bd. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 29│ │Annæ, Feld. ║ │ │ │ ║ 1│ │ 30│ │Liris, Godt. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ B.│d.│Ulysses-group. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 31│ │Ulysses, L. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 32│ │Penelope, Wall. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 33│ │Telegonus, Feld. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 34│ │Telemachus, Mont.║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │e.│Peranthus-group. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 35│ │Peranthus, Fab. ║ │ │ │ 1║ │ │ 36│ │Pericles, Wall. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 37│ │Philippus, Wall. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 38│ │Macedon, Wall. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 39│ │Brama, Guér. ║ 1│ 1│ │ ║ │ │ 40│ │Dædalus, Feld. ║ │ │ │ ║ 1│ │ 41│ │Blumei, Bd. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 42│ │Arjuna, Horsf. ║ │ 1│ 1│ 1║ │ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │f.│Memnon-group. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 43│ │Memnon, L. ║ │ 1│ 1│ 1║ │ │ 44│ │Androgeus, Cr. ║ 1│ │ │ ║ │ │ 45│ │Lampsacus, Bd. ║ │ │ │ 1║ │ │ 46│ │Priapus, Bd. ║ │ 1│ 1│ 1║ │ │ 47│ │Emalthion, Hübn. ║ │ │ │ ║ 1│ │ 48│ │Deiphontes, Wall.║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 49│ │Deiphobus, L. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 50│ │Ascalaphus, Bd. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 51│ │Ænomaus, Godt. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │g.│Helenus-group. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 52│ │Severus, Cr. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 53│ │Pertinax, Wall. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 54│ │Albinus, Wall. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 55│ │Phæstus, Bd. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 56│ │Helenus, L. ║ │ 1│ │ 1║ │ │ 57│ │Hecuba, Wall. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 58│ │Iswara, White ║ 1│ │ 1│ ║ │ │ 59│ │Hystaspes, Feld. ║ │ │ │ ║ 1│ │ 60│ │Araspes, Feld. ║ │ │ │ ║ 1│ │ 61│ │Nephelus, Bd. ║ 1│ 1│ 1│ ║ │ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │h.│Pammon-group. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 62│ │Pammon, L. ║ 1│ │ │ ║ │ │ 63│ │Theseus, Cr. ║ │ 1│ 1│ 1║ │ │ 64│ │Alphenor, Cr. ║ │ │ │ ║ 1│ │ 65│ │Nicanor, Wall. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 66│ │Hipponous, Feld. ║ │ │ │ ║ 1│ │ 67│ │Ambrax, Bd. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 68│ │Ambracia, Wall. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 69│ │Epirus, Wall. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 70│ │Dunali, Montr. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │i.│Erectheus-group. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 71│ │Ormenus, Guér. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 72│ │Pandion, Wall. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 73│ │Tydeus, Feld. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 74│ │Adrastus, Wall. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 75│ │Gambrisius, Cr. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 76│ │Amphytrion, Cr. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 77│ │Euchenor, Guér. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 78│ │Godartii, Montr. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │k.│Demolion-group. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 79│ │Demolion, Cr. ║ 1│ 1│ 1│ 1║ │ │ 80│ │Gigon, Wall. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │l.│Erithonius-group.║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 81│ │Erithonius, Cr. ║ 1│ │ │ ║ 1│ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │m.│Paradoxa-group. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 82│ │Paradoxa, Zink. ║ │ 1│ 1│ 1║ │ │ 83│ │Ænigma, Wall. ║ 1│ 1│ 1│ ║ │ │ 84│ │Caunus, Westw. ║ │ 1│ 1│ ║ │ │ 85│ │Astina, Westw. ║ │ │ │ 1║ │ │ 86│ │Hewitsonii, ║ │ │ 1│ ║ │ │ │ │ Westw. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │n.│Dissimilis-group.║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 87│ │Echidna, De Haan.║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 88│ │Paëphates, Westw.║ │ │ │ ║ 1│ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │o.│Macareus-group. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 89│ │Veiovis, Hew. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 90│ │Encelades, Bd. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 91│ │Deucalion, Bd. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 92│ │Idæoides, Hew. ║ │ │ │ ║ 1│ │ 93│ │Delessertii, ║ 1│ │ │ ║ │ │ │ │ Guér. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 94│ │Dehaanii, Wall. ║ 1│ │ 1│ 1║ │ │ 95│ │Leucothoë, Westw.║ 1│ │ │ ║ │ │ 96│ │Macareus, Godt. ║ 1│ │ 1│ 1║ │ │ 97│ │Stratocles, Feld.║ │ │ │ ║ 1│ │ 98│ │Thule, Wall. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │p.│Antiphates-group.║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ 99│ │Antiphates, Cr. ║ 1│ 1│ 1│ 1║ │ │100│ │Euphrates, Feld. ║ │ │ │ ║ 1│ │101│ │Androcles, Bd. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │102│ │Dorcus, De Haan. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │103│ │Rhesus, Bd. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │104│ │Aristæus, Cr. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │105│ │Parmatus, G. R. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ │ G. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │q.│Eurypylus-group. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │106│ │Codrus, Cr. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │107│ │Melanthus, Feld. ║ │ │ │ ║ 1│ │108│ │Empedocles, Fab. ║ │ │ 1│ 1║ │ │109│ │Payeni, Bd. ║ │ │ 1│ 1║ │ │110│ │Sarpedon, L. ║ 1│ 1│ 1│ 1║ │ │111│ │Miletus, Wall. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │112│ │Wallacei, Hew. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │113│ │Bathycles, Zink. ║ 1│ │ 1│ 1║ │ │114│ │Eurypylus, L. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │115│ │Jason, Esp. ║ 1│ 1│ 1│ 1║ │ │116│ │Telephus, Wall. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │117│ │Ægistus, L. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │118│ │Agamemnon, L. ║ 1│ 1│ 1│ 1║ 1│ │119│ │Rama, Feld. ║ 1│ 1│ │ ║ │ │ │ │(? Arycles, Rd.) ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ │=Leptocircus.= ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │120│ │Meges, Zink. ║ 1│ │ │ 1║ │ │121│ │Curtius, Wall. ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │122│ │Decius, Feld. ║ │ │ │ ║ 1│ │123│ │Curius, Fab. ║ │ │ │ 1║ │ │ │ Totals:— ║ │ │ │ ║ │ │ │ │Ornithoptera ║ 2│ 2│ 3│ 2║ 2│ │ │ │Papilio ║ 22│ 19│ 26│ 23║ 17│ │ │ │Leptocircus ║ 1│ │ │ 2║ 1│ ├───┼──┼───────────────────╫────────┼────────┼────────┼─────╫────────────┤ │ │ │Species in each ║ 25│ 21│ 29│ 27║ 20│ │ │ │ island ║ │ │ │ ║ │ ├───┼──┼───────────────────╫────────┴────────┴────────┴─────╫────────────┤ │ │ │ Total ║ 45 ║ 20│ │ │ │ ║ Sixty-one, Indo-Malayan Region. │ └───┴──┴───────────────────╨─────────────────────────────────────────────┘

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