Part 8

For the use of this material I am indebted to my co-authors. I must also acknowledge thanks to the Cambridge University Press, which in the near future will be publishing our monograph, "Heavenly Clockwork." Some of the findings of this paper are included in shorter form as background material for that monograph. A brief account of the discovery of this material has been published by J. Needham, Wang Ling, and Derek J. Price, "Chinese astronomical clockwork," Nature, 1956, vol. 177, pp. 600-602.

For these translations from classical authors I am indebted to Professor Loren MacKinney and Miss Harriet Lattin, who had collected them for a history, now abandoned, of planetariums. I am grateful for the opportunity of giving them here the mention they deserve.

A. G. Drachmann, "The plane astrolabe and the anaphoric clock," Centaurus, 1954, vol. 3, pp. 183-189.

A fuller description of the anaphoric clock and cognate water-clocks is given by A. G. Drachmann, "Ktesibios, Philon and Heron," Acta Historica Scientiarum Naturalium et Medicinalium, Copenhagen, 1948, vol. 4.

First published by O. Benndorf, E. Weiss, and A. Rehm, Jahreshefte des österreichischen archäologischen Institut in Wien, 1903, vol. 6, pp. 32-49. I have given further details of its construction in A history of technology, ed. Singer, Holmyard, and Hall, 1957, vol. 3, pp. 604-605.

L. Maxe-Werly, Mémoires de la Société Nationale des Antiquaires de France, 1887, vol. 48, pp. 170-178.

The first definitive account of the Antikythera machine was given by Perikles Rediadis in J. Svoronos, Das Athener Nationalmuseum, Athens, 1908, Textband I, pp. 43-51. Since then, other photographs (mostly very poor) have appeared, and an attempt at a reconstruction has been made by Rear Admiral Jean Theophanidis, Praktika tes Akademias Athenon, Athens, 1934, vol. 9, pp. 140-149 (in French). I am deeply grateful to the Director of the Athens National Museum, M. Karouzos, for providing me with an excellent new set of photos, from which figures 6-8 are now taken.

H. Diels Über die von Prokop beschriebene Kunstuhr von Gaza, Abhandlungen, Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, Philos.-Hist. Klasse, 1917, No. 7.

L. A. Mayer, Islamic astrolabists and their works, Geneva, 1956, p. 62.

The translation which follows is quoted from J. Beckmann, op. cit. (footnote 1), p. 349.

E. Wiedemann, "Ein Instrument das die Bewegung von Sonne und Mond darstellt, nach al Biruni," Der Islam, 1913, vol. 4, p. 5.

I acknowledge with thanks to the Curator of that museum the permission to reproduce photographs of this instrument. It is item 5 in R. T. Gunther, Astrolabes of the world, Oxford, 1932.

Abulcacim Abnacahm, Libros del saber, edition by Rico y Sinobas, Madrid, 1866, vol. 3, pp. 241-271. The design of the instrument has been very fully discussed by A. Wegener, "Die astronomischen Werke Alfons X," Bibliotheca Mathematica, 1905, pp. 129-189. A more complete discussion of the historical evolution of the equatorium is given in Derek J. Price, The equatorie of the planetis, Cambridge (Eng.), 1955, pp. 119-133.

E. Wiedemann, and F. Hauser, "Über die Uhren im Bereich d. islamischen Kultur," Nova Acta; Abhandlungen der königliche Leopoldinisch-Carolinische Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher zu Halle, 1915, vol. 100, no. 5.

E. Wiedemann, and F. Hauser, Die Uhr des Archimedes und zwei andere Vorrichtungen, Halle, 1918.

The manuscripts in question are as follows: Gotha, Kat. v. Pertsch. 3, 18, no. 1348; Oxford, Cod. 954; Leiden, Kat. 3, 288, no. 1414, Cod. 499 Warn; and another similar, Kat. 3, 291, no. 1415, Cod. 93 Gol.

H. Schmeller, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Technik in der Antike und bei den Arabern, Erlangen, 1922 (Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften und der Medizin no. 6).

Once more I am indebted to Professor Loren MacKinney and Miss Harriet Lattin (see footnote 11) for making their collections on Gerbert available to me.

Item 198 in Gunther, op. cit. (footnote 21). I am grateful to the authorities of that museum for permission to reproduce photographs of this instrument.

Sotheby and Co., London, sale of March 14, 1957, lot 154. The outer rim of the rete has 120 teeth.

The Latin text of the treatise on the Albion, has been transcribed by Rev. H. Salter and published in R. T. Gunther, Early science in Oxford, Oxford, 1923, vol. 2, pp. 349-370. An analysis of its design is given in Price, op. cit. (footnote 22), pp. 127-130.

Such evidence as there is for the existence and form of the clock is collected by Gunther, op. cit. (footnote 30), p. 49.

I have discussed this new manuscript source in "Two medieval texts on astronomical clocks," Antiquarian Horology, 1956, vol. 1, no. 10, p. 156. The manuscript in question is ms. 230/116, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, folios 11ᵛ-14ᵛ = pp. 31-36.

The Chronicle of Jocelin of Brakelond ..., H. E. Butler (ed.), London, 1949, p. 106.

C. B. Drover, "A medieval monastic water-clock," Antiquarian Horology, 1954, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 54-58, 63. Because this water clock uses wheels and strikes bells one must reject the evidence of literary reference, such as by Dante, from which the mention of wheels and bells have been taken as positive proof of the existence of mechanical clocks with mechanical escapements. The to-and-fro motion of the mechanical clock escapement is quite an impressive feature, but there seems to be no literary reference to it before the time of de Dondi.

Annales de la Société Royale d'Archéologie de Bruxelles, 1896, vol. 1/8, pp. 203-215, 404-451. The translation here is cited from Drover, op. cit., (footnote 34), p. 56.

L. Thorndike, The sphere of Sacrobosco and its commentators, Chicago, 1949, pp. 180, 230.

The album was published with facsimiles by J. B. A. Lassus, 1858. An English edition with facsimiles of 33 of the 41 folios was published by Rev. Robert Willis, Oxford, 1859. An extensive summary of this section is given, with illustrations, by J. Drummond Robertson, The evolution of clockwork, London, 1931, pp. 11-15.