Part 8

Japanese cocks, long-tailed, 34, 44, 78.

Kallima, 22, 23, 50. Katagramma, 22. Knowledge, its character, 5.

Lamarckian principles, 24, 29 et seq., 31 et seq., 38, 63-64, 68, 84. Leaves, imitated by butterflies, 20 et seq. Locomotive, simile of, 11.

Malthusian principle, 65, 67. Markings, butterflies', 16 et seq. Maxwell, 4, 5. Mean of variation, 78-79. Meristic, 18. Mimicry, 19, 51 et seq. Minot, S., 54 footnote. Models, mental, 4 et seq. Molecules, 58. Morgan, Prof. C. Lloyd, 32, 71, 83. Mueller, Fritz, 77-79. Mueller, Hermann, 77. Mussels, 28. Mutations, 31 footnote, 72-76.

Naegeli, 4, 11, 24, 60, 82. Neumayr, 72. Newton, 5. Nutrition of determinants, 36, 37, 41, 47. Nymphalidae, 21.

Ontogenesis, 8. Orr, Henry B., 69. Osborn, Prof. H. F., 33. Owen, Richard, 11.

Paleontology, 31, 73, 75, 76. Palms from Cordilleras, 82. Pangenes, 40. Panmixia, 15, 39, 42, 43, 64. Papilio, 16, 52. Parallecta, 23. Parts, struggling of the, 29, 39, 66-67. Passively functioning parts, 30 et seq., 64. Personal selection, 30, 41, 42, 45, 52, 64-86, 80. Phyletic variation, 31-32 footnote. Phylogenesis, 8. Phylogenetic variations, 31-32, 73. Plasomes, 40. Plus and minus variations, 35, 42, 46, 50, 79-80. Polymorphism, 58. Poulton, 64 footnote. Predestined variation, 4. Pre-established harmony, 25. Preformation, 53. Protective colorings, 14 et seq. Protogonius, 22. Pseudocraea, 52.

Qualitative modifications, 46. Quantitative changes, 46-47.

Retrogressive development, 38. Round-worms, eggs of, 28. Roux, Wilhelm, 29, 39, 65, 66.

Salamis, 22. Scott, Prof. W. B., 31 footnote, 72-74. Segmentation, 10. {87} Selection, natural, 10, 25 et seq., 50, 51, 67, 69-73, 81, 82. Selective value of variations, 60. Semper, 69. Siderone, 22. Snails, 28. Spencer, 14, 28, 29, 40, 53, 56, 80. Struggle for existence, 65. Survival of the fit, 52. Symphaedra, 22.

Tabula rasa, 27, 24. Tegetmeier, W. B., 34. Teleological principles, 10, 16, 25. Theories, nature of, 5 et seq. Turbellaria, 28.

Units, vital, biological, physiological, etc., 8, 40, 41, 53, 56, 65, 80. Useful modifications, value of initial stages of, 80-82. Utility, 11, 18, 33, 45, 48, 62, 63, 82.

Variations, necessary, their constant presence, 26 et seq., 31 et seq., 61; generally, 3, 11-14, 61, 71 et seq.

Waagen, 72. Wallace, 11, 25, 29, 51, 66, 81. Weldon, 36. Whale, hind leg of, 42, 56, 80. Whitman, C. O., 53. Wiesner, 40. Wigand, Albert, 11, 63. Wings of butterflies, 14 et seq., 47-52, 56. Wolff, K. F., 53, 62, 63, 69. "Worse" individuals, 76.

Zero-point of variation, 36 et seq., 45, 74, 79.

* * * * *

Notes

Neue Gedanken zur Vererbungsfrage, eine Antwort an Herbert Spencer. Jena. 1895.

See Boltzmann, Methoden der theor. Physik, Munich, 1892. (In the Catalogue of the Mathematical Exhibit.)

Of late this saying of Newton's is frequently quoted as if Newton were a downright contemner of scientific hypotheses. But if we read the passage in question in its original context, we shall discover that his renunciation of hypotheses referred solely to a definite case, viz., to that of universal gravitation, of whose character Newton could form no conception and hence was unwilling to construct hypotheses concerning it. Indeed, such a wholesale repudiation of hypotheses is antecedently incredible on the part of the inventor of the emission-theory of light, in which, to speak of only one daring conjecture, "fits" were ascribed to the luminous particles. Compare Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, second edition, 1714, page 484.

H. Hertz, Die Principien der Mechanik.

Hans Driesch, Die Biologie als selbststaendige Grundwissenschaft, Leipsic, 1893, p. 31, footnote. The sentence reads: "An examination of the pretensions of the refuted Darwinian theory, so called, would be an affront to our readers."

Die Allmacht der Naturzuechtung. A Reply to Herbert Spencer. Jena, 1893, p. 27 et seq. [Also in the Contemporary Review for September, 1893.]

That is, by the law of exceedingly slow retrogression of superfluous characters, which may be designated the law of organic inertia.

Materials for the Study of Variation with Especial Regard to Discontinuity in the Origin of Species. London, 1895.

Studien zur Descendenztheorie, Leipsic, 1876. Vol. II. pp. 295 and 322.

Compare my essay, Neue Gedanken zur Vererbungsfrage, Jena, 1895, p. 10, second footnote.

On the same day on which the present address was delivered at the International Congress of Zooelogists in Leyden, and on the same occasion, Dr. W. B. Scott, Professor of Geology in Princeton College, New Jersey, read a very interesting paper on the tertiary mammalian fauna of North America, in which, without a knowledge of my paper, he took his stand precisely on this argument and arrived at the opinion that it could not possibly be the ordinary individual variations which accomplished phyletic evolution, but that it was necessary to assume in addition phyletic variations. I believe our views are not as widely remote as might be supposed. Of course, I see no reason for assuming two kinds of hereditary variations, different in origin. Still it is likely that only a relatively small portion of the numberless individual variations lie on the path of phyletic advancement and so under the guidance of germinal selection mark out the way of further development; and hence it would be quite possible in this sense to distinguish continuous, definitely directed individual variations from such as fluctuate hither and thither with no uniformity in the course of generations. The root of the two is of course the same, and they admit of being distinguished from each other only by their success, phyletic modification, or by their failure.