CHAPTER II

For the erection of these posts see Quaife's Chicago and the Old Northwest, 1673-1835, p. 265; Thwaites's Wisconsin, pp. 180-182; Gue's History of Iowa, Vol. I, pp. 137, 138.

American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. I, p. 669.

Major Long's journal is printed in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 9-88.

Niles' Register, Vol. XIV, p. 192.

American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. I, p. 779.

Neill's The History of Minnesota (Fourth Edition), p. 319.

American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. II, p. 32.

The story of the Yellowstone Expedition is narrated in detail in Chittenden's The History of the American Fur Trade of the Far West, Vol. II, pp. 562-587. See also the preface to James's Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains in Thwaites's Early Western Travels, Vol. XIV, pp. 9-26. For the site of this fort see Thwaites's Early Western Travels, Vol. XXII, p. 275, note 231.

Executive Documents, 1st Session, 34th Congress, Vol. I, Pt. 2, Document No. 1, p. 21.

Leavenworth's A Genealogy of the Leavenworth Family in the United States, p. 152.

Van Cleve's "Three Score Years and Ten," Life-Long Memories of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, p. 7.

In the Detroit Gazette, February 18, 1820, Vol. III, No. 135, there is reprinted from the National Intelligencer an "Extract of a letter from a gentleman of the expedition to the Falls of St. Anthony, to his friend in Washington, dated Cantonment of the 5th regt. U. S. Infantry, St. Peter's River, Nov. 10, 1819." It is from this letter that the dates of arriving at and leaving the various places are taken. The Adjutant General in an order praised the garrison at Fort Howard "for the economy and expedition with which the command constructed transport boats for the accommodation of the 5th regiment in its passage to the Mississippi."--Detroit Gazette, September 10, 1819.

Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. V, p. 96, note. Mrs. Van Cleve gives another version of this affair: "When all was in order, Colonel Leavenworth stepped forth, and, through an interpreter, formally requested of the Chief permission to pass peaceably through their country. The Chief, a very handsome young brave, advanced, and, with his right arm uncovered, said, with most expressive gestures: 'My brother, do you see the calm, blue sky above us? Do you see the lake that lies so peacefully at our feet? So calm, so peaceful are our hearts towards you. Pass on!'"--Van Cleve's "Three Score Years and Ten," Life-Long Memories of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, p. 11.

That these Indians were not so friendly as this account would indicate is apparent from the statement in Major Forsyth's narrative that Captain Whistler of Fort Howard had been fired at, at different times during the summer of 1819 by these Winnebagoes.--Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, p. 167.

Major Forsyth's narrative, covering the time from his departure from St. Louis on June 7th until his arrival there again on September 17th, is published in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, pp. 139-167; also in the Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 188-219. It is from this narrative that the facts regarding the progress of the expedition were obtained.

Major Forsyth's narrative in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, pp. 147, 148, 149.

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, p. 149; Van Cleve's "Three Score Years and Ten," Life-Long Memories of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, p. 15.

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, pp. 149-153, 159. Mrs. Van Cleve says that a few days were spent on the shores of Lake Pepin.--Van Cleve's "Three Score Years and Ten," Life-Long Memories of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, p. 16. Mrs. Ellet in her sketch of Mrs. Clark says a week was spent at this place.--Ellet's Pioneer Women of the West, p. 350.

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, pp. 153, 154. Neill records that the troops did not reach the Minnesota River "until September".--Neill's The History of Minnesota (Fourth Edition), p. 320. But in Appendix L., p. 891, he gives the same dates as Forsyth. In Folwell's Minnesota, p. 55, the statement is made that "the command arrived at Mendota August 23". As the main body of soldiers did not arrive until August 24th, this latter date should be taken as the birthday of Fort Snelling.

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, pp. 154-157; Detroit Gazette, October 22, 1819, February 18, 1820.

Detroit Gazette, February 18, 1820.

Van Cleve's "Three Score Years and Ten," Life-Long Memories of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, pp. 18, 19. The baby was Charlotte Ouisconsin Clark who married General Horatio P. Van Cleve. In 1888 she published a book of reminiscences. It possesses all the merits and defects of a book of reminiscences--vividness of pictures--inaccuracy in regard to specific facts.

Ellet's Pioneer Women of the West, p. 351; Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 48.

Mrs. Van Cleve, who received her information from her father, gives the number as forty.--Van Cleve's "Three Score Years and Ten," Life-Long Memories of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, p. 19. James Doty, who kept the official journal of the Cass Expedition of 1820, and who received his information from the officers at Camp Cold Water, gives the number as forty.--Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XIII, p. 214. Philander Prescott in his reminiscences states that "Some fifty or sixty had died, and some ten men died after I arrived".--Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 478. L. Grignon wrote on April 3, 1820, that "They tell me that fifty Soldiers of the river St. Pierre have died of Scurvy".--Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XX, p. 161.

In writing of the attack of scurvy Mr. H. H. Sibley remarks: "It was doubtless caused by the bad quality of the provisions, especially of the pork, which was spoiled by the villany of the contractors, or their agents, in drawing the brine from the barrels that contained it, after leaving St. Louis, in order to lighten the load, and causing the barrels to be refilled with river water, before their delivery at the post, to avoid detection. The troops were compelled to live on this unwholesome fare for two successive seasons, before the fraud was discovered."--Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. I, pp. 473, 474. Nowhere else is this explanation given. Sickness could easily come at a frontier post without such villainy. During the same winter at Camp Missouri over half of the garrison of seven hundred men were sick, and nearly one hundred of them died. At Council Bluff there was also a great deal of sickness.--Detroit Gazette, July 21, September 1, 1820.

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. I, p. 473.

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 103.

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 478, 479.

Reports of Committees, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Report No. 351, p. 136.

These facts are from the reminiscences of Philander Prescott in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 478, 479.

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 105.

Snelling to Taliaferro, November 7, 1821.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 30.

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 107. Mrs. Van Cleve states that the fort was occupied in the fall of 1821.--Van Cleve's "Three Score Years and Ten," Life-Long Memories of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, p. 32.

Indian Office Files, 1830, No. 153.

Schoolcraft's Narrative Journal of Travels from Detroit Northwest through the Great Chain of American Lakes to the sources of the Mississippi River, pp. 292-315. The official journal was kept by James Doty. The time spent with Leavenworth's troops is described in the Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XIII, pp. 212-216.

Captain Kearny's journal is printed in the Missouri Historical Society Collections, Vol. III, pp. 8-29, 99-131. Pages 104-110 are devoted to the time spent at Camp Cold Water.

These facts regarding the change of the name are taken from Upham's The Women and Children of Fort St. Anthony, Later named Fort Snelling in the Magazine of History, Vol. XXI, pp. 38, 39. Dr. Upham received his information from a letter from the Adjutant General of the United States.