Chapter Viii and It Need Not Be Stressed. the Fact Is That While

really sound and thorough case work cannot be done without such information, few agencies have such information, and all devices for accumulating it should be made use of.

The gathering of this body of information and its application require considerable time. In the meantime, while differences of opinion among the existing agencies on such questions as the use of the foreign or the native-born visitor who speaks the foreign language, the visiting housekeeper, or the specialized bureau, are being worked out, specialized agencies for dealing with the problems of the immigrant family should be developed. Such agencies as the Immigrants' Protective League could prove of very great service in discovering promising visitors, in accumulating experience as to the nature of those problems, and in furnishing opportunities to professional students for practice work under supervision.

Further, there is the question of the resources within the group and the ways in which they can be taken advantage of. Reference has been made to the problem of securing and retaining the co-operation of the national Church. There are often national charitable societies. The case worker should be able to explain the methods and purposes of her society to these immigrant societies; but often there is a complete failure to interpret, and the two agencies go their separate ways, sometimes after the demoralization of the family both try to serve.

A few years ago a group of foreign-born men, prominent in business and politics in Chicago, organized a charitable association within their own national group. They felt that the United Charities did not understand their people and were not meeting their needs. These men had no understanding of accepted case-work principles, and the superintendent of the society herself says that she does not use scientific methods and does not co-operate with the United Charities. She doubts whether her organization is doing much good, but she sees that the lack of understanding of the traditions and habits of the people on the part of the United Charities cripples their work among her people.

THE TRANSIENT FAMILY

The case-work agency as now organized might be equipped with trained foreign-speaking visitors and with visiting housekeepers or dietetic experts who know their neighborhoods, and the needs of the situation would still be far from fully met. It was pointed out in the first chapter that many immigrant families have to change their place of residence, often more than once, before they settle in a permanent home. The nature of their hardships and the slender margin of their resources have been pointed out. Special misfortune may therefore befall them at any point in the experimental period of their journey, as well as after they have reached their final and permanent place of residence.

The important moment in social treatment, as probably in any undertaking, is in the initial stages. "The first step costs." This brings us to the enormously important fact that distress outside the relatively small number of larger communities in which there are skilled case-work agencies, either public or private, will probably mean contact either with the poor-law official under the Pauper Act, if it is a question of relief,--or with some official of the county prosecuting machinery or of the inferior courts, if it is a question of discipline.

The case of an Italian woman may serve to illustrate the contact with both these groups of officials. Mrs. C. was married in 1902 in a Sicilian village, at about sixteen years of age. In October, 1906, the husband came to the United States. In November, 1907, she and her one surviving baby, a girl of two, followed, going to the mining town in western Pennsylvania where he was working. There they lived until March, 1913, occupying most of the time a house owned by the company for which he worked. About 1913 she moved with her children to a near-by city, where, on June 3, 1914, she was arrested for assault, and the next day for selling liquor without a license and selling liquor to minors. After some delay she pleaded guilty and was sentenced to pay the costs of the prosecution ($76.42), and released on parole.

She then seems to have moved to a mining town in Illinois, and there lived with Mr. A. as his wife until March, 1916, when he was murdered. The union paid his funeral expenses of $186.75, and she also, as his widow, received his death benefit of $244.33. Through the summer of 1916 the Supervisor of the Poor gave her $3 every two weeks. On May 20, 1916, she applied for her first citizenship papers, and on September 1st she was awarded an allowance of $7 a month under the Mothers' Aid law, this being granted her under her maiden name, as mother of a child born in Illinois in 1915. She was helped not only by the public relief agencies, but by the priest ($11); and the Queen's Daughters, a church society of ladies, gave her the fare to Chicago, where the Italian consul gave her money to go home again. The undertaker and other kind persons gave her and the children aid.

By December the union and the county agent both thought it would be well to shift the burden of her support, and gave her the fare back to Chicago. By the time she reached Chicago she was a very skillful and resourceful beggar. In Chicago she was a "nonresident," ineligible for a year to receive public relief under the Pauper Act and for three years under the Mothers' Aid law; and so she obtained from a Protestant church, from the Charities, and from an Italian Ladies' Aid Society relief of various kinds and in various amounts.

The story is a long and a continuing one. Two points are especially important from the point of view of this study. One is that the burden not only of her support, but of her re-education, fell ultimately upon Chicago agencies, and the cost to them is measured as it were by the inefficiency of her casual treatment at the hands of both the courts and the less competent relief agencies along the way. The other is that such varied treatment leaves its inevitable stamp of confusion and disorganization upon the life of such a family. To find American officials getting very busy over selling liquor without a license, and at the same time ignoring adultery or murder committed in an Italian home, must surely result in confusion with reference to American standards of family relationship and to the value placed on life by American officials.

NEED FOR NATIONAL AGENCY

Irrespective of whether the family is of the native-born or foreign-born group, the problem of the case of those in distress should not be regarded as solely a local problem. It is indeed of national importance. Poverty, sickness, illiteracy, inefficiency, incompetence, are no longer matters of peculiar concern to a locality. The causes leading to these conditions are not local; the consequences are not local. The agency that deals efficiently with them should not be entirely local.

Yet at the present time there is lacking not only a national agency and a national standard; there is often lacking a state agency and a state standard. In Illinois, for example, the Pauper Act is administered in some counties by precinct officials designated by county commissioners; in other counties by the township officials. The Mothers' Aid law is administered in Illinois by the juvenile court, which in all counties except Cook County (Chicago) is the county court. There is no agency responsible in any way for the standardization of the work of these officials, and niggardly doles or indiscriminate relief without either adequate investigation or adequate supervision, often characterizes the work of both.

Not all states are in as chaotic a condition as Illinois. A few states have developed a larger measure of central control. Massachusetts, California, and New Jersey, for example, secure a certain measure of standardization in the administration of their Mothers' Aid laws by paying part of the allowances, in case the central body approves--the State Board of Charities in Massachusetts, and California, and the State Board of Children's Guardians in New Jersey. Pennsylvania secures this by assigning to the Governor the appointment of local boards and providing central supervision, while in other cases there may be inspection, the preparation of blanks and requiring reports. A member of the State Board of Education is supervisor of the Mothers' Aid law administration in Pennsylvania.

The case cited above illustrates the way in which the demoralizing effects of unskillful treatment in Pennsylvania and then in Illinois lasted into the period in which Chicago agencies tried to render efficient service.

It would not be possible to develop at once a national or Federal agency for rendering aid to families in distress. Nor would such an agency be desirable if characterized by the features of the old poor law. But the development of a national agency for public assistance will undoubtedly be necessary before such problems as these can be adequately dealt with. It should be based on such inquiries as the United States Children's Bureau and other governmental departments can make as to the volume and character of the need and the best methods for dealing with that need. Undoubtedly the Grant in Aid, as proposed in the bill introduced into the Sixty-fifth Congress to encourage the development of health protection for mothers and infants, will prove the quickest path to a national standard. Careful study into the kind of legislative amendment necessary in the various states in order to reduce the chaos now existing in the exercise of these functions should also be made.

The present is in many ways an unfortunate moment at which to suggest the necessity of developing such an agency. The War Risk Bureau, created to provide certain services for the families of soldiers and sailors and others in the service, through the failures and imperfections of its service, has discouraged the idea of attempting such tasks on a national scale. It should be recalled, however, that the assignment of the War Risk Bureau to the Treasury Department concerned with revenue instead of to the Children's Bureau concerned with family problems, rendered it practically inevitable that such limitations of skill would characterize its work. Neither a taxing body nor a bank should be chosen for the supervision of work with family groups.

The "home service" work of the American Red Cross constituted such a national agency during the period of the war, and if the so-called "peace-time program" is successfully developed, the need urged in this chapter may be met.

The efficient local private agencies suffer in the same way from the lack of a national agency and a national standard in case work. The American Association for Social Work with Families, and the National Conference of Social Work, attempt by conference and publication to spread the knowledge of social technique and to improve the work done by existing societies. But there are whole sections, even in densely populated areas, in which there exists no such agency.

If, then, the benevolence and good will of the community are to be embodied in such service for foreign-born families that fall into distress as will not only relieve but upbuild the life of the family, interpret to them the standards of the community, and help them to become a part of the true American life, a national minimum of skill and information must be developed below which the agencies for such care will nowhere be allowed to fall. From the experience both of these foreign-born families and of the communities into which they finally come we learn again the doctrine laid down a hundred years ago by Robert Owen, that the care of those who suffer is a national and not solely a local concern.

FOOTNOTES:

Charity Service Reports, Cook County, Illinois, Fiscal Year 1917, pp. 74, 350.

Richmond, Social Diagnosis, p. 118.

V. G. Kirkpatrick, "War-time Work of the Visiting Housekeeper," in the Yearbook of the United Charities of Chicago, 1917, p. 18.

Illinois Revised Statutes, chap. cvii.

Illinois Revised Statutes, chap. xxiii, sec. 298.

Abbott, E., "Experimental State in Mothers' Pension Legislation," National Conference of Social Work, 1917, pp. 154-164, and U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin, No. 212, p. 818. See also Institution Quarterly of Illinois, March, 1916, p. 97.

Massachusetts General Acts, 1913, chap. 763, sec. 3.

Deering's Political Code of California, sec. 2283 fol., p. 571.

New Jersey Acts, 1915, p. 206 fol.

Laws of Pennsylvania, 1914, p. 118; 1915, p. 1085.

APPENDIX

PRINCIPAL RACIAL ORGANIZATIONS

The following list of racial organizations has been generously compiled by the Bureau of Foreign Language Information Service of the American Red Cross. Only those of national scope have been included, with the exception of those starred, which, although not strictly national, have a more than local importance. It contains those organizations and societies doing benevolent, philanthropic or educational work, and, in a few instances, those primarily political or religious in character whose activities have been extended to include other work.

The list was compiled in March, 1921, and, although it is reasonably inclusive, the organizations, the officers, and the addresses are constantly changing.

CZECH

Catholic Sokol Union Secretary: 5798 Holcomb Street. Detroit, Michigan

Council of Higher Education Secretary: P. A. Korab Iowa State Bank, Iowa City, Iowa

Czecho-Slavonian Fraternal Benefit Union Secretary: August R. Zicha 516 East Seventy-third Street, New York City

Czechoslovak National Alliance Secretary: Ferdinand L. Musil 3734 West Twenty-sixth Street, Chicago, Illinois

Czechoslovak National Council of America President: Dr. J. P. Percival 3756 West Twenty-sixth Street, Chicago, Illinois

National Federation of Czech Catholics in America Secretary: John Straka 2752 South Millard Avenue, Chicago, Illinois

Sisterly Benevolent Union, Supreme Lodge Secretary: Mrs. Marie Zemanova 4934 Broadway, Cleveland, Ohio

Society of Taborites Secretary: Fr. Cernohorsky 3416 East Fifty-third Street, Cleveland, Ohio

Sokol Gymnastic Organization of America Secretary: Thomas Vonasek 1647 South St. Louis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois

Union of Czech Women Secretary: Mrs. Marie Zemanova 180 Forty-first Street, Corona, New York

United Czechoslovak Legion of America Secretary: Lada T. Krizek 3742 East 140th Street, Cleveland, Ohio

Western Czech Fraternal Union Secretary: L. J. Kasper 307 Twelfth Avenue East, Cedar Rapids, Iowa

DANISH

The Danish Brotherhood in America Supreme Secretary: Frank V. Lawson Omaha National Bank Building, Omaha, Nebraska

The Danish Sisterhood in America Supreme Secretary: Mrs. Caroline Nielsen 6820 So. Carpenter Street, Chicago, Illinois

DUTCH

*Eendracht Maaht Macht President: G. Verschuur 65 Nassau Street, New York City

Nieuw Nederland President: A. Schrikker Netherland Consulate, New York City

FINNISH

Finnish Apostolic Lutheran Church Office of National Secretary, care of Valvoja Calumet, Michigan

Finnish Branch, Industrial Workers of the World Office of National Secretary, care of Industrialisti 22 Lake Avenue, North, Duluth, Minnesota

Finnish Congregational Church of the United States Office of National Secretary, care of Astorian Sanomat Astoria, Oregon

Finnish Lutheran National Church Office of National Secretary, care of Auttaja Ironwood, Michigan

Finnish Lutheran Suomi Synod Church of America President: Rev. John Wargelin Hancock, Michigan

Finnish National Temperance Brotherhood National Secretary: Mrs. Hilma Hamina Ishpeming, Michigan

Finnish Socialist Organization of the United States National Secretary: Henry Askeli Mid City Bank Building, Chicago, Illinois

Knights of Kalova National Secretary: Matti Simpanen 5305 Sixth Avenue, Brooklyn, New York

Ladies of Kalova National Secretary: Miss Martha Hamalainen 266 Pleasant Street, Gardner, Massachusetts

Lincoln Loyalty League of Finnish-Americans Secretary: J. H. Jasbert 1045 Marquette Building, Chicago, Illinois

Swedish-Finnish Sick Benefit Society of America Secretary: John Back Box 27, North Escanaba, Michigan

GERMAN

American Gymnastic Union (Turners) First President: Theo. Stempfel Fletcher American Nat. Bank, Indianapolis, Indiana

German Beneficial Union Supreme President: Louis Volz 1505-07 Carson Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

National Federation of German Catholic Societies President: Michael Girten 915 People's Gas Building, Chicago, Illinois

North American Association of Singing Societies President: Charles G. Schmidt 2000 Central Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio

North-Eastern Association of Singing Societies President: Carl Lentz 77 Broad Street, Newark, New Jersey

Order of Harugari Grand Treasurer: Henry F. Raabe 30 Vanderveer Street, Brooklyn, New York

Order of the Sons of Herman Grand Secretary: Richard Schaefer New Britain, Connecticut

Workmen's Sick and Death Benefit Fund Seventh Street and Third Avenue, New York City

HUNGARIAN

American Hungarian Reformed Society Secretary: Steve Molnar 269 Plymouth Street, Toledo, Ohio

*First Hungarian Literary Society of New York Secretary: Joseph Partos 317 East Seventy-ninth Street, New York City

First Hungarian Miners Sick Benefit Society of Ben Creek Secretary: Stephen Beres Box 244, Cassandram, Pennsylvania

*First Hungarian Sick Benefit and Funeral Society of New Brunswick Secretary: Joseph Kopencey Box 511, New Brunswick, New Jersey

*First Hungarian Sick Benefit Society of East Chicago and Vicinity Secretary: Kovacs A. David 620 Chicago Avenue, East Chicago, Indiana

*Hungarian Public Association of Passaic Secretary: Julius Faludy 127 Second Avenue, Passaic, New Jersey

*Hungarian Rakoczi Sick Benefit Society of Bridgeport Secretary: Steve Koteles, Jr. 626 Bostwick Avenue, Bridgeport, Connecticut

*Hungarian Reformed Benefit Society of Pittsburgh and Vicinity Chairman: Andrew Hornyak 600 Hazelwood Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

*Hungarian Reformed Sick Benefit Society of Windber and Vicinity Secretary: Joseph Molnar 542 R. Road Street, Windber, Pennsylvania

Kohanyi Tihamer's Hungarian Workman's Sick Benefit Society of Hungary and America Secretary: Julius Sipos Box 240, Homer City, Pennsylvania

Roman and Greek Catholic First Hungarian Sick Benefit Society of Benwood Secretary: Ignac Kiss R. F. D. No. 2, Box 346, Wheeling, West Virginia

Saint Laszlo Roman and Greek Catholic Hungarian Sick Benefit and Funeral Society of Johnstown and Vicinity Secretary: John Angyal 205 Third Avenue, Johnstown, Pennsylvania

Saint Istvan Hungarian Workman's Sick Benefit Society of Snow Shoe Secretary: Antal Polczar Box 62, Clarence, Pennsylvania

United Petofi Sandor Association Secretary: Bela K. Bekay 2196-98 West Jefferson Avenue, Detroit, Michigan

Verhovay Aid Association Secretary: Stephen Gabor Room 809-811 Markle Bank Building, Hazelton, Pennsylvania

Workman's Sick Benefit and Literary Society Secretary: Joseph Kertesz 350 East Eighty-first Street, New York City

ITALIAN

Italian War Veterans 244 East Twenty-fourth Street, New York City

Order of Sons of Italy in America President: Stefano Miele 266 Lafayette Street, New York City

JEWISH

Alliance Israelite Universelle 150 Nassau Street, New York City

Alumni Association of the Hebrew Union College Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, Ohio

American Jewish Committee 31 Union Square West, New York City

American Jewish Congress 1 Madison Avenue, New York City

American Jewish Relief Committee 30 East Forty-second Street, New York City

American Union of Rumanian Jews 44 Seventh Street, New York City

Baron de Hirsch Fund 80 Maiden Lane, New York City

Bureau of Jewish Social Research 114 Fifth Avenue, New York City

Central Conference of American Rabbis Temple Beth El, Detroit, Michigan

Council of Jewish Women Executive Secretary: Mrs. Harry Sternberger 305 West Ninety-eighth Street, New York City

Council of Reform Rabbis 1093 Sterling Place, Brooklyn, New York

Council of Y. M. H. and Kindred Associations 114 Fifth Avenue, New York City

Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning Broad and York Streets, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Eastern Council of Reform Rabbis 1093 Sterling Place, Brooklyn, New York

Educational League for the Higher Education of Orphans 336 Engineer's Building, Cleveland, Ohio

Federation of Bessarabian Jews in America 52 St. Mark's Place, New York City

Federation of Galician Jews and Bukovinian Jews in America 66 Second Avenue, New York City

Federation of Jewish Farmers of America 175 East Broadway, New York City

Federation of Lithuanian and Latvian Jews in America 6 Ludlow Street, New York City

Federation of Oriental Jews of America 42 Seventh Street, New York City

Federation of Russian and Polish Hebrews in America 1822 Lexington Avenue, New York City

Federation of Ukrainian Jews in America 200 East Broadway, New York City

Hadassah 55 Fifth Avenue, New York City

Hai Resh Fraternity St. Joseph, Missouri

Histadrut Ibrith 55 Fifth Avenue, New York City

Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society of America 229-231 East Broadway, New York City

Hebrew Technical Institute for Boys 36 Stuyvesant Street, New York City

Hebrew Technical School for Girls Second Avenue and Fifteenth Street, New York City

Independent Order of B'nai B'rith 1228 Tribune Building, Chicago, Illinois

Independent Order of Brith Abraham 37 Seventh Avenue, New York City

Independent Order Brith Sholom 510-512 South Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Independent Order Free Sons of Israel 21 West 124th Street, New York City

Independent Western Star Order 1227 Blue Island Avenue, Chicago, Illinois

Independent Workmen's Circle of America, Inc. 9 Cambridge, Boston, Massachusetts

Industrial Removal Office 174 Second Avenue, New York City

Intercollegiate Menorah Associations 600 Madison Avenue, New York City

Intercollegiate Zionist Association of America 55 Fifth Avenue, New York City

Jewish Academicians of America 125 East Eighty-fifth Street, New York City

Jewish Agricultural and Industrial Aid Society 174 Second Avenue, New York City

Jewish Agricultural Experiment Station 356 Second Avenue, New York City

Jewish Central Relief Committee 51 Chambers Street, New York City

Jewish Chautauqua Society 1305 Stephen Girard Building 21 South Twelfth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Jewish Consumptive Relief Association of California 207 South Broadway, Los Angeles, California

Jewish Consumptive Relief Society 510-512 Kittredge Building, Denver, Colorado

Jewish National Workers Alliance of America 89 Delancey Street, New York City

Jewish People's Relief Committee 175 East Broadway, New York City

Jewish Publication Society of America 1201 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Jewish Socialist Federation of America 175 East Broadway, New York City

Jewish Socialist Labor Poale Zion of America and Canada 266 Grand Street, New York City

Jewish Teachers Association Secretary: A. P. Schoolman 356 Second Avenue, New York City

Jewish Teachers' Seminary 252 East Broadway, New York City

Jewish Teachers' Training School of the Misrachi Organization 86 Orchard Street, New York City

Jewish Theological Seminary of America 531 West 123d Street, New York City

Jewish Welfare Board 149 Fifth Avenue, New York City

Joint Distribution Committee 20 Exchange Place, New York City

Kappa Nu Fraternity 2937 Schubert Avenue, Chicago, Illinois

National Association of Jewish Social Workers Secretary and Treasurer: M. M. Goldstein 356 Second Avenue, New York City

National Conference of Jewish Social Service 114 Fifth Avenue, New York City

National Desertion Bureau Secretary: Charles Zusser 356 Second Avenue, New York City

National Farm School 407 Mutual Life Building, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

National Federation of Temple Sisterhoods 62 Dutenhofer Building, Cincinnati, Ohio

National Jewish Hospital for Consumptives 3800 East Colfax Avenue, Denver, Colorado

National Jewish Immigration Council 18 Maiden Lane, New York City

National Union of Jewish Sheltering Societies 229-231 East Broadway, New York City

Order Brith Abraham 266 Grand Street, New York City

Order Knights of Joseph 311-312 Society for Savings Building Cleveland, Ohio

Order of Sons of Zion 55 Fifth Avenue, New York City

Order of the United Hebrew Brothers 189 Second Avenue, New York City

Pi Tau Pi Fraternity New Orleans, Louisiana

Progressive Order of the West 406-407-408 Frisco Building Ninth and Olive Streets, St. Louis, Missouri

Red Mogen David of America 201 Second Avenue, New York City

Sigma Alpha Mu Fraternity 277 Broadway, New York City

The Mizrachi Organization of America 86 Orchard Street, New York City

The Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the United States and Canada 121 Canal Street, New York City

The Workmen's Circle 175 East Broadway, New York City

Union of American Hebrew Congregations Cincinnati, Ohio

Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America 125 East Eighty-fifth Street, New York City

United Order of True Sisters 317 West 139th Street, New York City

United Orthodox Rabbis of America 121 Canal Street, New York City

United Sons of Israel, Inc. 18 Boylston Street, Boston, Massachusetts

United Synagogue of America 531 West 123d Street, New York City

Women's League of the United Synagogue of America 531 West 123d Street, New York City

Young Judæa 55 Fifth Avenue, New York City

Z B T Fraternity 237 West Eighty-eighth Street, New York City

Zionist Organization of America 55 Fifth Avenue, New York City

Zionist Society of Engineers and Agriculturists 122 East Thirty-seventh Street, New York City

JUGOSLAV

Carniolian Slovene Catholic Union 1004 North Chicago Street, Joliet, Illinois

Croatian League of Illinois 2552 Wentworth Avenue, Chicago, Illinois

Croatian Union of the Pacific 560 Pacific Building, San Francisco, California

Jugoslav Benevolent Society "Unity" 408 Park Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Jugoslav Catholic Benevolent Union Ely, Minnesota

Jugoslav Republican Alliance 3637 West Twenty-sixth Street, Chicago, Illinois

Loyal Serb Society Srbadia 443 West Twenty-second Street, New York City

National Croatian Society 1012 Peralta Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Serbian Federation Sloboda 414 Bakewell Building, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Serbian Orthodox Federation Srbobran Sloga Twelfth and Carsons Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Slovene Benevolent Society 1064 East Sixty-second Street, Cleveland, Ohio

Slovene Catholic Benevolent Association 420 Seventh Street, Calumet, Michigan

Slovene Croatian Union Fifth South Borgo Block, Calumet, Michigan

Slovene Free Thinkers Association 1541 West Eighteenth Street, Brooklyn, New York

Slovene Workingmen's Benevolent Association 634 Main Street, Johnstown, Pennsylvania

*Slovenic Benevolent Society "St. Barbara" Forest City, Pennsylvania

Slovenic National Benefit Society 2657 S. Lawndale Avenue, Chicago, Illinois

Southern Slav Socialistic League 3639 West Twenty-sixth Street, Chicago, Illinois

The Holy Family Society 1006 North Chicago Street, Joliet, Illinois

Western Slav Society 4822 Washington Street, Denver, Colorado

Young National Croatian Society President: Mark Smiljanich 2857 South Ridgeway Avenue, Chicago, Illinois

LITHUANIAN

American-Lithuanian Catholic Press Association Secretary: Rev. V. Kulikauskas 2327 West Twenty-third Place, Chicago, Illinois

Auxiliary of Lithuanian Red Cross Secretary: Rev. Petraitis 147 Montgomery Avenue, Paterson, New Jersey

Knights of Lithuania Secretary: Vincas Ruktelis 3249 South Halsted Street, Chicago, Illinois

Lithuanian Alliance of America Secretary: Miss P. Jurgeliute 307 West Thirtieth Street, New York City

Lithuanian National Fund Secretary: J. Kruinskas 222 South Ninth Street, Brooklyn, New York

Lithuanian Patriot Society Secretary: J. Sekys 101 Oak Street, Lawrence, Massachusetts

Lithuanian Roman Catholic Alliance of America Secretary: J. Tumasonis 222 South Ninth Street, Brooklyn, New York

Lithuanian Roman Catholic Charitable Association Secretary: John Purtokas 4441 South Washenaw Avenue, Chicago, Illinois

Lithuanian Roman Catholic Federation of America Secretary: J. Valantiejus 222 South Ninth Street, Brooklyn, New York

Lithuanian Roman Catholic Women's Alliance of America President: Mrs. M. Vaiciuniene 442 Leonard Street, N. W., Grand Rapids, Michigan

Lithuanian Total Abstinence Association Secretary: Vincent Bays 41 Providence Street, Worcester, Massachusetts

St. Joseph's Lith. Roman Catholic Association of Labor Secretary: A. F. Kneizis 366 West Broadway, South Boston, Massachusetts

The People's University Secretary: Dr. A. L. Graiciunas 3310 South Halsted Street, Chicago, Illinois

NORWEGIAN

Knights of the White Cross Care of Nora Lodge 1733 North Kedvale Avenue, Chicago, Illinois

Sons of Norway Secretary: L. Stavnheim New York Life Building, Minneapolis, Minnesota

POLISH

Association of Polish Women of the United States General Secretary: Mrs. L. H. Dziewczynska 6723 Fleet Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio

Polish Alliance of New Jersey General Secretary: J. Wegrocki 84 Tyler Street, Newark, New Jersey

Polish Falcons Alliance of America General Secretary: K. J. Machnikowski Cor. South Twelfth and Carson Streets, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Polish Military Alliance of the United States of America General Secretary: P. Balecki 450 Pacific Avenue, Jersey City, New Jersey

*Polish National Alliance of Brooklyn General Secretary: V. G. Nowak 142 Grand Street, Brooklyn, New York

Polish National Alliance of the United States of North America General Secretary: J. S. Zawilinski 1406-08 West Division Street, Chicago, Illinois

Polish Roman-Catholic Alliance General Secretary: J. Grams 6924 Worley Street, Cleveland, Ohio

Polish Roman-Catholic Association General Secretary: L. F. Szymanski 755 Twenty-third Street, Detroit, Michigan

*Polish Roman-Catholic Benevolent Association of Bay City General Secretary: J. Lepczyk 1112 Fifteenth Street, Bay City, Michigan

Polish Roman-Catholic Union 984 Milwaukee Avenue, Chicago, Illinois

Polish Socialists Alliance of America General Secretary: R. Mazurkiewica 959 Milwaukee Avenue, Chicago, Illinois

Polish Women's Alliance of America General Secretary: Mrs. J. Andrzejewska 1309-15 North Ashland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois

Polish Union General Secretary: J. Dembiec Room 824, Miners Bank Building, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania

Polish Union of America General Secretary: F. Zandrowicz 761-765 Fillmore Avenue, Buffalo, New York

Human Catholic Alliance of America General Secretary: W. Gola 59 Fourth Street, Passaic, New Jersey

The Polish Roman-Catholic St. Joseph Union General Secretary: A. Kazmierski 2813 Nineteenth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

RUSSIAN

League of Russian Clergy 43 Reed Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

North American Ecclesiastical Consistory Archbishop Alexander 15 East Ninety-seventh Street, New York City

Russian Brotherhood Organization of U. S. A. P. O. Box 475, Olyphant, Pennsylvania

Russian Collegiate Institute 219 Second Avenue, New York City

Russian Independent Orthodox Brotherhoods 34 Vine Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Russian Independent Society 917 North Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois

Russian National Organization P. O. Box 2066, Bridgeport, Connecticut

Russian National Society 5 Columbus Circle, New York City

Russian Orthodox Catholic Mutual Aid Society 84 Market Street, East, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania

Russian Peasants' Union 324 East Fourteenth Street, New York City

Russian Society "Nauka" 222 East Tenth Street, New York City

*Union of Russian Citizens 1522 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Women's Russian Orthodox Mutual Aid Society P. O. Box 512, Coaldale, Pennsylvania

SLOVAK

Catholic Slovak Sokol Secretary: Michael Kudlac 205 Madison Street, Passaic, New Jersey

First Catholic Slovak Ladies' Union of the United States President: Mrs. Frantiska Jakaboin 600 South Seventh Street, Reading, Pennsylvania

National Slovak Society in United States of America Secretary: Joseph Duris P. O. Box 593, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Slovak Gymnastic Union of Sokols Secretary: Frank Stas 283 Oak Street, Perth Amboy, New Jersey

Slovak Protestant Union President: Jan Bibza 409 South Second Street, N. S., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Tatran Slovak Union President: Samuel Vrablik 2519 South Ridgeway Avenue, Chicago, Illinois

The First Catholic Slovak Union President: Andrej H. Dorko Marblehead, Ohio

Zivena, Benefit Society of Slovak Christian Women of the United States of America President: Mrs. C. E. Vavrek 3 Stark Street, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania

SWEDISH

American Society of Swedish Engineers Secretary: N. V. Hansell 271 Hicks Street, Brooklyn, New York

Scandinavian Fraternity of America P. O. Box 184, Spokane, Washington (Membership consists of Norwegians, Danes, and Swedes)

The American Union of Swedish Singers President: Hjalmar Nilsson State Capitol, St. Paul, Minnesota

The Order of Vasa President: Carl Festin 610 East Seventy-fifth Street, Chicago, Illinois

*United Swedish Societies of Greater New York President: John Olin Anderson's Assembly Rooms, Sixteenth Street and Third Avenue, New York City (Consists of two delegates from each local society)

UKRAINIAN

Providence Association, Inc. President: Eugene Yakubovich 827 North Franklin Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

The Ukrainian Federation of the United States, Inc. President: Miroslav Sichinsky 166 Avenue A, New York City

Ukrainian Mutual Aid Society, Inc. President: M. Porada 3357 West Carson Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Ukrainian National Association, Inc. President: Simon Yadlowsky 83 Grand Street, Jersey City, New Jersey

Ukrainian National Committee President: V. B. Lotozky 30 East Seventh Street, New York City

Ukrainian Women's Alliance President: Mrs. C. Zubrich 932 North Okley Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois

Ukrainian Workingmen's Association, Inc. President: George Kraykiwsky 524 Olive Street, Scranton, Pennsylvania

Union of Brotherhoods President: George Hylak 107 Grant Street, Olyphant, Pennsylvania

MENUS

The following menus have been obtained from housewives who were glad to share in an effort toward better understanding between foreign-born groups and agencies either of adjustment or for case work. This small body of material is illustrative of the kind of information that is easily available to the agency and that would illumine the treatment of the families under care.

The menus given are those actually used by housewives of different nationalities during the periods indicated. A list of recipes will be found in another volume of this Study.

BOHEMIAN

These menus were given by a Bohemian woman whose methods of cooking have changed very little in America. She has learned new ways of preserving vegetables and fruits, but uses those methods only when they seem to her more inexpensive than her earlier practices. In other respects the diet is said to be typical of the diet of a Bohemian family of moderate income in Moravia.

BREAKFAST

Oatmeal with milk. Coffee, bread with butter or jelly.

There is always fruit in the house and the child of five is given bread and jelly at ten o'clock in the morning.

LUNCH

Usually a meatless soup is served for lunch, or a simple dish of rice or vegetables. Eggs cooked in various ways, milk, bread, butter, and jelly, and baked porridge called "kashe" made from farina, rice or millet, cooked with milk and sugar and butter, are also used at lunch.

DINNER

The dinner menus do not vary much. Soup made from meat stock is eaten every week day except Wednesday, when there is roast meat and no soup. On Sunday both soup and a roast are served. The meat from the soup is served with a variety of sauces and gravies. Dumplings are used often when Americans would serve potatoes. Rice and noodles are also used instead of potatoes. Such vegetables as beans, spinach, carrots, cabbage, kohl-rabi, sauerkraut, and salads are sometimes eaten with the meat instead of the sauce with dumplings. The following are typical menus:

Soup. Meat with sauce and dumplings. Apple sauce or preserves. Coffee. Bread and butter.

Soup. Meat with sauce and potatoes. Stewed fruit. Coffee with homemade raised tarts.

Soup. Meat, beans, sauerkraut. Apple sauce. Coffee. Bread and butter.

CROATIAN

The following menus represent the diet of a Croatian family of moderate income. The family came from a village near Zara, and the influence of the Italian customs upon the food habits of the Dalmatians is indicated in the use of polenta.

August 6, 1919:

BREAKFAST--5 A.M.

One cup of coffee with one or two slices of bread. Coffee is made very strong, the cup filled two thirds full of hot milk; the coffee and some cream added.

SECOND BREAKFAST--9 A.M.

A soft-boiled egg, with bread. One cup of coffee.

The custom of having a second breakfast is Croatian. In this family it has been possible to keep it up in this country because the hours for a street-car conductor can be arranged to allow it.

DINNER--12.30 P.M.

Beef soup with dumplings. Soup meat with sauce. Mashed potatoes (browned). Bread. Coffee.

SUPPER--7 P.M.

Soup with rice (from same stock as was used at noon). Cabbage. Bread. Coffee. Fruit.

August 7, 1919:

BREAKFAST

Early breakfast is always the same. The second breakfast varies little; sometimes bread and cheese or bread and meat sandwiches are eaten instead of the soft-boiled eggs.

DINNER

Goulash. Polenta. Lettuce salad. Coffee.

SUPPER

Spaghetti with tomato sauce. Celery. Bread. Coffee.

ITALIAN (Sicilian)

The following menus represent the diet of a Sicilian family from Palermo. They have been in America over twenty years, but their diet has changed little. There are ten persons in the family--the mother and two unmarried daughters, a married daughter, her husband and four children. The children are seven, five, and three years, and ten months. Food for the children is prepared separately. For breakfast they have cereal, milk, bread, and stewed fruit; for lunch, rice or potato, bread, milk, and the green vegetables cooked for the family if not cooked with tomato sauce. For supper the children have bread and milk. It is not common in Italian families to make so much difference in the diet for children; they are usually fed on the highly seasoned dishes the family eat, but in this family the mother prepared special food for her children, and her daughter is doing the same and planning their diet even more carefully.

Summer menus:

Monday, August 11, 1919:

BREAKFAST

Coffee or chocolate. Toast. Italian cookies. For children, bread and milk or oatmeal and milk.

The coffee is made strong, but is served with hot milk--the cup half or two thirds filled with milk before coffee is poured in. Very often nothing is eaten with the coffee.

LUNCHEON--Noon

Cold sliced meat (left from Sunday). Tomato and lettuce salad. Bread. Fruit.

DINNER

Spaghetti with tomato sauce. Stuffed peppers. Bread. Fruit.

Tuesday, August 12, 1919:

BREAKFAST

Same every morning.

LUNCHEON

Stew made of long, slender squash, potatoes, onions. Bread. Fruit.

DINNER

Broiled veal. Fried potatoes. Fresh tomatoes with French dressing. Boiled string beans. Bread. Fruit.

Wednesday, August 13, 1919:

LUNCHEON

Boiled greens with olive oil. Fresh tomatoes. Bread. Cheese. Fruit.

DINNER

Macaroni with peas. Diced potatoes with tomato sauce. Breaded asparagus. Fruit.

Thursday, August 14, 1919:

LUNCHEON

Breaded fried liver. Sauce for meat made of vinegar, sugar, chopped orange rind, and bay leaves. Boiled greens with olive oil. Bread. Fruit.

DINNER

Macaroni à la Milanese Sauce of finocchi, bread crumbs, anchovi. Potato cakes. Fruit.

Friday, August 15, 1919:

LUNCHEON

Egg tamale. String beans, French dressing. Bread. Fruit.

DINNER

Fried fish. Fresh tomatoes. Cucumbers. Bread. Fruit.

Saturday, August 16, 1919:

LUNCHEON

Potatoes and eggs. Greens with vinegar. Bread. Fruit.

DINNER

Broiled steak. Corn. Potatoes. Salad. Bread. Fruit.

Sunday, August 17, 1919:

BREAKFAST

Coffee. Italian pastry.

DINNER

Homemade macaroni with tomato sauce. Veal pot roast. Corn. Eggplant. Bread. Fruit salad.

The menus given are typical of the diet during the summer. A great variety of vegetables is used.

Winter menus:

Monday:

BREAKFAST

Coffee or chocolate. Bread, toast, or Italian cookies.

LUNCHEON

Stew of spinach, lentils, and onions. Baked apples. Bread. Coffee.

DINNER

Macaroni with tomato sauce. Meat (left over from Sunday). Bread. Coffee or wine.

Tuesday:

Breakfast is always the same.

LUNCHEON

Egg tamale (egg, cheese, and bacon). Baked potatoes. Bread. Fruit.

DINNER

Soup with macaroni. Meat with vegetables, potatoes, carrots, cabbage, onions, etc. Bread. Fruit.

Wednesday:

LUNCHEON

Salmon, lemon juice. Spinach with olive oil. Bread. Fruit.

DINNER

Macaroni with navy beans. Fried eggplant, with tomato sauce and cheese. Bread. Fruit.

Thursday:

LUNCHEON

Soft-boiled eggs. Fried green tomatoes. Bread. Baked apples.

DINNER

Breaded pork chops. Potatoes. Spinach. Fruit Salad. Bread.

Friday:

LUNCHEON

Egg omelet. Chocolate. Bread. Stewed fruit.

DINNER

Fish with tomato sauce. Stuffed green peppers. Bread. Fruit.

Saturday:

LUNCHEON

Broiled liver. Lettuce salad. Bread. Fruit.

DINNER

Lima beans with celery, onions, and tomatoes. Stuffed artichokes. Bread. Coffee. Fruit.

Sunday:

BREAKFAST

Coffee and Italian fried cakes.

DINNER

Macaroni with tomato sauce and chopped meat. Pot roast. Peas. Ice cream.

SUPPER

Rice cooked in milk with egg. Cake. Coffee.

SLOVENIAN

Menus given by a Slovenian woman show the diet of a family of moderate income whose food habits have not been modified in America. Certain European customs are observed; no desserts are served, and no baking powder is used. Sweet cookies, raised with yeast, and fresh fruit, are given to children who are allowed candy, so that they may not feel deprived of sweets when they see other children eating candy at school. The older children have learned to prepare new "American" dishes at school, but these are not used at home, as the whole family prefer the Slovenian diet.

BREAKFAST

Coffee, bread and butter. (Breakfast is always the same.)

10 A.M.

An egg, a sandwich, or a cup of milk for parents. Fruit for children.

LUNCH

1. Rice cooked with mushrooms, celery, onions, and spice. In cold weather fifteen cents' worth of pork is cooked with the rice. Water with fruit juice to drink, or the water from cooked fruit.

2. Buckwheat cakes, eaten with cooked dried fruit or jelly.

3. Barley and beans cooked together. Colored beans are used, and must be tried to see whether they will cook in the same time as the barley. Olive oil, bacon or sausage, and a little garlic are added.

4. Millet (kasa) cooked in milk with sugar, then baked in the oven fifteen minutes and served with milk.

5. French toast.

6. Corn-meal mush, fried, with sauerkraut. "A good quality of corn meal is used, bought in Italian districts." Boiling water is poured very slowly into a dish of meal, and allowed to stand twenty minutes. Mush is fried in butter, eaten with sauerkraut, cooked dried fruit or honey.

7. Noodles with Parmesan cheese.

8. Noodles with baked apples.

3 P.M.

Coffee, bread with butter or jelly. (Coffee is very weak for children; a great deal of milk is added.)

DINNER

1. Beef soup with farina dumplings. Meat (from the soup) eaten with a relish. Potatoes. Turnips. Bread.

2. Vegetable soup. Roast meat. Vegetables. Bread. Water.

FOOTNOTE:

Michael M. Davis, Immigrant Health and the Community.

INDEX

Abbott, Edith, 153, 161, 186, 308

Abbott, Grace, 223

Agencies: Adjusting immigrants American, 222-276 Case work, 277-311 Immigrant, 187-221 Studied, 7-8

Agriculture: Legislation, 38, 76, 254-257 Workers, 34-35

Akron, Ohio: Home Demonstration Agent, 259

American Association for Family Welfare Work, 281

American Association for Social Work with Families, 7, 310

American Home Economics Association: Committee on Household Budgets, 115, 250-252

American Institute of Architects: Articles on Housing, 72-74

American Red Cross: Chapter Case Work, 281 Home Service, 7, 310

Americanization: Agencies and instruments American organizations, 222-276 Case-work organizations, 277-311 Immigrant organizations, 187-221 Factors, 14-18

Anderson, A. M., 270

Anthony, Katharine Susan, 136

Baltimore, Maryland: Polish National Alliance, 202

Banks: Postal Savings, 111-115

Benefit Societies: Life and Health insurance, 94-95 Organization, 192-196, 201

Birdseye, Clarence Frank, 226

"Board of Health Baskets," 133

Boarders: Relation to family problems, 23-27, 52, 63-64

Bohemia: Customs in, 174

Bohemians: Building and loan association, 76, 109 Child care, 158, 164, 182 Cookery, 59 Dvorak Park, Chicago, 273-274 Home ownership, 105, 107 In Chicago, 11 Nebraska, 169 Life insurance, 94 Menus, 333-334 Postal Savings circular, 112 Spending habits, 90, 122, 134-135 Unemployment, 92

Boston, Massachusetts: Boston Associated Charities Office of District Superintendent, 298 Case-work agencies, 283, 295 Dietetic Bureau, 296 Polish National Alliance, 202

Breckinridge, S. P., 153, 161, 186

Bridgeport, Connecticut: Black Rock Apartment House Group, 70 Study of housing project, 8

British Board of Trade: Cost of living in American towns, 7

Brooklyn, New York: Red Cross Chapter, 281 Visiting housekeeper Pratt Institute, 290

Brooks, John Graham, viii

Buffalo, New York: Cost of living, 129 Red Cross Chapter, 281

Building Loans: Government, 75-80

Building and loan association: Agency for buying homes, 109-111 In Chicago, 76

Bulgarian: Home ownership, 106 Postal Savings circular, 112

Bureau of Education: Home Economics Division, 251, 268

Bureau of Labor: List of building and loan associations, 109 Report of U. S. Housing Corporation, 29, 32 Statistics, 7, 129 Women and child wage earners, 6

Buying: Immigrant problem, 117-148

California: Home teachers, 236-237 Mothers' Aid Laws, 308

California Commission of Immigration and Housing, 237-238

Cambridge, Massachusetts: Case-work agencies, 283 Visiting housekeepers, 290

Case Work: With immigrant families, 277-311

Case Workers: Foreign speaking, 281-286 Training, 298-304

Catholic Order of Foresters, 195

Chicago: Agencies, 8 Board of Education, 241-243 Building and loan association, 76, 110 Case work, 281, 298-299 Croatian, 197 Elementary schools, 161-162 Foreign born, 303-304 Immigrants' Protective League, 8, 46, 51, 52, 203, 223-227, 240, 303 Playgrounds, 158 Recreational, 273-276 Settlements, 50, 239-240 United Charities, 8, 281 Visiting housekeepers, 290-291 Visiting Nurses' Association, 241 Vocational Guidance Bureau, 169, 174 Women's Clubs, 240-241 Delinquent children, 185-186 Families, 93-94 Homes, 33 Housing, 62, 105-108 Italian wedding, 100 Russian women, 3 Shopping habits, 122-123 Study of races, 11-12, 50, 61 Women in industry, 40

Child Labor: Legislation, 37-38

Children: Care of, 4, 41-43, 149-186 Croatian, 198-201

Children's Bureau: Child care publications, 7, 219-221, 254 Infant mortality studies, 41, 64

Chinese: Postal savings circular, 112

Christenings, 103-104

Church: Chimes, 97 Relation to parents, 180

Classes: Cooking, 228, 233, 240-243, 259-260

Cleveland: Case-work agencies, 283 Visiting housekeepers, 290, 295

Clothing: Problem of parents, 135-141

Comey, A. C., 79

Community: Recreation agencies, 272-276 Relation to immigrant, 169, 180, 187-192, 223

Company store, 119-122

Consumers' League, 141

Cook County, Illinois: Charity Service Report, 277 Juvenile Court, 185-186, 277, 281

Cookery: American demands, 58-60 Classes, 228, 233, 240-243, 259-260

Co-operation: For immigrant education, 240-243

Co-operatives: Housekeeping, 24, 27-29 In America, 141-148 In England, 141-148

Court: Domestic relation, 53 Juvenile, 181-186, 277, 281

Croatia: Customs, 174

Croatians: Child care, 151 Cookery, 58 Home ownership, 105 In Chicago, 11 League of Illinois, 94 Menus, 334-335 Organizations, 196-201 Postal Savings circular, 112 Spending habits, 122, 130, 137 Women in industry, 40

Croatian League of Illinois, 196

Cummin, John, 226

Czecho-Slovak: Czecho-Slovak workingman, 95 Diet changes, 130 Organizations, 313-314

Dallas, Texas: Bohemian Community, 83

Daniels, John, 32, 190

Danish: Organizations, 314-315 Postal Savings circular, 112

Day Nursery: Lithuanian, 41

Death: Provision against, 92-93, 96

Department of Agriculture: Bureau of Home Economics, 7, 251 States Relation Service, 254-262 Thrift campaign, 114

Detroit: Visiting Housekeepers' Association, 289

Diets: Modification, 130-134, 249, 333-341

Dover, New Jersey: Cost of living, 129

Dutch: Organizations, 315

Earnings (see Income)

Economy: Built on money, 88

Education: Immigrant, 240-243 Women, 265-266 Parents' problem, 159-169

El Paso, Texas: Case-work agencies, 283

England: British Board of Trades, 7 Domestic Service Problem, 271-272 Government Grants Schools for mothers, 263-265 Ministry of Reconstruction, 68, 271 Rochdale, Lancashire Co-operative, 141 Women's Co-operative Guild, 269 Women's Employment Committee, 270-271

English: Postal Savings circular, 112

Erwin, Tennessee: Housing, 70

Expenditures: Budget, 139

Fall River, Massachusetts: Case-work agencies, 281 Visiting housekeepers, 290 Immigrant schools Classes for women, 259-260

Family: Adjustment by organizations American, 222-276 Case work, 277-311 Immigrant, 187-221 Child care, 149-186 Problem, 6, 14-18 Relationships, 19-53

Farm Laborers: Unfamiliarity with money, 89-90

Farm Loan Act: Proposed Amendment to, 76

Federal Board for Vocational Education: Supervisors of Home Economics, 7 Work, 251, 256-262

Fête Days: First communion, 104-105

Finnish: Organizations, 315-316 Postal Savings circular, 112

Foreign Language Information Service, 220, 313-332

Fort Wayne, Indiana: Cost of living, 129

Fosdick, Raymond B., viii

Fraternal Societies (see Benefit) Sound basis of, 94-95

French: Postal Savings circular, 112

Freund, Ernst, 119

Funerals: Expense, 96-97

Furniture: Buying, 134-135

Gay, Edwin F., viii

German: Life insurance, 94 Organizations, 316-317 Postal Savings circular, 112

Gilbert, Frank Bixley, 226

Girls: Conventions for, 174-175 Delinquent, 181 Safety, 180 Work, 179

Glenn, John M., viii

Grand Rapids, Michigan: Case-work agencies, 283

Greeks: Organizations, 192 Postal Savings banks Use of, 112

Group life: In old country, 175 In America, 175

Hart, Hastings Hornell, 200

Health: Problems, 150-151

Health Insurance Commission of Illinois: Study of Chicago families' life insurance, 93-95

Homes: Ownership, 78-80, 105-111 Relation to Child care, 149-186 American organizations, 222-276 Case-work organizations, 277-311 Immigrant organizations, 187-221 Studied, 6-14

Home Economics: Work, 254-263, 289-298

Home Visitors: International Institute, Y. W. C. A., 245 Training, 248-250 Work of, 247-248

Hood, Laura, xvii

Housing: Immigrant problem, 23-32, 54-84 Play space, 158

Housewives: Duties, 43-47 Instruction, 234-235 Problems Children, 149-186 Housing, 23-32, 58-84 Saving, 85-116 Spending, 117-148

Hungarians: Child care, 165 Home ownership, 105 Housekeeping problems, 80 Organization, 191, 317-318 Postal Savings banks, 112

Illinois: Building and loan organization, 109 Child labor, 38 Council of Defense, 240-241 Co-operative stores, 8 Italians, 3, 11-12 Mining communities, 8 Mothers' Aid Law, 308 Pauper Act, 307 Public schools, 253

Illinois Steel Company: Employees' houses, 72

Immigration: "Old" and "New," 5 Stream of, 1

Immigrants: Adjustment, 1-2, 6, 193 Co-operatives, 143-145 Relation to community, 167-168, 180, 187-192, 223

Immigrant Heritages, 1-186, 247-248 Importance to case worker, 298-301

Immigrant Newspapers (see Separate Races)

Immigrant Organizations: Life and Health Insurance, 94-95 List of principal racial, 313-332 Relation to family problems, 187-221

Immigrants' Protective League, 230, 268 Chicago, 8, 46, 51, 52, 203, 223-227, 240, 303

Income: Children, 170-171 Inadequacy, 35-39 Irregularity, 91-92

Indianapolis, Indiana: Cost of living, 129

Industry: Women in, 39-43 Workers, 34-35

Infant mortality: Study, 41, 64

Insurance: Life Fraternal, 93-95 Industrial, 95-96

Irish: Life insurance, 94

Italians: Building and loan association, 77 Case work with, 298-299, 305-307 Child care, 163, 177-178 Family problems, 50 Home economics work in Arkansas, 258-259 Housekeeping problems, 57-58, 65, 80 In Illinois mining town, 253 Life insurance, 94 Medical Association, 218 Menus, 335-340 Organizations, 95, 217-218, 318 Postal Saving banks, 112 Saving problems, 92-93, 97, 105, 106 Spending habits, 122, 124 Clothing, 137 Diet changes, 130 Neighborhood stores, 127 Studied, 11-12

Italy: Backgrounds, 57-58, 175, 298-299, 302 Houses, 57

Japanese: Postal Savings circular, 112

Jewish: Life insurance, 94 Organizations, 319-324

Jewish Aid Society: Case work, 281

Jugoslav: Child care, 178 Family relationships, 50 Organizations, 324-326

Juvenile Court: Case work, 277, 281 Child care, 181-186

Juvenile Delinquency: Children of foreign-born parentage, 156, 181-186

Kemmerer, Edwin Walter, 102

Kenosha, Wisconsin: Case-work agencies, 283

King, Clyde Lyndon, 148

Kirkpatrick, V. G., 293

Knights and Ladies of Security, 195

Lake Village, Arkansas Work with Italians, 258

Language: Barrier in case work, 280-286

Legislation, Federal: Agricultural, 76, 254, 256-257 Housing (proposed), 77 Mothers' Aid, 309 Pure Food Acts, 141 Restriction on Retail Trade, 141

Legislation, Foreign countries: Government Grants, 264-265

Legislation, State: Company stores, 120-121 Education, 159, 265-266 Home teacher, 236 Housing (proposed), 77 Mothers' Aid, 308 Pure Food Act, 141 Regulating banks, 113 Restriction on retail trade, 141 Wives' rights, 48-50

Lithuanians: Child care, 155 Family problems, 26, 39-43, 51 Home ownership, 105-106 Housekeeping problems, 56, 58-59, 80, 107 Life insurance, 94 National Alliance, 94 Organizations, 191, 209-215, 326-327 Postal Savings circular, 112 Saving problem, 89-90 Spending habits Clothing, 136 Diet changes, 130 Furniture, 135 Studied, 11

Lithuania: Employment in, 89

Lithuanian Women's Alliance: Organ, "Woman's Field," 212 Work, 209-214

Living: Cost In United States, 129 Lowering through co-operatives, 142 Standards, 286-289

Lodgers (see Boarders)

Lowell, Massachusetts: Classes for immigrant women, 259

Lusk, Graham, 133

Mahoney, John J., 267

Massachusetts: Housing project--study in Lowell, 8 North Billerica, 8 Legislation Education--immigrant, 265-266 Mothers' Aid Laws, 308 Social worker in, 132

Massachusetts Bureau of Immigration, 267

Massachusetts Homestead Commission: Experiment at Lowell, 75 Limited dividend company, 75

Massachusetts Immigration Commission, 223

Men: Family Legislation controlling, 48-50 Shopping by, 124-125 Nonfamily, housing, 23-24, 27-29

Menus, 333-341

Merchants, 118-119

Mexicans: Boarders, 64 Civil status, 24 Study in Chicago, 11

Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Case-work agencies, 283

Ministry of Reconstruction: England Housing recommendations, 68

Minneapolis, Minnesota: Cost of living, 129

Money: Immigrants' unfamiliarity, 88-91 Payment in lawful, 121-122

Morgan Park, Minnesota: Illinois Steel Company houses, 72

Mothers, immigrant: Aid law, 308 Assistants, 268-270 Child care, 150-151, 164-165, 172-174, 178-180, 247 Relation to family, 39-47

National Croatian Society: Work of, 196-199

National Conference of Social Work, 310

Nebraska: Rural community Higher education in, 169

New Hampshire: Manchester, study of infant mortality, 41

New Jersey: Mothers' Aid Laws, 308 Yorkship Village (Study of Housing), 8

New Mexico: Child labor, 38 Study of several towns, 8

New York City: Case-work agencies, 283 Visiting housekeepers, 290, 295 Home Economics Bureau, 296 John Jay Dwellings, 70 Polish National Alliance, 202 Red Cross Chapters, 281

New York State Industrial Commission: Study of earnings, 36-37

Norwegian: Organizations, 327 Postal Savings circular, 112

Occupation: Change in, 34-35

Ohio: State University, 259

Owen, Robert, 310

Pana, Illinois: Cost of living, 129

Parent: Problem with children, 149-186

Paterson, New Jersey: Case-work agencies, 283

Pennsylvania: Company stores, 120 Infant mortality, Johnstown, 41, 64 Italians, 12 Mining communities, 8 Mothers' Aid Laws, 308

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Case-work agencies, 283 Red Cross Chapter, 281

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Case-work agencies, 283 Visiting housekeepers, 290

Playground: Inadequate provision, 158

Poland: House in, 55-56

Polish: Building and loan associations, 77 Child care, 4, 162, 163, 183-184 Commercial co-operatives, 123 Family relationships, 21-23, 33, 34, 53 Home ownership, 105, 107 Housekeeping problems, 54, 59, 80 In Chicago, 11 Rolling Prairie, Indiana, 11 In industry, 40-41 Life insurance, 94 Newspaper Dziennik Zwaizkowy, 204 Organizations, 201-209, 327-329 Postal Savings circular, 112 Recreation, 158 Saving problems, 93, 96, 102 Spending habits, 122-123 Clothing, 136 Diet changes, 130 Vocational Guidance, 299-300

Polish National Alliance: Organs, 204 Women's department, 203-207 Work, 94, 201-203

Polish Women's Alliance, 201, 207-209

Portuguese: Postal Savings circular, 112

Postal Savings banks, 111-115

Postal Saving Law (proposed) Amendment, 76, 113

Pratt Institute, 290

Punishment: Methods, 155-156

Ralph, Georgia G., 200

Recreation: Agencies, 272-276 Benefit societies, 197 Juvenile, 157-159, 176, 177

Richmond, Mary Ellen, 281

Rochester, New York: Red Cross Chapter, 281

Rolling Prairie, Indiana: Child labor, 38-39 Co-operative county project, 261 School attendance, 162

Roman Catholic Union of America (Polish), 201

Roosevelt, Theodore, viii

Rumanians: Home ownership, 106 Organization, 191

Russell Sage Foundation, 200

Russian: Child care, 163, 165, 172, 179 Family problems, 23, 38, 46-47 Home ownership, 106 Housekeeping problems, 59, 80 In Chicago, 3, 11 Organization, 95, 191, 329-330 Postal Savings banks, 112 Saving problems, 103 Spending habits, 122 Diet changes, 130

St. Paul, Minnesota: Cost of living, 129

Sanitation: Instruction 80-84

Saving: Problem, 85-116

Scandinavian: Life insurance, 94

Schools, private: Selection by parents, 159-160

Schools, public: Elementary Parents' relationship, 159-169, 180, 253 Immigrant Relation to home, 230-238 Co-operation with agencies, 240-243

Schools: Rural Attendance, 162

Serbia: Customs, 174

Serbians: Home ownership, 106 Spending habits, 122

Serbo-Croatian: Dvorak Park, 273-274 Housekeeping problems, 64 Postal Savings circular, 112

Settlements: Relation to homes, 50, 239-240, 273-276

Sickness: Incentive for saving, 86, 92

Slingerland, R., 200

Slovaks: Child care, 164, 171, 176-177 Home ownership, 105, 107 Organizations, 330 Postal Savings circular, 112 Spending habits, 122 Studied, 11

Slovenian: Child care, 171 Family problems, 20 Home ownership, 106 Menus, 340-341 Postal Savings circular, 112 Spending habits, 122 Studied, 11 Women in industry, 40

Smith-Hughes Act, 256-257

Smith-Lever Act, 254

Social Workers: Relation to immigrant spending habits, 132, 140

Society for Care of Croatian Orphans, 201

South Chicago, Illinois: Church, 97

Spanish: Postal Savings circular, 112

Spending: Immigrant problems, 117-148

Springfield, Illinois: Case-work agencies Visiting housekeepers, 290

Staunton, Illinois: Co-operative store, 145

Stamford, Connecticut: Case-work agencies, 282-283 Visiting housekeepers, 290

State Immigration Commission, 267

Steubenville, Ohio: Cost of living, 129

Stores: Company, 67-69 Co-operative, 141-143 In Staunton, Illinois, 145 Immigrant, 122-123, 126, 144

Syracuse Home Bureau: Work Projects, 260-261

Swedish: Organizations, 331 Postal Savings circular, 112

Teacher Training: Work with immigrant women, 248-254

Teachers: Home, in California, 236-237

Thomas, W. I., 136

Thomas and Znaniecki: Letters from Polish Peasant, 21-22, 85-86, 161

Thompson, Frank V., 231

Thrift: Government campaign, 87, 114

Topeka, Kansas: Social work agencies, 281

Trade Union Label League, 141

"Tribe of Ben Hur," 195

Ukrainians: Alliance, 122 Child care, 165 Family problems, 20, 33 In Chicago, 11, 50 Sun, West Virginia, 12 Organizations, 331-332 Postal Savings circular, 112 Savings problems, 90-92 Spending habits, 122-123 Diet changes, 130 Women in industry, 40

Ukrainian Women's Alliance: Organ, 216 Purpose, 215-216

United Charities: Case work, 281, 283 In Chicago, 8

United States Housing Corporation: Plan for copartnership ownership, 78

United States Immigration Commission: Reports studied, 6 Company stores, 120-121 Earning, 36 Housing, 60-61

United States Steel Corporation: Houses, 80

United States Treasury Department: Thrift campaign, 87, 114 War Risk Bureau, 310

Universities: Ohio State, 259 Purdue, 261

Veblen, Thorstein B., 136

Visiting Dietitians: Modifying diets, 133 Training, 248-252

Virginia: Hilton Village Housing project, 8

Visiting Housekeepers: Agencies, 286, 289-298 Modifying diets, 133

Voll, John A., viii

War, 35, 36, 187-188, 202-203

Waterbury, Connecticut: Case-work agencies, 283

Wedding customs, 99-100, 102-103 Dowry, 86

West Virginia: Legislation on company store, 121 Study of Mining communities, 8 Ukrainians, 12

Williams, Talcott, viii

Wilmington, Delaware: Cost of living, 129

Women: Croatian, 198 Education, 234-236, 240-243, 265-266 Employment, 65 Family relationships, 47-53 Lithuanian organizations, 209 Polish organizations, 201-209 Ukrainian organizations, 215-216

Women's Co-operative Guild, 148

Wood, E. E., 67, 75-77

Woodmen of the World, 195

Worcester, Massachusetts: Case-work agencies Visiting housekeepers, 290

Wright, Helen R., xvii

Yiddish: Postal Savings circular, 112

Y. W. C. A.: Health campaign, 140 International Institute, 7, 31, 230, 237, 243-248

THE END

* * * * *

Transcriber's Notes:

Obvious printer's errors were repaired.

Hyphenation variants in the original were retained.

Appendix: is a "c" with a caron, is an "s" with a caron.