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================================================================== UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

Volume 8, No. 2, pp. 157-211, figures 1-23, 4 tables

---------------------- November 15, 1954 ----------------------

Myology and Serology of the Avian Family Fringillidae, A Taxonomic Study

BY WILLIAM B. STALLCUP

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE 1954

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson

Volume 8, No. 2, pp. 157-211, figures 1-23, 4 tables Published November 15, 1954

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Lawrence, Kansas

PRINTED BY FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS 1954 [Union Label] 25-4632

Myology and Serology of the Avian Family Fringillidae, A Taxonomic Study

BY WILLIAM B. STALLCUP

CONTENTS

PAGE

INTRODUCTION 160

MYOLOGY OF THE PELVIC APPENDAGE 162 General Statement 162 Materials and Methods 163 Description of Muscles 164 Discussion of Myological Investigations 175

COMPARATIVE SEROLOGY 185 General Statement 185 Preparation of Antigens 186 Preparation of Antisera 188 Methods of Serological Testing 188 Experimental Data 190 Discussion of Serological Investigations 190

CONCLUSIONS 201

SUMMARY 208

LITERATURE CITED 210

INTRODUCTION

The relationships of many groups of birds within the Order Passeriformes are poorly understood. Most ornithologists agree that some of the passerine families of current classifications are artificial groups. These artificial groupings are the result of early work which gave chief attention to readily adaptive external structures. The size and shape of the bill, for example, have been over-emphasized in the past as taxonomic characters. It is now recognized that the bill is a highly adaptive structure and that it frequently shows convergence and parallelism.

Since studies of external morphology have failed in some cases to provide a clear understanding of the relationships of passerine birds, it seems appropriate that attention be given to other morphological features, to physiological features, and to life history studies in an attempt to find other clues to relationships at the family and subfamily levels.

This paper reports the results of a study of the relationships of some birds of the Family Fringillidae and is based on the comparative myology of the pelvic appendage and on the comparative serology of saline-soluble proteins. Where necessary for comparative purposes, birds from other families have been included in these investigations.

It has long been recognized that the Fringillidae include dissimilar groups. Recent work by Beecher (1951b, 1953) on the musculature of the jaw and by Tordoff (1954) primarily on the structure of the bony palate has emphasized the artificial nature of the assemblage although these authors disagree regarding major divisions within it (see below).

The Fringillidae have been distinguished from other families of nine-primaried oscines by only one character--a heavy and conical bill (for crushing seeds). Bills of this form have been developed independently in several other, unrelated, groups; as Tordoff (1954:7) has pointed out, Molothrus of the Family Icteridae, Psittorostra of the Family Drepaniidae, and most members of the Family Ploceidae have bills as heavy and conical as those of the fringillids. The ploceids are distinguished from the fringillids by a single external character: a fairly well-developed tenth primary whereas in fringillids the tenth primary is absent or vestigial. Tordoff (1954:20) points out, however, that this distinction is of limited value since in other passerine families the tenth primary may be present in some species of a genus and absent in others. The Genus Vireo is an example. Furthermore, at least one ploceid (Philetairus) has a small, vestigial tenth primary, whereas some fringillids (Emberizoides, for example) possess a tenth primary which is rather large and ventrally placed (Chapin, 1917:253-254). Thus, it is obvious that studies based on other features are necessary in order to attain a better understanding of the relationships of the birds involved.