CHAPTER XXIII. Miscellanea and Conclusion

MISCELLANEA AND CONCLUSION

In the Annales Archéologiques for 1857 it was stated that M. Bonnin, of Evreux, had collected no less than 200 designs of mazes or labyrinths, representative of all sorts of nations and periods, and the editor promised to make a selection of these for reproduction as soon as the text to accompany them should be ready. The editor of the Annales incidentally referred to an early sixteenth-century painting on wood, in the palace of the Marquis Campana, which represented the legend of Theseus and showed a labyrinth similar to that of St. Maria in Aquiro at Rome. This also was to have been illustrated at the same time. The matter seems to have rested there, however, for no subsequent reference appeared.

As an instance of the unlikely places in which the employment of labyrinth figures for decorative or symbolic purposes are sometimes found, we may quote an entry which occurs in an inventory of the contents of a house at Duffus, Morayshire, dated May 25, 1708, from which it would appear that household napery, at that time, was sometimes patterned with the labyrinth:

"In the Nurserie. A large neprie press, wherein there is six pair Scots holland sheits ... three fyn towels and five of the walls of troy."

Mr. Albert Way, in his notes to Dr. Trollope's memoir on Labyrinths in 1858, after referring to the popularity of mazes and "Troy-towns" in Scotland, mentions a labyrinth incised on the stone bench in one of the window recesses of the hall at Craigmillar Castle.

According to a Swedish publication of 1877, labyrinths have been found in West Gothland engraved on church bells!

The hedge maze is, of course, the chief embodiment of the labyrinth idea as a medium of amusement, but it is far from being the only form in which the principle subserves this purpose.

We have already referred to the practice, noted in various parts of England and Wales, of cutting "Troy-towns" in the turf. Most of us are, moreover, familiar with the schoolboy pastime of drawing mazes on paper, or on slates in the days before they were banished on hygienic grounds; the object of the designer in this case differing from that of the Troy-town constructors in that it consists of providing as difficult a puzzle as one's ingenuity at the moment can devise, whereas the latter merely laid out a conventional unicursal figure for the purpose of performing a ceremonial or playing a game thereon, like the squares for nine-men's morris or the diagram for hop-scotch.

An ingenious development of the hedge maze principle is the construction of indoor mazes lined with mirrors, by means of which the perplexity of the visitor is very greatly increased. Such "mirror mazes" often find a place in fairs and exhibitions.

Fig. 141. Sea-Side Sand Maze.]

Fig. 142. Sea-Side Sand Maze.]

Another method of utilising the puzzle-maze idea, and one which constitutes a valuable asset to the parent or nurse in charge of young children at the sea-side, is that of scratching maze-figures on the sands, of sufficient dimensions to enable little feet to perambulate the paths. Figures 141 and 142 show some of the mazes constructed on the sands of a well-known southern resort in the summer of 1920. The examples shown were made in a quiet corner of the beach and were "snapped" before the children had discovered them; otherwise, although no doubt prettier pictures would have resulted, the mazes would have been invisible.

Figure 143 shows the plan of a small temporary maze constructed by the writer for a garden fête held in aid of local church funds in the grounds of Mr. Kenneth Goschen, at Eastcote, Middlesex, on May 25, 1921. It was formed of galvanised-wire netting supported on six-foot fir stakes and thickened with elm foliage. At the entrance was displayed a conventional labyrinth design, slightly modified to convey the misleading suggestion that it was a key to the maze, and below this were the following lines:

Beware the dreadful Minotaur That dwells within the Maze. The monster feasts on human gore And bones of those he slays. Then softly through the labyrinth creep And rouse him not to strife. Take one short peep, prepare to leap And run to save your life!

At the goal was placed a chair facing an embowered mirror.

Some readers may remember the publication many years ago of highly coloured lithographs of mazes, of bizarre design, generally emanating from the Continent and sold for a penny or twopence. An old scrap-book seen by the writer contains some specimens of this nature, published in Brussels. In some the "nodes" are occupied by various objects which, according to the printed instructions, have to be visited in a given order. One design, generously tinted in all the colours of the spectrum, is labelled "Le Jardin Chinois," although there is nothing distinctively Chinese about it except the absence of all resemblance to anything European. One may still purchase in the toy-shops coloured labyrinths of this kind, mounted on cardboard, with spaces at various points of the path for the accommodation of counters, which are moved progressively in accordance with the throws of dice by the competing players.

Some very ingenious applications of the labyrinth idea have been evolved by modern designers of toys and games.

Perhaps the most popular toy of this nature on the market is that of the "Pigs in Clover" type, consisting of a series of concentric interrupted circular walls, the innermost of which constitutes the goal into which the player strives to roll all the marbles--usually three in number--which are seen through the glass cover (Fig. 144). This toy was patented by A. Brentano in 1889. Some skill is required to get all the marbles into the central compartment at the same time. Another toy of this character is seen in Fig. 145. It consists of a rather complicated maze formed of ridges, between which the player rolls a ball or a globule of mercury from the point marked A to that marked B, or vice versa. This was patented by S. D. Nix in 1891.

A somewhat similar arrangement, but with the addition of magnetism as the motive force, is that devised by J. M. Arnot in 1894, and shown in Fig. 146. In this case the maze is not flat but is in the form of a shallow dome; the balls are of iron and are rolled not by tilting the box but by moving a magnet beneath it.

R. A. Cuthbert and W. Bevitt patented in 1889 a toy in which a ball, called "The Man in the Maze," is rolled about inside a small closed box, the internal partitions of which cannot be seen but are indicated on the outside of the case. The "Man" is invisible during his journey.

At about the same time a somewhat similar toy was brought out by J. Proctor, in which, however, the travelling ball can be watched through the glass top, the puzzle element in this case consisting of the use of circular holes of two sizes for communicating between adjacent compartments, one size being just large enough to permit of the passage of the ball, the other just too small (Fig. 147).

The most complex puzzle of the kind so far produced is that patented by H. Bridge in 1906 and shown in Fig. 148. The ball in this case is made to pass through channels formed between projections of labyrinthine pattern fixed to a base and others fixed to the transparent top, which can be moved relatively to the base. The toy may be of a circular pattern or rectangular. In the former case the top is rotated, in the latter it is slid from side to side. The patent also covers cases in which the toy is constructed on the "skeleton" principle, the use of a ring in place of a ball, and the combination of more than two mazes.

It now remains for some inventor of Einsteinian proclivities to devise one in several dimensions!

An interesting little study in what one might call "Labyrinth Psychology" was carried out by an Austrian biologist in connection with his researches on "The Evolution of Efficiency in the Animal Kingdom," in 1917. This was a series of experiments to test the efficiency of animals in learning to thread a labyrinth in search of food. Figs. 149, 150 and 151 show three stages in the education of a rat in this respect, the dotted line representing the track followed by the animal from the entrance to the food-containing centre of a simple form of labyrinth.

Some sort of game, known as "Labyrinthe," enjoyed a passing favour in France in the eighteenth century. An advertisement of May 8, 1869, referring to one offered for sale by a Parisian upholsterer named Lechevin, describes it as "un jeu de labyrinthe a 11 cases doré d'or moulu, avec tableau dans chaque case," but this does not tell us much concerning the nature of the pastime.

A card game of similar name was played in this country half a century ago; it was a kind of bezique.

In France the name "Labyrinthe" is also given to a children's game in which the majority of the players hold hands so as to form a chain of arches which are threaded by two runners called respectively le tisserand and la navette--"the weaver" and "the shuttle."

A visitor to the Latin Convent on the summit of Mount Carmel, Palestine, in 1874, described a "verbal labyrinth" which he saw displayed on a board hanging on the wall of an inner staircase. It was called "The Labyrinth of St. Bernard," and consisted of a number of words or short phrases arranged in a square, as shown below. By selecting the words in the proper order five maxims are obtained "by which man may live well." The first of these maxims, commencing with the word at the foot of the left-hand column, is: Noli dicere omnia quae scis quia qui dicit omnia quae scit saepe audit quod non vult.

The remaining four injunctions may be read by similarly utilising the words in the bottom row with those in the second, third, fourth, and fifth rows respectively:

LABYRINTHUS A DIVO BERNARDO COMPOSITUS QUO BENE VIVIT HOMO

--------------------------------------------------------- DICERE SCIS DICIT SCIT AUDIT NON VULT --------------------------------------------------------- FACERE POTES FACIT POTEST INCURRIT NON CREDIT --------------------------------------------------------- CREDERE AUDIS CREDIT AUDIT CREDIT NON EST --------------------------------------------------------- DARE HABES DAT HABET MISERE NON HABET QUAERIT --------------------------------------------------------- JUDICARE VIDES JUDICAT VIDET CONTEMNIT NON DEBET --------------------------------------------------------- NOLI OMNIA QUIA OMNIA SAEPE QUOD QUAE QUI QUAE ---------------------------------------------------------

As a sample of a verbal labyrinth this seems to be very simple and straightforward in comparison with the average Act of Parliament.

Let us turn now, for a brief space, to a question which, although bearing upon matters dealt with earlier in the book, has been too little investigated to warrant more than a nodding reference in our more serious chapters--the question of place-names.

The occurrence of a suggestive place-name is, as previously hinted, very slender evidence by itself on which to form an opinion of the former existence of a maze in the locality. There is always the possibility that the name may be a corruption of some ancient word of very different significance, perhaps the name of some person, or that it may have been bestowed fancifully or in respect of some resemblance to another place.

In the absence of fuller information we will limit ourselves to the bare mention of such names as convey a suggestion of possible maze sites, merely remarking any cases in which evidence in one direction or the other has come to notice.

The district known as Maze Pond, familiar to Londoners in the neighbourhood of the Borough, and to which we made reference in Chapter XV, takes its name from the ancient manor of the Maze, which was in the holding of Sir John Burcestre in the fifteenth century. An old token bears the inscription, "Michael Blower, at ye Maze, Southwarke." What kind of maze, if any, formerly existed in the locality we do not know.

Maze Hill has sometimes been assumed to derive its name from a maze which is supposed to have existed in the park of the former royal palace of Greenwich (see p. 136), but the name was formerly spelt in a different manner and may have quite another origin. In Hasted's "History of Kent," 1778, it is referred to as Mease Hill, and it has been suggested that this may have come from the Celtic word Maes, meaning "field." There is a Maze Green in Hertfordshire, near Bishops Stortford. Possibly there was formerly a turf maze in the vicinity like that on Saffron Walden common, not very far away, but we have no evidence to that effect.

A few miles west of Lisburn, in Ireland, are two places named respectively "The Maze" and "Mazetown," the former a small village in Antrim, the latter a racing centre just over the county border in Down.

"Troy-town," as we have seen, also occurs as a place-name. In Dorset there is one near Dorchester and another near Bere Regis. These are alleged to be the sites of former turf mazes, of which, however, there are no authentic records. In Kent there is one near Hastingleigh, and the name also occurs at Rochester. The latter is said to commemorate a former owner or builder of property in that part of the town, whose name happened to be Troy. A part of Peckham also used to be known as Troy-town.

See also p. 91.

The word "Troy" alone is also of fairly frequent occurrence, as for instance near Stalybridge, Lancs, and near Londonderry; Troy Michell and Troy Hall are found in Monmouthshire, and the latter name also at Blackburn, Lancs, but such names are no more likely to have any connection with ancient maze sites than is the flourishing city of similar name in the United States, the probability being that in all these cases it is the famous Troy of the Iliad that furnished the inspiration. The name of Troy-town may in some cases have been given on account of irregularity or intricacy of design, for the word is found in certain local dialects as a synonym for a state of confusion, an untidy house being said to be "just like Troy-town."

It is surely uncommon for the word "Labyrinth" itself to be found as a place-name, but in February 1911 Captain Scott pitched his camp in an Antarctic spot which, on account of the fantastically sinuous nature of its surroundings, he decided to name "Labyrinth Camp."

We must now draw to a close.

Enough has perhaps been said to give some idea of the variety and extent of the different ways in which the labyrinth idea has developed and in which it has been employed, but it would obviously be wrong to assume that the last word on the subject has now been pronounced.

As regards the early history of the idea and of the terms associated with it we have seen that the boundaries of our knowledge are still misty and ill-defined, a circumstance that only gives zest to the study of the subject.

We see that our enquiry has taken us into realms far removed from everyday experience and in which we feel the need of special training in order to weigh the facts presented. It has given us glimpses of the workshop of the archaeologist, the anthropologist, and the etymologist.

The study of later developments has led us into curious by-paths of art and literature--classical, mediaeval, renaissance, and modern--and we see that even now the labyrinth idea has not entirely ceased to exercise its allurements or to evoke the spirit of invention.

There is still room for a good deal of research and for the possibility of highly interesting discoveries in respect of almost every phase of the labyrinth's past history.

With regard to its future developments, much as we should have liked to close our review with a vindication of utilitarian interest, and although one can never safely prophesy to what uses the ingenuity of men may put any given principle, we could not hope to sound an expectant note without creating an impression of fatuity. Lest this statement be taken to mean that our enquiry has, therefore, had no practical aim, let us hasten to repeat once more the hope expressed in our introductory chapter to the effect that a perusal of this little book will at least ensure a revival of interest in, and consequently the preservation of, those few relics of rustic revelry and prehistoric magic which yet remain with us in the shape of the turf labyrinths.

As Mr. A. H. Allcroft, in his "Earthwork of England" (1908), has truly remarked, when speaking of the Asenby maze: "It is marvellous that the memory of such things, once prominent features of rural life, can die out so rapidly as it does." And yet, who can deny that they are worthy of at least as much care and interest as many of the obvious and commonplace antiquities upon which the guide-books lavish their encomiums?

We need not emulate the misguided enthusiasm of those who are unable to discover a merit in a bygone practice without plunging into an indiscriminate advocacy of its revival--an enthusiasm which inevitably brings discredit upon its object--but let us at any rate see to it that no more of these rare and interesting heirlooms are lost to us through ignorance or neglect.

APPENDIX

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MAZES AND LABYRINTHS

(TOGETHER WITH NAMES OF PERSONS WHO HAVE FURNISHED THE WRITER WITH FIRST-HAND INFORMATION)

NOTE.--Names of Authors are also arranged alphabetically in the Index, which contains detailed references to the sections of the Bibliography.

I. GENERAL

TROLLOPE, E. "Ancient and Mediaeval Labyrinths," with notes by ALBERT WAY, in Archaeological Journal, Vol. XV, 1858. Also in Reports of the Associated Architectural Societies in 1858, and appended to a paper on the Caerleon mosaic in the Proc. Monmouth and Caerleon Antiquarian Association, 1866.

(Mainly concerned with church labyrinths and British turf mazes.)

DE LAUNAY, R. "Les Fallacieux Détours du Labyrinthe" in Révue Archéologique, Series V, 1915-16.

(A bold and striking essay, chiefly concerned with the labyrinth as the architectural expression of a sun-myth.)

FRAZER, Sir J. G. "The Golden Bough," Pt. III, "The Dying God," 1911.

(In the section dealing with the octennial tenure of the kingship the labyrinth is treated from the point of view of the anthropologist and folk-lorist.)

COOK, A. B. "Zeus. A Study in Ancient Religions," 1914.

(The labyrinth, particularly that of Crete, is studied from the point of view of the classical archaeologist.)

KRAUSE, ERNST. "Die Trojaburgen Nordeuropas" and "Die Nordische Herkunft der Trojasage," Glogau, 1893. Also "Tuiskoland der Arischen Stämme und Götter Urheimat," 1891.

(A study of classic and northern mythologies with special reference to solar rites. The labyrinth is held to be distinctively northern, the classic legends being derivative.)

MASSMANN, H. F. "Wunderkreise und Irrgarten," Leipzig Basse, 1844.

(This work is mentioned in a German encyclopaedia, but the writer has not been able to obtain access to a copy. Written by a mathematician, it probably deals with the subject from a corresponding aspect.)

DAREMBERG, SAGLIO & POTTIER. "Dictionnaire des Antiquités," 1904, Vol. III.

(The article "Labyrinthe" gives very full references to the occurrence of labyrinth figures on ancient monuments.)

Dictionary of Architecture (1867). Arts. "Maze" and "Meander."

Encyclopaedia Britannica. Art. "Labyrinth." By THOS. MOORE, F.L.S. (1821-87) (with especial reference to hedge mazes).

(Several other encyclopaedias, American, French, German and Italian, also contain good articles on the subject, notably Larousse, La Grande Encyclopédie, The New International Encyclopaedia, and Roscher's Lexikon der Mythologie, Vol. II, 1894-7.)

"Country Life." Two well-illustrated anonymous articles in issues of January 24 and March 14, 1903.

* * * * *

There is a popular article on Mazes by G. S. TYACK in W. ANDREWS'S "Ecclesiastical Curiosities," 1897; and a chapter of E. O. GORDON'S "Prehistoric London," 1914, treats of the matter in so far as it supports the theory of the Trojan origin of London (Troy-Novant).

II. FORM, AND MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLES

BALL, W. W. R. "Mathematical Recreations and Essays," 1905, pp. 174-80.

TARRY, G. "Le Problème des Labyrinthes," in Nouvelles Annales de Mathématiques, Vol. XIV, 1895, pp. 187-90.

LUCAS, E. "Récréations Mathématiques," 1882-94.

WOLTERS, P. "Darstellungen des Labyrinths," in Sitzungsberichte der phil., &c., Classe der k.b. Akademie zu München, 1907.

MEYER, W. "Ein Labyrinth mit Versen" in Sitz. der phil., &c., Classe der k.b. Ak. zu München, 1882, Bd. II, Heft. I, pp. 267-300, and Nachtrag on p. 400.

KRAUSE, E. "Die nordische Herkunft der Trojasage," 1893.

(Shows how typical labyrinth figures may be derived from Northumbrian rock engravings.)

REINACH, S. "Cultes, Mythes, et Réligions," 1906, Vol. II, pp. 234, etc.

(Derivation of swastika, triskelion, etc.)

DUDENEY, H. E. "Amusements in Mathematics," 1917, pp. 127-37.

INWARDS, R., on the Labyrinth on the Coins of Knossos in Knowledge, October 1892.

III. THE CLASSIC LABYRINTHS

(i) THE EGYPTIAN LABYRINTH

HERODOTUS. ii. 148-9.

DIODORUS SICULUS. I. iv. 61, 66.

STRABO. XVII. i. 37.

POMPONIUS MELA. "De situ orbis."

PLINY. "Hist. Nat." xxxvi. 19.

PETRIE, W. M. FLINDERS. "The Labyrinth, Gerzeh, and Mazghuneh" (London School of Archaeology in Egypt, University College, Gower St.), 1912. Also "Kahun, Garob, and Hawara," 1890, and "Hawara, Biahmu, and Arsinoë," 1889.

HOW, W. W., and WELLS, J. "A Commentary on Herodotus," 1912, Vol. I. p. 240, etc.

MYRES, J. L., in Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology, III. p. 134.

PERROT & CHIPIEZ. "Histoire de l'Art dans l'Antiquité" I. ("Egypte").

FERGUSSON'S "History of Architecture," 1893, Vol. I. pp. 110-12.

LEPSIUS, K. R. "Denkmäler," 1859, Vol. I. pl. 46-8.

EBERS, G. M. "L'Egypte, du Caire à Philae," 1868, p. 174.

WIEDEMANN, A. "Herodots Zweite Buch," 1890, p. 522, etc.

CANINA, L. "L'Architettura Antica," 1839-44, Sec. I. (Egiziana), Tav. 122.

JOMARD, E. F. "Description de l'Egypte," 1807. Vol. IV. p. 478.

(Embodies results of Napoleon's expedition.)

POCOCKE, R. "A Description of the East," 1743, p. 61, etc.

LUCAS, P. "Voiage de la Haute Egypte," 1705. Vol. II, p. 261, etc.

CARERI, J. F. GEMELLI. "A Voyage round the World," 1699. Bk. I. Ch. vi. (in Churchill's Collection, 1732, Vol. VI).

(ii) THE CRETAN LABYRINTH

VIRGIL. "Aeneid," V. v. 588.

PLINY. "Hist. Nat." xxxvi. 19.

OVID. "Metamorphoses," VIII. v. 159.

DIODORUS SICULUS. IV. iv. 77.

APOLLODORUS. III. i. 3, xv. 8.

PLUTARCH. "Life of Theseus."

MEURSIUS, J. (GRAEVIUS, J. G.). "Creta, Cyprus et Rhodus." Amsterdam, 1675.

(Gives very comprehensive references to the Cretan Labyrinth in classical and mediaeval literature.)

EVANS, Sir A. J. "Excavations at Knossos," in Annals of the British School at Athens, Vol. VIII, 1902. "Mycenaean Tree and Pillar Cult" in Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. XXI, 1901. "The Tomb of the Double Axes at Knossos" in Archaeologia, Vol. LXV, 1914. "The Palace of Minos at Knossos," Vol. I, 1921. Article in The Times of July 14, 1922, p. 11.

ROUSE, W. H. D. "The Double Axe and the Labyrinth" in Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. XXI, 1901.

HALL, H. R. "The Two Labyrinths" in JOURNAL OF HELLENIC STUDIES, Vol. XXV, 1905. "Aegean Archaeology," 1912.

BURROWS, R. M. "Discoveries in Crete," 1907.

GLASGOW, G. "The Discoveries in Crete" in "Discovery," Vol. I, 1920.

(A general review to date.)

MOSSO, A. "The Palaces of Crete," 1907.

HAWES, C. H. and H. B. "Crete the Forerunner of Greece," 1909.

COOK, A. B. Op. cit., 1914.

BAIKIE, J. "The Sea-Kings of Crete," 1920.

FRAZER, Sir J. G. Op. cit., 1911.

SPRATT, T. A. B. "Travels in Crete," 1865.

SIEBER, F. W. "Reise nach der Insel Kreta in 1817," 1823.

HOECK, C. "Kreta," 1823-29.

COCKERELL, C. R., R.A. "Travels in Southern Europe," 1810-17. Edited by his son, S. P. COCKERELL, 1903. Ch. xi.

(Cavern of Gortyna.)

SAVARY, C. E. "Lettres sur la Grèce," 1788 (Trans. in Annual Register, 1789, Pt. II. pp. 90-98).

TOURNEFORT, G. P. DE. "Voyage du Levant," 1717 (Trans. by J. OZELL, 1718).

CAUMONT, LE SEIGNEUR DE ("Nompar II"). "Voyage d'oultremer en Jhérusalem," 1418, Brit. Mus. Egerton MSS. 890, fol. 2, ed. by MARQUIS DE LA GRANGE and printed Paris, 1858, p. 42.

Florentine Picture Chronicle, XV. Century. Brit. Mus. Prints 197d 3 fol. 50-51.

Italian Engraving, School of Maso Finiguerra. Brit. Mus. A. II. 10b.

(iii) THE ETRUSCAN, LEMNIAN, ETC., LABYRINTHS.

STRABO. VIII. vi. 369.

(Labyrinth of the Cyclops, Nauplia.)

PLINY. "Hist. Nat." xxxvi. 19, 4.

DENNIS, G. "The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria," 1848.

CANINA, L. "L'Architettura Antica," 1839-44, Sec. II. Tav. 159.

QUATREMÈRE DE QUINCY, A. C. "Restitution du Tombeau de Porsenna," 1826.

MÜLLER, K. O. "Die Etrusker," 1828, Vol. IV. 2, 1.

IV. THE LABYRINTH IN ANCIENT ART

(i) COINS

WROTH, W. W. "Catalogue of Greek Coins," 1886, Pl. IV., V., VI.

HEAD, B. V. "Historia Nummorum," 1887, pp. 389-91.

(ii) POTTERY

DEECKE, W., in Annali dell' Instituto di Correspondenza Archeologica, 1881.

(Tragliatella Vase.)

REINACH, S. "Vases Peints," 1899, p. 345.

PERROT ET CHIPIEZ. "Histoire de l'Art dans l'Antiquité," Vol. VII. p. 118.

WALTERS, H. B. "History of Ancient Pottery," 1905, Vol. I.

(Frontispiece shows Theseus kylix, by DURIS.)

ELDERKIN, G. W. "Meander or Labyrinth" in Journ. Amer. Arch. XIV, 1910, pp. 185-190.

(Meander figures on Theseus Vases.)

(iii) MOSAIC PAVEMENTS, ETC. (See also CHURCH LABYRINTHS, Appendix V.)

ARNETH, J. C. VON. "Archäologische Analekten," 1851-3, Tafel V. (Salzburg mosaic.)

Archäologische Zeitung, 1848, p. 99.

(Mosaics at Orbe and Bosséaz, Switzerland.)

MILLIN, A. L. "Voyage dans le Midi de la France," 1807, Pl. 34.

(Mosaic at Aix, near Marseilles.)

Mittheilungen der Antiquarischen Gesellschaft zu Zurich. Bd. XVI, 1841, etc., Pl. 29.

(Mosaic at Cormerod, Switzerland.)

CREUZER, G. F. "Abbildungen zu Symbolik und Mythologie der älter. Volker," 1819, Taf. LV, No. 1 (Salzburg).

CAUMONT, A. DE. "Abécédaire d'Archéologie." 1886 Ed. Vol. III. (Mosaic at Verdes, Loir-et-Cher.)

ZAHN, W. "Schönsten Ornamente aus Pompeji, etc.," 1828, Vol. II, Taf. 50.

(Mosaic in Casa del Labirinto, Pompeii.)

COMARMOND, A. "Description du Musée Lapidaire de la Ville de Lyons," No. 273.

(Inscription relating to a labyrinth.)

GUÉRIN, V. "Voyage Archéologique dans la Régence de Tunis," 1862, Vol. I, p. 109.

(Mosaic at Susa.)

DOUBLET, G., in Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Inscriptions, 1892, pp. 318-329. (Mosaic at Susa.)

Révue Archéologique, 1884, p. 107. (Mosaic at Brindisi.)

CAETANI-LOVATELLI, E. "Miscellanea Archeologia," 1891, and in Nuova Antologia, Vol. XXVIII, 1890.

(General review.)

COLLIER, C. V., in Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, Vol. XX, No. II, February 9, 1905, pp. 215-19.

(Mosaic at Harpham, Yorks, and mention of one in Northants.)

MORGAN, O., in Proceedings of Monmouth and Caerleon Antiquarian Association, 1866.

(Mosaic at Caerleon.)

RICH, A. "A Dictionary of Roman and Greek Antiquities," 1893, pp. 481-2.

(iv) MISCELLANEOUS

EVANS, Sir A. J. "The Palace of Minos," 1921, Vol. I, pp. 121 et seq. and p. 357.

(Origin of Labyrinth Figure.)

PETRIE, W. M. F. "Egyptian Decorative Art," pp. 42, 43.

(Meanders.)

Real Museo Borbonico, XIV, 1852, Tav. a.

(Labyrinth graffito on pillar of house at Pompeii. This figure is reproduced in E. Breton's "Pompeia," and elsewhere.)

OZANAM, A. F. "Documents inédits," 1850, Section "Graphia aurae urbis Romae."

(Labyrinth embroidered on emperor's robes.)

DE LAUNAY, R. Op. cit.

(Interpretation of tholos of Epidauros, etc.)

KABBADIAS, P. "Fouilles d'Epidaure," 1893.

(Tholos of Temple of Aesculapius.)

MÜLLER, K. "Tiryns Vorbericht über die Gräbungen, 1905-1912," in Athen. Mittheilungen, XXXVIII, 1913, p. 78, etc. (Labyrinth-like structure in masonry.)

MAFFEI, P. A. "Gemmae Antiche," 1709, Pt. IV, pl. 31.

(Labyrinth engraved on a gem.)

V. LABYRINTHS IN CHURCHES

(i) GENERAL

AMÉ, E. "Les Carrelages Émaillés du Moyen Age," 1859.

(Has a good chapter on the French church labyrinths, with coloured plates.)

GAILHABAUD, J. "L'Architecture du V^{me} au XVII^{me} siècle," 1858.

DURAND, J. "Les Pavés Mosaïques en Italie et en France," in Annales Archéologiques, XIV-XVII, 1855-7.

DESCHAMPS DES PAS, L. "Le Pavage des Églises," in Ann. Arch. XII, p. 147.

VIOLLET-LE-DUC, E. E. "Dictionnaire Raisonné de l'Architecture Française du XI^{e} au XVI^{e} siècle," Art. "Labyrinthe."

WALCOTT, M. E. C. "Sacred Archaeology," 1868.

MÜNTZ, E. "Etudes Iconographiques," 1887, p. 15 et seq.

(Italian examples.)

(ii) PARTICULAR LOCALITIES

CAMPI, P. M. "Dell' Hist. Eccles. di Piacenza," 1651-62.

(S. Savino, Placentia.)

CIAMPINI, G. G. "Vetera Monimenta," 1690-9, Vol. II, pl. 2.

(S. Michele Maggiore, Pavia.)

GÉRUZEZ, J. B. F. "Descrip. Hist. et Stat. de la Ville de Rheims," 1817, Vol. I, p. 316.

(Rheims Cathedral. "Penitential" theory of church labyrinths.)

DEBRAY, M. "Notice sur la Cathédrale d'Arras," 1829.

WALLET, E. "Descrip. d'une Crypte et d'un Pavé mosaïque de l'Église Saint Bertin à St. Orner," 1834.

DAIRE, L. F. "Histoire de la Ville d'Amiens," 1782, Vol. II, p. 92.

(Amiens Cathedral.)

TURNER, DAWSON. "Tour in Normandy," 1820, Vol. II, pp. 206-7.

(Caen. Guard-Chamber of Abbey.)

AUBER, C. A. "Histoire de la Cathédrale de Poitiers," 1849, Vol. I, Pl. I, Fig. 6.

(Poitiers Cathedral. Mural sketch.)

DIDRON, A. N. "Voyage Archéologique dans la Grèce chrétienne," in Annales Archéologiques, Vol. I, 1844, p. 177.

(Labyrinth figure in Convent of St. Barlaam.)

ROBOLOTTI, F. "Dei Documenti Storiei Litterarj di Cremona," 1857, Tav. II.

(Cremona Cathedral.)

PRÉVOST, M., in Révue Archéologique IV, 1848, and VIII, 1851-2, pp. 566-7.

(Church of Reparatus, Orléansville, Algeria.)

DOUBLET DE BOISTHIBAULT, in Révue Archéologique, VIII, 1851-2, pp. 437-47.

(Chartres Cathedral.)

AUS'M WEERTH, E. "Mosaikboden in St. Gereon zu Cöln," 1874.

(Churches in Cologne and Pavia.)

RUSKIN, J. "Fors Clavigera," Fors 23. (Lucca.)

Proceedings of Architectural Societies of Northampton, York, etc. Vols. XIX-XX, 1887-8.

(Church at Alkborough.)

The Builder, Vol. XVI, 1855, p. 90.

(Notre Dame de la Treille, Lille.)

Annales Archéologiques, Vol. XVI, 1855, p. 211.

(Notre Dame de la Treille, Lille.)

Manuscript. Bibliothèque Barberini, XLIV, p. 35.

(Pavia.)

Manuscript. Villard de Honnecourt. "Album," ed. by J. B. A. Lassus, 1858, Plate XIII.

(Chartres.)

VI. HEDGE MAZES, FLORAL LABYRINTHS, ETC.

(i) CLASSICAL REFERENCES

(Roman Topiary Work and Ornamental Gardening)

PLINY. "Hist. Nat.," XV. 30; XVI. 33; XXXVI. 13.

PLINY THE YOUNGER. Epist. V. 6.

(ii) GREAT BRITAIN (GENERAL)

HYLL, T. (Didymus Mountayne.) "The Profitable Art of Gardening," 3rd edition, 1579, pp. 9, 15.

ISLIP, A. "The Orchard and the Garden," 1602, p. 48.

(Gathered from Dutch and French sources.)

LAWSON, W. "A New Orchard and Garden," 1631.

(Afterwards embodied in K. MARKHAM'S "A New Way to Get Wealth," 1648, etc.)

PARKINSON, J. "Paradisus in soli," 1629, Ch. II.

MEAGER, L. "The Compleat English Gardener," circ. 1685.

Harley Manuscripts. Brit. Mus. Harl. 5308 (71, a, 12).

(A seventeenth-century gardener's manuscript book, with two mazes.)

LONDON, G., and WISE, H. "The Compleat Florist," 1706 afterwards published by J. CARPENTER as "The Retir'd Gardener." (Primarily a translation of French works by L. LIGER and F. GENTIL.)

LANGLEY, BATTY. "New Principles of Gardening," 1728.

(Numerous maze designs.)

SWITZER, S. "Ichnographia Rustica," 1742, Vol. II, p. 218.

FULLMER, S. "Gardener's Companion," 1781, p. 105.

HOME, H. (Lord KAMES.) "Elements of Criticism," 1796, Vol. II, p. 348.

(Criticism of mazes in gardens.)

WALPOLE, H. "Essay on Modern Gardening," 1785.

ROBINSON, W. "The English Flower Garden," 1921.

MacARTNEY, MERVYN. "English Houses and Gardens of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries," 1908.

(Article on hedges and mazes.)

BROWN, A. J., in American Homes and Gardens, VII, November 1910, pp. 423-5.

(iii) GREAT BRITAIN (PARTICULAR LOCALITIES)

LAW, E. "History of Hampton Court Palace," 1900, Vol. III, pp. 74-7.

ROCQUE, J. "Engraving of Hampton Court," 1736.

(Shows the "Troy-town," as well as the Maze and a spiral garden.)

DEFOE, D. "Tour through Great Britain," 1738.

(Hampton Court "Wilderness.")

Daily Chronicle, February 22, 1921.

(Revenue from Hampton Court Maze.)

Parliamentary Surveys. Survey No. 72, 1649. Transcribed by John Caley, F.R.S., in Archaeologia, Vol. X, 1792.

(Maze at Wimbledon.)

KIP, J. "Britannia Illustrata," 1720.

(Mazes at Wrest House and Badminton.)

WILLIAMS, W. "Oxonia depicta," 1732.

(Trinity College labyrinth.)

VALLANCE, AYMER. "The Old Colleges of Oxford," 1913, p. 77.

(Trinity College labyrinth.)

AUBREY, J. "Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme," 1686-7.

(Mazes in Southwark and Tothill Fields, Westminster. The 1881 edition has an editor's note re maze on Putney Heath.)

Churchwardens' Accounts, St. Margaret, Westminster, 1672.

(Tothill Maze.)

Collectanea Topographica, Vol. VIII, 1843, pp. 253-62.

(Maze in Southwark.)

STRICKLAND, A. "Lives of the Queens of England," 1851, Vol. I, p. 264.

(Southwark.)

WROTH, W., and A. E. "The London Pleasure Gardens of the Eighteenth Century," 1896.

CRISP, Sir F. "Guide for the use of visitors to Friar Park," 1914.

(Maze and Dial Garden at Henley-on-Thames.)

NESFIELD, W. H. "Estimate and Plan for R.H.S. Gardens," 1860 (S. Kensington). Also plan in R.H.S. "Official Guide," 1864.

HUTCHISON, A. F. "The Lake of Menteith," 1899.

(Queen Mary's Bower.)

TRIGGS, H. INIGO. "Formal Gardens in England and Scotland," 1902.

(Mazes at Arley Hall and Belton House figured.)

ELGOOD, G. S., and JEKYLL, G. "Some English Gardens," 1904, p. 127.

(Maze at Arley Hall.)

(iv) FRANCE

ANDROUET DU CERCEAU, J. "Les Plus Excellents Bastiments de France," 1576, and other architectural works.

(Mazes at Charleval, Gaillon, etc.)

ESTIENNE, C. "La Maison Rustique," 1573, Vol. II, ch. vi, p. 68.

(Translated by R. SURFLET as "The Country Farme," 1600.)

BETIN, P. "Le Fidelle Jardinier," 1636, p. 24.

PERRAULT, C. "Labyrinte de Versailles," 1677.

(With plan and many illustrations by S. LE CLERC.)

PANSERON, S. "Receuil des Jardins Français," 1723.

(With many plates.)

BLONDEL, J. F. "Cours d'Architecture," 1771-7, Vol. I, p. 17; Vol. IV, p. 72; Vol. VIII, Plates 18, 19.

(Mazes at Choisy and Chantilly.)

HAVARD, H. "Dictionnaire de l'Ameublement," etc., 1887-90. Art. "Labyrinthe."

(Mazes at Baugé and Les Rochers.)

STEIN, H. "Les Jardins de France," 1913, Plates 88, 89.

TRIGGS, H. INIGO. "Garden Craft in Europe," 1913, pp. 21, 81, 141.

(Mazes at the Tuileries, Hôtel St. Paul, and Sceaux.)

(v) ITALY

SERLIO, S. "Libri Cinque d'Architettura," 1537; English edition, 1611.

DUPÉRAC, S. "Vues et Perspectives des Jardins de Tivoli," 1573.

(Labyrinths at Villa d'Este.)

EVELYN, J. "Memoirs," s.a. 1646.

(Labyrinth at Vicenza.)

TRIGGS, H. INIGO. "The Art of Garden Design in Italy," 1906, p. 51.

(Mazes at Castellezo dei Arconati, Milan.)

SKIPPON, Sir PHILIP. "A Journey through part of the Low Countries, Germany, Italy, and France," 1663.

(Labyrinth at Vicenza.)

(vi) HOLLAND AND BELGIUM

DE VRIES, J. V. "Hortorum Viridariorumque Formae," 1583, Plates 14-16, 22-7.

COMMELYN, C. "Nederlantze Hesperides," 1676.

(Several designs for mazes.)

HARRIS, W. "A Description of the King's Royal Palace and Gardens at Loo," 1699.

VISSCHER, N. "De Zegepraalende Vecht," 1719.

(Maze at Gunterstein.)

TRIGGS, H. INIGO. "Garden Craft in Europe," 1913, pp. 173, 192.

(Mazes at Sorgvliet and Enghien.)

FOUQUIER, M. "L'Art des Jardins," 1911, p. 120.

(Maze at Enghien.)

(vii) OTHER COUNTRIES

BOECKLER, G. A. "Architectura Curiosa," 1664, Pt. IV.

(Numerous plates contain labyrinth designs.)

LAUREMBERG, P. "Horticultura," 1632, Plates 15-22.

Daily Mail, September 23, 1899.

(Art. on "Puzzle Gardens" gives account of curious allegorical labyrinth at Anhalt; also describes mazes at Barcelona.)

MOLLET, A. "Le Jardin de Plaisir," 1651.

(Sweden.)

TRIGGS, H. INIGO. "Garden Craft in Europe," 1913, p. 280.

(Maze at the Alcazar, Seville.)

SKIPPON, Sir P. "A Journey through part of the Low Countries," etc., 1663.

(Munich.)

MOULTON, R. H., in Architectural Record (New York), October 1917, p. 400.

(American replica of the Maze at Hampton Court.)

WARREN, C., in Country Life (Garden City), VIII, September 1905, pp. 527-8.

(Cedar Hill Maze, U.S.A.)

The following kindly furnished the writer with recent information regarding the mazes at the localities indicated:

H. COLLAR, Esq., Curator, Museum, Saffron Walden (Saffron Walden); H. WALLIS CHAPMAN, Esq., Jordans, Bucks (Sudeley Castle); W. EMERTON, Esq., Grantham (Belton House); E. M. JACKSON, Esq., M.A., Manningtree (Mistley Place); G. KERRY RIX, Esq., Somerleyton (Somerleyton Hall); R. POGMORE, Esq., Mansfield (Debdale Hall).

VII. TURF LABYRINTHS

(i) General

TROLLOPE, E. Op. cit. 1858.

AUBREY, J. "Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme," 1686-7. Ed. by J. BRITTEN, F.L.S., 1881.

(Mazes at Pimperne, West Ashton, Cotswold Downs, Southwark, and Tothill Fields. Editor adds note re maze on Putney Heath.)

AUBREY, J. "History of Surrey," Ed. 1719, Vol. V, p. 80.

(Suggestion of Scandinavian origin of mazes.)

STUKELEY, W. "Itinerarium Curiosum," 1776, pp. 31, 97.

(Discussion of origin of mazes.)

ROBERTS, P. "Cambrian Popular Antiquities," 1815, p. 212.

("City of Troy" in Wales.)

Cymmrodorion Society, Transactions of, 1822, pp. 67-9.

("Idrison" on Caer Troiau. Refers to solar theory.)

TYACK, G. S. Art. "Mazes" in W. ANDREWS' "Ecclesiastical Curiosities," 1897.

JOHNSON, W. "Folk-Memory," 1908.

(ii) PARTICULAR LOCALITIES

DE LA PRYME, A. (1671-1704). "Diary." Ed. Surtees Society, 1870.

(Alkborough and Appleby.)

Churchwardens' Accounts, Louth, 1544.

(Louth.)

HUTCHINS, J. "History and Antiq. of the County of Dorset," 1774, Vol. I, p. 101 (Pimperne); Vol. II, p. 468 (Leigh).

HUTCHINS, J. 3rd ed., 1861, pp. 292-3.

(Saffron Walden, Somerton, Tadmarton Heath, Hereford Beacon, Hilton, and Breamore. Figs. of mazes at Pimperne, Sneinton, and Clifton, Notts.)

"Annalia Dubrensia," 1636, reprinted by A. B. Grosart, 1877.

(Cotswold Hills, near Chipping Campden.)

CAMDEN, W. "Britannia." Ed. by GOUGH, 1789. Plate opposite p. 288.

(Saffron Walden, Sneinton, and Clifton.)

HOARE, Sir R. C. "Ancient Wilts," 1812-21, Vol. I, p. 238.

(Breamore.)

WILLIAMS-FREEMAN, J. P. "Field Archaeology, Hants."

(Breamore.)

ACKERMANN'S "Repository of Arts," Vol. XIII, 1815, p. 193.

(Hull.)

HATFIELD, S. "Terra incognita of Lincolnshire," 1816.

(Alkborough.)

ALLEN, T. "History of Lincolnshire," 1834, Vol. II, p. 219.

(Appleby.)

WRIGHT, T. "Hist. and Topog. of the County of Essex," 1835, Vol. II, p. 124.

(Comberton.)

BRAYBROOKE, Lord. "Audley End and Saffron Walden," 1836, esp. MS. insertion of 1859 in Saffron Walden Museum.

(Saffron Walden.)

TROLLOPE, E. Op. cit. 1858.

(Sneinton, Wing, Ripon, Boughton Green, and many others.)

GORDON, E. O. "Prehistoric London," 1914.

(Greenwich, or Blackheath.)

Notes and Queries.

3 ser., X, 1866, p. 283. BARKLEY, C. W. (Comberton and Leigh.) Also in 4 ser., II, 1868.

3 ser., X, 1866, p. 283. J. F.

(Alkborough, Holderness, and Sneinton.)

8 ser., IV, 1893, p. 96. VENABLES, E., and others.

(Kent.)

9 ser., V, 1900, p. 445. PAGE, J. T.

(Boughton Green.)

10 ser., X, 1908, p. 96. HARLAND-OXLEY, W. E.

(Tothill Fields.)

12 ser., IV, 1918, p. 160. AUSTIN, G.

(Egton and Goathland.)

The Times, April 18, 1870.

(St. Martha's Hill, Guildford.)

The Times, April 5, 1920.

(Juliberry's Grave, Godmersham.)

BARNES, W., in Dorset Nat. Hist, and Antiq'n. Field Club Proceedings, Vol. IV, 1882.

(Leigh, Dorset.)

FERGUSON, R. S. "A Labyrinth on Rockcliffe Marsh," in Cumberland and West'd Antiq'n and Arch'l. Society Transactions, Vol. VIII, 1883-4, p. 69.

(Burgh and Rockcliffe.)

Assoc'd Arch'l. Societies of Northampton, York, etc., Proceedings, Vols. XIX-XX, 1887-8.

(Alkborough.)

MAYNARD, G. N. "The Labyrinths or Mazes at Saffron Walden," in Essex Field Club Proceedings, 1889.

SHORE, T. W., and NISBETT, H. C. "Ancient Hampshire Mazes," in Hampshire Field Club Proceedings, Vol. III, Pt. III, 1896, p. 257.

(Breamore and Winchester.)

HILL, A. D., in Wilts Arch'l, and Nat. Hist. Magazine, 1897, p. 98.

(Breamore and West Ashton.)

TREVES, Sir F. "Highways and Byways in Dorset," 1906.

(Leigh.)

ALLCROFT, A. H. "Earthwork of England," 1908, p. 602.

(Asenby.)

Cambs and Hunts Arch'l. Society Proceedings, Vol. III, 1914, p. 224.

(Hilton.)

IRONS, E. A. "The Turf Maze at Wing," in Rutland Arch'l. and Nat. Hist. Society Transactions, Vol. XIII, 1915.

(Wing.)

The following kindly supplied the writer with recent information regarding the mazes at the localities indicated:

E. J. BULL, Esq., Carlisle (Rockcliffe Marshes); J. C. DENTON, Esq., Cambridge (Comberton); D. H. GEDDIE, Esq., F.R.Hist.S., Borough Librarian, GRIMSBY (Horncastle); O. W. GODWIN, Esq., Troy Farm, Somerton, Banbury (Somerton); Rev. F. J. W. TAVERNER, M.A., Wing, Oakham (Wing); Rev. J. J. WALKER, B.A., Boughton, Northants (Boughton Green); Rev. GEO. YORKE, Alkborough, Lincs (Alkborough).

VIII. STONE LABYRINTHS

(For Rock Engravings, see "Miscellaneous")

WORM, O. "Danicorum Monumentorum Libri Sex," 1651, p. 213.

(Denmark.)

RUDBECK, O. "Atlantica," 1695-8, Tab. 35, Fig. 134.

(Sweden.)

VON BAER, C. E., in Bull. Hist. Phil, de l'Acad. de St. Petersbourg, Vol. I.

ASPELIN, J. R. "Steinlabyrinthe in Finnland," in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, Vol. IX, 1877, p. 439. (Also Virchow, p. 441, and Friedel, p. 470.)

KRAUSE, E. "Die Trojaburgen Nordeuropas," 1893.

IX. THE LABYRINTH IN NON-EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

(i) AMERICAN INDIANS

COTTON, H. S. "Is the House of Tchuhu the Minoan Labyrinth?" in Science (New York), N.S. XLV, June 29, 1917, p. 667.

FEWKES, J. W. "A Fictitious Ruin in the Gila Valley, Arizona," in American Anthropologist, N.S. IX, 1907, p. 510.

FEWKES, J. W., in Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 1920, Vol. 72, No. I, pp. 47-64.

(Pictograph from Mesa Verde.)

(ii) INDIA

BELLEW, H. W. "From the Indus to the Tigris," 1873-4.

(Circular figures on ground, which may be allied to labyrinth designs.)

(iii) ZULUS

Folk Lore, Vol. 23, 1912. Review of "Some Zulu Customs and Folk-lore," by L. H. SAMUELSON.

(Reference to maze figures on the ground.)

X. MISCELLANEOUS

HOMER. "Iliad," xviii. 590, etc.

(Ariadne's Dance.)

PLINY. "Hist. Nat.," xxxvi. 85.

(Maze Games.)

VIRGIL. "Aeneid," v. 545-603.

(Troy Game.)

SUETONIUS. "Nero," vii.

(Troy Game.)

PALLAS, P. S. "Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen Reichs," 1778, Vol. III.

(Siberian Crane Dance.)

STRUTT, J. "Sports and Pastimes of the People of England," 1830, p. 317.

NEIDHART VON REUENTHAL, ed. MORITZ-HAUPT, 1858, pp. 154-186.

(Troy-Aldei and Troyerlais.)

BENNDORF, O. "Das Alter des Trojaspiels," in W. REICHEL'S "Über Homerische Waffen," 1894, pp. 133-9.

(Troy Game.)

Folk Lore, Vol. 24, 1913. Presidential Address of W. CROOKE, p. 34.

(Magic Ceremonies.)

Folk Lore, Vol. 29, 1918. "Collectanea," pp. 238-47.

(Serbian Troy Dances.)

Notes and Queries.

4 ser., V, 1870.

(Troy Game in England.)

5 ser., I, 1874, p. 104.

("Labyrinth of St. Bernard," Mt. Carmel.)

8 ser., IV, 1893, p. 96, and V, 1894, pp. 37, 96, 351.

("Troy-town" place-names and Troia Nova.)

GORDON, E. O. "Prehistoric London," 1914.

(London as New Troy.)

LAMBERTUS ARDENSIS. "Historia Comitum Ardensium et Guisnensium, A.D. 800-1200," in "Reliquiae Manuscriptorum" of Petrus de Ludewig, 1727, Bk. IV, ch. 127, p. 549.

(Labyrinthine building in French Flanders.)

Fonds Latin. MS. No. 13013. Ninth-century "Comput" of St. Germain.

(Labyrinth figure.)

HENRY OF CLAIRVAUX, in Hoveden's Chronicle, under year 1178.

(Reference to Labyrinth. ? Metaphorical.)

BROMPTON, J. "Chronicon," under year 1151, in Sir R. TWYSDEN'S "Historiae Anglicanae Scriptores X," 1652.

(Rosamond's Bower.)

HIGDEN, R. "Polychronicon," 1381-94. Ed. C. BABINGTON, 1886. Bk. VIII, ch. 26.

(Rosamond's Coffer.)

LANG, A. "Magic and Religion," 1901.

(Prehistoric Rock Engravings.)

TATE, G. "The Ancient British Sculptured Rocks of Northumberland, etc.," in Berwickshire Naturalists' Club Proceedings, Vol. V, 1864, p. 137, etc.

(Labyrinthoid figures on rocks.)

LUKIS, F. C., in Journal of British Arch'l. Assn., Vol. III, 1848, pp. 269-79.

(Engraved stones on Gav'r Innis, Brittany.)

BICKNELL, C. "A Guide to the Prehistoric Rock Engravings in the Italian Maritime Alps." See figure reproduced in C. BUCKNALL'S paper in Bristol Nat. Society Proceedings, 1912, Plate II, Fig. 3.

(Labyrinthoid figure.)

LAW, E. "Masterpieces of the Royal Gallery of Hampton Court," 1904.

(Maze by TINTORETTO and alleged portrait of "Fair Rosamond.")

EARP, F. R. "Descriptive Catalogue of Pictures in the Fitzwilliam Museum," 1902, p. 14, Fig. 133.

(Painting of man with labyrinth.)

DUNBAR, E. D. "Social Life in Former Days," 1865, 1st series.

(Labyrinth design on Towels.)

BERTHELOT, M., in La Grande Encyclopédie, Art. "Labyrinthe," final section.

(Labyrinth figure used by Alchemists.)

DURAND, J. Op. cit. 1857, p. 127.

(Labyrinth painted on wood.)

ALCIATI, A. "Emblemata," 1531, etc.

(Labyrinth Emblems.)

CATS, J. "Emblèmes touchant les Amours et les Mœurs," 1618, etc.

(Labyrinth Emblems.)

PARADIN, C. "Devises Héroïques et Emblèmes," 1621, etc.

(Labyrinth Emblems.)

QUARLES, F. "Emblems," 1635, etc.

(Labyrinth Emblems.)

Also many other Emblem books.

MOLLET, J. W. "Dictionary of Words used in Art and Archaeology," 1883. Art. "Minotaur."

(Labyrinth as heraldic crest.)

NORDSTROM, S., in Svenska Fornminnes föreningens Tidskrift, Vol. III, 1887, p. 227.

(Labyrinth designs on bells.)

MASON, G. "An Essay on Design in Gardening," 1795.

(Appendix on Bowers.)

BRAND'S "Popular Antiquities." Ed. W. C. HAZLITT, 1905.

(Art. on "St. Julian.")

WRIGHT, J. "The English Dialect Dictionary," 1902. Vol. III, p. 389.

("Julian's Bower" variants.)

MEILLET, A., in French Quarterly, Vol. II, No. 1, 1920.

(Etymology of "Labyrinth.")

HAVARD, H. "Dictionnaire de l'Ameublement," etc., 1887-90. Art. "Labyrinthe."

(Game of "Labyrinthe.")

German Engraving, with verses, circ. 1630. Brit. Mus. 1750, c. 1/28.

BELGIAN LITHOGRAPHS of Toy Mazes. "Les Labyrinthes" and "Jardin Chinois," circ. 1872. Brit. Mus. "Misc. Collections," 1881, c. 3, 69-71.

Patent Specifications. (Toy Mazes.)

ARNOT, J. M. No. 14764, August 1, 1894.

BRENTANO, A. No. 6204, April 11, 1889.

BRIDGE, H. No. 2613, February 2, 1906.

CUTHBERT, R. A., and BEVITT, W. No. 7381, March 26, 1898.

NIX, S. D. No. 16092, September 22, 1891.

PROCTOR, J. No. 9428, April 23, 1898.

INDEX

Ackermann, R., 78, 229

Addison, J., 169

Aegean, 20, 174

Aegeus, 17, 19

Aeneas, 98, 181

Aesculapius, Temple of, 51, 222

Aesop, 117

Agar, M., 145

Aix, near Marseilles, 48, 65, 220

Albano, 39

Alcazar, Seville, 125, 227

Alciati, A., 198, 234

Algeria, Pavement Labyrinth, 54, 223

Alkborough, Lincs, Church Labyrinth, 70, 72, 223

-- -- Turf Labyrinth, 71-73, 78, 84, 185, 229

Allcroft, A. H., 77, 213, 231

Allegorical Labyrinths, 133, 194, 198, 234, 235

Allen, T., 73, 229

Alpine Rock Engravings, 153, 234

Altieri, 127

Amé, E., 222

Amenemhat III, 13, 14

America, Hedge Mazes in, 142, 228

American Homes and Gardens, 224

American Indians, Maze Figures of, 97, 98

Amiens, 60, 61, 223

Amulet, Egyptian, 43

Amusement, Maze Arrangements for, 41, 65, 129, 202-208, 235

Ancren Riwle, 175

Andrews, W., 3, 216

Androgeos, 18

Androuet du Cerceau, J., 113, 114, 121, 226

Anhalt, 133, 227

Annales Archéologiques, 201, 222, 223

Annalia Dubrensia, 82, 229

d'Annunzio, G., 197

Apollo, 44, 45

Apollodorus, 23, 218

Appian Way, 39

Appleby, 73, 229

Arbor Vitae, Maze of, 142

Arbours, 100, 132, 142, 189

Architectural Labyrinths, 6-16, 30-37, 51, 111.

Architecture, Dictionary of, 216

Ardres, 111, 165, 233

Argolid, 51

Ariadne, 19-22, 31, 47, 48, 96, 160, 167, 177

Aristotle, 16

Arizona, 153

Arley Hall, Cheshire, 140, 226

Arneth, J. C., 220

Arnot, J. M., 205, 206, 235

Aromatic Plants in Mazes, 103-106, 141

Arras Cathedral, 61, 62, 222

Arsinoë, 14

Ascanius, 158

Asenby, Yorks, 77, 213, 231

Ashwell, Beds, 91

Aspelin, J. R., 147-149, 231

Athens, 17, 19

Auber, C. A., 223

Aubrey, J., 81, 135, 152, 166, 173, 225, 228

Austin, A., 200

Austin, G., 230

Austria, Hedge Maze in, 142

-- Roman Pavement in, 47

Auxerre Cathedral, 61

Axe Symbol, 31-34, 175, 176

Babylon, 150

Bacchus, 20

Bacchylides, 17

Bacon, F., 105

Badminton, 132, 225

Baikie, J., 219

Baldini, B., 20

Balks, 139, 189

Ball, W. W. R., 3, 140, 217

Ballad of Fair Rosamond, 167

Banbury, 88

Banks around Turf Mazes, 73, 81

Barcelona, 141, 227

Barkley, C. W., 230

Barnes, W., 230

Barrow, Julaber's, 90, 173, 230

Bastions, Turf Mazes with, 82, 84, 88

Battle, Abbot of, 136

Baugé, 112, 226

Bayeux, 61

Becket, Thomas, 169

Bede, 66

Bedfordshire, Turf Maze Sites in, 91

Bedfordshire (Wrest Park), 132

Beech, Hedges of, 140

Belgium, 112, 124, 227

Bellas, W., 82

Bellew, H. W., 232

"Bellows," 82

Bells, Labyrinths on, 202, 235

Belonius, 25

Belton House, Lincs, 140, 226, 228

Belvoir Castle, 132

Benndorf, O., 233

Benserade, I. de, 118

Berthelot, P. E. M., 95, 96, 234

Betin, P., 226

Beulah Spa, 137

Bevitt, W., 205, 235

Bicknell, C., 234

Birds, Automatic, 51, 166

-- Tombs of, 11

Blackheath, 136, 230

Blandford, 81

Blenheim, 168

Blondel, J. F., 226

Boeckler, C. A., 121-126, 227

Bohemia, King of, 194

Bonnin, T., 201

Book Titles, The Labyrinth in, 193-197

Borgo, Finland, 148

Borough, Etymology of, 136, 173

Borough, The (Southwark), 135, 136, 210, 228

Bosquet de la Reine, 121

Botetourt, Lord, 80

Bouchet, J., 194

Boughton, 132

Boughton Green, 75, 76, 230, 231

Bourbourg, Louis of, 111, 165

Bourn, Cambs, 69, 70, 84

Boutrays (or Boutterais), R., 59

Bower, Etymology of the word, 170-173, 235

-- Queen Mary's, 108, 109, 172, 226

-- Rosamond's, 1, 111, 164-169, 172

Bowl, with Exploits of Theseus, 52

Box, use of in Mazes, 100, 101, 108-110, 121, 127, 146

Brandenburg, 149

Breamore, Hants, 73, 74, 229, 230

Brentano, A., 204, 235

Bridge, H., 206, 207, 235

Brigg, Lincs, 73

Brindisi, 50, 221

British Magazine, 199

British Museum, 20, 44, 106, 219

Brittany, 92, 121, 153

Britten, J., 228

Brompton, J., 165, 233

Bronze Age, 149

Brown, A. J., 224

Brown, L. ("Capability" Brown), 134

Brutus (Prydain), 181

Bucknall, C., 234

Builder, The, 61, 223

Bull, Cult of, 31, 34

Bull, E. J., 231

Bull-leaping, Sport of, 34

Bull, Pasiphaë and the, 22

Bull's Head on Coins, 44

Burcestre, J., 210

Burges, W., 66

Burgh, Cumberland, 87, 92, 230

Burghley (Burleigh), Lord, 114

Burrows, R. M., 219

Button Seals, Egyptian, 43

Caen, 64, 142, 223

Caerdroia or Caer y troiau, 92, 94, 228

Caerdroi-Newydd, 181

Caerleon, Mon., 48, 221

Caerludd, 181

Caesar, Julius, 90, 174, 181

Caetani-Lovatelli, E., 221

Caine, Hall, 181

Caley, J, 134

Calverley, C. S., 171

Camber, or Tilt, of Maze Paths, 73

Cambridge, 53, 140

Cambridgeshire, Church Mazes in, 66, 69, 70

-- Turf Maze in, 82

Camden, W., 84, 229

Campana, Marquis, 201

Campi, P. M., 57, 222

Candia, 29

Canina, L., 14, 15, 218, 220

Canova, A., 22

Canterbury, 67, 70, 169

Cardboard Mazes, 204

Card Game, "Labyrinth," 208

Cardross, 108

Careri, J. F. G., 218

Caria, 175

Carmel, Mount, 209

Caroon, 12

Carpenter, J., 131

Carwell, T., 195

Casa del Labirinto, Pompeii, 46, 221

Casa Grande, Arizona, 153

Catacombs, 40, 69

Catherine de Medici, 103, 113

Cats, J., 198, 234

Catullus, 23

Caumont, A. de, 48, 221

Caumont, le Seigneur de, 156, 219

Cave, Dictaean, 21, 32

Caverns, Natural, 183

-- of Gortyna, 23-28, 219

Cedar Hill, U.S.A., 142, 228

Centaur confused with Minotaur, 52, 53, 56, 57

Cerceau. See Androuet du Cerceau.

Ceremonial of Spring Awakening, 161

Chair, or Throne, of Minos, 30, 31

Châlons-sur-Marne, 65

Chantilly, 121, 226

Chapman, H. W., 228

Charles I, 134

Charles V of France, 112

Charles of Spain, 126

Charleval, 113, 226

Chartres, 59, 60, 61, 75, 223

Chateaubriand, 68

Chatsworth, 109

Chaucer, G., 171, 174, 176, 177, 180

Cheltenham, 140

Chemin de Jérusalem, 60, 64, 66, 67, 96

Cherry Trees in Mazes, 121

Cheshire, Maze in, 140

Chilcombe, Hants, 79

Chilcotin Indians, 160

Children, Mazes for (see also Amusement), 40, 99, 129, 149

Chilham, Kent, 90

Chipping Campden, 82, 229

Chiusi, 37-39

Choisy-le-Roi, 121, 226

Choros of Ariadne, 22, 31

Christian Emblems, 69

Chronology of Church Labyrinths, 54, 57, 59, 60

-- -- Cretan Labyrinth, 30

-- -- Egyptian Labyrinth, 13, 15, 16

-- -- Hedge Mazes, 110-135

-- -- Turf Labyrinths, 95

Church Labyrinths, 4, 54-70, 72, 97, 215, 223

Churchward, A., 31

Churchwardens' Accounts, 135, 225, 229

Ciampini, G. G., 56, 222

Cicero, 110

Ciel, 60

Clairvaux, Abbot of, 111

Claudian, 23

Cleidemus, 17

Clement X, Pope, 127

Cleopatra, Queen, 16

Clerc, S. le, 117, 118, 226

Clifford, Walter (see also Rosamond), 164

Clifton, Notts, 88, 89, 229

"Closed" Designs, 183

Clue of Thread, 19, 167, 191

Clusium, 37-39

Cockerell, C. R., 26, 27, 219

Coffer of Rosamond, 166, 233

Coins, Knossian, Lydias, Phrygian, etc., 42, 44, 45, 92, 149, 161, 220

-- Roman, 78, 84

Collar, H., 228

Cologne, 65, 223

Comarmond, A., 221

Comberton, Cambs, 84, 229, 231

Comenius, 196

Commelyn, J., 107, 227

"Compact" Design, 185

Constable, J. G., 73

Convent of St. Barlaam, 95, 223

Cook, A. B., 3, 53, 161, 216, 219

Cooke, J., 135

Corinth, 176

Cormerod, Switzerland, 48, 220

Cortenovis, A., 38

Cotswold Hills, 82, 228, 229

Cotton, H. S., 232

Country Life, 3, 216

Country Life (America), 228

Cow, Hollow, of Daedalus, 22

Cowper, W., 196

Craigmillar Castle, 202

Cranborne Chase, 74

Crane Dance, 19, 159, 162, 233

Cremona, 57, 223

Cretan Labyrinth, 2, 4, 17-36, 98, 111, 152, 153, 156-159, 216, 218, 219

Creuzer, G. F., 220

Crisp, F., 225

Crocodiles, Sacred, 7, 9

Cromlechs, Distribution of, 99

Crooke, W., 233

Cross, Labyrinth Figure on, 151

Crown of Ariadne, 20

Croxall, S., 167, 168

Crusades, Church Labyrinths and the, 67

Crystal Palace, 138

Cumberland, Mazes in, 78, 86, 87, 92, 230

"Cup and Ring" Marks, 152

Cupid, 117

Cursus, 77

Cuthbert, R. A., 205, 235

Cyclops, Labyrinth of the, 40, 219

Cymmrodorion Society, Transactions, 92, 228

Cypress used for Mazes, 121

Daedale, 60

Daedalus, 18, 22, 23, 52, 111, 112, 156, 160, 172, 176, 177, 179

Daily Chronicle, 225

Daily Mail, 227

Daire, L. F., 223

Dance, Crane, 19, 159, 162

-- of Ariadne, 160

-- Maiden's, 150

-- of Troy, 156-163

Dances, Morris and Sword, 161

Dancing--Place of Ariadne, 22, 31

Danish Origin of Turf Mazes, 136, 152, 228

Dante, 58, 193

Daremberg, Saglio and Pottier, Dict. Antiq., 216

Debdale Hall, Mansfield, 140, 228

Debray, M., 222

Dédale, Dédalus, 112

Definitions (see also Etymology), 1, 2, 182, 184

Defoe, D., 128, 225

De Launay, R., 4, 215, 222

Delille, J., 143

Delone (or Delorney), T., 166

Delos, 19, 159

Demeter, 44

Denmark, Labyrinths in, 151

Dennis, G., 39, 40, 219

Denny, W., 82

Denton, J. C., 231

Deschamps des Pas, L., 222

Design, Labyrinth, 182-189, 217

d'Este, 103, 200, 226

Destruction of Church Labyrinths, 58-63

-- -- Egyptian Labyrinth, 11,16

-- -- Hedge Mazes, 115, 121

-- -- Turf Mazes, 76

Devonshire, Mazes in, 91

-- Rock Engravings in, 152

De Vries, J. V., 101, 102, 107, 227

Diodorus Siculus, 9, 23, 217, 218

Discovery (Journal), 219

Dodona, 38

Doolhof, 108, 127

Dorchester, 82, 211

Dorset, Mazes in, 80--82, 211

Double Axe, 31-34, 175, 176, 218

Doublet, G., 221

Doublet de Boisthibault, 223

Dover, R. ("Dover's Games"), 82

Drayton, M., 166

Dress Embroidery, Labyrinthine, 155

Drych y Prif Oesoedd, 92

Dudeney, H. E., 3, 217

Duffus, Morayshire, 201

Dunbar, E. D., 234

Dunbar, W., 171

Dungeon at Knossos, 20, 36

Dunstable, 91

Dupérac, S., 103, 226

Durand, J., 58, 222, 234

Duris, Kylix by, 220

Durus, Quintus Laberius, 90, 174

Dutch Mazes, 101, 102, 107, 127

Dwarf Shrub Mazes, 100, 103

Earp, F. R., 234

Earthquake at Knossos, 35

Earthworks, Ancient, near Turf Mazes, 75

Eastcote, 203

Eberhard of Bethune, 196

Ecclesiastical Labyrinths, 4, 54-70, 72, 97, 215, 222, 223

-- Origin, supposed, of Turf Mazes, 86, 93, 94, 95, 162, 215

-- Sites near Turf Labyrinths, 72

Eden, River, 87

Egton, Yorks, 77

Egyptian Labyrinth, 4, 6-16, 185, 217

-- Seals, Amulets, &c., 43

Elderkin, G. W., 220

Eleanor, Queen, 164-167

Elgood, G. S., 226

Elson, G., 76

Ely, 66, 70

Emblems, 96, 198, 234

Embrun, Archbishop of, 96

Encyclopaedia articles on Labyrinths, 3, 130, 134, 138, 216

Enghien, 124, 227

Engravings (see also Graffito), 130, 219

Essex, Mazes in, 82, 138, 139

d'Este, 103, 200, 226

Estienne, C., 103, 226

Etruscan Labyrinth, 37-40, 219

-- Vase (from Tragliatella), 40, 220

Etymology of "Bower," 170-173, 235

Etymology of "Julian's Bower," 98, 173, 174

-- -- "Labyrinth," 32, 35, 172, 175-178

-- -- "Lieue," 60

-- -- "Maze," 136, 179-180

-- -- "Minotaur," 35

Euripides, 22

Europa, 21, 45

Evans, A. J., 3, 4, 29-36, 218, 221

Evelyn, J., 114, 121, 127, 135, 227

Experiment with rat, 208

Exton Park, 132

Fables, Aesop's, at Versailles, 117-120

Fabyan, R., 172

Fairies, Song of the, 77

Farnham, Surrey, 90

Fayum, 14

Feast in connection with Maze, 84

Ferguson, R. S., 230

Fergusson, J., 218

Fewkes, J. W., 153, 232

Fiction, Mazes and Labyrinths in, 1, 76, 77, 164-169

Fields, Maze Figures in (Pliny), 40, 98

Figures, Human, in Church Labyrinth, 61

Finances of Hampton Court Maze, 129, 225

Finiguerra, M., 20, 219

Finland, Mazes in, 147, 148, 150, 231

Fish-Stews, Ancient, Maze-like, 75

Flanders, Labyrinthine Building in, 111

Fletcher, G., 196

Floral Labyrinths, 101-106

Florence, Manuscript in, 53

Florentine Picture Chronicle, 20, 219

Folk Dances, English, 161, 163

Folk Lore, 73, 77

Folk Lore (Journal), 155, 232, 233

Folk Memory, 73, 77, 228

Fountains in Mazes, 117, 138, 142

Fouquier, M., 227

Fragrant Shrubs in Mazes, 141

France, Church Labyrinths in, 58-66, 112, 222, 223

-- Hedge Mazes in, 112, 113, 117-121, 142, 226

-- Roman Mosaics in, 48

Frazer, J. G., 160, 215

Frederick I of Bohemia, 194

Frescoes, 31, 34, 42

Frets, Greek, 51

Friar Park, Henley, 121

Fry, L., 138

Fullmer, S., 224

Future of Labyrinth Idea, 212

Fylfot, or Swastika, 42

Gabriel, J., 121

Gailhabaud, J., 222

Gaillon, Mazes at, 113

Galatea, 138

Gallows Hill, 74

Game of "Labyrinth," 208

Game of "Troy," 52, 98, 156-162, 232, 233

Games played in Turf Mazes, 73, 75, 81, 82, 90, 232

-- -- -- Stone Labyrinths, 149

-- -- -- Maze Figures on the Ground, 41, 65, 153, 154, 202

Gaming Board at Knossos, 30

Garden-bed Labyrinths, 101-105

Gardeners, Views of, on Mazes, 144-145

Garden Fête, Temporary Maze at, 203

Gav'r Innis, Mazy Engravings at, 153

Geddie, G. H., 231

"Gelyan Bower," 77, 173

Gemelli-Careri, J. F., 11, 218

Gems, Labyrinths on, 52, 222

Geranos or Crane Dance, 19, 159, 162, 233

German Allegorical Engraving, 194, 235

Germany, Church Labyrinths in, 65, 223

-- Hedge Mazes in, 123, 127, 133

-- Stone Labyrinths in, 149

Géruzez, J. B. F., 67, 222

Giant's Castle, Fence or Street, 150

Gilchrist, R. M., 197

Gillian's Bore, 73

Gilling Bore, 71

Glasgow, G., 219

Gloucestershire, Mazes in, 82, 140

Goal of a Maze or Labyrinth, 2, 73, 100, 128, 138, 189, 203

Goathland, 77

Godmersham, 90

Godstowe, 165, 166, 169

Godwin, J. F., 88

Godwin, O. W., 89, 231

Good Friday Celebrations, 90

Gopher, 154

Gordon, E. O., 4, 181, 216, 230

Gortyna, 23-28, 219

Gothland, 149, 202

Graevius, J. G., 218

Graffito at Pompeii, 46, 221

Grantham, 140, 228

Gravesend, 138

Greece, The Labyrinth Figure in, 51, 95

Greenwell, W., 77

Greenwich, 136

Guard Room, Labyrinth in, 65

Guérin, V., 221

Guildford, 90, 230

Gunterstein, 127, 227

Hackney, 135

Hadrumetum, 48

Hagia Triada, 43

Hall, H. R., 219

Hall of Double Axes, 3 2

Hampshire, Mazes in, 73, 74, 79

Hampstead, 137

Hampton Court, Little Maze, or Troy Town, 129, 130, 225

-- --, The Maze, 127-129, 138, 142, 185, 186, 187, 191, 192, 199, 225

-- --, The Maze, in Literature, 128, 192, 199, 225

-- --, Pictures at, 112, 169

-- --, Queen Mary's Bower, 109

Harland-Oxley, W. E., 230

Harley Manuscripts, 224

Harpham, Yorks, Roman Pavement, 48, 54, 221

"Harris" at Hampton Court, 192

Harris, W., 127, 227

Harrow Road, "The Maze," 137

Harrow School Museum, 52

Harte, Bret, 173

Hasted, E., 210

Hastingleigh, 211

Hatfield, Herts, 115, 116, 186, 187, Frontispiece.

Hatfield, S., 71, 229

Havard, H., 226, 235

Havering-at-Bower, 172

Hawara, 14, 175, 176, 217

Hawes, C. H. and H. B., 219

Hawthorne, N., 17

Hazlitt, W. C., 195, 235

Head, B. V., 220

Hearne, T., 168

Hedge Mazes, 110-146, 224-228

-- --, Criticism of, 143, 144

Helsingfors, 147, 150

Henley-on-Thames, 121, 225

Henrietta Maria, Queen, 134

Henry, Abbot of Clairvaux, 111, 233

Henry I, 168

-- II, 111, 164-167

-- VIII, 168

Hera, 44

Heraldry, The Labyrinth in, 96, 97, 181, 235

Herefordshire Beacon, 90, 229

Herodotus, 6-9, 14, 23, 217

Hertfordshire, Mazes in, 114-116, 210

Hesiod, 20

Hieroglyphs, 43

Higden, R., 166, 233

Hill, A. D., 230

Hill, or Hyll, T., 103-105, 195, 224

Hillbury, Surrey, 90

Hilton, Hunts, 84-86, 229, 231

Hippodromus, 110

Hoare, R. C., 229

Hoeck, C., 219

Holbein, H., 113

Holderness, 77

Holland, Mazes in, 107, 127, 227

Hollar, W., 135

Holly in Maze Hedges, 129, 130, 146

Home, H. (Lord Kames), 143, 224

Homer, 20, 36, 160, 163, 232

Horatii and Curatii, Tomb of, 39

Hornbeam in Maze Hedges, 129, 131, 142

Horncastle, 77, 78, 98

Horticulture, The Labyrinth in, 100-146

Hospitator, 174

House of the Labyrinth, Pompeii, 45

-- -- Tcuhu, 153

Hoveden, R., 166, 233

How, W. W., 218

Hugh of Lincoln, 166

Hull, 77, 78

Huntingdonshire, Maze in, 84-86

Hutchins, J., 229

Hutchison, A. F., 226

Hydraulic Statuary, 117

Iceland, Mazes in, 149, 150, 162

Ida, Mount, 23, 26

"Idrison," 92, 228

Imandes, 9

Inchmahome, 108

Indian Dance, 160

-- Maze Figures, 153, 154, 232

-- Sun Ceremonial, 160

Inscriptions accompanying Labyrinths, 45, 50, 52, 54, 56, 57, 61, 68, 95, 96, 121, 133, 151, 221

Inventions of Daedalus, 22, 51

Inversion of Design of Turf Maze, 79, 82

Inwards, R., 217

Ionian Coins, 45

Ireland, Rock Engravings in, 152

--, Maze Names in, 211

Irons, E. A., 231

Islington, 137

Islip, A., 107, 224

Italy, Church Labyrinths in, 56-58, 222, 223

--, Hedge Mazes in, 103, 126, 127, 142, 226, 227

--, Plaquette, with Labyrinth, from, 52

--, Rock Engravings in, 153

Izod, F., 82

Jackson, E. M., 139

Jacquemart, Canon, of Rheims, 61

James I, 195

Jardin Chinois, le, 204, 235

Jardin des Plantes, Paris, 121, 142

Jericho, Walls of, 150

Jérusalem, Chemin de, 60, 64, 66-68, 96

--, Ruins of, 150

Jerusalem, Voyages to, 67, 68, 156

Jeu-de-lettres, Labyrinth with, 54, 55

Johnson, S., 143, 172

Johnson, W., 228

Jomard, E. F., 12, 218

Julaber's Barrow, 90, 173, 230

Julian, Saint, 173-174

Julian's Bower, 71, 78, 91, 96, 98, 173

Juliberry's Grave, 90, 173, 230

Julius Caesar, 90, 174, 181

Julus, or Iulus, 98

July Park, 77

Juniper in Maze Hedges, 105, 146

Junius, 172

Kabbadias, P., 52, 222

Kames, Lord, 143, 224

Kensington Palace, 130

Kensington, South, 138, 139, 225

Kent, Mazes in, 78, 90, 91, 136, 138

--, "Troy-town" Place-names in, 211

Kerkyon, 52

King's Knot, The, 109

Kingsley, C., 17

Kip, J., 132, 225

Kipling, R., 197

Knossos, 17, 18, 21, 26, 28, 29-36, 42, 160, 176

Knots, 100, 101, 105, 106, 109

Knowledge (Journal), 186, 217

Krause, E., 187, 216, 217, 231

Kylix, or Bowl, with Theseus Figures, 52

Labaris, 175

Labranda, 34, 175

Labrys, 34, 175

"Labyrinth Camp," 211

Labyrinth, Cult of, Distribution, 155

--, Etymology of word, 32, 35, 172, 175-178

--, Floral, or Dwarf Shrub, 101-106

--, Game of, 208

--, of Clusium (Etruscan), 37, 219

--, of Crete, 2, 4, 17-36, 98, 111, 216, 218, 219

--, of Egypt, 4, 6-16, 217

--, of Lemnos, 37

--, of Samos, 37

--, of the Cyclops (Nauplia), 40

--, Topiary. See Hedge Maze.

Labyrinthine Language, 101, 133

Lake of the Labyrinth (Lake Moeris), 7, 9, 12, 13

Lambert of Ardres (Lambertus Ardensis), 111, 112, 223

Lampares, 13

Lang, A., 234

Langley, Batty, 132, 224

Lappland, Mazes in, 147, 150

Latin Maxims as a Verbal "Labyrinth," 209

"Laud's Labyrinth," 195

Launay, R. de, 4, 215, 222

Laurel, Use of, in Topiary Work, 110

Lauremberg, P., 227

Law, E., 225, 234

Lawson, W., 105, 224

Leicestershire, Maze in (Belvoir Castle), 132

Leigh, Dorset, 80, 229

Leland, J., 168

Leman, T., 90

Lemnos, 37

Lepsius, K. R., 12, 218

Lieue, La (Chartres Labyrinth), 59

Liger, L., 131

Lille, 66, 223

Lime Trees used for Mazes, 140

Lincolnshire, Mazes in, 71-73, 77, 78, 140, 229

Literature on Mazes and Labyrinths, 1, 3, 4, 215-235. See also Book Titles, Criticism and Fiction.

Lithographed Mazes, 204

Lodge, O. W. F., 169, 197

London, G., 127, 131, 224

London, Mazes in, 135-139

--, The New Troy (Troy-Novant), 4, 181, 216, 233

Longsword, William, 165

Loo, 127, 227

Loops in Labyrinth Design, 65, 86, 184, 186, 190

Louis XIV, 11, 117, 121

Louis de Bourbourg, 111, 165

Louise de Savoie, 112

Louth, 77, 78, 229

Love, Labyrinths of, 178, 196

Lucas, E., 217

Lucas, P., 11, 218

Lucca, 55-57, 223

Lucretius, House of, at Pompeii, 45

Lukis, F. C., 234

Lusus Trojae, 52, 98, 158, 232, 233

Luxembourg Gardens, Paris, 121

Lyddington, Rutland, 75

Lydia, 175

--, Coins of, 45

Macartney, M., 224

Machine de Marli, 120

Mackenzie, Compton, 1

Maffei, P. A., 52, 222

Magic Rites, 160, 233

Maiden Bower, 91

Maiden's Dance, 150

Maintenance of Mazes, 145, 146

Malvern Hills, 90

Manetho, 175

Man-in-the-Maze (Toy), 205

Manningtree, Essex, 139

Mansart, J. H., 117

Mansfield Woodhouse, 140

Manuscripts, 53, 219, 223, 224

Marden, Surrey, 135

Marfleet, 77

Markham, G., 105

Mary Queen of Scots, 108

Mary Tudor, Princess, 136

Mason, G., 172, 235

Massmann, H. F., 216

Materials, Hedge, 146

Mathematical Principles, 190, 216, 217

May Eve Games, 73

Mayer, Max, 175

Maynard, G. N., 230

Maze, Etymology of the word, 136, 179, 180

Maze Green, 210

-- Hill, 136, 210

-- Pattern on Palace Wall, Knossos, 31, 32, 42

-- Pond, 210

-- Sunday, 179

-- Toys, 204-208, 235

Mazes of Flowers and Herbs, 101-106

Mazetown, Ireland, 211

Mazles, 84

Meager, L., 224

Meander, 28, 31, 32, 42, 48, 52, 130, 134, 179, 183, 221

Medici, Catherine de, 103, 113

Meillet, A., 235

Mela, Pomponius, 9, 217

Memory, Folk-, 73, 77, 228

Memphis, 43

Mena, Juan de, 193

Menteith, Queen Mary's Bower at, 108, 172, 226

Mesa Verde, Indian Pictograph from, 154, 232

Metaphor, The Labyrinth in, 41, 282. See also Book Titles and Etymology.

Meursius, J., 218

Meyer, W., 217

Middlesex, Mazes in. See Hackney, Hampstead, Hampton Court, Harrow Road, Islington.

Milan, 142, 227

Miller, T., 169

Millin, A. L., 220

Milton, J., 178

Minoa, 22

Minoan Art and Civilisation, 30, 31, 42, 218, 219

Minos, 17-23, 27, 31, 45, 218

Minotaur, 18-20, 22, 44, 46-53, 56, 59, 96, 112, 156, 177

Mirror Mazes, 202

Mistley Place, 139, 228

Mizmaze, 71

Mnemonics, 191, 192

Moeris, King, 9

--, Lake, 7, 9, 12, 13

Mollet, A., 123, 227

--, J. W., 235

Monmouthshire, Roman Pavement in, 48, 221

--, "Troy" Place-names in, 211

Monument in Turf Maze, 85, 86

Moore, T., 146, 172, 216

Morris Dances, 161

Mosaic Pavements, 40, 47-50

Mosso, A., 219

Mounsey, W. H., 92

Mount Carmel, 209

Mountaine, Didymus (Hill, T.), 103, 224

Müller, K., 222

Müller, K. O., 38, 220

Multicursal Designs, 184-187

Munich, 127, 227

Müntz, E., 222

Murray, G. G. A., 21

Muswell Hill, Oxfordshire, 88

Mycenae, 34

Mycenaeans, 44

Mylasa, 175

Myres, J. L., 218

Mystery, Sense of, associated with Labyrinths, 1, 5, 77, 193

Napery (Towels), Mazes on, 201, 234

Naples, 40

Napoleon, Egyptian Expedition of, 12, 218

Natural Labyrinths, 182

Nauplia, 40, 219

Naxos, 19, 48

Neidhart von Reuenthal, 162, 233

Neolithic Remains, 30

Nero, 159

Nesfield, W. H., 138, 225

New Georgia, 137

Nineveh, City of, 150

Nisbett, H. C., 230

Nix, S. D., 205, 235

Nodes, 190, 204

Nomes of Egypt, 7, 10

Nordstrom, S., 235

Northamptonshire, Roman Pavement in, 48, 221

--, Mazes in, 75, 76, 132, 230, 231

Northumberland, Rock Engravings in, 152, 217

Norway, Mazes in, 150

Notes and Queries, 73, 161, 230, 233

Nôtre, A. le, 121

Nottinghamshire, Mazes in, 88, 140, 228

Nun's Fence, 150

Oak Trees planted in Maze, 140

Obelisk in Turf Maze, 85, 86

Observation Posts, 142, 189

Opera: Le Labyrinthe d'Amour, 196

Opus Alexandrinum, 47

Orbe, Switzerland, Roman Pavement at, 48, 220

Orchestra at Knossos, 31

Origin of Labyrinth Figures, 43-44, 186-188

-- -- Turf Mazes, 92-99, 136, 152, 161, 228

Orléansville, Algeria, 54, 55

Ostiaks, of Siberia, Crane-dance of, 159, 233

Ostrander, I., 197

Ovid, 218

Owl, with Labyrinth, on Coins, 45

Oxford, Trinity College, Maze at, 132, 225

Oxfordshire, Mazes in. See Henley, Muswell Hill, Oxford, Somerton.

Ozanam, A. F., 53, 221

Ozell, J., 24, 219

Page, J. T., 230

Paintings of Mazes, 31, 112, 113, 201

Palace of Knossos, 30-36, 218

Palestine, 209

Pallas, P. S., 233

Panseron, P., 226

Paper, Mazes on, 202

Paracelsus, 195

Paradin, C., 96, 97, 198, 234

Paris, Catacombs of, 40

--, Hôtel de St. Paul, 112, 226

--, Jardin des Plantes, 121, 142

--, Le Luxembourg, 121

--, Les Tuileries, 121, 226

Parkinson, J., 100, 224

Pasiphaë, 22

Patents for Maze Toys, 204-207, 235

Pavements, Church, 54-70, 72, 223

--, Roman, 40, 46-50, 220-221

Pavia, 56, 223

Peckham, London, "Troy" Place-name at, 211

Penitential Use, alleged, of Labyrinths, 67, 97, 222

Pepys, S., 135, 166, 195, 196

Perez, G., 96

Perrault, C., 117, 226

Perrot, G., 218, 220

Persephone, 45

Persian Legends, 162

Petasus, 38

Peter of Paris, 177

Petesuchis, 10

Petrie, W. M. Flinders, 13, 14, 16, 43, 217, 221

Philochorus, 17, 20

Phoenician Script, 31

Phrygia, Coins of, 45

Piacenza (Placentia), 57, 222

Pictographs, 31, 154, 183

Piddington, Oxon, 88

Pigs-in-Clover (Toy), 51, 97, 204

Pilgrimages, Labyrinth Journeys in lieu of, 67

Pima Indians, Maze Figures of, 153

Pimperne, Dorset, 81, 185, 228, 229

Place-names, 210-211

Plaque, Egyptian, 43

Plaquette, Italian, 52, 53

"Plashed" Hedges, 117

Plato, 141

Plays with "Labyrinth" Titles, 165, 195-197

Pleasure Gardens, 137, 138, 225

Pliny, 10, 23, 37, 98, 110, 217-219, 224, 232

Pliny the Younger, 110, 224

Plutarch, 17, 20, 218

Po, River, 57

Pococke, R., 12, 26, 218

Poetic Labyrinths, 193-194

Poggio Gajella, 39

Poitiers, 64, 184, 223

Pompeii, 45, 46, 221

Pont l'Abbé (Finistère), 65

Pope, A., 178, 180, 196

Pope Clement X, 127

Porsena, Tomb of, 37, 39, 220

Portrait, alleged, of Rosamond, 169

Pottery, 30, 40, 51, 220

Prévost, M., 223

Prison, Labyrinth as, 35

Privet, use of, in Mazes, 106, 129

Procrustes, 52

Proctor, J., 206, 235

Pryme, Abraham de la, 73, 229

Ptolemy, 16

"Purpose," an essential element in definition, 183

Putney Heath, 90, 225

Puzzle-element in Maze Design, 45, 128, 143, 182, 184, 188

Pyramids of Egypt, 6, 7

-- -- the Egyptian Labyrinth, 8, 9, 10

-- -- -- Etruscan Labyrinth, 38

Quarles, F., 198

Quarry, Labyrinth used as, 16

--, regarded as a Labyrinth, 25

Quatremère de Quincy, A. C., 38, 220

Queen Eleanor, 164-167

-- Henrietta Maria, 134

Queen Mary's Bower, 108, 109, 172, 226

Quiller-Couch, A. T., 197

Race-horse named "Troy-town," 198

Racing Centre named "Mazetown," 142

Randall, or Randolph, T., 82

Rat, Experiment with, 208

Ravenna, 58

Reinach, S., 217, 220

Réné of Anjou, 112

Renkin, S., 121

"Restorations" of Ancient Labyrinths, 14, 15, 16, 38

Revolution, French, and Destruction of Labyrinths, 58, 62

Rheims, 60, 61, 63, 124

Rich, A., 221

Rig-Veda, 162

Ripon, 77

Rites of Spring Awakening, 160

Rix, G. K., 228

Roberts, P., 93, 228

Robes, Labyrinths on, 53, 221

Robin Hood's Race, 88

Robinson, W., 144, 244

Robolotti, F., 223

Rochers, Les, 121, 226

Rochester, "Troy-town" in, 211

Rockbourne, Hants, 74

Rockcliffe, Cumberland, 86, 87, 92

Rock Engravings, 152, 153, 187, 188, 217

Rocque, J., 225

Roman Baths, Labyrinth-mosaic in, 48, 49

-- buildings on site of Egyptian Labyrinth, 11

-- Coins, 78, 84

-- Emperors, Labyrinth on Robes of, 53

-- Gardens, 101, 224

-- Origin, alleged, of Turf Mazes, 78, 84, 88, 90, 93, 98

-- Pavements, 41, 46-50

Romantic Aspects of Mazes and Labyrinths, 1, 73, 74, 193

Rome, Catacombs of, 40, 69

--, St. Maria di Trastavera, 57

--, St. Maria in Aquiro, 57, 201

Rosamond, The Fair, Ballad of, 167

-- -- --, Bower of, 1, 111, 164-169, 172, 233

-- -- --, Disinterment of, 166, 168

-- -- --, Epitaph of, 165, 168

-- -- --, Wonderful Coffer of, 166, 233

Rosherville Gardens, Gravesend, 138

Rostrum in Hedge Mazes, 138, 142

Round Castle, 150

Round Tabill, 109

Rouse, W. H. D., 219

Routing Lynn, 152

Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens, 138, 139, 225

Rudbeck, O., 150, 231

Running the Maze (see also Treading), 73, 74, 161

Ruskin, J., 3, 20, 223

Rutland, Mazes in, 74, 75, 231

Sacrificial Rites, 161

Saffron Walden, Hedge Maze at, 138, 189, 228

-- --, Turf Maze at, 82-84, 124, 210, 229

St. Anne's Well, or Hill, Nottingham, 88, 93

St. Barlaam, 95, 223

St. Bernard, 209, 233

St. Bertin, Abbey of, 62, 63, 223

St. Catherine's Hill, Winchester, 79, 230

St. Julian, 173, 174, 235

St. Julian's, Goathland, 77

St. Martha's Hill, Guildford, 90, 230

St. Omer, 62, 63, 223

St. Paul, Hôtel de, Paris, 112

St. Peter's Game, 150

St. Quentin, 60, 61

Salisbury, Maze near, 74

--, Earls of, 115, 165

--, Marquis of, 115

Salzburg, Roman Pavement at, 47, 220

Samos, 7, 37

Samuelson, L. H., 155, 232

Sand, Mazes on the, 202

Savary, C. E., 26, 219

Sceaux, 121, 226

Schliemann, H., 34

Scientific Nomenclature, the Labyrinth in, 178, 179

School Playground, Maze in, 84

Scotland, The Labyrinth in, 78, 91, 108, 201, 202

Scott, G. G., 66

Scott, R. F., 211

Scott, S., 197

Seals and Seal Impressions, 34, 43

Seaside Mazes, 202

Sebek, or Suchus, 9

Sebekneferu, 14

Sens, 61, 62

Senusret III, 175

Serbian Troy-Dances, 162

Serlio, J., 113, 226

Sévigné, Madame de, 121

Seville, 125, 193, 227

Shakespeare, W., 94, 95, 171, 177, 178, 180

Sharp, C., 161

Shepherds as Turf Maze cutters, 92, 93

Shepherd's Race, 71, 75, 88

Shepherd's Ring, 75

Shore, T. W., 230

Siberia, "Crane" Dance in, 159, 233

Sieber, F. W., 28, 219

Silvester, A., 161

Simpkinson, J. N., 76

Skippon, P., 127

Slates, Mazes drawn on, 202

Slav Mythology, 162

Smilis, 37

Smith, J. E., 135

Sneinton, Notts, 88, 229

Solar Theory of Labyrinth Figure, 92, 160, 215, 216

Solomon, Labyrinth of, 95, 96

--, Prison of, 96

Solution of Mazes, 189-192

Solway Marshes, 86

Somerleyton, Suffolk, 140, 141, 228

Somerton, Oxon, 88, 89, 231

Sorgvliet, 127, 227

Southey, R., 172

South Kensington, 138, 139, 225

Southwark, 135, 136, 210, 225

Spain, Mazes in, 125, 141

Spanish Manuscript (Rudo Ensayo), 153

Sparrow, W., Monument of, 86

Spenser, E., 181

Spirals, 28, 183, 188, 200

"Spiritual" Labyrinth, 194

Sport (see also Dances and Games), 82, 90

--, Bull-leaping, 34

--, in Stone Labyrinths, 149

--, in Turf Labyrinths, 73, 75, 76, 80, 81, 82, 84, 90, 94

--, Mazes made in Fields, etc., for, 41, 65, 202

Spratt, T. A. B., 27, 219

Spring Games, 73

Spring Rites, 160, 161

Staircases at Knossos, 31

Statues, 10, 13, 117, 121, 133, 138, 189

Stein, H., 226

Stewart, A. L., 197

Stirling Castle, 109

Stone Dance, 151

Stone Fence, 150

Stone Labyrinths, 136, 147-151

Stowe, J., 168

Strabo, 8, 9, 14, 23, 217, 219

Strachey, G. L., 178

Strickland, A., 136

Strutt, J., 233

Stukeley, W., 77, 91, 228

Sudeley Castle, 140, 228

Suetonius, 159, 232

Suffolk, Maze in, 140, 141

Sumner, H., 74

Sun-dials in Maze, 121

Sun-god, 10, 92

Sun-myths and Sun-rites, 92, 160, 215, 216

Surrey, Mazes in, 90, 134, 135, 137

Susa, Tunis, 48, 54, 221

Sutton Court, 135

Svastika, Swastika, Fylfot, Tetraskele, 42, 161, 200, 217

Sweden, Hedge Mazes, 123

--, Labyrinths on Bells, 202, 235

--, Stone Mazes, 148-151

Swedish Drill, Labyrinthine Figure in, 163

Swinburne, A., 169

Switzer, S., 132, 133, 224

Switzerland, Roman Pavements in, 48, 220

Sword Dances, 161

Symbolism of Labyrinth, 43, 53, 58, 67, 68, 117, 182, 193, 194, 198

Symmetry in Maze Design, 183, 189

Sympathetic Magic, 160

Szymanski, J. S. (in Biol. Zentralblatt, 1917), 208

Tacitus, 159

Tadmarton Heath, Oxon, 90, 229

Tarry, G., 217

Tate, G., 152, 234

Taurokathapsia, 34

Taverner, F. J. W., 231

Taxa, 110

Tcuhu, 154, 232

Temporary Maze, 203

Tennyson, A., 169

Theobalds, Herts, 114, 115

Theocritus, 41

Theodorus, 37

Theseus, 17-20, 22, 46-52, 56, 94, 159, 191, 220

Tholos of Epidauros, 51, 222

Thorn-bushes in Mazes, 146

Thorold, T., 195

Three-dimensional Mazes, 185

Throne of Minos, 30, 31

Tiddy, E. J., 197

Times, The, 35, 91, 219, 230

Tintoretto, 112, 113, 234

Tiryns, 34, 51, 176, 222

Tithoës, 10

Titles of Books, Plays, etc., with Labyrinth Allusions, 193-197

Tivoli, 103, 226

Tivoli Gardens, Vienna, 142

Todd, H. J., 173

Tomb of Double Axes, Knossos, 33

-- -- Lars Porsena at Clusium, 37-40

--, Labyrinth Mosaic on, 48

Topiarius, 110

Topiary Work (see also Hedge Mazes), 110, 116

Toscanella, 40

Tothill, or Tuttle, Fields, 135, 225

Toul, "La Tour du Diable," 142

Tournefort, G. P. de, 23-26, 219

Toussaints Abbey, 65

Towels, Labyrinth Figures on, 201, 234

Toys, Labyrinth, 204-208, 235

Tragliatella, Etruscan Vase from, 40, 52, 157, 158, 220

Treading, or Threading, the Maze (see also Solution), 75, 76, 77, 80, 82, 94, 95, 97

Trees in, or around, Turf Mazes, 74, 78, 80, 84, 88

Treves, F., 80, 231

Tribute, Athenian, 18, 20

Triggs, H. I., 142, 226, 227

Trinity College, Oxford, 132, 225

Triskele, 200, 217

Troia Nova, Troinovant, Troy Novant, 4, 181, 216, 233

Troja, Tröborg, Trojeborg, etc., 151, 156

Trojanac, Trojanka, Trojano, 162

Trollope, E., 3, 75, 78, 92, 93, 94, 147, 201

Troll's Castle, 150

Trowbridge, Wilts, 82

Troy, 23, 52, 93, 94, 156, 211

Troy, City of, 156, 228

Troy Dance, or Game, 52, 98, 156-162, 232, 233

Troy, New (London as). See Troia Nova.

Troy, Place-names involving, 88, 91, 156, 211, 233

Troy, Plan de, 129

Troy Saga, 216

Troy, Siege of, 130

Troy Songs (Troyerlais), 162, 233

Troy-Town, 71, 81, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 98, 129, 156, 197, 202, 211, 225, 233

Troy-Town, used metaphorically, 211

Troy, Walls of, 73, 78, 87, 92, 156, 201

Tuileries, Paris, 121, 226

Tunis, Labyrinth Mosaic in (Susa), 48, 221

Tunnels in Mazes, 133, 185

Turf Labyrinths, 5, 71-99, 228-231

-- --, Origin of, 92-99, 161-162

-- --, Uses of (see also Games), 77, 86

Turner, D., 64, 223

Tuttle, Tuthill, or Tothill Fields, 135, 225

Tyack, G. S., 216, 228

Unicursal Labyrinths, 45, 106, 107, 183, 184

University College, London, 43

Uppingham, 74

Vallance, A., 225

Vallet (or Wallet), E., 62, 63, 64, 223

Valuation of a Maze, 134

Vanbrugh, J., 168

Varro, 37, 38

Vase, Etruscan, from Tragliatella, 40, 52, 157, 158, 220

Venables, E., 230

Veneto, Bartolommeo, 53

Venice, Manuscript at, 95

Verbal Labyrinth (Latin Maxims), 209

Verdes, France, 48, 221

Versailles, 117-121, 132, 133, 143, 185, 186, 226

Vesuvius, Mount, 46

Viborg, 150

Vicenza, 127, 227

Vienna, 22, 142, 227

Villard de Honnecourt (Wilars de Honecourt), 59, 223

Vilmarini, Count, 127

Viollet-le-Duc, E. E., 222

Virgil, 98, 158, 163, 218, 232

Visscher, N., 227

Voltaire, F., 124

Volterra, 40

Vredeman De Vries. See De Vries, J. V.

Walcott, M. E. C., 222

Wales, Mazes in, 78, 92-94, 228

Walker, J. J., 231

Wallet (or Vallet), E., 62, 63, 64, 223

Wallington, N., 82

Walls of Jericho, 150

-- -- Troy, 73, 78, 87, 92, 156, 201

Walmer, 91

Walpole, H., 113, 130, 224

Walter of St. Victor, 177, 194

Walters, H. B., 220

War, The Great European, 4, 62, 77

Way, A., 201, 215

Weerth, E. A., 223

Wells, J., 218

Welsh Origin, alleged, of Turf Mazes, 92

West Ashton, Wilts, 82, 228

Westerham, 91

Westminster, Tothill Fields, 135, 225

Wetton, G. N., 76

Weyland, or Wieland, 150, 162

Whitby, 77

White Conduit House, Islington, 137

Wickdown Hill, Wilts, 74

Wiedemann, A., 218

Wier Island, 147, 148

Wigsby, J., 88

Wilars de Honecourt (Villard de Honnecourt), 59, 223

Wildernesses, 88, 117, 127, 128

William III, 127, 130

Williams, W., 132, 225

Wiltshire, Mazes in. See Badminton, West Ashton, Wickdown.

Wimbledon, 134, 225

Winchester, 79, 83, 230

Wing, Rutland, 74, 184

Winter, Demon of, 160, 162

Wisby, 148, 149, 151

Wise, H., 127, 131

Wolters, P., 217

Wood, H., 197

Woodstock, 111, 164-169, 172

Worm, O., 151, 231

Wrest Park, Beds, 132, 225

Wright, J., 173, 235

Wright, T., 229

Writing, Systems of, 29, 31

Wroth, W. and A. E., 225

Wroth, W. W., 220

Xystus, 101

Yew Hedges, 1, 110, 115, 116, 129, 130, 140, 146, 200

Yorke, G., 71, 72, 231

Yorkshire, Turf Mazes in, 77

-- Roman Pavement in, 48

Zahn, W., 221

Zakro, 43

Zeus, 21, 45, 175, 216

Zodiac, Signs of the, 57

Zulu Mazes, 155, 232

Printed in England at THE BALLANTYNE PRESS SPOTTISWOODE, BALLANTYNE & CO. LTD. Colchester, London & Eton

Transcribers' Notes:

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced quotation marks retained.

Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.

Inconsistent use of small-caps for the abbreviation "Fig." has been retained.

Many quotations are from older sources that used archaic spelling.

Words not in Modern English have not been checked for spelling.

Index not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.

Illustrations ("Figures") are presented here in the irregularly-numbered sequence in which they appeared in the original book.

Greek words are shown in Greek and then in English transliterations that are indicated by [Greek: ] and were added by the Transcribers.

Superscripts are represented by ^{me} and ^{e}.

Text uses both "Archæologia" and "Archaeologia"; both retained.

Missing or incorrect accent marks in German words have not been changed.

Page 67: the Greek word transliterated as "taurokathapsia" was misprinted in the original book and has been changed here.

Page 68: Tildes (~) above "Ã" and "Ñ" represent macrons (¯); colons in the inscription represent tricolons.

Page 78: "Ackermann's" has been corrected in accordance with the Erratum on page xviii.

Page 96: Tilde (~) above "õ" represents a macron (¯).

Page 132: "Beginning it self" was printed that way, with the extra space.

Index, page 245: "House of the Labyrinth" referenced non-existent page "456", which was changed here to page "45".

Index, page 247: "Metaphor" references non-existent page "282".