Book Iii. Part I. Ch. Iv. (1785).

Footnote 697:

E. g. Godwin, Population (1820), I. iii. 17. The withdrawal was probably due to Sumner. See Otter, Life of Malthus in Pol. Ec. (1836), p. lii.

Footnote 698:

Cf. Essay, 2nd ed., pp. 400, 401, and nn.; 7th ed., p. 298 n. Cf. pp. 295 and 297 n. Cf. also Tooke, above quoted, p. 291.

Footnote 699:

Cf. above, p. 220.

Footnote 700:

On Bounties and the Corn Trade. Cf. High Price of Provisions, p. 3.

Footnote 701:

l. c. p. 23. See above, p. 289. Also Corn Law Catechism, 1839, qu. 244.

Footnote 702:

l. c. pp. 9–11. Cf. the “make up” and “bread money” mentioned in Report of Poor Law Commission, 1834, p. 27.

Footnote 703:

High Price, &c. pp. 19, 20.

Footnote 704:

l. c. p. 27. Cf. above, p. 43.

Footnote 705:

1st ed., pp. 82, 83; 7th ed., pp. 302–3.

Footnote 706:

Essay, 7th ed., Appendix, p. 493.

Footnote 707:

He borrows, as he himself says, the language of Sir Frederick Eden on the State of the Poor (1797). See Essay on Population, 2nd ed., p. 417 n.; 7th ed., p. 308 n.

Footnote 708:

Letter to Whitbread (1807), pp. 12, 13; cf. Essay, p. 445 ft.

Footnote 709:

Quoted, Essay, III. vi. 308 n.

Footnote 710:

7th ed., III. vi. 303; 1st ed., p. 365.

Footnote 711:

III. vi. (7th ed.), p. 305.

Footnote 712:

See e. g. Emigration Committee, 1827, qu. 3369, p. 323.

Footnote 713:

Dr. John Moore’s View of Society and Manners in France, Switzerland, and Germany (7th ed., 1789), vol. ii. pp. 144–157.

Footnote 714:

Essay, 7th ed., III. vi. p. 307; Emigration Committee (1827), qu. 3361, p. 323.

Footnote 715:

l. c. pp. 307–8. Cf. above, p. 134.

Footnote 716:

Reports to Local Gov. Bd. on Foreign Poor Laws, 1875, p. 7.

Footnote 717:

Macvey Napier’s Correspondence, pp. 29 seq. Date 30th Sept, 1821.

Footnote 718:

Report of Poor Law Comm., 1834; Remedial Measures, p. 227.

Footnote 719:

Essay on Population, Appendix, p. 492. It was probably this disclaimer of public duty that led Coleridge to complain, “the entire tendency of the modern or Malthusian political economy is to denationalize” (Table Talk, p. 327). Cf. Toynbee, Industr. Revol., p. 24. But it may have been simply the idea that Malthus, like Ricardo, advocated laissez faire; and in this case it is singular he should not have said “Ricardian” instead of “Malthusian.”

Footnote 720:

Essay, 2nd ed., IV. vii. p. 538; 7th ed., IV. viii. p. 530.

Footnote 721:

Essay, 2nd ed., p. 539.

Footnote 722:

E. g. Report of Commissioners, p. 13.

Footnote 723:

Report, pp. 227–8.

Footnote 724:

Report, p. 228.

Footnote 725:

Even if he were a poor ratepayer, voting a sum of which his richer neighbour would pay the larger share.

Footnote 726:

Essay, 2nd ed., p. 490; 7th ed., p. 394; cf. pp. 392 top and 396.

Footnote 727:

Essay, 7th ed., IV. x. pp. 442–3; cf. p. 161.

Footnote 728:

7th ed., IV. i. p. 390. Cf. above, p. 37.

Footnote 729:

Not quite logical, if the test of a virtuous action is its tendency to produce happiness.

Footnote 730:

Ibid., IV. i. p. 390.

Footnote 731:

2nd ed., pp. 489, 490, 501; 7th ed., pp. 390, 401. Cf. Paley, M. and P. Phil., I. vi., II. iv.; Tucker, Light of Nature (1st ed., 1768), vol. ii. ch. xxix., esp. § 12.

Footnote 732:

Essay, 7th ed., IV. i. 391. Kant’s test of a moral law, so far as it was not purely dogmatic, was most easily illustrated, or he would have said parodied, by this Utilitarian argument.

Footnote 733:

Essay, 2nd ed., p. 487; 7th ed., p. 392.

Footnote 734:

Ibid., 2nd ed., p. 488; 7th ed., pp. 392–3; cf. p. 398.

Footnote 735:

Ibid., 1st ed. (1798), p. 211.

Footnote 736:

The passage in A Tale of the Tyne, which left no trace on Miss Martineau’s own memory, but so faithfully expounded Malthus that he called on purpose to thank her for it (Autobiogr., i. 253), is easily identified in the light of these extracts as ch. iii. p. 56 of ed. 1833.

Footnote 737:

2nd ed., pp. 491–2; 7th ed., p. 395. See above, p. 36.

Footnote 738:

2nd ed., p. 494; 7th ed., p. 397. Cf. above, p. 38.

Footnote 739:

The phrase in Essay, 7th ed., p. 401.

Footnote 740:

Not to be confused with his contemporary, Josiah Tucker, Dean of Gloucester, the forerunner of Adam Smith.

Footnote 741:

1727 to 1774, the year of his death. Betchworth, now absorbed in Mrs. Hope’s estate of Deepdene, was on the farther side of Dorking from Albury and the Rookery.

Footnote 742:

This lucid epithet is ascribed to George III.

Footnote 743:

A point of difference has been noted above (p. 39) and below (p. 330). He differs from Bentham also, who would not gratify the passions but destroy them. See Held, Soc. Geschichte, p. 213.

Footnote 744:

Essay, 7th ed., IV. x. 441.

Footnote 745:

Ibid., IV. i. 391.

Footnote 746:

See above, p. 35.

Footnote 747:

7th ed., p. 441 ft.

Footnote 748:

Ibid., p. 442 top.

Footnote 749:

Essay, III. ii. 279, explains in this way the popular prejudice which, in one case at least, visits the same sin more severely in a woman than in a man.

Footnote 750:

Essay, 7th ed., IV. x. 442.

Footnote 751:

Ibid., IV. ii. 401. Cf. Paley, Moral Philos., Vol. I. Book II. ch. iv. p. 65, there quoted, and Tucker, L. of N. (1st ed.), vol. ii ch. xxix., especially §§ 5–7 and 12.

Footnote 752:

Essay, 7th ed., IV. x. 443, 444 ft.

Footnote 753:

Ibid., IV. viii. 432, 433, compared with p. 492.

Footnote 754:

Essay, 7th ed., App. pp. 492–3. Cf. 7th ed., p. 280: “Self-love is the mainspring of the great machine.”

Footnote 755:

III. vii. 311.

Footnote 756:

Edin. Rev., 1810 (Aug.), an article on Ingram’s Disquisitions on Population, and [Hazlitt’s] Letters in Reply to Malthus. As the relations of Malthus to the Review were close at this time, and as the arguments and the style are remarkably like our author’s, there is at least a strong probability that he wrote the article, Jeffrey after his custom providing it with a head and tail to disguise the authorship. Cf. Cockburn’s Life of Jeffrey, Vol. I. 301, 302, cf. 285.

Footnote 757:

Cf. Wealth of Nations, I. x. 48, 49.

Footnote 758:

Edin. Rev., 1810 (Aug.), p. 475.

Footnote 759:

Paley, Mor. and Pol. Phil., I. vii. 9; cf. Malthus, Essay, IV. ii. 397, &c. Cf. above, p. 39.

Footnote 760:

Paley, ibid., I. iv. 14.

Footnote 761:

See above, p. 37. The passages there cited completely refute Held’s assertion that “Malthus appealed to Utility in the teeth of his belief in the Bible” (Sociale Geschichte Englands, Book I. ch. ii p. 234).

Footnote 762:

Mor. and Pol. Phil., vii. 10.

Footnote 763:

“Any condition may be denominated ‘happy’ in which the amount or aggregate of pleasure exceeds that of pain.”—Paley, M. and P. Ph., I. vi.

Footnote 764:

Essay, 7th ed., III. vi. 305.

Footnote 765:

See Mr. Sidgwick’s Method of Ethics, p. 385 ft.

Footnote 766:

Quoted from The Crisis, by Empson, Edin. Rev., Jan. 1837, p. 482.

Footnote 767:

Report of the Crofters Commission, 1884, p. 9.

Footnote 768:

Essay, IV. iii. 407.

Footnote 769:

It would help the social reformer to learn, e. g. from clergymen, guardians of the poor, and police magistrates, what exact proportion of the destitution within their experience has been due, (a) to the fault of the victim, (b) to the fault of his parents, (c) to the fraud or oppression of others, and (d) to the mere accidents of trade.

Footnote 770:

7th ed., p. 280.

Footnote 771:

III. ii. 434.

Footnote 772:

Scenes of Clerical Life, p. 250.

Footnote 773:

7th ed., p. 404.

Footnote 774:

p. 464, 1817. As early as 1803 (Essay, 2nd ed., IV. xi 689) Malthus had recommended Savings Banks.

Footnote 775:

7th ed., p. 397. Cf. p. 407, &c.

Footnote 776:

7th ed., p. 405. To make the whole picture complete we must add what is said above (ch. i.) on the place of man on the earth, and also (Bk. III. chs. ii. and iii.) on industrial society as it might be.

Footnote 777:

See above, p. 298.

Footnote 778:

Mackintosh changed but never recanted. See Macaulay’s Essays.

Footnote 779:

Essay, 7th ed., IV. vi 420–1.

Footnote 780:

W. of N., I. i.

Footnote 781:

More strictly, what grows of itself is natural; what makes it grow of itself is Nature.

Footnote 782:

See e. g. Essay, p. 390.

Footnote 783:

Life of Godwin, ii. 266.

Footnote 784:

Southey wished some “Crusader” like Rickman to write economical articles for the Quarterly and keep out Malthus (Life and Letters, vol. iii. p. 188).

Footnote 785:

Essay, III. vii. 318; written in 1817.

Footnote 786:

2nd ed., IV. vi.; 7th ed., IV. vi. and vii. He must have remembered, when he wrote these words, the imprisonment of his poor tutor Gilbert Wakefield for a seditious pamphlet (1799–1800). See below, Bk. V.

Footnote 787:

7th ed., p. 417.

Footnote 788:

7th ed., p. 426: written in 1817. For the tendency of the French before the Revolution to look to Government for everything, see e. g. Dyer’s Modern Europe, vol. iv. ch. lii p. 304.

Footnote 789:

7th ed., p. 418.

Footnote 790:

Essays Moral and Political, vol. i. p. 49; ‘The British Parliament.’

Footnote 791:

Malthus, Essay, 2nd ed., p. 502; 7th ed., p. 402. Cf. a striking passage in the review of Newenham, Edin. Rev., July 1808, pp. 348–9.

Footnote 792:

E. g. 7th ed., pp. 438–9 and 478. Cf. above, p. 56. Horner’s letter to Malthus in. Feb. 1812 (Mem. of Horner, vol. ii. pp. 109–10) shows it was an active sympathy. Malthus agreed to act as a “steward” at one of Lancaster’s meetings in London.

Footnote 793:

2nd ed., pp. 556–7; opponents “may fairly be suspected of a wish to encourage their ignorance as a pretext for tyranny.”

Footnote 794:

7th ed., p. 439; 2nd ed., pp. 555–6.

Footnote 795:

Miss Martineau, Hist. of Peace, I. vii. 117–18.

Footnote 796:

Essay, 7th ed., IV. ix. 440, 441.

Footnote 797:

Held, Soc. Gesch., p. 215.

Footnote 798:

See above, pp. 95, 96, &c.

Footnote 799:

See above, p. 340.

Footnote 800:

Essay, 7th ed., IV. x. 446–7.

Footnote 801:

Emigr. Comm. (1827), qu. 3310.

Footnote 802:

IV. xiii. 474. Potatoes are a godsend to such, he says in another place (Edin. Rev., July 1808, p. 344).

Footnote 803:

See above, Bk. II. ch. i.

Footnote 804:

See above, p. 301.

Footnote 805:

E. g. Essay, IV. ix. 433.

Footnote 806:

In Germany poor scholars from the country are often, when attending the University, billeted for bread and butter on the well-to-do citizens; and learning proves on the whole so inconsistent with laziness, that the practice does not make them unwilling to earn their own living afterwards.

Footnote 807:

A protective duty is indirect relief of the protected industry, but as a rule the protected are secured against indolence by their own domestic competition; and the fault of protection lies elsewhere than in encouragement of indolence.

Footnote 808:

Rénan, Qu’est ce qu’une Nation?

Footnote 809:

Cf. above, p. 225.

Footnote 810:

Cf. p. 36.

Footnote 811:

The reaction against Rousseau and Godwin may partly account for the absence of Cosmopolitanism.

Footnote 812:

See above, ch. i.

Footnote 813:

Some one has said, “Was man nicht definiren kann, zieht man als Organismus an;” and we had been told, long before, that a simile is either “idem per idem” or “idem per aliud,” either of them a logical fallacy.

Footnote 814:

Essay, Bk. IV. ch. x. p. 445. “Every man has a right to do what he will with his own.” But the question is:—What is his own?

Footnote 815:

Professor T. H. Green, Liberal Legislation and Freedom of Contract, Oxford, 1881.

Footnote 816:

τὴν φιλίαν ἀναγκαῖον ὑάρη γίνεσθαι. Ar. Pol., II. ii.

Footnote 817:

See above, p. 310.

Footnote 818:

Discourse on the Christian Union. See Essay on Population, 7th ed., p. 254 n.; Price, Observations, p. 206 n.

Footnote 819:

From Matth. vi. 10, and Psal. cxxii. 2 seq.

Footnote 820:

See esp. pp. 12–18, and 20 (4th ed., 1790).

Footnote 821:

Pt. II. Essay V. pp. 228 seq. Life, ii. 292. Cf. ii. 64.

Footnote 822:

Life, ii. 64.

Footnote 823:

Thoughts, p. 10 and n. Cf. pp. 43, 45. In Progress and Poverty (p. 93, ed. 1881) we are told that Godwin “until his old age disdained a reply” to Malthus.

Footnote 824:

Thoughts, p. 61.

Footnote 825:

Ibid., p. 67.

Footnote 826:

Ibid., pp. 72–3.

Footnote 827:

Life of Godwin, i. 324.

Footnote 828:

See above, p. 208 n. In the 5th edition he turns his back on Godwin and addresses Owen.

Footnote 829:

So Coleridge (MS. note to p. vii. of his quarto copy of the essay): “And of course you wholly confute your former pamphlet, and might have spared yourself the trouble of making up the present quarto.”

Footnote 830:

Edin. Rev., 1802, on Dr. Rennel’s Discourses, Syd. Sm., Works, i. p. 8.

Footnote 831:

p. 18. Compare De Quincey’s answer to Hazlitt in London Magazine, 1823 (vol. viii. pp. 349, 459, 569, 586).

Footnote 832:

Senior, Lect. on Pop., p. 35.

Footnote 833:

Population, I. iv. p. 27 (1820).

Footnote 834:

Cf. also speech on 9th April, 1816. Hansard, sub dato, p. 1109.

Footnote 835:

See above, p. 75. Cf. also above, pp. 142 seq., on Emigration.

Footnote 836:

Godwin, Popn., I. xiii. 106. Cf. I. iv. 22, II. ii. 142, VI. vi. 585.

Footnote 837:

Hawick, 1807, especially p. 84.

Footnote 838:

Sadler, Popn., I. i. 15 (1830).

Footnote 839:

Append. to 3rd ed., 1806; 7th ed., p. 485; cf. pp. 395, 446, and al.

Footnote 840:

See Appendix to ed. 1826, 7th ed., p. 627.

Footnote 841:

Life, ii. 271.

Footnote 842:

l. c. p. 259.

Footnote 843:

Life, ii. 259, 260. Cf. what Godwin writes to Sir John Sinclair, July 1821 (Sinclair’s Correspondence, i. 393).

Footnote 844:

l. c. p. 271.

Footnote 845:

Morgan and Rosser, e. g. See Life, ii. 272–5; cf. p. 280.

Footnote 846:

Edin. Rev., July 1821, p. 364.

Footnote 847:

Life of Godwin, ii. 274

Footnote 848:

Ibid., pp. 274–5.

Footnote 849:

No. 1, Oct 1802, esp. p. 26.

Footnote 850:

Population, I. i.

Footnote 851:

Appendix to 3rd ed., p. 520 n.; 7th ed., p. 491 n.

Footnote 852:

See his Letter to Godwin, dated October 1818, and quoted in Godwin’s Population, Bk. II. ch. i pp. 116–123, with comments.

Footnote 853:

See above, p. 66.

Footnote 854:

Population, II. x. 244–7.

Footnote 855:

E. g. II. xi. 274, 282, but especially I. iv. 25, and for the third argument, pp. 29, 30, cf. pp. 43–50, &c. Cf. also Godwin to Sinclair in Sinclair’s Correspondence, i. 393.

Footnote 856:

Population tends to double in a bundled years, and there is no risk of over-population except in occasional times of dull trade (Letter of Godwin to Sinclair, Sinclair’s Correspondence, l. c.). A notable exception.

Footnote 857:

Population, II. xi. 251–2.

Footnote 858:

IV. i.

Footnote 859:

II. ii. 127, and cf. above.

Footnote 860:

II. xi. 287, &c., &c.

Footnote 861:

III. iii. 327 seq.

Footnote 862:

Coups d’état in nature. Paul Bert, L’Enseignement Primaire, 1880, p. xxviii.

Footnote 863:

Edinburgh Review, July 1821. Cf. Letter to the Rev. T. R. Malthus by David Booth (1823), who absurdly assumes Malthus to be the reviewer. Though internal evidence dispels this fancy, it shows that Malthus was still believed to write for the Edinburgh Review.

Footnote 864:

Others, in Table Talk and Biogr. Literaria, are chiefly declamation.

Footnote 865:

In these quotations the capitals are in the original, and the italics correspond to underlinings.

Footnote 866:

Arthur Aikin’s Annual Review, vol. ii. (for 1803) pp. 292 seq. Cf. Southey’s Life and Correspondence (ed. 1850), vol. ii. p. 251, 20th Jan. 1804: “Yesterday Malthus received, I trust, a mortal wound from my hand;” cf. vol. vi. p. 399, and vol. ii. p. 294. There is no hint of obligation to Coleridge.

Footnote 867:

Cf. above, ch. iii. pp. 81 seq., and Bk. III.

Footnote 868:

Sic, though it explains a thing by itself.

Footnote 869:

He probably meant 353rd, but his numbers are careless.

Footnote 870:

On margin of p. 364, 2nd paragr.: “Quote and apply to himself.”

Footnote 871:

E. g. on p. 65 opposite to lines 5, 6, “Ass!” a monosyllabic refinement omitted in Southey’s review.

Footnote 872:

First in 1817, 7th ed., pp. 509 seq.

Footnote 873:

One of the charges (p. 18: that Malthus recommends the same remedies as Condorcet) is sufficient to stamp the character of the book—An Inquiry into the Principle of Population, &c., by James Grahame. Its Introduction gives a useful list of writers on both sides; see p. 71. (Edin., 1816.) Simonin repeats Grahame’s charges, with more mistakes of his own. See his Hist. de la Psychologie (1879), pp. 397–9.

Footnote 874:

7th ed., p. 511. Cf. above, p. 52, and the reply to Godwin’s Reply, Essay, 2nd ed., III. iii. 384.

Footnote 875:

Edinburgh Review, Jan. 1837.

Footnote 876:

Life and Correspondence of Southey, vol. iii. pp. 21–2, and p. 188.

Footnote 877:

Bishop of Gloucester and later of Hereford. Theolog. Works (1832).

Footnote 878:

“The prolificness of human things, otherwise similarly circumstanced, varies inversely as their numbers.”—Sadler, Popn., vol. iii. p. 352 (1830). Reviewed somewhat caustically by Macaulay in Edin. Rev., July 1830. See Trevelyan’s Life of Macaulay, vol. i. p. 126. Cf. Sadler’s ‘Reply’ to Edin. Rev. His weakest point was his use of “inversely.”

Footnote 879:

Malthus, Essay, II. v. (7th ed.), pp. 164, 166; cf. p. 485.

Footnote 880:

G. P. Scrope, M.P., Pol. Econ., 1833, &c. Malthus, Essay, III. iii. (7th ed.), 282–6 (Owen), IV. xii. 457 (Owen), III. xiv. 380 n. (Anderson).

Footnote 881:

John Weyland, junr., F.R.S. The Principles of Population and Production as they are affected by the Progress of Society with a view to Moral and Political Consequences, 1816.

Footnote 882:

So Arnold Toynbee, Industrial Revolution, p. 107.

Footnote 883:

Ch. iii. p. 21. He adds, as his second: “This tendency can never be destroyed.”

Footnote 884:

Essay, Appendix, p. 517.

Footnote 885:

Propos. iii and iv.

Footnote 886:

Essay, l. c. p. 521, a very strong passage.

Footnote 887:

Append. p. 526.

Footnote 888:

Pop. and Prod., pp. 82 seq.

Footnote 889:

7th ed., I. ii. 12 n.; 2nd ed., p. 16.

Footnote 890:

Tour in Southern Counties of England, 1767, p. 342.

Footnote 891:

Between 1767 and 1820. Cf. above (England).

Footnote 892:

Travels in France, pp. 408–9 (ed. 1792) and al.

Footnote 893:

Essay on Pop., 7th ed., pp. 449, 451 seq.; Annals of Agriculture, no. 239, pp. 219 seq. (quoted in Essay, App. pp. 496–7). Young had reproached Malthus for denying the right to relief.

Footnote 894:

Travels in France, ed. 1792, pp. 438–9.

Footnote 895:

App. to Essay, pp. 499, 500. It is not true that “Owen was right as against Malthus when he regarded a certain amount of comfort as the indispensable condition of a moral life, and thought that a considerable increase of man’s powers of production was possible” (Held, Soc. Gesch. Englands, pp. 351–2). Malthus himself did both.

Footnote 896:

The Plan is quoted by Cobbett, Pol. Reg., Dec. 14, 1816. Malthus (Pol. Ec. (1820), pp. 434, 435, (1836) p. 378) thinks that “co-proprietorship” of Government with the landlords, after the scheme of the Economists and on the analogy of Oriental “sole proprietorship,” might become too ready an engine of taxation for a military despotism.

Footnote 897:

See above, pp. 87, 112, &c.

Footnote 898:

Essay, 7th ed., p. 284.

Footnote 899:

E. g. by Bagehot, Econ. Stud. (1880), pp. 135 seq., and by Southey in Aikin’s Annual Review above quoted.

Footnote 900:

III. iii. 286. This and the rest of his argument (even its application to Civil Liberty) is to be found in Aristotle, Politics, ii. 3 and 4, but esp. 5. δεὶ δὲ μηδὲ τοῦτο λανθάνειν, &c.

Footnote 901:

Essay on Pop., 7th ed., p. 282.

Footnote 902:

See above, p. 24.

Footnote 903:

Genesis of Species, 2nd ed., 1871, p. 5.

Footnote 904:

The puzzling effect of counting up one’s great-grandfathers and great-grandmothers up to the twentieth degree or so is described by Blackstone as quoted by Godwin (Popn.) and re-quoted by Hazlitt (Spirit of the Age, 1825, p. 273, ‘Godwin’). The puzzle is less if we remember that our remote ancestors must have married into each other’s families, or rather were scions in the end of the same families. We cannot go back to a single pair except through the “prohibited degrees.”

Footnote 905:

We are to understand, therefore, that Malthus and the author agree that population needs a check, and are simply not agreed what the checks are to be.

Footnote 906:

See below, p. 392.

Footnote 907:

See above, p. 370. The sixteen positions not touched in their own place will be met by a reference to the following places in this book: i. to p. 20, add Essay, 2nd ed. Bk. III. ch. iii. p. 383, ii. to p. 37, iii. to p. 338, iv. to pp. 51, 78, v. to p. 80, vi. to p. 83, viii. to p. 113, ix. to p. 376, x. to p. 67, xi. to pp. 231, 297, see Essay, 7th ed. p. 381, xii. to pp. 70, 75, 91, xiii. to p. 393, xiv. to pp. 91, 270, xv. to p. 294, xvi. to p. 69, and xvii. to p. 75.

Footnote 908:

Das Kapital, 7ter Abschn. 23tes Kap. pp. 653 seq. (ed. 1872); cf. 646 seq.

Footnote 909:

The language of Ricardo, ch. xxxi. p. 236 (quoted by Marx, p. 656 n.). Cf. above, p. 297. Cf. also Marx, pp. 427 foll.

Footnote 910:

Cf. what Prof. Rogers says in Six Centuries, p. 229, of the attempt made in the fifteenth century to increase the “residuum” of agricultural labour for the benefit of the farmers and landlords. Also above, p. 164 n.

Footnote 911:

Marx, ibid., p. 659.

Footnote 912:

Misprinted in Marx as 254.

Footnote 913:

See above, pp. 137, 188, &c.

Footnote 914:

See above, p. 335.

Footnote 915:

See above, pp. 299, 335, &c.

Footnote 916:

Das Kap., p. 549 n.

Footnote 917:

Das Kap., p. 641 n.

Footnote 918:

The passage omitted is neither true nor decent.

Footnote 919:

G. M. Ortes Reflessioni sulla popolazione (1790).

Footnote 920:

Das Kap., p. 549 n.

Footnote 921:

Cf. above, p. 382, and Malthus, Essay, 2nd ed. III. iii. 386, where he says that Duty and Interest must work together.

Footnote 922:

‘Theory of Population,’ in Westminster Rev., April 1852, pirated by the German Professor Trall in 1877 (Eine neue Bevölkerungstheorie), and substantially maintained by its author (Mr. Herbert Spencer) in Principles of Biology, Vol. II. Part vi., ‘Laws of Multiplication.’

Footnote 923:

Essay, 7th ed., p. 269.

Footnote 924:

Above, p. 377.

Footnote 925:

E. g. Hazlitt, Reply to Essay on Population, p. 20.

Footnote 926:

W. R. Greg, Enigmas of Life, 8th ed., 1874, pp. 58 seq. This was nearly Godwin’s position in his first reply.

Footnote 927:

Sadler on Population, and Reply to Edinburgh Review. Godwin, Population, Bk. VI. ch. ii., &c.

Footnote 928:

Carey (H. C.), Princ. of Social Science (1858), vol. i. ch. xiv.; cf. above, p. 74 seq. H. George, Progress and Poverty, pp. 115, 116. Sadler, p. 70, &c.

Footnote 929:

Godwin, Sadler, &c.

Footnote 930:

Sadler, pp. 354–5, &c. Cf. Adam Smith, W. of N., I. viii. 36. See above, pp. 82, 83.

Footnote 931:

Godwin, see above, p. 361. Southey, Life and Corresp., III. 188. Bagehot, Econ. Studies, pp. 133 seq. Cf. George, II. ii. 94. Above, pp. 362, 381.

Footnote 932:

Besant, Law of Population, ch. iii. Cf. Malthus, pp. 407 seq. (IV. iv.); Cobbett, Taking Leave of his Countrymen (1817), p. 6; Political Register, 4th Jan. 1817, p. 26, &c., &c. Above, p. 329.

Footnote 933:

Godwin, Population, passim. George, II. ii. 102, 109. Above, pp. 111, 112.

Footnote 934:

Godwin, ibid.; George, pp. 138, 259, &c., &c.; Coleridge, MS. note to p. 358 (of Essay, 2nd ed.), where for “physical constitution of our nature” he would read, “in the existing system of society.” So verbatim Southey in Aikin’s Ann. Rev. l. c.

Footnote 935:

Doubleday, True Law of Population (1841). Above, p. 65. See Herbert Spencer, Biology, Vol. II. pt. vi. ch. xii. pp. 455, 480, &c. The physiologists have amply refuted Doubleday.

Footnote 936:

Herbert Spencer. See above, p. 393. W. R. Greg, Enigmas. Above, p. 394.

Footnote 937:

New Malthusians. See above, p. 24.

Footnote 938:

See above, pp. 365 seq. The orthodoxy of Malthus is proved not by a few orthodox sentences which can be gleaned from him (as from Bacon), or even by the discovery of flaws in the received doctrine, but by the whole logic of the essay.

Footnote 939:

See above, pp. 365 seq.

Footnote 940:

See above, p. 336.

Footnote 941:

See above, p. 328.

Footnote 942:

See above, p. 96.

Footnote 943:

The authorship of the article is shown by Macvey Napier’s Letters sub dato, and that of the biogr. preface by Empson’s art., p. 472.

Footnote 944:

“Daniel Malthus, 17, Sydenham de parochia Sti Giles Londini Armigeri filius” (Matriculation entry, Easter term, 1747).

Footnote 945:

See Gibbon’s Memoirs, p. 46 (ed. Hunt and Clarke), and Jeffrey’s Life, i. 40.

Footnote 946:

Cf. Wealth of Nations, V. i. art., pp. 341 foll.

Footnote 947:

Biogr. pref. to Pol. Econ. (1836), p. xxvi.

Footnote 948:

The name Malthus itself is probably Malt-hus, or Malthouse (cf. Shorthouse, Maltby), which still occurs as a surname in England. Francis (or, some say, Thomas) Malthus wrote on ‘Fireworks, fortification, and arithmetic,’ in French and in English, 1629.

Footnote 949:

Except perhaps in a letter quoted by Otter, biogr. pref. p. xxvii. (date 1788).

Footnote 950:

l. c. p. xxv.

Footnote 951:

l. c. pp. xxv and xxvi, which show, however, that at fifty-seven the strength had failed a little.

Footnote 952:

“He was not born to copy the works of others.”—Letter in Gentl. Mag., Feb. 1800. See above, p. 7, and Otter, p. xxii.

Footnote 953:

Otter, pp. xxi, xxii.

Footnote 954:

So he urges Robert continually to “apply his tools.” “I hate to see a girl working curious stitches upon a piece of rag.”—Otter, p. xxvi.

Footnote 955:

Gentl. Mag., Jan. 1800, p. 86; cf. Feb. 1800, p. 177; Otter, p. xxvi.

Footnote 956:

Monthly Mag., March 1800, Otter, p. xxii. What and where were the pieces we are not told.

Footnote 957:

Written in 1772, and republished in Mrs. Barbauld’s series of British Novelists, 1820. Graves lived at Claverton from 1750 till his death in 1804, in his ninetieth year. He became Fellow of All Souls in 1730, and may have known Daniel Malthus at Oxford.

Footnote 958:

Whom he names and quotes freely. Tucker, in Light of Nature, shows the same open dislike of them, but with much more good-humour and taste.

Footnote 959:

In 1780 or thereabouts.

Footnote 960:

Wakefield’s Life (1804), vol. i. p. 214. It is curious to remember that Marat is said to have been an usher at a Warrington School a short time before this.

Footnote 961:

Wakefield’s Life, i. p. 344.

Footnote 962:

Elected in 1776. See Life, i. p. 111 ft.

Footnote 963:

Otter, l. c. p. xxvii. ft.

Footnote 964:

Letter in App. II. to Wakefield, Life, ii. pp. 454–463. A comparison of this letter with Wakefield, Life, ii. p. 334, and Otter, l. c. p. xxiv. ft. (“by his own acknowledgment”), makes it almost certain that the letter is by Malthus.

Footnote 965:

E. g. with such very different men as Watson, Bishop of Llandaff, and Thomas Paine.

Footnote 966:

Though at college he took several prizes for Latin and Greek and English Declamations. We may hope that his defect of utterance had not become pronounced at that date, or that the declamations were not always declaimed.

Footnote 967:

Wakefield, Life, ii. p. 9.

Footnote 968:

Otter, l. c. p. xxv.

Footnote 969:

Otter himself was fourth wrangler in 1790, and E. D. Clarke junior optime in the same year.

Footnote 970:

Otter, l. c. p. xxviii.

Footnote 971:

l. c. p. xxvii.

Footnote 972:

l. c. p. xxviii.

Footnote 973:

On the road leading out of Albury towards Guildford, a snug little low-roofed house clinging to a hill slope, less ambitious than the Rookery, but not without its pleasant garden walks, trees, and shrubberies.

Footnote 974:

See above, p. 7.

Footnote 975:

Of which the genesis has been sufficiently described above, Bk. I. ch. i.

Footnote 976:

One of his sources is shown by Essay, IV. ix. 438: “In some conversations with labouring men during the late scarcities.” Cf. the tract on The High Price of Provisions, p. 10, &c.

Footnote 977:

See above, pp. 48, 49 (abroad), and p. 195 (in Ireland).

Footnote 978:

Clarke (E. D.) (Life by Otter, vol. ii. p. 15) refers to a letter from Malthus, asking about the Foundling Hospital at St. Petersburg (date March 1800). Cf. ibid., p. 39: “As for Malthus, tell him he is not worth writing to. He is wrapped up in other matters and obliterating all traces of his pilgrimage.... He is a great deal trop de plomb pour un tourist” [sic]. So he draws on Mackintosh when the latter is in India, in 1804. See Mackintosh’s Life (1836), p. 215.

Footnote 979:

E. g. Ricardo, Senior, and Dr. Thos. Chalmers (who paid him a flying visit in October 1822: Life by Hanna, vol. ii. p. 358), and Francis Horner (Memoirs and Corresp., e. g. vol. i. p. 406). In i. 436 of his Memoirs Horner speaks of having gone with John Whishaw, the barrister, to visit Malthus at Haileybury in 1808, and takes occasion to praise his mere love of truth above the eloquence and versatility of others, though that, he says, may look like a decision in favour of dulness.

Footnote 980:

E. g. the reservoir, p. 106; but the most extravagant is perhaps the botanical figure, on p. 273, where he says that “the forcing manure,” employed to cause the French Revolution, has “burst the calyx of humanity.” Macaulay uses a similar metaphor of precisely the same event, in the Essay on Burleigh.

Footnote 981:

His own command of metaphor made it the easier for him to turn the edge of an opponent’s. See e. g. his handling of Weyland’s Giant, Musket-ball, and Swaddling-clothes, in Essay, Append. pp. 514–521.

Footnote 982:

Engraved by Fournier for the Dictionnaire de l’Économie Politique, art. ‘Malthus.’

Footnote 983:

See below, p. 418 n.

Footnote 984:

Gentl. Mag., March 1835, p. 324.

Footnote 985:

Essay (7th ed.), II. iii. 148, where “winter of 1788” is perhaps for 1798, though it is 1788 in the second and all subsequent editions; or else “preceding” may be wrong. Cf. High Price of Prov., p. 2.

Footnote 986:

Cf. above, pp. 48, 127, which should be read in conjunction with this Biography.

Footnote 987:

Life of Clarke, vol. ii. p. 183. We know from a footnote in the essay itself (7th ed., p. 194) that part of it at least was written in 1802.

Footnote 988:

Stanhope, Life of Pitt, iii. p. 36; cf. p. 53. “Our election at Cambridge was perfectly quiet.”

Footnote 989:

Life of Clarke, ii. 203–4 n.

Footnote 990:

Earl of Carlisle, the poet. See Engl. Bards and Scotch Reviewers.

Footnote 991:

Otter, l. c. p. xxvi. Cf. Essay, 1st ed., pp. 210–12. Gentl. Mag., April 1804, p. 374. A compliment which Otter pays him (in an obituary in the Athenæum, 10th Jan. 1835), that his servants stayed long with him, would fall more naturally to his wife.

Footnote 992:

Mr. Sargant (Life of Owen, p. 85) says, on the authority of Mr. Holyoake, that Malthus visited New Lanark in its palmy days. Owen’s work then was after Malthus’ own heart; he was reforming the world by beginning with one individual corner of it. Cf. Essay, III. iii. 282 ft.

Footnote 993:

See below, p. 423.

Footnote 994:

Memoirs of Horner, i. 436–7; cf. p. 406. Cf. Miss Martineau, Hist. of Peace, Introduction, II. i. 257.

Footnote 995:

He was made a member of the French Institute, and, in 1833, one of the five foreign Associates of the Acad. des Sciences Mor. and Pol., and a member of the Royal Academy of Berlin (Otter, l. c. p. xli.). See Chas. Comte, Notice, and Garnier, Dict. de l’Éc. Pol.

Footnote 996:

Bain, Life of James Mill (1882), p. 199.

Footnote 997:

All that is certainly known of the bulk of his contributions to the Edin. Review is that, like those of James Mill and Mackintosh, they do not occur before the twentieth number of it (in July 1807). See Bain, Life of James Mill, p. 75 n. Horner mentions (Memoirs, Vol. I. p. 437) the article on Newenham’s Population of Ireland, 1808, and another (of which he had seen the MS.) Feb. 1811 (Vol. II. p. 68). But see above, p. 285, note.

Footnote 998:

The apocryphal story of his eleven daughters is given and exposed by Garnier, Dict. de l’Éc. Pol., art. ‘Malthus.’

Footnote 999:

Otter’s son-in-law. “Hal” in his childhood was asked what he would have done if, like the Good Samaritan, he had found a man half dead by the roadside; he answered (on the analogy of flies), “I should have killed him outright.” Contrast the child’s answer with his father’s remarks on the same parable in Essay, IV. xi. 447.

Footnote 1000:

Clergy List, 1881.

Footnote 1001:

Moore’s Memoirs, Journals, &c. (ed. Russell, 1853), vol. iii. p. 148, date Sept. 1820. Moore himself speaks of meeting Malthus and his wife when he was on a visit to Mackintosh at Haileybury in May 1819. Ibid., ii. 315.

Footnote 1002:

Volksvermehrung, p. 9. Kautsky sometimes trips, but he is more accurate than most of Malthus’ foreign biographers. Chas. Comte (in his Notice historique sur la vie et les travaux de M. T. R. Malthus, read to Acad. of Mor. and Pol. Sciences, 28th Dec., 1836) converts Haileybury into Aylesbury (p. 31).

Footnote 1003:

Pol. Econ. (1836), p. 380 n. Sydney Smith wrote to Grey about him without success, in 1831 (Holland’s Life of Sydney Smith, vol, ii. p. 328).

Footnote 1004:

Richard, the brother of Wellington. See his Minute of 18th August, 1800, quoted by Malthus in his Statements.

Footnote 1005:

E. India Register and Directory (Hatchard), year 1807, pp. xxiv. seq. “Preliminary view of the establishment of the E. India College.” These two branches of the Haileybury programme correspond in their subjects to the Competitive and the Further examinations of candidates for the Civil Service of India as at present conducted. Malthus claims the credit of making the test in Oriental languages a necessary condition of final appointment (Statements, p. 100).

Footnote 1006:

Accordingly Malthus gets many of his illustrations from India, e. g. Pol. Ec. (2nd ed.), pp. 154–5.

Footnote 1007:

India Register, l. c. p. xxv.

Footnote 1008:

There must be some on the Pension List who still remember him.

Footnote 1009:

From the first there was a school, affiliated with the college though not confined to its future pupils. The present school is of later origin.

Footnote 1010:

Statements, p. 103, &c. This idea of the proper preparation for a civilian’s career in India chimes in with Malthus’ idea of the first requisite of good citizenship at home and everywhere.

Footnote 1011:

A hare-lip. Miss Martineau, who describes it, adds that “his vowels at least were sonorous, whatever might become of the consonants.” But she understood him without her ear trumpet. Autobiogr., i. 327–8. Cf. above, p. 58. Sydney Smith says, “I would almost consent to speak as inarticulately if I could think and act as wisely.” Life by Holland, vol. ii. p. 326. He attributes a similar physical defect to Talleyrand, with perhaps as much seriousness. Life by Holland, vol. ii. pp. 256–7.

Footnote 1012:

Letter to Lord Grenville (1813), p. 14. Cf. what he says of the importance of teaching Political Economy in elementary schools, &c. Essay, IV. ix. 438 n.

Footnote 1013:

Jeffrey, Life, vol. ii. pp. 339, 340. To Mrs. C. Innes, 9th May, 1841.

Footnote 1014:

Autobiogr., i. 327. Other visits of Malthus to her are recorded, iii. 83, i. 253. For her view of him and his work see especially i. 200, 209, 253, 331.

Footnote 1015:

Ib. I. pp. 328–9.

Footnote 1016:

Cf. 1st Essay, pp. 225–6, which shows him on the Hunting-Field.

Footnote 1017:

A slip of the pen for “Professor.” The Principal was J. H. Batten, F.R.S.

Footnote 1018:

Where the fear expressed in some quarters (see Statements, p. 87) that the place would become a barrack has been realized architecturally.

Footnote 1019:

Life by Holland, vol. ii. p. 73.

Footnote 1020:

l. c. vol. ii p. 150.

Footnote 1021:

Debate in House of Lords, April 9th, 1813, Hansard, pp. 750, 751.

Footnote 1022:

‘Statements respecting the East India College, with an appeal to facts in refutation of the charges lately brought against it in the Court of Proprietors’ (1817). Cf. his ‘Letter to Lord Grenville, occasioned by some observations of his Lordship on the E. India Co.’s establishment for the education of their Civil servants’ (1813). Cf. Edin. Rev., Dec. 1816. The Letter to Lord Grenville (1813) states the case a little less fully; but both pamphlets contain substantially the same arguments.

Footnote 1023:

A property it often was, in the most literal sense, being bought and sold for cash. See Hist. of Peace, Introd. II. ii. 329–30.

Footnote 1024:

Statements, p. 103 n.

Footnote 1025:

Candidates were to be nominated in groups of four, the best of the four to have the appointment. Cf. Mill and Wilson’s Brit. India, Vol. IX. Book III. ch. ix. p. 381.

Footnote 1026:

The steps of the change may be followed in the fourth Report (1858) of the Civil Service Commissioners, pp. xix. seq. and 228 seq. Cf. also their first Report (1855).

Footnote 1027:

For proofs of their regard, see the letters quoted in the blue-book of 1876 on “the Selection and Training of candidates for the Civil Service of India,” passim, and Trevelyan’s “Competition Wallah” (1864), pp. 7, 8, 15, 16, but cf. 149.

Footnote 1028:

See Works, Review of Rennel, footnote.

Footnote 1029:

Memoirs, Vol. I. p. 436, &c.

Footnote 1030:

Quoted in Empson, Edin. Rev., Jan. 1837, p. 473. Sinclair’s ‘Correspondence’ (1831), amongst other curious matter, gives the autographs of the three great masters (I. 101).

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

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